阅读葛瑞姆·汉卡克 Graham Hancock在百家争鸣的作品!!! | |||||
葛瑞姆·汉卡克英国记者、考古历史类畅销书作家。其作品包括《超自然》(Supernatural)，《失落的约柜》(TheSignandtheSeal)，《上帝的指纹》(FingerprintsofGods)，《创世纪的守护神》(KeeperofGenesis)(与罗伯特·鲍威尔(RobertBauvel)合着）(美版译名:斯芬克斯的信息)(ThemenssageofSphinx)，《火星的秘密》(TheMarMystery)，《天之镜》(Heaven'sMirror)(与妻子桑沙·法伊亚(SanthaFaiia)合着)，《上帝的魔岛》和《护身符：神圣的城市，神秘的信仰》(与罗伯特·鲍威尔合着)。他也参与制作并主持了英国第四频道的纪录片《水下世界:冰河期被洪水淹没的王国》。
《超自然:与人类远古智慧的接触》是他最新的着作,分别于2005年和2006年在英国和美国开始发行。汉卡克在书中用大卫路易斯-威廉姆斯(DavidLewisWilliams)的神经心理学考古方法，通过旧石器时代的岩洞艺术，来研究现代人类大脑的进化发展。
汉卡克的主要研究对象是远古时代的迷团和巨石建筑,远古神话和远古天文学和占星学方面的资料数据。在他很多的书中始终贯穿的一个主题是一个全球性的母文明，他认为所有的文明都是从这个母文明中分散出来的。尽管他的书已经在全世界有了500万的销量并被译成了27种语言，但他的研究方法和结论并没有得到权威机构的支持，并被批评为是一个伪科学。汉卡克坦率的承认自己没有受过正规的考古学训练，并认为自己是面对正统学术体系，社会媒体不可能给予承认和支持时，给予自己所考证出的结果的一个巨大的支持和补充。
自传
虽然出生于爱丁堡,但由于父亲在印度做医生的缘故，他成长的岁月也就在那里度过。返回英国后,他于1973年从杜伦大学毕业,并得到了社会学的一等荣誉学位。
作为一名记者，汉卡克曾撰稿于多家英国报纸，如泰晤士报，星期日泰晤士报，独立报，卫报。他在1976年-1979年是英国新国际主义者杂志的合作编辑杂志，1981-1983是英国经济学人杂志在东非的记者。
猎户三星相对应理论
"猎户三星相对应理论"是汉卡克很多书中经常出现的一个主题，它首次于1983年由比利时埃及考古专家罗伯特.鲍威尔提出，然后在和汉卡克合着的书和两人各自独立的作品中被进一步解释。它阐述了古代埃及的吉萨三大金字塔的相对位置与猎户星座三星腰带的相对位置相一致。
最初他们只是阐述了两样事物的惊人相似。(…三座金字塔难以置信的成为了猎户星座三星在地球上的星图；参考汉卡克的上帝的指纹,1995,p.375)。随后他们便在创世纪的守护者中推测狮身人面像的年龄。按书中所说：狮身人面像是在公元前一万五百年前的上旧石器时代建造的。（…狮子的形体在公元前10450时春分日的黎明恰好面向东方正对狮子星座）；参考汉卡克的上帝的指纹，1995,p.483)。在1998年与罗伯特.鲍威尔合着的火星秘密中，他们认为狮身人面像与吉萨三大金字塔还有尼罗河的安排布局可以说是当时狮子星座与猎户三星还有银河的在地面的相对应天文图。
所以距今12500年前的那个时期，汉卡克认为，有一个远古的发达文明影响并辐射出我们世界的古代文明发展。但是正统埃及学和考古学坚持认为现有证据表明吉萨金字塔群和狮身人面像是在公元前2500年左右的古埃及第四王朝时期建立的。汉卡克并没有就年代进行争论，但他坚持认为它们一定是按照差不多八千年前的天文而修建的。
由汉卡克，鲍威尔及其他人,比如阿德里安?吉尔伯特(AdrianGilbert)和安东尼?维斯特(AnthonyWest),所提出的这个观点被很多的科学家在着作中予以批评和驳斥。
在驳斥的声音中，来自美国洛山基格里菲斯天文观测台(GriffithObservatory)的天文学家爱德格里普(EdKrupp)和南非开普顿大学的安东尼费尔罗(AnthonyFairall)教授的研究引人关注。他们利用天文仪器，各自独立的研究了在汉卡克等人提到的那个时期时，三星腰带和北方向的角度（由于分点岁差的影响，这个角度和我们今天所观察的角度或和第四王朝时期的都各不相同）。结果发现，当时三星与北方向的角度是４７度至５０度之间，而金字塔与北方向的角度是３８度。
格里普还指出，吉萨三金字塔构成的直线是向北偏离，而有猎户三星构成的腰带确实向南。如果使一个与另一个相一致，只能把其中一条线的高的一端拉低。这也确实就是鲍威尔和吉尔伯特在他们合着的书中所做的改动，他们用倒转的金字塔图片同三星图相对比并且没有说明。
格里普和费尔罗还发现了他们理论中的其他问题。包括如果像他们宣称的狮身人面像代表了狮子星座的话，那么它按照星图应该被建在尼罗河的另一边，而不是和金字塔在同侧。还有公元前10500年时，春分点应该是在黄道中的处女座而不是狮子座。而黄道的概念是由古美索不达米亚的文明创造。埃及直到很晚的希腊罗马化时代才开始使用。一位名叫乔安妮?考曼(JoanneConmen)的评论家曾用“罪恶”二字形容格里普在着作中对这个理论的强有力的驳斥。还是这位评论家，他也批评了格里普的一些关于古埃及天文学方面的说法。认为汉卡克等人的理论是很遗憾，由于一些各种原因。
这个关于古老的狮身人面像的理论在主流科学中得到了更多的支持，着名的地理学家罗伯特?斯科奇(RobertSchoch)从狮身人面像周身的流水腐蚀痕迹和周围环境的痕迹做比较，认为一部分狮身人面像的最迟也应是于公元前5000到7000年前修建的。斯科奇的分析得到了另一位地质学家大卫?考伊克尔(DavidCoxill)的支持。他认为狮身人面像经过了大量的雨水冲刷，而吉萨高原只有在王朝以前的时期才有过这种气候。第三位地质学家科林?里德(ColinReader)认为修建的时间比公认的时间只早几百年。这些观点被主流的埃及学者和相当数量的地质学家所驳斥。他们将狮身人面像表面的腐蚀痕迹归因于当今世界的工业污染而产生了风载尘对雕像的酸化和温度的变化对石头表面的影响。
BBC(英国广播公司)地平线节目事件
汉卡克遭到了很多驳斥自己的观点和事件，其中最着名的是BBC第二频道的地平线节目事件。1999年１１月４日，地平线推出名为亚特兰蒂斯再生(AtalantisReborn)的记录片。片子认为：汉卡克宣称一些古代建筑群的建设与天象相应，而我们也可以在美国纽约着名的标志性建筑中得到很多所谓的相应。它也认为汉卡克有选择的忽略一些建筑的位置从而故意与自己的观点相吻合，并忽略了建筑的能够解释其建造时间和原因的真正涵义。汉卡克认为自己被节目污蔑了。他和罗伯特.鲍威尔将BBC公司侮辱他们和他们的研究成果的行径告到了英国广电标准委员会(BroadcastingStandardCommission)。
"节目将汉卡克变成了一个烘制理论的高级知识骗子，他没有得到捍卫自己理论的机会。"
英国广播公司方面没有对汉卡克本人和他的理论做评价，而是除了指控中提到的节目中的一段话外，否认了其他的一切内容有诋毁倾向。他们认为节目制作人是抱着公正的思想来审视和评论汉卡克先生和鲍威尔先生的观点的。指控并不成立。
委员会认为，节目不公正的删除了一位批评汉卡克先生理论的发言者的观点。地平线节目随后提供了一个经过修改的新版本，其中把一个支持他们的理论的观点加了进去。节目于２０００年１２月１４日播出。虽然片子大部分还是反驳的立场，但是汉卡克在自己的官方网站上宣布，英国广播公司支持自己和罗伯特?鲍威尔的观点。并只是引用了有利的部分。
注解、参考
1.台湾先智出版社发行了FingerprintsofGods、Heaven'sMirror、Underworld三本书，并将其书名翻译为「上帝的指纹」、「天之镜」以及「上帝的魔岛」，合计上下两册共六本书。
His most recent non-fiction book, Supernatural: Meetings With the Ancient Teachers of Mankind, was released in the UK in October 2005 and in the US in 2006. In it, Hancock examines paleolithic cave art in the light of David Lewis-Williams' neuropsychological model, exploring its relation to the development of the fully-modern human mind..
His first novel, "Entangled: The Eater of Souls," the first in a fantasy series, was released in the UK in April 2010 and in the US in October 2010. The book makes use of Hancock's prior research interests and as he has noted, "What was there to lose, I asked myself, when my critics already described my factual books as fiction?"
Hancock's chief areas of interest are ancient mysteries, stone monuments or megaliths, altered states of consciousness, ancient myths and astronomical/astrological data from the past. One of the main themes running through many of his books is the possible global connection with a "mother culture" from which he believes all ancient historical civilizations sprang. Although his books have sold more than five million copies worldwide and have been translated into twenty-seven languages, his methods and conclusions have found little support among academics. Often criticised for being a pseudoarchaeologist, Hancock, who freely admits he has no formal training in archaeology, sees himself as providing a counterbalance to what he perceives as the "unquestioned" acceptance and support given to orthodox views by the education system, the media, and by society at large.
Biography
Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Hancock's formative years were spent in India, where his father worked as a surgeon. Having returned to the UK, he graduated from Durham University in 1973, receiving a First Class Honours degree in Sociology.
As a journalist, Hancock worked for many British papers, such as The Times, The Sunday Times, The Independent, and The Guardian. He was co-editor of New Internationalist magazine from 1976–1979 and East Africa correspondent of The Economist from 1981-1983. In 1996 he appeared in The Mysterious Origins of Man.
Orion Correlation Theory
Main article: Orion Correlation Theory
Representation of the central tenet of the OCT - the outline of the Giza pyramids superimposed over a photograph of the stars in Orion's Belt. To achieve this concordance the pyramids have been rotated and scaled to suit. The validity of this match has been called into question by Hancock's critics, as noted in the text.
A recurring theme in several of Hancock's works has been an exposition on the "Orion Correlation Theory" (or OCT), first put forward by Belgian writer Robert Bauval and then further expounded in collaborative works with Hancock, as well as in their separate publications.
BBC Horizon controversy
BBC 2's Horizon TV series broadcast a programme, "Atlantis Reborn", on 4 November 1999 that challenged the ideas presented by Hancock. It detailed one of Hancock's claims that the arrangement of an ancient temple complex was designed to mirror astronomical features and demonstrated that the same thing could be done with perhaps equal justification using famous landmarks in New York. It also alleged that Hancock had selectively moved or ignored the locations of some of the temples to fit his own theories, and had ignored the texts on the temples themselves explaining why and when they had been built.
Hancock claimed he was misrepresented by the programme, and he and Robert Bauval made complaints to the Broadcasting Standards Commission against the way Horizon had portrayed them and their work. Eight points were raised by Hancock, two by Bauval (one of which duplicated a complaint of Hancock's). This included the complaint:
The programme had created the impression that he [Hancock] was an intellectual fraudster who had put forward half baked theories and ideas in bad faith, and that he was incompetent to defend his own arguments.
The BSC dismissed all but one of the complaints. Overall, the BSC concluded that "the programme makers acted in good faith in their examination of the theories of Mr Hancock and Mr Bauval". The complaint which was upheld was that "The programme unfairly omitted one of their arguments in rebuttal of a speaker who criticised the theory of a significant correlation between the Giza pyramids and the belt stars of the constellation Orion (the "correlation theory")", which the Commission did find to be unfair. Horizon subsequently offered to broadcast a revised transmission of the programme which takes into account the one point which was found in the writers' favour. This went to air under the name Horizon: Atlantis Reborn Again on 14 December 2000.
Cultural reference
In 2009, Roland Emmerich released his blockbuster disaster movie 2012 citing Fingerprints of the Gods in the credits as an inspiration for the film, stating: "I always wanted to do a biblical flood movie, but I never felt I had the hook. I first read about the Earth's Crust Displacement Theory in Graham Hancock's Fingerprints of the Gods."
Book
Hancock, Graham (1985). Ethiopia: The Challenge of Hunger. London: V. Gollancz. ISBN 057503680X.
Hancock, Graham; Enver Carim (1986). AIDS: The Deadly Epidemic. London: V. Gollancz. ISBN 0575038373.
Hancock, Graham (1989). Lords of Poverty: The Power, Prestige, and Corruption of the International Aid Business. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0871132532.
Hancock, Graham (1992). The Sign and the Seal: The Quest for the Lost Ark of the Covenant. New York: Crown. ISBN 0517578131.
Hancock, Graham (1995). Fingerprints of the Gods: The Evidence of Earth's Lost Civilization. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0517593483.
Hancock, Graham; Robert Bauval (1996). The Message of the Sphinx: A Quest for the Hidden Legacy of Mankind. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0517705036. Published in the United Kingdom as Hancock, Graham; Robert Bauval (1996). Keeper of Genesis: A Quest for the Hidden Legacy of Mankind. London: Heinemann. ISBN 0434003026.
Hancock, Graham (1998). The Mars Mystery: A Tale of the End of Two Worlds. London: Michael Joseph. ISBN 0718143140.
Hancock, Graham; Santha Faiia (1998). Heaven's Mirror: Quest for the Lost Civilization. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0517708116.
Hancock, Graham; Santha Faiia (2001). Fingerprints of the Gods: The Quest Continues (New Updated Edition). New York: Crown Century. ISBN 0712679065.
Hancock, Graham (2002). Underworld: The Mysterious Origins of Civilization. New York: Crown. ISBN 1400046122.
Hancock, Graham; Robert Bauval (2004). Talisman: Sacred Cities, Secret Faith. Tisbury: Element Books. ISBN 0007190360.
Hancock, Graham (2005). Supernatural: Meeting with the Ancient Teachers of Mankind. London: Century. ISBN 1844136817.
Hancock, Graham (2010). Entangled: The Eater of Souls. New York: The Disinformation Company. ISBN 978-1934708569.