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张廷玉Ten year of Kangxi (1672) Health, the parent Kangxi scholar Zhang Ying. Kangxi 30 years (in 1700) in the Scholars. Kangxi successive review, directly south study, Seba, Shi Jiang degree, the Cabinet degree, vice-minister, Ministry of Personnel rank of assistant minister.
Yongzheng reign (1723) l rites, the following year Transfer Book of the Department, Imperial Academy School Bachelor of palm, president of the Academia Historica, Prince Edward Taibao.
Three years (1725), Scholar of the Department of things. Four years (1726), Jin Wenyuan Pavilion scholar, the Ministry of Shang, the Imperial Academy School Bachelor of palm and full Kangxi Record president and chief officer.
Of six years (1728), a replacement and the Shang Palace scholar and the Ministry of Personnel.
Seven years (1729), plus a small title insurance. In the same year, military forces for the Northwest, located in Long were privy door, and pro-Extracellular Polysaccharide Yi, Shi-Jiang Tingxi Board being to the University. Emperor Yongzheng death, life with Ertai Minister for Gu Ming. Qianlong, with the two Koreas for the court by veteran heavy with death to enjoy Imperial Ancestral Temple. Final Qing Dynasty, Han minister who deserves the Imperial Ancestral Temple but Zhang Tingyu one.
Zhang Tingyu major work during his tenure as the emperor is the secretary, the contribution of the imperial political system is to improve the system and the Grand Council of the memorial's operating rules. And other government ministers to deal directly with different history and did not leave too much on the specific deeds of Zhang Tingyu.
Zhang Tingyu cautious man, careful to "10,000 words 10,000 when, as a silent" (Qing: Shangu Introduction). Therefore, the Yongzheng praised his "open-mindedness is all pure, Shu Cheng worked," called "the first minister who declared force."
Compilation who has "Kangxi", "Yong Zheng Record" and charge "Ming Dynasty", "Academia Historica," "Qing Hui Dian" Chief Editor officer.
However, he does what achievements? Through the relevant historical data, we were surprised to find that in the Yongzheng Dynasty, Zhang Tingyu completed only 23 trivial things. His Utilitarianism is not handling a piece of political affairs, and in the text of work and planning system and improve the establishment of the Grand Council memorial system.
When the emperor ascended the throne at the beginning, go through Kangxi funeral, assistant minister Zhang Tingyu Extraordinary Ministry of Personnel left the Imperial Academy Co-matter of the article, then, "Where there is edict, then into the inner life Ting Yu, dictate to the effect, or in writing at Imperial bowed to the ground, or separated granted a few screens, which were issued on the Yu Lan, no fewer than 10 several times a day. " Yongzheng five years, the Department is prepared to use military force Junggar, seven years, the official troops. With this match, Yongzheng set up the Grand Council, to assist him in dealing with military affairs. The main functions of the Grand Council must abide by the imperial decrees, written text, and to forward. That is, the Grand Council is primarily paperwork. Zhang Tingyu Minister for the military, the "two-way military forces northwest, straight from Korea to the twilight period, between those who are 12 drum." Eight, nine, Yongzheng and poor health, "where Mizhi, learned to decree of." As the needs of the edict was written, Yongzheng Zhang Tingyu summoned as many as 10 times a day. As the emperor summoned day or night, even at 12 Zhang Tingyu going to be back even after the rest. The first year of the Yongzheng reign, Zhang Tingyu that is promoted to minister of rites, and later as a scholar and long-term military minister, but he has done in the Reign of the main work, and indeed the work of these words. Even the emperor himself, but also that the role of Zhang Tingyu "Compilation" Saint Zuren Huang Tai Record "declared independence and more power every year Zunzhishanxie Shangyu, learned to set up Zhen Yi, instruct subjects, its hugely successful." Recognized His contribution lies in the text. And the Shang Yu Zhang Tingyu the grass, all together Yongzheng intention is to award recognition. This is clerical work, from being a scholar, military aircraft Minister Zhang Tingyu to do, he naturally became the senior secretary of the Emperor Yongzheng. When Emperor Qianlong had been a military aircraft, said Zhang Jing of Zhao Yi, military ministers "only tradition, Construction and Maintenance essays, and not a little praise painting in the meantime." Grand Council of the Secretariat, but the emperor, the emperor's military aircraft in fact a senior minister of the Secretary, that status and identity, Zhang Tingyu naturally not unique, the establishment of innovation of great deeds. Thus, his role and performance can only be written by the Intervention in Maintenance and to reflect the text area.
Really be called a Zhang Tingyu big business, is he planning to build the system and improve the Grand Council memorial system. "Grand Council first established, professional and Ting Yu are set." Grand Council as the central organ for the Qing Dynasty, and deeply influenced the history of the late Qing Dynasty, this is indeed the great deeds Zhang Tingyu. In addition, establish and perfect the memorial system, making it the main official document Qing, the Qing bureaucracy is also a major political changes, and politics in the Late Qing Dynasty, had enormous and far-reaching impact.
Grand Council was established in seven years, Yongzheng (1729). Department for fighting with Zhungeer, army and frequent, while the cabinet has been far from the inner court, and the efficiency is not high, in order to urgently address the Northwest Military Affairs, "before Quartermaster room located inside the door in the Long case." Quartermaster room is a popular name for the Grand Council of the earliest, and later to the military room, the Grand Council. Until Xuantong (1911) to set responsible cabinet govern 180 years, the Grand Council finally abolished.
Grand Secretary with military aircraft, the Yongzheng Emperor from the scholar, the Book, assistant minister, and Qin Gui act as specified. Military Minister also by the Cabinet, the Imperial Academy, six, of Disaster and other bureaucratic officials selected charge. All of them are part-time, their gains to be still in the original Yamen. Grand Council has no formal Government Office, only the duty room, in the Long case door, close to the Emperor Yongzheng chambers Hall of Mental Cultivation, the Minister was summoned to the military rules of procedure. Minister responsible for military aircraft on the emperor, his subordinates, Department of Military Minister for part-time officials of other departments, there is no subordinate relationship between them is difficult to form a party. Grand Emperor of the Secretary of the team but it can only be faithful implementation of the emperor's command, not to endanger the imperial power.
Construction and Maintenance edict was to be the main work is the Grand Council. Yongzheng Emperor summoned the military minister daily, sometimes several times a day summoned, summoned, the Yongzheng Emperor instructions on how to handle the event, sometimes to the military minister for information, listen to their views, to make a ruling. Minister of Emperor Ling face military decree, drafted instruments. Shangyu formed, not through the cabinet, by the Grand Council directly to the relevant officials.
In the Qing Dynasty, the emperor's edict several species. After Yongzheng, private copies sent by the cabinet edict, called "Ming Fat Shangyu"; by the Grand Council drafting and amending, copying, sealing edict issued, called "Yourself Shangyu." "Yourself Shangyu" because of the direct mail from the court, so called "court letter." Send targeted by senior officials, with "military minister sent the word" send the form; the rest of "military aircraft Minister Chuan Yu" send the form. Send the word, Chuan Yu sealed letter on the surface are marked "somewhere Mouguan be opened", the seal seals stamped with the Grand Council, a very high level of confidentiality. Obviously, the Grand Council hosted "Yourself Shangyu" the most important cabinet handled "Ming Fat Shangyu" only general affairs instruments.
Memorial just as they arise, are eligible to use the memorial of the officials are not too many. Yong Zheng Jian Zuo, the kings of Shanbang within the imperial clan struggling exclusion, foreign minister of the cliques trapped in Manchu strife, eager to seek words, it relaxed the subjects played a special discount range and authority. Later, right on the memorial as many as 1,000 or more.
As the memorial more than what the Department of State secrets, the confidentiality of memorial is very prominent. Can not be kept confidential, do not the memorial, confidentiality is a prerequisite for writing memorials. To ensure the memorial's content will not leak, the Qing Ting Dingli a set of confidentiality, so that the system more perfect memorial up: 1, the authors have personally written, generally not allowed others to ghostwriting, written not later be exposed, or the Code. 2, the palace made leather box, with lock and key, officials issued a player, specialized for storage and transmission of memorials. 3 or more high officials of the suriko governors, big hand carried to the door of dry clean, pay in Zoushi Department, direct imperial, rather than the political question of the traffic forwarded to the Secretary; general suriko officials also sent to poor hand Secretary of State Office designated trusted Yongzheng, was by them on behalf of, on behalf of the cross of course no right to know suriko content. Having read the Yongzheng Emperor made Zhupi, folds back the original channel. 4, withdraw Zhupi memorial. Kangxi reign, royal memorial also has played one after the wholesale, there is no requirement to pay also the inner court. A Yongzheng ascended the throne, he ordered his ministers to Zhupi memorial outside all the check was paid. Memorials are requested to send not only the former, I also read the subsequent Zhu after the wholesale, or be returned. As a result of the payment of this system will not only effectively prevent the leak occurred, but also a wealth of historical data was saved. 5, to strengthen the confidentiality of the work of the Grand Council. States: the emperor summoned the aircraft minister, the eunuch not in the side; daily events leading contractor personnel shall not enter until they pass the time aircraft values lead room; forbidden in aircraft values the Yamen officers step outside the room and stand near the premises eavesdropping; even high- princes minister, non-Bong special purpose and was not allowed to enter; from the king the following civil and military Manchu ministers are not allowed to find someone to talk to the Grand Council. It also provides chapters of the work here in the strict implementation of the transfer system, be careful complete formalities. In particular, send and receive registration documents, will make mark for future references; personal things contractors are not allowed to discharge any noise; not handle things by themselves, never promise to intervene; Write Yourself imperial decrees, handled Zhupi memorial, had to go through in the office room; who handle confidential incident, military aircraft Minister Fingering 12 Zhang Jing Cheng Zhi, the military classroom Shan Xie, the charge to seal papers in mind, once everything was finished before investigating the file-line registration opened. If leakage, Zhang Jing Shan Xie file are subject to heavy punishment.
In the memorial's content, than ever before, more enriched. One of the most important memorial to discuss the use of government. Yung-cheng said: "This chapter can not do those, you can set memorial Chen; and I can not do by the edict was also noted in detail in the memorial instructions to set anchor." The subjects as the problem can be raised in doubt, please Emperor consider and decide; Emperor did not understand or do not understand the problem, you can ask the subjects as to increase their knowledge and make decisions. Reign of many important political affairs, such as farmland policy, that is, Yongzheng and the minister raised repeatedly through the memorial after the laid down to business. Memorials to discuss political affairs, determine policy, not only gives it new life, and it has become an important tool for the implementation of the political. As the memorial removed from the middle part of the transfer, but also by court letter method, not only can quickly handed it the hands of the emperor, but after the emperor Zhupiyuzhi, memorials can be returned directly to officials, immediately put into practice, thus greatly improving the administration efficiency, to the Qing Dynasty had a positive influence political. Also, because memorials are secret, so in direct provincial governors and Division Road, between local and central government, between the inner court and the outer court, in addition to the normal relationship between leadership and the led and so on, it had also developed a mutual restraint relationship. Minister each other informants, the emperor's eyes and ears all over the inside and outside Beijing, the emperor who do not know who played what little to report, the Central Bu Yuan and local public and private events and interpersonal relationships, both big and small, the emperor can be learned directly from the memorial. Official memorial straighten with the emperor was to monitor the people, give orders, exclusion, and the world census drawn from a person dealing with general affairs, so that the feudal imperial power to be added to the point. Thus, "Memorial System in the history of China, Yongzheng and once they should be the most colorful era, while the emperor on the use of clever and effective Zhupi, Yongzheng also can be said of the unprecedented." All of this, Zhang Tingyu be withheld. Said that it was of great deeds of his great career, is no exaggeration.
In the Yongzheng Dynasty, Zhang Tingyu mainly engaged in work which is just a word, but he "Zhou Minqin Prudence", the entire focus of this work up, and therefore "particularly on the Forest." Yongzheng five years (1727), Zhang Tingyu suffered from minor ailments, Yongzheng of the valet said: I Bitong the past few days, you know? Valet reason they asked in surprise, Yongzheng said: "The scholar Zhang Tingyu illness, disease and any non-I-arm?" Eight years (1730), Silver for Reward 20000 2, Zhang Tingyu decline with thanks, Yongzheng say: "You are the first non-minister Vision strongest peace! "not allow him to decline. When the emperor was not feeling well, the where Mizhi, noted Zhang Ting Yucheng collar pay, after the emperor said: "This wound up in only one courtier." ("Cheng Huai Yuan masters custom Chronicle" Volume) Indeed, Yunxiang dead After Ertai cabinet ago, Zhang Tingyu in Manchu courtier indeed a trusted person in the first position, was minister of the Yongzheng as Gu Gong. 10 year (1733), Zhang Tingyu ancestors returned home, leaving the day before, Yongzheng donate a Ruyi Zhang Tingyu, and wished him "between all the best." Within the government also presented articles and 52 books. "Ancient and Modern Book integration" only printed 64, alone gave Zhang Tingyu 2. Yongzheng Zhang Tingyu also give a pair of couplets: "Yan Chun Hao Dang, Guanghua sandwich day." Zhang was with this pair of couplets for the door every year together. Yongzheng deathbed, Zhang Tingyu and Ertai be practically Gu Ming, enjoy life in the future with Imperial Ancestral Temple. Finally clear the world, Chinese Minister Wei Zhang Tingyu deserves the Imperial Ancestral Temple are just one person.
The main reference 〔〕
Hu Shi: "Yongzheng Biography"; Bai General editor: "General History of China"; "History of Qing Dynasty"; "Qing Biography"; "King Sejong Record"; "get down to business first recorded towards the country"; Zhang Tingyu: "Cheng Huai Yuan language" "Cheng Huai Yuan masters custom Chronicle"; Zhao Yi: "canopies exposed Notes"; Liang Kui: "Yuan Shu Chi slightly"; Chen Chieh-hsien: "Qing miscellaneous document", etc..
Translated by Google