| 姓： | 姬 | |||||||||
| 名： | 胡 | |||||||||
| ||||||||||
概述
（？～前828）西周第十位国王（前878年—前841年在位），姬姓，名胡。周夷王的儿子。在位37年。
公元前858～前828年在位。他在位期间，横征暴敛，加重了对劳动人民的剥削，同时还剥夺了一些贵族的权力，任用荣夷为卿士，实行“专利”，将社会财富和资源垄断起来。因此招致了贵族和平民的不满。他还不断南征荆楚，西北方面又防御游牧部落，西北戎狄，特别是猃狁，不时入侵。与周边的少数民族也有矛盾。曾臣服于周的东南淮夷不堪承受压榨，奋起反抗。周厉王为压制国人的不满，任用卫巫监视口出怨言的人，发现就立即杀死，这些引得国内各项矛盾愈来愈尖锐。公元前841年，发生了国人暴动，人民包围了王宫，袭击厉王，他仓皇而逃，后于公元前828年死于彘（今山西霍县）。他出逃后，召公（召穆公虎）、周公（周定公）管理朝政，号为共和（一说由诸侯共伯和摄行政事）。自共和元年（前841）中国历史有了明确纪年。
死因
周厉王在位期间，重用奸佞荣夷公，不听贤臣周公、召公等人劝阻，实行残暴的“专利”政策，奴役百姓，不让他们有丝毫的言论自由，以至于行人来往，只能以目光、眼神来示意。于是周朝国势更加衰落，朝政更加腐败。百姓怨声载道、民不聊生，于是开始聚众起义，冲进王宫，试图杀掉厉王，史称“国人暴动”。厉王只好逃出镐京，越过黄河，逃到周朝边境—彘（今山西北部）死在今山西霍县。周共和十四年（前828年）死。姬胡的谥号是厉王。
周厉王止谤
周厉王暴虐，国都里的人公开指责厉王。召穆公报告说：“百姓不能忍受君王的命令了！”厉王发怒，寻得卫国的巫者，派他监视公开指责自己的人。巫者将这些人报告厉王，就杀掉他们。国都里的人都不敢说话，路上彼此用眼睛互相望一望而已。厉王高兴了，告诉召公说：“我能止住谤言了，大家终于不敢说话了。”召公说：“这是堵他们的口。堵住百姓的口，比堵住河水更厉害。河水堵塞而冲破堤坝，伤害的人一定很多，百姓也象河水一样。所以治理河水的人，要疏通它，使它畅通，治理百姓的人，要放任他们，让他们讲话。因此天子治理政事，命令公、卿以至列士献诗，乐官献曲，史官献书，少师献箴言，盲者朗诵诗歌，朦者背诵典籍，各类工匠在工作中规谏，百姓请人传话，近臣尽心规劝，亲戚弥补监察，太师、太史进行教诲，元老大臣整理阐明，然后君王考虑实行。所以政事得到推行而不违背事理。百姓有口，好象土地有高山河流一样，财富就从这里出来；好象土地有高原、洼地、平原和灌溉过的田野一样，衣食就从这里产生。口用来发表言论，政事的好坏就建立在这上面。实行好的而防止坏的，这是丰富财富衣食的基础。百姓心里考虑的，口里就公开讲出来，天子要成全他们，将他们的意见付诸实行，怎么能堵住呢？如果堵住百姓的口，将能维持多久？” 厉王不听。于是国都里的人再不敢讲话。三年以后，便将厉王放逐到彘(今山西霍县东北)地，并死在那里。
周厉王 - 攻噩与平定淮夷之战
西周王朝从灭商后经周公及几代周王的治理，公元前9世纪，到成康时期，天下安宁，“刑错四十余年不用”。
西周到懿王以后，国力日渐衰弱，四周方国部落交相发动对周的进攻和侵扰。厉王(名胡，夷王子) 时，原来臣属于周的噩国，其国在今南阳东北一带，看到周的势力衰弱，就乘机叛周并企图侵占周的疆土。于是噩侯联络南淮夷和东夷部落，出兵进攻周的东部疆域和南部国土，声势浩大，气势凶猛，一直打到东都成周(今洛阳市东白马寺一带)附近，严重影响着京畿的安危。
周厉王为了保卫京都和周的社稷，从宗周调来了西六师的部队，又从北部调来殷八师的大军，从西、北两个方向向河洛地区聚集，企图形成夹击之势，一举歼灭噩国的军队。厉王依靠贵族大臣的亲兵来抵御噩国的进攻，周将禹率大臣武公的私家兵车百乘，厮御 200人，徒兵千人参战，经过激烈的战斗，周厉王终于击败了噩侯，保卫了成周的安全。
周厉王攻噩之战之后，居住在今安徽北部淮河流域的淮夷，又发兵向周进攻。周厉王命虢仲率兵反击，未能取胜。淮夷气势更为嚣张，又一次发动更加凶猛的进攻,一路浩浩荡荡，深入到周的中心地带，打到伊水、洛河之间，并掠杀无辜平民，抢夺财物。厉王亲临成周指挥反击战，命令周将率精兵反击。
所率的周兵自洛水上游连续发动多次反攻，使淮夷无法招架，只得败退，纷纷逃窜。周军乘胜追击，最后彻底击败了淮夷，斩俘140余人，夺回被淮夷掳去的周民400人。
由于周厉王攻噩和平定淮夷的胜利，大振军威，周的军力有所增强，西周王朝国威也有所振作。
周厉王 - 《史记》记载
夷王逝世后，儿子厉王胡继位。厉王登位三十年，贪财好利，亲近荣夷公。大夫芮（ｒｕì，锐）良夫规谏厉王说：“王室恐怕要衰微了！那个荣公只喜欢独占财利，却不懂得大祸难。财利，是从各种事物中产生出来的，是天地自然拥有的，而有谁想独占它，那危害就大了。天地间的万物谁都应得到一份，哪能让一个人独占呢？独占就会触怒很多人，却又不知防备大祸难。荣公用财利来引诱您，君王您难道能长久吗？做人君的人，应该是开发各种财物分发给上下群臣百姓。使神、人、万物都能得到所应得的一份，即使这样，还要每日小心警惕，恐怕招来怨恨呢。所以《颂诗》说：‘我祖后稷有文德，功高能比天与地。种植五谷养万民，无人不向你看齐。’《大雅》说：‘广施恩泽开周业。’这不正是说要普施财利而且要警惕祸难来临吗？正是因为这样，先王才能建立起周朝的事业一直到现在。而如今，君王您却去学独占财利，这怎么行呢？普通人独占财利，尚且被人称为是强盗；您如果也这样做，那归服您的人就少啦。荣公如果被重用，周朝肯定要败亡了。”厉王不听劝谏，还是任用荣公做了卿士，掌管国事。
厉王暴虐无道，放纵骄傲，国人都公开议论他的过失。召公劝谏说：“人民忍受不了您的命令了！” 厉王发怒，找来一个卫国的巫师，让他来监视那些议论的人，发现了后就来报告，立即杀掉。这样一来，议论的人少了，可是诸侯也不来朝拜了。三十四年，厉王更加严苛，国人没有谁再敢开口说话，路上相见也只能互递眼色示意而已。厉王见此非常高兴，告诉召公说：“我能消除人们对我的议论了，他们都不敢说话了。”召公说：“这只是把他们的话堵回去了。堵住人们的嘴巴，要比堵住水流更厉害。水蓄积多了，一旦决口，伤害人一定会多；不让民众说话，道理也是一样。所以，治水的人开通河道，使水流通畅，治理民众的人，也应该放开他们，让他们讲话。所以天子治理国政，使公卿以下直到列士都要献讽喻朝政得失的诗篇，盲人乐师要献所映民情的乐曲，史官要献可资借鉴的史书，乐师之长要献箴戒之言，由一些盲乐师诵读公卿列士所献的诗，由另一些盲乐师诵读箴戒之言，百官可以直接进谏言，平民则可以把意思辗转上达天子，近臣要进行规谏，同宗亲属要补察过失，乐师、太史要负责教诲，师、傅等年长者要经常告诫，然后由天子斟酌而行，所以事情做起来很顺当，没有错误。民众有嘴巴，就如同大地有山川，财货器用都是从这里生产出来；民众有嘴巴，又好像大地有饶田沃野，衣服粮食也是从这里生产出来的。民众把话从嘴里说出来了，政事哪些好哪些坏也就可以从这里看出来了。好的就实行，坏的就防备这个道理，就跟大地出财物器用衣服粮食是一样的。民众心里想什么嘴里就说什么，心里考虑好了就去做。如果堵住他们的嘴巴，那能维持多久呢！”厉王不听劝阻。从此，国人都不敢说话，过了三年，大家就一起造反，袭击厉王。厉王逃到彘（ｚｈì，智）。
厉王的王太子静被藏在召公家里，国人知道了，就把召公家包围起来，召公说：“先前我多次劝谏君王，君王不听，以至于遭到这样的灾难。如果现在王太子被人杀了，君王将会以为我对他们记仇而在怨恨君王吧？待奉国君的人，即使遇到危险也不该怨恨；即使怨恨也不该发怒，更何况待奉天子呢？”于是用自己的儿子代替了王太子，王太子终于免遭杀害。
召公、周公二辅相共理朝政，号称“共和”（前841）。共和十四年（前828），厉王死在彘地。太子静已在召公家长大成人，二辅相就一块儿扶立他为王，这就是宣王。宣王登位之后，由二相辅佐，修明政事，师法文王、武王、成王、康王的遗风，诸侯又都尊奉周王室了。十二年（前816），鲁武公前来朝拜天子。
中国最早的改革家
中国历史上有文献记载的改革家是周厉王，不过他是被记入历史“反面人物”的档案里的。
公元前841年，西周王朝的厉王被拉下了宝座，文献载有“国人”参加。多年来，有的论者赋之以“国入起义”之名，后来甚至有称“农奴大起义”的，并谓其建立了“农民革命政权”。
其实，这都是一场历史的误会，周厉王是中国历史上第一位大胆改革的君王政治家。
一、 有关原始文献及疑点
《国语》 、《竹书纪年》、 《史记》中的有关记载摘录于下：
1．《国语·周语》：“厉王虐，国人谤王。邵公告曰：‘民不堪命矣’……王不听，于是国莫敢出言，三年，乃流王于彘。”
“厉王说荣夷公，……荣公为卿士，诸侯不享，王流于彘。”
《国语》未载“共和”一事。
2．《竹书纪年》：“八年初监谤，芮伯良夫戒百官于朝……十二年王亡奔彘。国入围王宫，执召穆公之子杀之。十三年，王在彘，共伯和摄行天子事。”
3．《史记·周本纪》：“于是国莫敢出言，三年，乃相与畔，袭厉王。厉王出奔于彘。厉王太子静匿召公之家，国人闻之，乃围之。召公……乃以其子代王太子，太子竟得脱。”
“召公、周公二相行政，号曰‘共和’。共和十四年，厉王死于彘。”
值得指出的是，《竹书纪年》不同于《国语》、《史记》的地方是，对此事件的记载多出场了一个人物“共伯和”，且唱了“共和”的主角。
仔细推敲上述几条史料，不禁发现，其中有着一连串的问号，1.厉王暴政的内容究竟是什么?原始文件的记载除一“暴”字外，为什么找不出与桀、纣、幽等亡国之君同样荒淫残暴的具体史实?
二、 厉王所面临的局面
上几条引文只简略地说，厉王行“暴政”最主要是因为“好利，近荣夷公”(《史记·周本纪》)。那么，考察厉王为什么“好利”，为什么“暴虐”则是非常必要的。
西周从昭王起就已“王道微缺”(《史记·周本纪》)了，到周夷王时，出现了“王室微，诸侯或不朝，相伐”(《史记·楚世家》)的局面，周王朝的共主地位受到挑战，政治经济下降的幅度十分惊人。至夷王之子厉王胡即位时，周王朝的统治大厦根基已经动摇了。
周厉王面临的是一个在政治上将要失去共主地位，经济走向崩溃的局面：楚竟公然称王，诸侯肆无忌惮地互相攻伐，哪里还把周王天子放在眼里？不景气的王室经济，要承担日渐频繁的周边战争的费用，眼见是入不敷出。厉王面前只有两条路：要么继续烂下去以至于灭亡；要么革陋除弊，恢复政治、经济上的共主地位。看来厉王是采取了后一种做法。
三、周厉王所采取的措施
周厉王要割除的是一种什么弊政呢？
厉王即位不久，就起用善于理财、时称“好利而不知大难”的荣夷公做“卿士”，任命虢公长父担任卿士之职，让他们负起振兴经济和防御外敌的两大重任。
《国语·周语下》载：“灵王二十二年，太子晋谏曰：‘自我先王厉、宣、幽、平而贪天祸，至于今未弭。’‘自后稷以来宁乱，及文、武、成、康而仅克安民。自后稷之始基靖民，十五王而文始平之，十八王而康克安之，其难也如是。厉始革典，十四王矣”。细读这段文字，(我们且不论太子晋的评论是否公允)，不禁令人产生了几点疑问：为什么将“厉、宣、幽、平”并列? “贪天祸”的含义是什么?连“中兴”之主宣王一起否定，是否可以由此推断以上几王在政策上人体存在着连续性?
为了弄清这些问题，应先搞清楚“厉始革典”的真谛所在。
从《诗经》及金文等文献资料可以看出：厉王在政治、经济、军事、法律等方面均进行了不同程度地改革。那么，他的“厉始革典”实际内容及其效果如何呢？
在政治上，厉王改变了周、召二公“世为卿士”的惯例，起用了在经济、军事上有专长的荣夷公和虢公长父。这一做法自然遭到了贵族们的强烈反对。被认为是召穆公哀伤周室大坏的诗《荡》，就抗议厉王用“贪暴”之人而不用“旧章旧臣”。“尔德不明，以无陪无卿”。意思是：你(指周厉王)的品德不明，因此不知道谁做辅佐，不知谁做公卿。然后话锋一转，用训诫的口吻讲起了历史：“匪上帝不时，殷不用旧。虽无老成人，尚有典型”。大意是：殷的灭亡不能怨上帝，是殷王不用旧臣的缘故。而“你”现在的做法可是有殷这个“典型”的。这类意见还见于《诗·大雅·板》中：“大邦维屏，大宗维翰”，意思是王族及世族的子弟才是国家的栋梁。诗中一再强调“大邦”、“大宗”，意在不要打破旧的政治秩序。《诗序》说：“《板》，凡伯刺厉王也”，郑笺曰，“凡伯，周同姓，周公之胤也，入为卿士”。魏源还认为这个凡伯就是共伯和。无论其是否为共伯和，但其人为“周同姓”的大族是确定无疑的，而且曾一度入为王朝的卿士高官，显见其本人在“大邦”、“大宗”之列。不过，其写诗时大概是已经被厉王撤换了，其怨愤之情，排遣入诗。《诗·大雅·桑柔》：“告尔‘忧恤’，诲尔‘序爵’”。这是另一勋贵大臣芮良夫告诫厉王，让他小心谨慎，让他优待功臣宿旧，给他们以爵位。
在经济上，厉王力图振兴残破的王室经济，他抓住了“专利”和农业这两个主要环节。
《国语·周语》：“夫荣公好专利而不知大难。……今王学专利，其可乎?匹夫专利，犹谓之盗，王而行之，其归鲜矣”。这是芮良夫对周厉王所作的谏言。历来认为是芮良夫“反对封建君主与贵族垄断山林川泽的生产”。实则西周时代的山林川泽早巳为各级贵族所有，厉王的“专利”决不是“垄断”的意思，更谈不上“与民争利”，倒是他从贵族占有的山林川泽中规定了若干项向王室交纳的“专项”物质财富，一一对此时人已有论述，本文不拟深论。芮良夫明确指出“今王学专利”，“学”就是讲厉王要在贵族的山林川泽中规定专项的贡赋税收之类的内容。胡寄窗先生说芮良夫“代表了自由小工商业者利益”，这是正确的评价。《逸周书·芮良夫篇》有相似的记载。(芮良夫)戒执政同僚说：“道(导)王不若(顺)，专利作威。佐乱进祸，民将弗堪!”又说：“今执政小子惟以贪谀事王，不勤德以备难，下民胥怨。财力单竭，手足靡措，弗堪载上，不其乱而?” “今尔执政小子不图大□，偷生苟安,爵以贿成,贤知箝口,小人鼓舌。逃害要利，并得厥术，惟曰哀哉!”芮良夫称同僚为“执政小子”，说明执政者为中年以下的人，在厉王时代的“执政小于”很可能就是荣夷公。从语气上看显然是以勋旧宿臣的口吻训诫后进的，指责的内容为“专利作威”、“以贪谀事王”。这主要是针对荣夷公帮助厉王在经济上采取了打击贵族经济以加强王室经济的改革措施。而其中的“爵以贿成”则说明爵位的授予开始有了功利主义的倾向一一用金钱出卖爵位以解决王室经济的困难了。
重视农业是厉王改革的又一项重大措施。《诗·大雅·桑柔》：“好是稼穑，力民代食，稼穑惟宝，代食维好”，大意是：你厉王只知道抓农业，以“稼穑”为国宝。正是厉王发展农业的有力佐证。
在军事上，厉王力图改变周边少数族屡次入侵的状况，解决积弱之弊。他派虢公长父在南方作战：“ 三年，淮夷侵洛，王命虢公长父伐之不克”( 《古本竹书纪年》 )。这是厉王即位三年时的情况：淮夷已进逼到洛邑，已为周王朝的大患，但由于国力不强，故虢公长父不能取胜。经过几年的振作之后，大概是取得了一些军事胜利的，然而史书无载，此不好断言。不过从《史记·楚世家》中可以透露一些消息：“当周夷王之时，王室微，……熊渠甚很江汉间民和，……乃立其长子康为句宣王，中子红为鄂王，……及周厉王之时，暴虐，熊渠畏其伐楚，亦去其王”。这就告诉我们，在江汉间强大的熊渠，在夷王时即已称王。但到周厉王改革后，周王朝强大震摄四方。绝非即位初期连一个淮夷都不能制伏的状况了。不然，仅因为他的“暴虐”，面对实际上积贫积弱的周王室，熊渠怎么能“畏其伐楚”而自动取消王号?熊渠必不怕纸老虎的。而且“亦去其王”的“亦”字，说明楚去王号前一定有好些诸侯在强大的中央军事势力下被击败，退而臣服，熊渠见了自然畏惧。
在法律上，厉王采取加强法制的措施。这在先秦以来的儒家观念中就是行“暴政”了。周厉王在宗法观念极强的时候，为了保证经济、政治上的改革，竟不惜使用了高压手段：“王怒，得卫巫，使监谤者，以告则杀之”(《史记·周本纪》)。应注意的是：“以告则杀之”的标准是什么?是无故滥杀吗?显然不是的。早在穆王时已制订“五刑之属”据说有三千种之多，厉王行法，不必草创：刑罚三千，量一“诽谤”之罪必有所本。厉王用法制来维护“革典”的进行，不会仅用卫巫一个人，很可能是以卫巫为首的一个执行法律的特别机构。因为明显不过的是：卫巫一入能监视多少“谤者 ”?可以推断：卫巫手下的人散在京城中监视在公众场合发表议论的“国人”，而卫巫本人及其亲信则可能留在宫廷周围监视官吏中敢对新政提出不同意见的人。由此可见，厉王为了确保“革典”的进行，采用简单、幼稚粗暴手段的，被反对派(不妨说是保守派)用来指责其行“暴政”，上下唾骂几千年了。然而，厉王的“暴 ”不过是人们抽象出来的“以告则杀之”而已。
四、周厉王的功过是非
为了维护政权，任何一个统治者都会杀人，只是程度不同罢了，为什么厉王则独享此名?与历史上的另几位著名昏君比较一下，就会发现问题：
人们对桀、纣的结论是有具体内容的：桀“不务德而武伤百姓，百姓弗堪”(《史记·夏本纪》)；纣“好酒淫乐，嬖于妇人”“以酒为池，县肉为林”(《史记·殷本纪》)。追求个人糜烂的生活，是一切昏暴帝王的共同点，然而对于厉王，《国语》只载其“虐 ”，没有一种记载涉及到其个人生活的奢侈腐化、滥用民力的情况。到清代，魏源的说法更集中地概括了幽厉二王的情况， 《诗古微》说： “幽厉之恶，无大于亲小人，而幽则艳妻、奄寺，皆倾惑柔恶之人；厉则疆御、掊克、皆爪牙刚恶之人”。古人称西周昏王，向以幽厉并称，而以幽居前，于贬损之中，尚稍有区别，因为幽王的罪恶比厉王具体得多。魏源说的“疆御”，指的是厉王的卿士、主管军事征伐的虢公长父；所说的“掊克”，指的是厉王另一卿士、主管财政的荣夷公。称二人为“爪牙刚恶之人”，倒说明了厉王的这两个心腹在推行改革时的坚决态度。
由上所知，周厉王是一个面对“积重难返局面”的改革家，他在政治、经济、军事、法律等方面都进行了改革。但他的对立面是强大的就贵族，加之他没有经验（因为是第一人，因此他不可能向前朝借鉴什么），改革的牵涉到了过多人的利益，以至于贵族不满，连 “国人”也反对。他进行了一场失败的改革，但他的经验教训对后代的改革者是大有益处的。
评价
有人说周文王、周武王开启的强盛的周王朝败在了周厉王手里。周厉王与他祖上的仁爱不同是，个残暴无德的君主，成天想着法子压榨百姓，国中对他怨声载道。换个角度看周厉王统治时期，西周王朝面临着严重的政治经济和军事危机，特别是南淮夷和癋狁交相入侵,威逼京师，周厉王为了挽救西周王朝的统治，对外采取了一系列的军事行动取，得了胜利，建立了军功对，内采取了"专利"和"弭谤"的经济和政治高压政策，导致国人暴动，落得暴君骂名，传世文献分别记载了周厉王这一得一失两个方面。
周厉王悲剧的警示
中国历史上的共和元年：即公元前八四一年，是史学家公认的中国历史确切纪年之开始。而这个确切的纪年则是以周厉王被国人撵出国境的真实故事作为标志而记入历史的。国人为什么要将厉王撵出国境？因他施行暴政，残酷地鱼肉百姓，使百姓不堪忍受，于是便被迫揭竿而起，使他变成了流亡国君。为避免权力真空，周公与召公不得不共同主持朝政以扶持太子即位，然则朝廷衰败若江何日下，西周终于很快灭亡了！
学习西周灭亡这段历史、特别是从厉王的历史悲剧中，警示有二：
其一：得人心者得天下，失人心者失天下。厉王乃西周最大的暴君。他专施暴政，贪狠好利又横征暴敛，使得百姓生活在水深火热之中，而不堪忍受的百姓对他讥讽谤议或发点牢骚之类，此乃自然之理又属自然之情也。然则厉王却恼羞成怒，恨不得一口将讥谤者或牢骚者吞掉。为此，他特设监视机关，收罗大批卫巫充当他的“特务”以便随时向他密报抨击他过错的人，致使许多国人脑壳搬家矣。如此天长日久，激起国人更加不满，毅然发动武装暴动而直冲王宫，迫使厉王仓皇外逃而魂断异国他乡。不久后，西周便日落西山而衰败灭亡了。厉王悲剧警示我们：任何强大的权势者，如果视人民疾苦而不顾，横征暴敛而残酷剥削，面对人民讥谤与牢骚而以暴政压服，是注定要走上政败身亡之绝路的。以史为鉴，可以知兴亡。今天，作为各级执政的党员领导干部，必须时刻牢记党的宗旨，真正做到权为民所用、利为民所谋、情为民所系，把人民的疾苦与冷暖挂心上，多为人民排忧解难办实事做好事，才能获得人民的拥护与爱戴，使人民的政权永不变色。否则，就可能重演厉王的悲剧，跑不出政息人亡的历史周期率。
其二，堵塞言路乃败政亡国之劣策，广开言路乃兴国图强之良策。曾记否？面对厉王施行暴政，使其 “民不堪命”时，召公劝告曰，现在“国人莫敢言，道路以目”，这是很可怕的哟！而厉王不但不听，反而大喜曰：“吾能弭谤矣，乃不敢言。”其意是：老百姓怕我天子而不敢再发牢骚了，只能斜着眼睛看我，多好哇！这是因为我消灭了批评讥讽我的人。召公见厉王如此喜昏然而不察乎民情，于是又以比喻劝谏之：“防民之口，甚于防川。川壅而溃，伤人必多；民亦如之。是故为川者决之使导，为民者宣之使言……民之有口也，犹土之有山川也，财用于是乎出……衣食于是乎生。口之宣言也，善败于是乎兴……夫民虑之于心而宣之于口，成而行之，胡可壅也？”这段喻劝的今意是：堵塞人民的口而不让他们说话，比堵塞江河的害处更大。就像江河一旦被堵塞，洪水一来就会冲垮堤坝造成更多人伤亡一样；所以说善于治理江河的人，深知排除堵塞而使水流畅通之理，而领导人民也要像治理江河一样靠疏导思想才行。这是因为，人长了嘴就要说话，犹如大地上有山川一样，滋养人民的财产就出在那上，人民的衣食资源才能由此产生。而国家政事的好坏得失都是从人民口头议论中反映出来的。人民心里想什么就会从口中说出来，一旦考虑成熟就会自然发于言语之间，大王为什么要加以堵塞呢？
然则不管召公怎么劝告，厉王都不理睬，继续“防民之口”而堵塞言路，并不断地诛杀讥谤者与牢骚者，这就必然导致国人把他撵出国境而政败君亡的历史悲剧出现。
召公用水来比喻劝告厉王以及厉王不听劝告，疯狂地用堵塞言路来施行暴政的历史故事，留给后世有头脑的统治者一面历史的镜鉴：齐威王何以开创一代帝业而成为战国“七雄”之首乎？因他从宰相邹忌的讽喻进谏中获得了广开言路以治国图强的深刻哲理也；唐太宗李世民何以开创封建盛世之贞观之治乎？因他从进谏大夫魏征“水可载舟，亦能覆舟”的劝君名言中悟出了执政规律，从而海纳百家之谏，广集天下良才矣！
King Li of Zhou oppressive, the people in the States, publicly accused Li Wang. Zhao duke report said: "The people can not bear the command of the king!" Li Wang angry, find a defending of the witch who sent him to monitor publicly accused themselves. Wu Li Wang will report these people, they kill them. States where people are afraid to speak, the way each other a look at each other with the eyes only. Li Wang happy to tell the public response, said: "I can stop defamatory statement, and we finally dared not speak." Zhao Gong said: "This is the blocking of their mouth. Shut people's mouth, blocking the river is more than powerful. blockage of the river broke through the dam, a certain number of people hurt, people also like a river. So who control the river, to clear it, make it clear, control the people who, to letting them and let them speak. So the Son of Heaven Governance government affairs, public order, Qing Shi Xian as well as out in poems, music official offer music, the historians offering books, few teachers offered Monitor, blind reading poetry, to deceive those who memorize the books, all kinds of artisans at work regulations the bridge, and the people who sent a message, please, dedication Elegance exhortations, relatives up to monitor, Grand Preceptor, Aspirations for teaching, the veteran minister order to clarify, and then consider the implementation of the King. So the implementation of political affairs are not contrary to good sense. people have mouths, as if the land had high mountains, like rivers of wealth to come from here; if land plateau, depressions, plains and irrigated fields, like food and clothing produced from here. I used to make speeches in public life on the establishment of good and bad in it. to prevent the implementation of good and bad, which is rich in wealth the basis of food and clothing. people consider mind, mouth to speak out publicly, the Son of Heaven to fulfill them, their views will be implemented, how can you block? If blocked the mouth of the people, will be how long? "Li Wang do not listen. States where people so afraid to speak again. Three years later, they put Li Wang exiled to the pig (now the Northeast Mountain West Joan county) land, and died there.
Western Zhou Dynasty from destruction by the Duke and several generations of business week after the king's control, the 9th century BC to become Kang period, world peace, "not criminal wrong 40 years."
King Li of Zhou after the attack startling war, living in this northern part of the Huaihe River in Anhui Huaiyi, has sent his army to attack week. Zhou Li Wang Guo Zhong shuaibing life counter, could not win. Huaiyi momentum is more arrogant, more ferocious attack launched once again, mighty way deep into the heart of weeks, hitting the water in Iraq, between the Luo and the plunder and slaughter innocent civilians, and robbery. Li Wang in person at the command Strikes Back into weeks, weeks will lead the elite counter command.
King Li of Zhou - "Historical Records" record
Yi Wang's death, her son Li Wang HU Ji-bit. Li Wang came to the throne three years, greedy Ho Lee, Jung Yi close to the public. Big Furui (ruì, Rui) Yoshio regulation remonstrance Li Wang said: "I am afraid to decline the royal family! The wing just like the exclusive financial benefit the public, but not difficult to understand disaster. Cheoy Lee, is produced from a variety of things out, is the natural world has, but who want to monopolize it, and that endanger the larger. all things between heaven and earth should be a no one, how can I do to a person exclusive? exclusively will offend many people, but I do not know disaster preparedness difficult. Cheoy Lee Wing public to lure you, kings do not you have to do a long time? life ruler who is to develop a variety of property should be distributed to the people up and down the ministers. to God, people, things can get a deserved even so, should carefully guard against every day, probably attracted hate it. Therefore, "Song Poems" said: 'I Zuhou Ji had Bonaventure, power energy than Heaven and Earth. grow grain to support peoples, no no to do the same . '"Daya" said:' Open wide Shien Ze Zhou industry. 'Is not this talk Pusch financial interest but also to guard against misfortune come it? It is for this reason that the cause of the Zhou kings to set up until now. Today , king You have to learn exclusive financial benefit, this how to live? ordinary exclusive financial benefit, yet it was known as a bandit; if you do, then you are the person who hath too well. Sakae public if reuse the rulers of the Zhou Dynasty sure. "Li Wang did not listen to remonstrate, or the appointment of the public do Qing Shi Rong, in charge of national affairs.
Li Wang violence, and indulgent pride, people are openly discuss his mistakes. Zhao Gong remonstrate, said: "People can not stand your command it!" Li Wang angry, get a shaman defending, let him talk to those who monitor and found later she reported immediately kill. As a result, fewer people talk, but not to worship the lords. 30 years, Li Wang a more severe, people no one would have dared to speak, on the road can only meet each other wink to indicate it. Seeing Li Wang was very happy to tell the public response, said: "I can dispel talk to me, they dare not speak." Zhao Gong said: "This is only if their blocking back. Block people's mouths , is much heavier than the water block. water accumulated more, once burst, people will hurt more; let the people speak the same reason. So, people who open flood control channel, so that smooth flow, control the people who are should open them and let them speak. So the Son of Heaven governance national policy, so QINGDAO until Thorez must offer satirical Yu Zhaozheng gains and losses of the Psalms, the blind musicians to offer the reflected sentiments of music, the historians have to offer can learn from history books, musicians of Xian Zhen long to quit the statement read by a number of blind musicians disabilities or poor out the offerings of poetry, the other blind musicians quit reading the words of Proverbs, the King can be made directly to plain speaking, civilians can reach the point onward, the Son of Heaven, Elegance to regulate the bridge, and clan relatives to make up the police negligence, musicians, Taishi is responsible for teaching, teacher, Fu and other older people should always warned, then the Son of Heaven, where appropriate, the line, so things done very smoothly, no errors. people have mouths , just as the earth has mountains and rivers, and goods, Used are produced from here; the people have mouths, but also as a spare field fertile land, clothes, food was also produced from here. the people to speak out words from the mouth, and political affairs which What bad can be good also to see from here out. good on the practice, a bad reason to prepare for this, just land the property of Used clothes food is the same. people thought what his mouth said what a good mind to consider the just do it. If the block of their mouths, then how long they can do! "Li Wang heeding warnings. From then on, people are afraid to speak, after three years, all with the rebels on the attack Li Wang. Li Wang fled pig (zhì, Chile).
Li Wang of the prince was hidden in the church public static home, people know, put up surrounded by public call, call the public said: "I had been repeatedly remonstrate King, King did not listen, so that was such a disaster. If Dauphin now been scrapped and the king will think that I hold a grudge against their king in the hate it? pending instructions from the king's person, even if the danger is not the resentment; even if the anger is not hate, let alone when it Fengtian ? "was replaced with his own son Dauphin, Dauphin finally from the killing.
First, doubts about the original literature and
"Rong Yi Li Wang said the public, ... ... the public for the Qing Shi Rong, princes do not enjoy, Wang flow in swine."
3. "Historical Records Zhou Ji": "So out of the country Mogan words, three years, is the phase side, hit Li Wang. Li Wang, fled in the pig. Li Wang Jing Prince public house called hide, people heard of it, is surrounded. Zhao ... ... is their offspring public Dauphin, Prince Edward actually Detuo. "
Carefully weighing the few historical data, can not help but find one with a series of questions, 1. Li Wang tyranny of the contents of what? Records in addition to the original file a "violent" character outside, why not find and Jie, Zhou, humor, etc. lost his country the same dissolute brutal concrete facts?
From the Western Zhou Dynasty had from the king was "benevolent emarginated" ("Historical Records Zhou Ji"), and to the time of King Yi of Zhou, a "royal micro, princes or not North Korea, with cutting" ("Records of the Chu family"), the situation Zhou dynasty, challenged the status Castles, political and economic decline in the rate is alarming. Hu Yi Li Wang came to the throne to prince, the Zhou Dynasty building foundations have been shaken.
King Li of Zhou is a kind of what should be removed Abuse it?
In order to clarify these issues, should first find out, "Li began leather Code" lies.
Politically, Li Wang changed the week, call the second company "the world as the Qing Shi," the practice was introduced at the economic, military expertise of the public and Guo Rong Yi-km-long parent. This has naturally met with strong opposition from nobles. Is considered to call Duke Mu of Zhou big bad sad poem "swing", the protest Li Wang of "Tan Bao" person rather than the "old chap old veterans." "Child unknown to non-paternity without Emily." Mean is: you (referring to King Li of Zhou) qualities are unknown, so do not know who did his assistant, I do not know who did or poor. Then changed the subject, I start to use the historical tone of admonition: "bandits God from time to time, the Yin old. Substance though not in the old adults, there are typical." To the effect that: Yin can not blame the demise of God, is not old veterans of the reason Yin Wang. The "you" approach, but now there is Yin the "typical". Such comments also seen in "Poetry Taiga board" in: "Big Bonvie screen, large Wai Hon," meaning children of royalty and the Aristocracy is the backbone of the country. Repeatedly stressed the poem "Big Bang", "large", is intended not to break the old political order. "Preface to Poems," said: "" board ", where Peter barbed Li Wang also" and Zheng said, "where Bo, Zhou surname, Duke of Yin also, into the Qing Shi." Wei also think that this all is a total of Bo and Bo. Whether they are a total of Po, but the man-made "Zhou surname" of the Han is well established, but once into the dynasty of Qing Shi officials, showing his own "Big Bang", "block" list. However, the write poetry about Li Wang has been replaced, and their feelings of resentment, and escape into the poem. "Poetry Great Yasang soft": "Notice Seoul 'worries-shirt', Hui Er 'sequence Jazz'." This is another warning Ruiliang Fu Li Wang Xun your minister, let him carefully, so that he places the old preferential hero, giving them title of nobility.
Economically, Li Wang sought to revitalize the dilapidated royal economy, he grabbed the "patent" and the two main aspects of agriculture.
"Mandarin Language Week": "Cardiff Wing public do not know a good patent disaster. ... ... This Wang patent, it could almost? Every man's patent, still called the Pirates, the king thereof, the return of fresh carry on." This is Ruiliang Fu Zhou Li Wang made the remonstrance. Ruiliang Fu has always been considered to be "against the feudal monarchy and the nobility monopolized the production of Shan Lin Chuanze." Zhou Shan Lin Chuanze times actually always already for all levels of nobility, Li Wang's "patent" is by no means "monopoly" means, let alone "and the people for profits", it touches him from the aristocrats in the mountains Lin Chuanze provides a number of pay to the royal family's "special" material wealth, 11 pairs of people have been discussed at this time, not to be deep on this article. Ruiliang Fu clear that "this Wang patent", "learning" is about Li Wang Shan Lin Chuanze in the aristocracy of the tribute in the special provisions of taxes like the content. Mr. Hu Jichuang said Ruiliang Fu "representing the interests of free small business", this is the correct assessment. "Yizhoushu Ruiliang Fu article" has a similar record. (Ruiliang Fu) quit the ruling colleagues said: "The Road (Introduction) Wang is not as (cis), the patent for prestige. Zuo chaos into the disaster, people will be Vladimir worthy!" Added: "However, this power to corrupt flattering things boy king Germany to prepare for difficult ground is not the next China Xu resentment. financial single exhaust, hand, foot and extravagant measures, Vladimir Kan contained on, not the chaos while? "" Er governing this kid does not plan big □, drag on the situation and sustainable, Jazz to bribe into, Yin know the jaw, villain Gushe. escape damage to profits, and may Jue surgery, but said, Alas! "Ruiliang Fu said his colleagues as" boy power ", indicating those in power for the middle age, the era in Li Wang "The ruling is less than" very likely Rong Yi Kung. Judging from the tone is clearly the tone of admonition Robinson Xunjiu backward places, and accused the contents of the "patent for prestige," "corruption flattering things to the king." This is mainly for the public to help Li Wang Rong Yi has taken to combat the economic elite to strengthen the royal economy of economic reform measures. And one of the "Jazz in bribes to" the note began with the award of knighthood utilitarian tendencies 11 selling title of nobility with money to resolve the royal family's economic difficulties.
In military affairs, Li Wang minority trying to change around repeatedly invaded, and solve the disadvantages of weak. He sent Father Guo-km-long war in the South: "three years, Huaiyi invasion Luo, Wang Ming Guo-km-long cutting of her inability to parent" ("Ancient Bamboo Annals"). This is the case when Li Wang came to the throne three years: Huaiyi has pressed on to Luoyi, has been the scourge of the Zhou Dynasty, but strength is not strong, so the parent can not win Guo-km-long. After several years of cheer, probably made some military victory, but the history books not contained, the bad assertion. But from the "Historical Records Chu family" can be said of some news: "When Zhou Yi King, the royal micro, ... ... very very Jianghan Bear drainage between the public and, ... ... Nai Li Kang for the period of their eldest son of King Xuan, red for the neutron E King, ... ... and when King Li of Zhou, brutality, fear of their attack Chu Xiong drainage, also to the king. " This tells us that between the powerful bear in Jianghan channel, entered into when the barbarian king king. But after the reform Zhou Li Wang, Zhou Wang Zhaoqiang earthquake Photo Quartet. Not the early reign can not be subdued with a Huaiyi condition of the. Otherwise, only because of his "brutal" in the face of weeks of poor and weak in fact the royal family, how can Bear Drainage "fear of their attack Chu" and canceled the King? Bear drainage will not fear the paper tiger. And "also to the King" and "also", which shows go to the King of Chu there must be better before the princes in the powerful Central Military forces in the defeat, retreat surrender, bears natural fear of Drainage met.
Legally, Li Wang to take measures to strengthen the rule of law. This has been in pre-Qin Confucian conception is the line "tyranny" of the. King Li of Zhou in the highly patriarchal concept of time, in order to ensure economic, political reforms, actually hesitate to use the heavy-handed: "wrath of the king, was Wu Wei, to slander supervisor who told you to kill" ("Historical Records Zhou Ji. ") Should be noted that: "in order to defendant to kill," What are the criteria? An unwarranted killing? Obviously not. When back in Mu development "Five Forms of is" said to have as many as 3,000 kinds, Li Wang a method, not grassroots: penalty 3000, the amount of a "defamation" of the offense will have some of this. Li Wang with the legal system to safeguard the "reform of the Code" of conduct, not only a health witch, might be headed by Wei Wu a special law enforcement agencies. Because the obvious is: Wei Wu 1 entry to monitor the number of "slander by"? Can be deduced: Wei Wu's men scattered in the capital of surveillance in public statements of the "people", while Wei Wu himself and his cronies may stay around the monitor in the court officials in the am on the New Deal put forward different views. Thus, Li Wang in order to ensure a "reform of Code," the conduct of a simple, naive and crude means, the opposition was (one might say, conservative) is used to accuse its line of "tyranny", the upper and lower reprimanded for thousands of years. However, Li Wang's "violence" is nothing but people abstract out the "defendant to kill" only.
In order to maintain the regime, any ruler will kill, but to differing degrees, why Li Wang is exclusive to this name? And several other well-known history of stupid to compare, you will find the problem:
People Jie, Zhou concluded that the specific contents: Jie "No Service Germany and arms hurt people, people Eph worthy" ("Historical Records of summer this century"); Zhou "wine Yin Yue, favorite in the women" "in order to wine for the pool, the county of meat for the forest "(" Historical Records of Yin "). Erosion pursuit of personal life, the emperor of all faint bursts in common, but for Li Wang, the "national language" contained only the "child" does not have a record related to his personal life of luxury corruption, abuse of their resources situation. To the Qing, Wei Yuan, a more focused statement summed up the situation quiet Wang Li II, "Shi Gu Wei", said: "quiet Li evil, no more than pro-villain, but quiet is Yan's wife, Um Temple, are inclined confusion soft evil man; while Jiang Yu Li, exact grams, are lackeys just evil people. " Zhou said the stunning ancient king, and said to Li to quiet, and to house arrest before, in the derogatory being, yet slightly different, because You Wang Li Wang specific than the much more evil. Wei said, "Jiang Yu," refers to the Qing Shi Li Wang, director of military conquest of the Guo-km-long parent; called "break up g", refers to another Qing Shi Li Wang, director of public finance Rong Yi . The duo called "pawn just evil people," explains Li Wang down these two trusted firm in implementing the reform attitude.
Evaluate
Republic of China in the history of the first year: the year 84 BC, is a historian recognized the exact dating of Chinese history began. The exact dating of this is based on King Li of Zhou people thrust out of the country is a true story as a symbol of the recorded history. Why do people want to Li Wang thrust out of the country? Because of his tyranny, brutally oppressing the people so unbearable, so they were forced to rise up, so he became monarch in exile. To avoid a power vacuum, the Duke of Zhou and Zhao had to co-chair of public affairs of state to support the Prince's throne, What, then, if the court decline any subsolar Jiang, Zhou finally perished soon!
First: popular bidders the world, the world will lose its popularity. Zhou Li Wang is the greatest tyrant. He specializes in political violence, corruption relentlessly exacting Ho Lee has made the people live in misery, but unable to bear the common people for his point of ridicule or obloquy complain like, This is Ziranzhili it is a natural feeling also. What, then Li Wang was angry, can not wait for a slander or complaints will be ridiculed those who swallow. To this end, he ad hoc monitoring body, collect a large number of Wei Wu as his "spy" to keep close to him who reportedly attacked his fault, causing many people carry on moving skull. This constant, daily, provoked more dissatisfied people, decided to stage an armed insurrection and straight for the palace, forcing Li Wang hurried flight and died in a foreign country. Before long, the setting sun and the decline of Western Zhou Dynasty have perished. Li Wang tragedies warn us: the power of any powerful person, if, as the needs of the people regardless, exacting and brutal exploitation, ridiculed the face of slander and complain while the people in order to subdue tyranny, is destined to take the death of suicide as a political defeat. Look into history to rise and fall. Today, as the ruling party members and leading cadres at all levels, must always bear in mind the purpose of the party, truly right for the people, interests of the people, love the people, the people's suffering and well-being linked to heart, and more for the people solve problems and do practical things to do good, to get people's support and love to make people's government will never change color. Otherwise, the tragedy could be repeated Li Wang, run no means the death of the political history of cycle.
Second, plug the mind to defeat the political subjugation of the poor is a policy, airing of rejuvenating the country and strengthen the country is sound strategy. Does anyone remember? Li Wang faced the tyranny, to "Minbukanming", the response of public advice, saying, now "Mo outspoken people, roads for purpose", which is very scary yo! And Li Wang not only did not listen, but overjoyed, saying: "I could Mi slander men, and are not made." The meaning is: people afraid that I dare not complain of the Son of Heaven, I can only slanting eyes, much better wow! This is because I wiped out critical ridiculed me. Zhao Li Wang public see the police so hi Hunran almost without feelings, so Youyi metaphor admonition of: "anti-people's mouth, even in the anti-Chuan. Chuan stasis and collapse, wounding more than necessary; people Yiru of. Therefore in River were made for the decision of the leadership, the people who make promotion of people's words ... ... and a mouth, it's still a land of mountains and rivers also, Choi food and clothing with the reason that the reason that health ... .... I have the Declaration, the good defeated Ever Hing ... ... husband in the heart of the people consider the lip, into the line of, Hu may also obstruct? "this metaphor is advised of this intention: to plug the mouth of the people and not allow them to speak more than plug the harmful effects of river . Once the plug is like rivers, flood levees crushes one to cause more casualties as; So people who are good at management of rivers, know that rule out blocking the smooth flow of Er Shi Li, and leading the people to have to rely on the same rivers as the treatment persuade Caixing. This is because the length of the tongue who would speak as if there are mountains and rivers, like the earth, nourishing the people's property lies in that, the people, food and clothing to the resulting resources. The state government affairs for good or bad oral comments from the people's gains and losses are reflected. What people thought would come out from the mouth that once would consider mature natural fat in the words between the king why should it be blocked?