| 姓： | 嬴 | |||||||||
| 名： | 任好 | |||||||||
| 网笔号： | 穆 | |||||||||
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称霸背景
秦国僻处西陲，周初为附庸小国，春秋初年因秦襄公助平王东迁才被封为诸侯，并承周平王赐给岐山以西之地，后定都於雍（今陕西凤翔南）。国小民弱，在群雄并起的春秋时代，与其他强国相比，显得很不起眼。到了秦穆公时，国势才逐渐强大起来。
秦国原是居住在秦亭（今甘肃张家川）周围的一个嬴姓部落。秦襄公因护送平王东迁（见周幽王）有功，封为诸侯，赐给歧以西地，正式建国。经文、宁、武、德、宣诸公，秦的疆土不断东移，到穆公继位时，已占有大半个关中。
秦穆公继位当年（前659年），就亲自带兵讨伐茅津（今山西芮城东）的戎人，开始了扩张疆土的事业。
秦穆公宽厚仁爱，不计较小事。《资治通鉴》中有这样一个故事。秦穆公走失了一匹马，岐山脚下的农民捉得并分给三百个人一起吃了它。（秦穆公的）官吏追捕到了（食马的人），想按照法律来处置他们。秦穆公说：“有德才的人不因为畜生而杀人。我听说吃马肉而不喝酒，就会伤及身体。”于是便给酒他们饮。后来秦穆公攻打晋国，（那）三百人听说秦穆公被晋军围困，拿着锐利的武器以死相救，来报答给马肉吃的恩德。这次秦穆公擒获了晋侯班师回国。
秦国要发展，首当其冲的是其东邻晋国。晋献公晚年，发生骊姬之乱，公子重耳和夷吾出逃。穆公九年（前651年）晋献公死，骊姬子奚齐继位，旋即被其臣里克杀死。秦穆公派百里奚带兵送夷吾回国继位，为晋惠公。夷吾事先答应将河西八城割给秦作为谢礼，但继位后却毁约。晋臣丕豹逃到秦国，受到穆公重用。十二年（前 648年）晋国旱灾，秦穆公运了大量粟米给晋。十四年（前646年），秦国发生饥荒，晋国不仅不给秦国粮食救灾，反而乘机出兵，於次年攻秦。双方在韩原大战，秦军最终生俘晋惠公。在周襄王和穆姬的请求下，秦穆公与晋惠公结盟后，将其放回。晋惠公送太子圉到秦国为质子，并将黄河以西的地方献给秦国，秦的东部疆界扩至龙门。二十三年（前637年），晋惠公死，其子子圉逃回国继位，为怀公，继续迫害逃亡的公子重耳。秦穆公於是将重耳从楚国迎来，以极为隆重的礼节接待，将女儿文嬴及四位宗女嫁其为妻，然后於次年送重耳回国为君，是为晋文公。晋文公杀死子圉，在秦的参与下，尊王攘夷，败楚城濮，成为霸主。三十年（前630年），秦又出兵帮助晋文公围郑。郑老臣烛之武夜里从围城中绳出，见秦穆公说：“郑国灭亡，於秦不利。晋人这次开拓了东边的领土，下次就会向西边的秦国用兵。大君何必损害自己国家的利益，共帮助晋国呢？”秦穆公於是与郑结盟，留杞子、逢孙、杨孙戍守，罢兵而还。
广揽人才
秦穆公立志称霸，因此非常重视人才，这里叙述关于秦穆公重视人才的两个著名的故事。
九方皋相马
秦穆公雄心勃勃，一心想超越其他国家，称霸天下，但苦于身旁没有贤才良臣来辅佐他。为此，他很苦恼。
有一天，秦穆公召见了善于相马的伯乐，对他说：“你的年纪一天比一天大了，不知你的子孙辈中有继承你的相马本领的吗?”
伯乐回答说：“大王，真是可惜得很，我的子孙中没有一个人及得上我，倒是我的好朋友九方皋，他相马的本领高强，大王可以试一试。”
穆公当即召来九方皋，请他去寻一匹好马。过了三天，九方皋兴冲冲地跑来报告，说已为大王觅到了一匹第一流的好马。
穆公高兴地问：“是匹怎样的马?”
九方皋答：“是匹黄色的母马。”
穆公让人把马儿牵来，谁知竟是一匹黑色的公马。于是穆公对伯乐说：“你推荐的那位朋友怎么连马的颜色和雌雄都分辨不清，我怎么能相信他推荐的是匹好马呢?”
伯乐答道：“大王您有所不知，会相马的人，一眼便能看中马的内在的灵性。至于马的颜色、外貌和雌雄都不会影响到一匹好马的品性，所以九方皋把这些给忽略了，或许，他根本也没理会这些。大王，您尽可以放心。”
后来一试，果然是匹天下无双的好马。秦穆公从这件事上得到了启发，他派人到各处去广招人才，希望天下有用的人都投奔到他的门下来。
羊皮换贤
秦穆公五年（公元前655年），秦穆公派公子絷到晋国代自己去求婚。当年晋献公灭虞，俘虏了虞公及其大夫井伯、百里奚。百里奚是虞国的亡国大夫，很有才能。晋献公本想重用他，但百里奚却宁死不从。这次，有个大臣对晋献公说：“百里奚不愿做官，就让他做个陪嫁的奴仆吧。”
公子絷带着百里奚等回国时，半道上百里奚却偷偷逃走了。
秦穆公和晋献公的大女儿结婚后，在陪嫁奴仆的名单中发现少了百里奚。就追问公子絷。公子絷说：“一个奴仆逃走了，没什么了不起。”
朝中有个从晋国投奔过来的武士叫公孙枝，把百里奚介绍了一番，认为他是个了不起的贤才。于是，秦穆公一心想找到百里奚。
再说百里奚慌乱中逃到了楚国的边境线上，被楚兵当作奸细抓了起来。
百里奚说：“我是虞国人，有钱人家看牛的，国家灭亡了，只好出来逃难。”
楚兵见这个六七十岁的老头子一副老实相，不像个奸细，就把他留下来看牛。
他还是有一套牧牛的本领，把牛养得都很肥壮，大家给他送了个雅号——“放牛大王”。楚国的君主楚成王知道后，就叫他到南海去放马。
后来秦穆公总算打听到百里奚的下落，就备了一份厚礼，想派人去请求楚成王把百里奚送到秦国来。
公孙枝说：“这可万万使不得。楚国让百里奚看马，是因为不知他是个贤能之士。如果您用这么贵重的礼物去换他回来，不就等于告诉楚王，你想重用百里奚吗？那楚王还肯放他走吗？”
秦穆公问：“那你说说怎样弄他回来？”
公孙枝答道：“应该按照现在一般奴仆的价钱，花五张羊皮把他赎回来。”
一位使者奉命去见楚王，说：“我们有个奴隶叫百里奚，他犯了法，躲到贵国来了，请让我们把他赎回去办罪。”说着献上五张黑色的上等羊皮。
楚成王想都没想，就命令把百里奚装上囚车，让秦国使者带回去。
秦穆公亲自召见百里奚，一看，原来是个七十岁的老头，不觉脱口而出道：“可惜啊，年纪太大了。”
百里奚说：“大王，如果您让我追逐天上的飞鸟，或者去捕捉猛兽，臣确实太老了；但如果和您大王一起商讨国家大事，臣还不算老呢。”
秦穆公一听，不由肃然起敬道：“我想让秦国超过其他的国家，您有什么办法吗?”
百里奚说：“秦国虽在边陲地区，但地势险要，兵马强悍，进可以攻，退利于守，我们要充分利用自己有利的条件，乘机而进。”
穆公听了，觉得百里奚确是个不可多得的人才，就封他为上卿，治理国事。谁知百里奚连连摆手说：“大王，臣有个朋友叫蹇叔，他的才能远远胜过我，请大王封他为上卿吧。”
秦穆公一听还有比百里奚更能干的人，连忙派使者带着重金，到蹇叔隐居的地方请他出山。
蹇叔为了让自己的好友百里奚能安心地留在秦国佐政，便随着使者来到了秦国。秦穆公高兴极了，他对蹇叔说：“百里奚多次对我说到你的才能，我很想听听你的意见。”
蹇叔说：“秦国之所以不能立于强国之中，主要是威德不够。”
秦穆公说：“那么怎样才能做到呢?”
蹇叔说：“治法要严，别的国家就不敢欺负您；对百姓要宽容，人民就会拥护您。要想国家强盛，必须教民礼节，贵贱分明，赏罚公正，不能贪心，也不能急躁。我看今日许多强国，霸业已经衰退，秦国一步一步富强起来，称霸的日子就不远了。”
秦穆公被蹇叔的一番话说得心服口服，心花怒放，于是封百里奚为左庶长，蹇叔为右庶长，称为“二相”。
由于百里奚是用五张公羊皮赎回来的，所以人称其为“五羖大夫”。
百里奚又向秦穆公推荐了蹇叔的儿子西乞术、白乙丙。秦穆公拜蹇叔为右相，拜百里奚为左相。
没多久，百里奚的儿子也投奔到秦国来，被秦穆公拜为将军。
由于五张羊皮换来五位贤人的事，成为千古佳话。
秦霸西戎
秦穆公三十二年（前628年）冬，晋文公死。这时，杞子从郑国派人送信回国，说：“郑人将北门的钥匙交给了我，如果悄悄地派军队来，郑国就能得到。”秦穆公问蹇叔和百里奚，两人回答道：“经过几个国家几千里路去袭击别人，很少有成功的。我军的行动郑国一定会知道，不能去！”秦穆公说：“我已经决定了，你俩不必再说。”於是派遣百里奚的儿子孟明视、蹇叔的儿子西乞术和白乞丙三将带兵出发。百里奚和蹇叔哭著为军队送行，秦穆公很生气，说：“我出兵，你们却哭著沮丧我军的士气，这是为什么？”二老答道：“我们并不敢沮丧士气。只是我们年纪大了，儿子要出征，怕以后再也见不看了！”二老对其儿子说：“你们的军队一定会吃败仗，晋人将在崤山阻击。”三十三年（前627年）春，秦军东去，经过成周北门时，车左、车右都脱去头盔下车致敬，随即跳上车去的有三百辆战车的将士。王孙满看了以后说：“秦军轻挑而无礼，一定会失败！”
秦国的大军想偷袭郑国，晋国那边早就得到情报。晋国的大将先轸认为这是打击秦国的好机会，劝说新即位的晋襄公在崤山地方拦击。
晋襄公亲自率领大军开到崤山。崤山本是形势十分险要的地方，晋军在那里布下了天罗地网，只等秦军到来。孟明视他们一进崤山，就中了埋伏，被晋军团团围住，进退两难。秦国的士卒死的死，降的降。孟明视、西乞术、白乙丙三员大将全都被活捉了。
晋襄公得胜回朝。他的母亲文嬴原是秦国人，不愿同秦国结仇，对襄公说：“秦国和晋国原是亲戚，一向彼此帮助。孟明视这帮武人为了自己要争功，闹得两国伤了和气。要是把这三个人杀了，恐怕两国的冤仇越结越深，不如把他们放了，让秦君自己去惩办他们。”
晋襄公听母亲说得有道理，就把孟明视等三个俘虏释放了。
大将先轸一听让孟明视跑了，立刻去见晋襄公，说：“将士们拼死拼活，好容易把他们捉住，怎么轻易把他们放走呢？” 一面说，一面气得向地上吐唾沫。
晋襄公听了，也感到后悔，立刻派将军阳处父带领一队人马飞快地追上去。孟明视三人被释放之后，使劲地逃跑。到了黄河边，发现后面已经有晋兵追上来。在这紧急的关头，幸好有一只小船停在河边，他们就跳了下去。
等阳处父赶到，船已经离了岸。阳处父在岸边大声喊叫：“请你们回来！我们主公忘了给你们准备车马，特地叫我赶来送几匹好马，请你们收下！”
孟明视哪里肯上这个当。他站在船头上行了礼，说：“承蒙晋君宽恕了我们，已经万分感激，哪里还敢再收受礼物。要是我们回去还能保全性命，那末，过了三年，再来报答贵国吧。”
阳处父还想说什么，那只小船哗啦哗啦地，已经越划越远了。
阳处父回去向晋襄公回报了孟明视的话，晋襄公懊悔不及，但也无可奈何了。
孟明视等三个人回到秦国。秦穆公听到全军覆没，穿了素服，亲自到城外去迎接他们。
孟明视三个人跪在地上请罪。秦穆公说：“这是我的不是，没有听你们父亲的劝告，害得你们打了败仗，哪儿能怪你们呢？再说，我也不能因为一个人犯了一点小过失，就抹杀他的大功啊。”
三个人感激得直淌眼泪，打这以后，他们认真操练兵马，一心一意要为秦国报仇。
秦穆公三十四年（前626年），秦穆公又派孟明视等带兵东向，与晋军战於彭衙（今陕西白水东北），秦军再次失败。三十五年（前625年）冬天，晋国联合了宋、陈、郑三国打到秦国的边界。孟明视嘱咐将士守住城，不准随便跟晋国人交战，结果又让晋国夺去了两座城。
两次较量，秦东进的路被晋牢牢地扼住，只得转而向西发展。
当时，在今陕甘宁一带，生活着许多戎狄的部落和小国，如陇山以西有昆戎、绵诸、翟，泾北有义渠、乌氏、朐衍之戎，洛川有大荔之戎，渭南有陆浑之戎。他们生产落后，披发衣皮，各有君长，不相统一。他们常常突袭秦的边地，抢掠粮食、牲畜，掳夺子女，给秦人造成很大的苦难。秦穆公向西发展，采取了比较谨慎的策略，先强后弱，次第征服。当时，西戎诸部落中较强的是绵诸（在今甘肃天水市东）、义渠（在今甘肃宁县北）和大荔（今陕西大荔东）。其中，绵诸有王，住地在秦的故土附近，与秦疆土相接。正好，绵诸王听说秦穆公贤能，派了由余出使秦国。秦穆公隆重接待由余，向他展示秦国壮丽的宫室和丰裕的积储，向他了解西戎的地形、兵势。又用内史廖的策略，挽留由余在秦居住。同时，给绵诸王送去女乐二八。动听美妙的秦国音乐舞蹈，使戎王大享眼耳之福。他终日饮酒享乐，不理政事，国内大批牛马死亡，也不加过问。等到绵诸国内政事一塌糊涂，秦穆公这才让由余回国。由余的劝谏，受到戎王的拒绝。在秦人的规劝下，由余终於归向秦国。秦穆公以宾客之礼接待由余，和他讨论统一西方戎族的策略。
穆公三十六年（前624年），秦穆公亲自率兵讨伐晋国，渡过黄河以后，将渡船全部焚毁，表示誓死克敌的决心。秦军夺得王官（今山西闻喜西）和郊。晋军不敢出战，秦军从茅津渡过黄河，到南岸崤地，在当年的战场为战死的将士堆土树立标记，然后回国。三十七年（前623年），秦军出征西戎，以迅雷不及掩耳之势，包围了绵诸，在酒樽之下活捉了绵诸王。秦穆公乘胜前进，二十多个戎狄小国先后归服了秦国。秦国辟地千里，国界南至秦岭，西达狄道（今甘肃临洮），北至朐衍戎（今宁夏盐池），东到黄河，史称“秦穆公霸西戎”。周襄王派遣召公过带了金鼓送给秦穆公，以表示祝贺。
秦穆之死
秦穆公三十九年（前621年），秦穆公死，安葬於雍（今陕西凤翔东南），殉葬而死的有一百七十七人，其中包括子舆氏的三个儿子奄息、仲行、针虎。这三人十分善良、勇武，国人对此悲痛万分，赋《黄鸟》之诗，唱道：“彼苍者天，歼我良人；如可赎兮，人百其身！”意思是，青天呵，怎么将这么善良的人给殉葬了？如果可以赎命，我们宁愿出一百条命将他们换回来！
秦穆公死后，其太子罃代立，是为秦康公。
King of Mu kind and do not care about little things. "Mirror" in such a story. Duke Mu of Qin lost a horse, Qishan at the foot of the farmers and distributed to 300 individuals Zhuode ate together. (King of Mu's) officials hunt down the (water horse), the wish to dispose of them according to law. King of Mu said: "The moral and academic standards of the people do not because of animal killings. I heard that eating horse meat but not alcohol, it will hurt the body." So they give them to drink wine. Later, King of Mu Jin attack, (that) 300 people have heard of King of Mu is Jin siege, holding a sharp weapon to death is extended, to repay to the horse meat in the End. The King of Mu captured the Marquis of Jin triumphant return home.
Qin to develop, will bear the brunt of its east Jin. Xi continued to old age, the chaos occurred Li Ji, son of Chong Er and Yi Wu fled. Duke nine (formerly 651) Xi continued to die, Li Qi Xi Ji son succeeded to the throne, was soon killed by his minister Rick. Duke Mu of Qin sent fertile soil soldier sent to Yiwu to return to the throne, as Jinhui Gong. Yiwu City in advance promised to cut to the Hexi Corridor 8, as Xie Qin, but after the succession was breach of contract. Qin Jin Chen Pi-leopard escaped by duke reuse. Years (before 648) Jin drought, King of Mu shipped a lot of corn to Jin. Fourteen years (before 646), the Qin famine, Jin not only of food relief to the state of Qin, but seized the opportunity to send troops, attack the following year Qin. Both the original World War in Korea, Qin Sheng Fu Jin Huigong final. King Xiang of Zhou Ji at the request of Moody, King of Mu and Jinhui Gong alliance, put it back. Jinhui Gong sent to the state of Qin Prince yuzhen as protons, and places dedicated to the Yellow River to the west of Qin, Qin's eastern borders extend gantry. 20 years (before 637), Jinhui Gong died, his son son yuzhen fled the country to the throne, was pregnant with the public, continue to flee persecution, son of Chong Er. King of Mu from the Chu Chong Er was to usher in, a very solemn ceremony to reception, the text will win and four daughters to marry their wives were women, and then the following year sent home for King Chong Er, is the Lord Wen. Lord Wen kill son yuzhen, participation in the Qin Dynasty, Sonnō jōi, defeated Chu Chengpu, to become dominant. Three years (formerly 630), has sent troops to help the Lord Wen Wai Qin Zheng. Zheng veteran Zhu Zhiwu night in the rope out from the Besieged City, see King of Mu said: "Zheng perish, YU Qin negative. Jin territory of the opening of the east, the next time it will use military force to the west of the state of Qin. Maharaja why damage to our national interests, were to help Jin it? "King of Mu and Zheng alliance was to stay Qi Zi, every Sun, Yang Sun guarding, Dismissed from Military and still.
King of Mu determined to dominate, so it is talent, talent here described on the King of Mu, two well-known story.
One day, Duke Mu of Qin has summoned good horses of horses and said to him: "Your big old every day, I do not know your grandchildren, have inherited your ability to do with horses?,"
Duke was pleased to ask: "What is the horse horse?"
Bole replied: "You may not know that King, who will be horses, a horse can fancy the inner spirituality. As for the horse color, appearance, and male and female will not affect a good horse's character, so 9 Fang Gao to ignore these, perhaps, he did have ignored its these. King, you can rest assured. "
King of Mu five years (BC 655), the King of Mu Jin sent on behalf of his son tie to go marry him. Then Xi continued to eliminate fear, captured Yu Gong and Dr. Peter Wells, fertile soil. Fertile soil is the subjugation Yu doctor, very talented. Xi continued to reuse this like him, but fertile soil but rather die from. This time, there is a minister of the Duke Xian of Jin said: "The fertile soil do not want to become an official, let him be a servant of dowry it."
DPRK have defected over the warrior from the Jin called Gongsun branch, described the fertile soil from some that he is a great talented people. As a result, King of Mu bent to find fertile soil.
Chu army, see the 67-year-old old man with an honest, not like a spy, took him to stay view cattle.
Gongsun branch, said: "This should be avoided. Chu for fertile soil to see horses, not knowing he was a wise and competent people. If you have such a precious gift to enchant him back, does not mean that tell the king, you would like to reuse of fertile soil? That king also Kenfang he go? "
A messenger was instructed to see the king, said: "We have a slave named fertile soil, he was breaking the law, to hide in your country, please let us redemption of running his offense." Talking offer 5 black The superior sheepskin.
Fertile soil, said: "King, if you let me chase the birds of the sky, or to capture the beast, Robinson did too old; but if King together with you to discuss national affairs, the minister is not too old yet."
Duke heard, that fertile soil is a rare talent indeed, he was on the closure of State, govern the kingdom. Unexpectedly, fertile soil waved their hands, said: "King, minister have a friend named Jian Shu, his talent far better than me, please, on him the King of State Bar."
Jian Shu said: "The reason can not stand strong among the state of Qin, mainly Wade is not enough."
King of Mu is Jian Shu of the words, convinced, elated, then seal and fertile soil for the Zuoshu Zhang, Jian Shu was the right Shuzhang, known as the "second phase."
Before long, fertile soil of the son to go over to the state of Qin, was King of Mu thanks for the General.
King of Mu three years (before 628) in winter, the lord died. At this time, Qi Zi Zheng sent messengers from the home, said: "Zheng will the north gate of the key over to me, if quietly send troops to, Zheng can get." King of Mu asked Jian Shu and Baili Xi, the two replied: "After thousands of miles way in several countries to attack other people, with little success. Zheng actions of our military will know, can not go!" King of Mu said: "I have decided, you both do not have to say. "Then the son of Manuel, as the dispatch of fertile soil, Jian Shu's son begging for surgery and the white West C 3 will be leading troops start begging. Fertile soil and Jian Shu cried off for the army, King of Mu is very angry, said: "I sent troops, you are crying and upset the morale of our military, this is why?" Two old replied: "We are not depressed morale. But we old, son to war and see no longer afraid of the future will not see! "old couple to their son:" You will certainly defeats the army, Jin will check in Xiaoshan. "30 years (627 years ago ) spring, Qin Jundong go through the north gate into the week, the car left the car off his helmet off all the right tribute, then jump on cars to have 300 tanks of the soldiers. After reading Sun-Moon, said: "Qin Qing Tiao and rude, will fail!"
Jin Xianggong victorious troops to the capital. His mother was originally a cultural win the state of Qin who do not want to start a feud with the state of Qin, the Xianggong said: "The state of Qin and Jin was originally a relative, has always been to help each other. Manuel, as the gang Taketo to fight for their own power, spin 2 State hurt gas. If these three people killed, more enmity between the two countries probably more trouble than they put so Qinjun themselves to punish them. "
Jin Xianggong heard, felt regret, General Yang Department immediately send the parent to lead a team of troops to quickly catch up. Manuel, as the three were released after the wildly to escape. To the Yellow River, the back has Jinbing catch up. At this critical juncture, are fortunate to have a boat parked in the river, they jumped down.
Shenyang Office, Father would like to say, the boat squelch has more far more planning.
Manuel, as three knees confessing. King of Mu said: "This is my not, do not listen to your father's advice, has caused your defeat, and where can I blame you? Besides, I can not because a person has committed a small mistake, you deny his great service ah . "
Two contest, Qin Jin-east of the road is firmly stranglehold, only turned to Western development.
At that time, in this Ningxia area, living many Rong and Di tribes and small, such as the Long Mountain, west of Queensland Rong, Min Zhu, Zhai, Jing Yi north channel, Ubbelohde, The Rong Qu Yan, Luochuan large The Rong Li, Weinan have Luhun of Rong. Production behind them, dressed hair skin clothes, each ruler length, not unity. They often raid the frontier Qin, looting of grain, livestock, children away bit by bit, to cause great suffering Qin. King of Mu pushing west, take a relatively cautious strategy, the first strong and then weak sequential conquest. At that time, Xi Rong Zhu strong tribe is cotton all (in this Gansu Tianshui City East), meaning the Drainage (Northern County in Gansu Province today) and Dali (now of drinking the East). Among them, the cotton all have king of Qin's homeland in the vicinity of residence, and the Qin territory phase. Precisely, cotton kings heard of King of Mu elite, sent Youyu ambassador Qin. King of Mu grand reception Youyu, to show him the magnificent Qin palace and abundant store up to him to understand Xi Rong terrain, military potential. Liao also used the strategy in history, retain Youyu live in the Qin Dynasty. Meanwhile, the kings sent to Mian female music on February 8. Qin sounds wonderful music and dance, to enjoy the eyes, ears, Rong Wang a blessing. He spends his time drinking pleasure, regardless of political affairs, domestic large number of oxen and horses killed, did not add to interfere. Various domestic political affairs until the cotton mess, King of Mu Only then sent Youyu home. Youyu of remonstrate, by Rong Wang refused. In Qin's persuasion, the Youyu finally come back to the state of Qin. King of Mu to guests of the ceremony, reception Youyu, and he discussed the unity of the Western Rong family strategy.
Qin Mu's death