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Year-old can read Poetry, at the age of 13 are appreciated by scholars Wang, Jianwu twenty-three years (AD 47 years) before and after the entry Luoyang university, read, read all the documents an abysmal one hundred words. Jianwu three decades, his father Ban Biao Death, from Imperial College to return the township. Home Disaster, in Ban Biao and supplement "Historical Records" work "after transfer" basis to begin the preparation of "Han", to the Emperor Zhang of Han basically completed junior high school building.
Emperor Ming, who was Lantai and Rice, and Zong, Yin Min, Meng different common Zhuancheng "ancestor of the century", promoted to Lang, is responsible for setting school secretary. Joint account with human hero, Hirabayashi, New Town, Gong Sunshu deeds, for biography, recorded 28 outs on the set.
Zhang of the time, Ban low positions, first as Lang Guan. The early construction of three years (AD 78) was promoted to basaltic Sima, is guarding the Central Administration and Supervision of subordinate Xuanwumen officials. As Zhang of Han Confucianism like literature, can be appreciated by Ban Gu, Ting Shidu on several occasions called his palace. Zhang of parade, often never complained about. Contributions made by Fu Chung. The court event, and is often ordered to express their views, the Minister discussed with or poor, have attended meetings of the Western Regions and the Huns on the policy.
The early construction of a four-year follow Han Xuan Zhang of the story Shiqu Court, convened in the White Tiger contemporary view of the Five Famous Scholar to discuss similarities and differences, and personal decisions. The aim is to mobilize by the Heritage Literature in efforts to promote Confucianism and Divination theology closely to strengthen the field of Confucianism in the ideological dominance. At the meeting, Ban to act as official historian records, was ordered to compile the results of the discussions, "Bai Hu Tong Strickland", also known as "Ban Gu."
Emperor He of Han Yong Yuan Dynasty (AD 89), the great expedition of General Dou Xian throne to the Huns, Ban was appointed as the Hujun accompanied planned meeting participants. Dou Xian big defeat Chanyu, board Yan Ran Hill (today's Hangzhou love mountains in Mongolia), life Yan Ban Gu wrote a famous natural mountain inscriptions, inscriptions record merit but also. Ban Gu and sinus are old family friends of the Friends of the Constitution, the Constitution into the sinus after the shogunate, over a matter of words, more intimate relationship. Yong Yuan for four years, sinus constitution failed in the political struggle in the suicide, Luoyang make a feud on the Ban product, take the opportunity to cook up charges, arrest Ban imprisonment. In the same year died in prison. Ban Gu intelligent since childhood, is a text-year-old can recite Poetry, 16-year-old into the Imperial College school, the school no longer divisions, not sticking to Chapters, just to pass Xiao Dayi. And long, through many books, the philosophers of the words were all read all the documents. Under the influence of his father's history. Mourning home, started to edit his father's "Historical Records after the transfer," and began writing "Han." Between the level of the Eastern Han Emperor Ming, it was reported the private conversion of national history, jail. Laiqi Di Ban Chao running a letter, then sent to the Capital of their manuscript. Emperor Ming, after reading, it is appreciated by Ban Gu of the scholarship, call the Lantai and Rice. Then moved to Lang, typical school secretary. The early years to Emperor Zhang of Han Jian (82) as "Han." Following Sima Qian, the neat biographical secretary of the form, and created a "package quote generation" style of dating history, as the later "official history" of the model. After the attack from the big General Dou Xian Hun, as in Hujun, sinus constitutional rights by arbitrarily killed, Ban therefore be implicated, was framed prison, died in prison.
Ban is also good for Fu, Author of "two Ode", "Han Su Wu turn", "quiet through Fu" and other.
Personal achievements
1. Masashi Geography created a precedent
Culling the train, "Geography" from Ban Gu's "Han Dynasty" began. Ban live in an age of 200 years of the Han Dynasty established the occasion of an unprecedented dynasty unified and strong, developed economy, vast territory, land and sea transport. The accumulation of geographical knowledge is far from "Shan Jing" and "Yu Gong" comparable age, social life and management of geographic knowledge needed urgent than ever before. Compilation of evidence is no longer near the geographic reality, with far are rumors, but state control of local authorities direct knowledge, and even very accurate mapping and statistics of the. Record a large number of actual geographical data Although the emergence of geographical work that demands of the times, however, train in the official history, "Geography" is a major contribution to the Ban on later. Feudal era, the general geographical works hard to spread to today, but official history of the "Geography", under the protection of the later dynasties, easily handed down. Ban Gu in the official history train "Geography" approach, was later most of the official history and the espousal of a large number of local history. This will keep for us today a wealth of geographic information for the study of Chinese history and geography of ancient feudal society, cultural history provides an important condition. Masashi Ban Gu, "Geography" of Pioneering not be ignored.
2. Administrative geography to create a style blog
Ban Gu's "Geography" of the structure of the content consists of three parts: The Beginning (from the "Archives in the Yellow Emperor" to "the next and the Warring States, Qin, Han Yan") all recorded "Yu Gong" and "Zhou staff" These two, and according to the Han language textual changes were made; Juan Mo (from the "Fan Min letter of the five permanent members of the" to the final volume) brings together the "Historical Records" based on Liu Xiang "field points" and Zhu Gan "custom"; text (from the "Lord Mayor" to "Chinese heyday carry on") the principal was the Western Han Administrative Region to County as the key link to the county for the purpose, details of the Western Han Dynasty geographic profile. In this section, Emperor Ping of Han initio years (AD 2 years) national boundaries, administrative divisions, based on the Qin and Han and 103 described in 1578 under the jurisdiction of the county (county 1356, quite County Road 29, Hou 193) construction purchase history, account statistics, mountain Kawasawa Tau, water conservancy facilities, its heritage, to eup pass, property, mining, cultivated land and other content, length account of "Geography" of the two-thirds. Administrative Region of the body such as to territory within the framework, the generation of a variety of physical and human geography Han phenomenon of sub-systems in the relevant administrative region under the point of view to understand the political area the distribution of various geographical phenomena and their mutual relationship style of writing, Geography can be called Administrative Region. This style of creative self-Ban, demonstrates his human geography-centric view of the new geography. Ban the previous geographical works, such as "Shan Hai Jing" "staff", etc., usually in mountains and rivers as the main body, the breakdown of geographical phenomenon in the development of the geographical area, rather than focus on the reality of the situation Administrative Region territory. "Yu Gong" Even with the geographic concepts to the natural line dividing mountains of Kyushu, sub-state description of the geographical localities. But "Nine" is only an ideal system, and not worked out. Therefore, the "Yu Gong" is not based on territory, government district as the main geographical work for the program. Ban Gu are formed in human geography-centric view of the new geography, in addition to his own reasons, and because he lives in the Eastern Han Dynasty that
A specific era of history. Administrative Division starting in the Spring and Autumn occasion, but not yet a unified feudal state appears universal. Although the subsequent Qin Dynasty unified the world, but the duration is very short. Since the Han Dynasty set up the life of the Eastern Han Ban has long-term stability with more than 200 years of history, in the vast territory of the feudal Great home, build and improve a gun (the Kingdom) - County (Yap, Tao, Hou) 2 level administrative divisions. Long-term implementation of the social system, led to the emergence of new geographical concepts. Ban this new geographical concept as the strengthening of the unified concept, with the heavy human, natural light, emphasizing the spirit of Heaven and the consolidation of traditional Chinese culture and go along with long-term successor. Geography is not only the official history are the "Geography" modeled, and since the Tang Dynasty "element and the County County," National Geographic ages below the total Chi also invariably follow their style. Ban the geographical concept of "Geography" mode on the development of ancient Chinese geography had a profound impact. On the one hand is to keep a large number of our valuable human geography information, it also hindered the development of physical geography concepts. Until the late Ming, "Xu Travels" appeared before the phenomena of physical geography in China has always been the lack of scientific description and study of monographs,
Up to only record a brief description of natural geographical distribution and the phenomenon of work, often still like "The Truth of" information as to the records of human geography-based. The reason why this happens, Ban the geographic perspective and "Geography" Mode can not be said that an important reason.
3. History of Geography beginning to open
Ban not only in the "Geography" in Geography Administrative Region pioneered the model, but also completed the first evolution of geography books. "Han" It was just one day of the dating history of the Western Han Dynasty, but the "Geography" and once account is beyond the Western Han Dynasty. It "traces of both away by kings, name another few Gaiyi, harvest is old news, poetry and literature test track, pushing the table mountains, with suffix" Yu Gong "," Zhou official, "" Spring, "Spring and Autumn and Warring States under, Qin, Han. " It is a Western Han geographical works and relates to the Qin and Han's ancient history, evolution and other administrative areas. For example, the frontispiece to write History of Chinese territory before the ages, in addition to Xerox, "Yu Gong," "staff," two things, Ban also "Yu Gong" before the increase to the Yellow Emperor to Yu, "Yu Gong" and "staff" Tai Yu Zhizhou between them, "staff" suffix to weeks to brief History of the Qin and Han, maintaining the continuity of Chinese History before the region. As another example, Liu Xiang Juan Mo brings together the "field separation" and Zhu Gan "custom", as described by Qin, Wei, Zhou, Han, Zheng, Chen, Zhao, Yan, Qi and Lu, Song Wei, Chu , Wu, Cantonese (Yue) and other regional profiles divided homeland, which is an important component of evolution. Another example, Ban Gu Yu in the body of the political framework of Geography include other categories of Dilixianxiang, Jiang their Fenxi in Ge Youguan of the Qin and Han and County Road under, and Zhuyaocaiqu Note the form describes the many Junguo from the Qin Dynasty to build the time evolution of Wang Mang. County-level administrative regions and shall record the Wang Mang's renamed. Ban Gu in the "Geography" in the practice of History and Geography was later the official history of Geography, National Geographic and the total Chi followed by a large number of local history, so that future generations of the evolution of geographical writings became an important part of ancient geography.
4. Recorded information on a large number of natural and human geography
Ban Gu's "Han" is the Western Han dynastic history of China, which recorded at that time a large number of natural and human geography, in particular the focus on one of the "Geography" and "canal Chi" and "Western Tales" and other writings and. For example, only the "Geography" in the body of the record 480 River drainage, Ze Tau 59, describes the country more than 300 channels of the source, direction, destination and length, is the "Truth of" appear before the content The most extensive hydrographic work. Body 153 also records the important mountain positions and 139 mining property distribution; have Tuntian record; the construction of water channels; the capital of the Qin and Han and Chang, a few important legacy and the County Grading and the number of households and population Statistics 113 is the earliest record of population distribution, is the world's most comprehensive demographic information. Cemetery Town in the book there, ancestral temples, shrines of the distribution; a historic ancient, ancient monuments and other records; have an important relationship, plug, booths, barrier distribution and the content of the road pass beyond the Great Wall. In short, the "Han" in the records of the physical geography, economic geography, population geography, cultural geography, military, transportation, geography, etc of the Han dynasty to today's society provides valuable information.
5. Save valuable geographical information frontier
Ban Gu's "Han" in the "Geography" "Western Tales" and other articles recorded a large number of frontier geographic information. Han is the history of our country one of the most powerful dynasty, a vast territory, transport, cultural, economic development. After Zhang Qian when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and the Han several several war and opened the Silk Road; after Zhang Qian and others "through Southwestern Minority Groups", on the southwest was a certain understanding. In addition, on the southeast coast of the Western Han Dynasty, the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean there is a certain understanding of geography. Those in the "Han" has a rich record. Such as "Geography" first recorded a departure from this Xuwen west to southern India and Sri Lanka's maritime lines of geographical phenomenon over along the record. Another example, "Han Yan Chuan help," said Huainan Wang Fujian and recorded (ie, Fujian) the situation is "to map the review of its mountain fortress, quite different, but a few inches, and between the hundreds of thousands of miles alone, stop insurance Lin Cong unable to answer every forward. as if the easy to the difficult to row. " Another example, "Han Hun Biography" should be written to record the time Emperor Yuan said: Hun "outside Yin, something more than a thousand years, lush vegetation, many animals." Said: "screen north horizon, less vegetation, how much sand." These instructions describe the contents of the Mongolian Plateau border Han people has been a considerable degree of geographical awareness left to us today a wealth of research materials.
Ban Gu, Han-known scholars in China, "Han" in the account of the geography of his books were copied under the file, compiling made, in particular, "Geography" absorb, draw upon previous geographical works of the Western Han Dynasty was one exchange. The book's purpose is "to trace the merit" in recognition of the Han Dynasty to the "fame in later generations," administrative services at the same time. Therefore, the geography of the content to the political evolution of the geographical area as a framework, the content of physical geography came in second. This view of geography to human geography-based and consistent with the spirit of traditional Chinese culture, "Han Dynasty" mode easily later the official history of Geography, the total Chi, local history to follow, and thus the development of ancient Chinese geography is significant impact. Ban initiated by the "Han Dynasty" mode on the later evolution of the rapid development of geography has played a catalytic role, but also hindered the progress of physical geography; it recorded a large number of human and physical geography data, but also hindered the theory development, especially development of the theory of physical geography. From the "Geography" content, it is in Chinese territory Administrative Region History research is based on a study of geographical boundaries must-read book in China, is to study the book required reading for Han geography.
In short, Ban Gu in the evolution of geography and geographic information to create a preservation is accomplished, he is influential in the history of feudal society geographers.
Family Celebrity
His father Ban Biao
Ban Biao (AD 3 - AD 54), the Fufeng anling (Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, north-east ". He was born in Han Dynasty, Confucianism of dignitaries and family by family learning greatly.
Si-class young cousin with traveling, make very broad. More than 20 years old, peasant uprising failed, pet, Wei Xiao own separatist congregation in Tianshui, for refuge from the.
By Wei Xiao stubborn, stubbornly separatist rule the roost, Ban Biao can leave, they go to Hexi Dourong, popular Dourong high regard, he was engaged. He Dourong planning policy and weakly Liu Xiuzheng right to resist the total River Wei Xiao. This is Han unification is meritorious. Guangwu (Liu Xiu) Press know these before, summoned him, and give Mao material, either for the County Executive, but also to Stuart auxiliary. Ban Biao made when playing on the current politics and more proposed, such as "complex Huqiangxiaoyu Shu", "Shang Yan Ji Zhu Wang Guoguan Orient House is a home selection," "memorials A North Hun" and so on.
Ban Biao concentrate on history, especially a good history of the Han Dynasty. Han Dynasty, Sima Qian wrote a history book (later called "Historical Records"), from the legendary Yellow Emperor wrote contemporary Han, funeral without missing record. Later, small Chu Sun, Liu Xiang, Liu Xin, Feng providers, Yang Xiong and other scholars have augmented set more than a dozen current affairs, or supplement or renewal of the. Ban Biao that continued to make "more vulgar" enough heel, following the Book of Sima Qian. So to capture the Western Han Dynasty Kingdoms, it next to the consistent differences news, as "the transfer" dozens. This book is the continued "Historical Records" of the make, but "not for the family, the only discipline, communication only."
"After the transfer," the original book has been Lost, its content would like to have more for the "Han" to learn, but can not be identified clearly. This, "Han" and Emperor Yuan, Ji and Wei Yin EMPEROR 2, Di Fang Jin, Yuan after the third pass of the "praise", but also keep the history of paper with the word Ban Biao
Ban Biao had a "pre-History of the" long history of past gains and losses, in fact, written "post-transmission" has been drawing and improved. He briefly recalled the occasion of the Qin and Han historiographer, and historical records, focusing on reviews written by Sima Qian, "Historical Records" content, genre, style and ideas. He said: "The relocation of the mind to the force from the Chinese yuan to never, its power also." "However, its common sense of good order, defense and not China, not the quality field, the text quality commensurate with the history of the only cover is also good. "affirmed the history of Sima Qian was. But comments: "The study of their paper, the worship of Huang and thin" Five Classics "; sequence Huo, righteousness and shame, whereas the poor and lowly; Road Ranger, the feast and your custom power base: the injury of its large spacious, so I met death of the blame too. ... ... sincerity that moved according to the "Five Classics" of France made, with the saints of right and wrong, Italy is perhaps that carry on. "Sima Qian's heterodox ideas this coming, that his authentic point of view, naturally he wrote "After the transfer," the guiding ideology. "On the pre-history" is an ancient Chinese history earlier paper, can be described as representative of orthodox Confucian historiography, the history of historiography in China occupy a certain position.
Ban Biao's historical thinking and historical thinking, on the Ban and the "Han" has a direct and profound impact. Review Ban Gu, "Han" rise and fall of the Western Han Dynasty and write Rulin, Ranger, Lectures, etc. purport, you can clear understanding.
His brother Ban Chao
Ban Chao (32-102 years), Zi Zhong Sheng, Fufeng pingling (now Xianyang Northeast) who, Han-known strategist and diplomat.
Ban Chao was the famous historian Ban Biao's son, their brother Ban Gu, and younger sister Ban Zhao is also a well-known historian. Ban Chao man with ambition, not repair details. But the heart honor reverent, often marriage diligent home Battle, shame shame that labor. He argued to articulate, well read, able to balance, scrutiny of the affair.
Yongping five years of the Han Dynasty (62), Ban Chao's brother Ban Gu was called up in any of Beijing Collator, Ban Chao and her mother moved to Luoyang followed. As the family is poor, Ban Chao for the official copy documents, to maintain their livelihood. Ban Chao daily desk brush, often cease business investment document Ertan: "Men Suddenly in Black blog a little without it, still as effective Fujie Zi, Zhang Qian exotic meritorious service to take Monkey, security can be almost idle for a long time do document research" ("Later Han Ban Chao Biography ")? The others were laughing. Ban Chao said: "The boy know that the heroes Toshiya" ("Biography of the Later Han Ban Chao")!
So he went to with those fortune teller, with those who said: "The Evolution of the Imperial, commoner ear all students, while thousands of miles away when the Monkey" ("Biography of Later Han Ban Chao"). Ban Chao asked why, with those who say: "Yan-throated tiger neck, while the flesh-eating fly, this phase also thousands of miles Hou" ("Biography of Later Han Ban Chao").
After some time, Emperor Ming asked Ban: "Big Brother security in the" Ban said: "The official writing a book, by the old-age home straight" ("Biography of Later Han Ban Chao"). Emperor Ming was the appointment of Ban Chao was Lantai and Rice, in charge of memorial and instruments. However, not long before, Ban Chao and because a small mistake was to avoid the post.
Yongping 16 years (73 years), Dou Dou Wei Feng solid car to send troops to attack the Huns, Ban Chao followers North sign, either in the military leave Sima (Sima agent) of the post. Sima officials leave a small, but it is Ban Chao Schwimmer first step in his career turned to military life. Ban Chao into one to Military, it shows a distinctive talent. He shuaibing onslaught Yiwu (now Fort Hami, Xinjiang, West 4), type the sea battle at Po (now Xinjiang Ba Likun Lake), pilot chopper, chop a lot of enemy prisoners. Solid very appreciated sinus his military talent, sent him, and with the Han Dynasty in Guo Xun.
After a brief and serious preparation, Ban Chao and Guo Xun led to 36 men embarked on the Western Regions. Ban Chao first Shanshan (now the southwest of Lop Nur in Xinjiang). Shanshan Wang on Ban Chao, who first being, In Praise of equipment caused, after a sudden change of attitude, become sparse relentless cold. Ban Chao With his sensitive, it is estimated there must be reasons. His men said: "I would rather feel almost thin wide rite? This must have Bei Lu to come from the suspicion that it is also unknown. Who see not sprouting out, has a cult status" ("Biography of Later Han Ban Chao").
So, Ban Chao Bian Ba reception they got Shanshan waiter, asked him by surprise: "Hun to come a few days, this security care" ("Biography of the Later Han Ban Chao")? Waiter surprisingly, hurry hard to set words, had the situation truthfully said. Ban Chao waiter held up to prevent leaks. Then, immediately called his men to 36 people, drinking high will. Drink to intoxicated Department, Ban Chao deliberately set speech angered them: "Qing Cao and I am all in absolute domain, Yuli great merit, in order to riches. This prisoner so cut a few days, Wang Guangli respect the waste; if so close I Shanshan is sent to the Huns, the bones are eaten by wolves in length. whom Nai what? "everyone said:" this land in peril, and death from Sima. "Ban Chao said:" Nothing ventured, not gained. today's measure, independent Fire Attack prisoner there by night, so he do not know how much I will certainly earthquake terror, could exterminate do also. eliminate the prisoner, then Shanshan broken lamps, off the ground things stand carry on. "are men, said:" When engaged in discussion with the "Ban Chao was furious, said:" The good and bad decisions today. in the text Suli, fear the plan will be the news leaked, nothing dead were non-warrior also "(" Biography of the Later Han Ban Chao ")! Men unanimously said yes.
That day Tiangang Hei, Ban Chao led the soldiers went straight to the resident envoy Huns. Strong winds when the day, Ban Chao command ten resident holding drum hidden enemy, the appointment saw the fire, began pounding drums, loud cry. And order other people holding knives and guns ambushed the door on both sides of bow and crossbow. Arrangements have been completed, Ban Chao wind arson, 1:00, 36 people before and after the uproar, deafening sound momentum. Huns whack, escape nowhere to turn. Ban Chao personally fight in three Huns, his men have killed 30 people, the rest of the Hun people being burnt to death.
The next day, the matter reported to Ban Chao Guo Xun. Guo Xun first surprised, then his face appeared in the color uneven. Ban Chao know he feel jealous, he raised his hand and said to him: "auxiliary though not OK, Ban Chao of almost any good at heart alone" ("Biography of the Later Han Ban Chao")? Guo Xun Xi moving color. Ban Chao Wang Shanshan was invited to the heads of the Huns messenger to him, Shanshan Wang stunned the whole nation shock fear. Ban Chao made good comfort, enlighten them with reason, Shanshan Wang expressed willingness to join themselves to the Han Dynasty, and agreed to the Han Dynasty prince sent for the proton.
Ban Chao mission to mobilize back to all, the solid to the sinus were reported. Sinus solid overjoyed beyond the table to read and Zou Ming class achievements, and invited the king to send messengers again the Han Dynasty. Ban Chao emperor appreciate the bravery and military strategy, and that he is a rare talent, on sinus-solid, said: "Officials such as the Ban Chao, why almost no removal and more elections? Today as the military super-Sima, so then the former Gong" ("Later Han * Ban Chao Biography "). Ban Chao Dou solid that too few men who wanted to give him some additional. Ban Chao said: "I hope this is enough by people from more than thirty. Any eventuality, and more beneficial for the tired" ("Biography of Later Han Ban Chao").
At the time, helping establish the Kucha Huns (Kuqa County, Xinjiang, eastern suburbs today) King of relying on the Hun's forces in North Road, unleashing loudly. He sent troops break Shule (present-Kashi) countries, kill the king, a separate pocket Kucha were entitled Shule the king of Shule country actually grasp the hands of people in Kucha. The second spring, Ban Chao with his men embarked on small Road to Kashgar country. Ban Chao-line to solicit questions live in the city 90 years rack sack the place, to send men into the Clerk to summon somebody to surrender pocket field problems into account. Ban Chao instructions said: "The title of this non-Shule kind of pocket, people will not have life. If that is down, the Executive shall be" ("Biography of Later Han Ban Chao"). Tian consider issues alone to see pocket. Soliciting questions Handa consider too weak, no surrender meant. Tian consider catch them by surprise, robbed up taking him. From the sudden change, soliciting people who put men running horror. Tin consider riding gallop, to Ban Chao office complex life. Ban Chao came to stand immediately sack the city. He Shule all together civil and military officials, Chen said to them all the irrational acts of Kucha, had been killed in a separate announcement Shule the king's nephew called "loyalty" of the king. Shule NPC Yue. The new king and a group of officials to kill pocket problems, but Ban Chao from the overall situation, in order to declare Han dynasty Wade faith, to convince you that the release of the pocket issue. Shule put down.
At this point, Ban Chao twice ambassador, with Zhiyong, it has already made Shanshan, Khotan, Kashgar to restore three of the Kingdom of the friendly relations with the Han Dynasty.
75 AD, the Han Emperor Ming died Yanqi (now Yanqi Hui Autonomous County) State funeral by the Han Dynasty Great opportunity Protectorate of the Western siege, killing a Defense Chen Mu. Ban Chao isolated, and Kucha, regardless of ink (modern Xinjiang Wensu, Aksu area) and other countries have repeatedly sent troops, attack Shule. Ban Chao Wang Zhong each other with horns Shule, end to end echo, the city refused to abide by frame sack. Although too weak, but still refused to abide by more than a year.
Emperor Zhang of Han Jian initial three years (78 years), Ban Chao rate of Kashgar and other countries more than 10,000 soldiers, attack regardless of ink, and the break, beheaded 700, isolated Kucha.
Five years (80 years), Ban Chao a letter to the Emperor Zhang, analysis of the situation in Western countries and their situation and propose to take the opportunity to put down the idea of Western countries.
Book said: "I want to steal see Xiandi open the West, so North attack the Huns, the West so foreign, Shanshan, the fill in real time to the technology. This arrest Mi, Yarkand, Kashgar, Rouzhi, Wusun, Comfortable Housing Complex would like to join themselves, For total also argued that burst Kucha, Ping Tung Hon Road. Subject to the Kucha, the services are not one per cent of Western ear. but read from Robinson V, Death Wu Xiaoli, really willing to fight in the desperate from the Valley, Kyrgyzstan, perhaps that Zhang Qian abandoned the wilderness itself. Xi Wei Jiangshouju nations doctor, still capable, and Zhu Rong series, the status of Wei Chen Feng Han, Zhong without a cutting knife for use or Down? Past proponent Jieyue take 36 countries, number off the Huns right arm. this Central Asia, from the date of the entry, all working to the technology, size, Shin Shin, Feng Gong not be extinguished, the only Yanqi, Kucha alone did not obey. Chen and Guan Zhu 36 people before the Ancient Korea must domains, prepared by difficult Eritrea. from sticking to the Shule, this five-set, the number of Hu Yi situation, rather knowledge of the minister. regardless of their castle big or small, Jie Yan 'leaning against the Han and the other by day'. yes effectiveness of, the Wei collar can pass , Wei leader General Kucha Kovar. this should worship the son of white hegemony Kucha paternity for the king to send hundreds of Buji, and Asian countries with soldiers, days of leisure, Kucha to poultry. to attack the barbarians barbarians, The estimates were also good. chen see Shache, Shule wide field fertilizer, grass, animal husbandry Yan Rao, better than Dunhuang, Shanshan leisure time, soldiers eat from time to charge the Chinese and thorough self-sufficiency. and regardless of ink, Wensu (now Wushi ) 2 Wang, specially designed for the home Kucha, neither the species, but with bitter disgust, the shame that must come down counter. If the two countries to lower, then the Kucha from the break. willing to minister under the chapter, reference to act. Prudential has extreme, dead complex any hate. Chen Chao District, termon gods, stealing Ji find smth stiff servant, see for oneself Western Binh Dinh, His Majesty give years of Origin, recommended Xun Temple, cloth rejoicing in the world "(" Later Han Ban Chao Biography "). Ban Chao was first proposed in the book "restrict them" strategy.
Emperor Zhang of Han exhaustive list, known as Ban Chao exploits can be very satisfied, prepared to increase the power of Ban Chao. Xu Qian and Ban Chao pingling like-minded people, request Fenshen exotic, adjuvant Ban Chao. The court immediately appointed him as acting Sima, sent him to lead a thousand people to reinforce Ban Chao.
At first, Shache that Han Bing will not come, so drop in Kucha, Kashgar Du Wei Fan Chen also will rebel. Xu dry just arrived Shule, Ban Chao Gan, together with, to kill a Fan Chen, beheaded more than a thousand level, put down the rebellion. After the break Ban Chao Fan Chen, would like to enter the Kucha. At that time, Wu Sun Guobing strong force, Ban Chao that the use of its power, so a letter: "Wu Sunda Guo, control strings of thousands, so Emperor Wu's wife to the Princess, to Xiao Xuan Emperor, Death be appropriately used. This can be sent envoys strokes comfort, and common effort "(" Biography of Later Han Ban Chao "). Zhang of the adoption of his proposal.
The early construction of eight years (83 years), thanks for the general Ban Chao Nagao, false preaching buildings colors. Sima dry for the Army promoted Xu, Wei Hou Li Yap also sent envoys to escort Wusun, give the following sizes Kun Mi Jinbo.
Ban Chao, Li Yap immediately returned to Beijing with Wu Sun Shizi. Ban Chao Xu dry advised: "Yap destroyed before the pro-Jun, For defeat the West, this why not leave the edge of edict, but it laid off almost Officials sent paternity child?" Ban Chao said: "What words are humble too! To destroy super-eup, so removal of this. introspection is Not Enough, He-shirts hide! Fiat left the non-loyal too "(" Biography of Later Han Ban Chao ").
The next year, the Han Dynasty also dispatched, and Christine, as Acting Sima, shuaibing 800, reinforcement Ban Chao. Ban Chao ready to mobilize Kashgar, Khotan of troops and horses attack Shache. Wang Zhong Shache send private contact with the Shule, bribe him with a heavy gift, loyalty betrayal of Ban Chao, rebellion, occupying the city of Uganda. Ban Chao Fu Cheng Stand, National Cheng Kung University for the Shule the king, the mobilization of troops loyal attack, Comfortable Housing (now between the Aral Sea and Lake Balkhash) to help the country to send elite loyalty. Ban Chao Jiugong no less. At the time, just and peaceful living Rouzhi marriage, Ban Chao sent the king sent a gift to the Rouzhi, so he Kangju Wang Xiaoyilihai, Kangju Wang Dismissed from Military, the loyalty has brought back the city reverted to Ukraine.
After three years, Zhong Wang Kangju borrowed from a number of soldiers and horses, living in damage in collusion with the Qiuci conspiracy, sent to the Ban Chao false surrender, Ban Chao insight into the evil, will be counted on the account, he agreed to surrender. Zhong overjoyed to see it Qingzhuangjiancong Ban Chao. Ban Chao with food and music, banquet, the ordered beheaded loyalty, and beat their soldiers into the masses, South Road, then pass.
At first, Da Yueshi (now Afghanistan), China has helped the Han dynasty, offensive car division meritorious. AD 87, the king sent envoys to Ban Chao resident, tribute to the Han Dynasty treasure, lions and other things, proposed to marry the Han princess wife. Ban Chao refused this request is resent by the Taiyue Shi Wang.
The next year, Kucha, regardless of ink, Wensu other countries Jie Jiang. The court appointment of Ban Chao to have protection, Xu dry as Nagao, thanks to white hegemony as Kucha king, sent Sima Yao light to send him. Ban Chao and Yao light life Kucha destroy the original King Yuri and more, supporting the establishment of white hegemony. Yao light to Yuri and more back to the Capital.
So, Ban Chao stationed in the city Kucha it dry. At this time, Central Asia, only Yanqi, danger to (now Yanqi Northeast), Weili (Korla Xinjiang, Northeast China today) Three, because he had killed Protectorate of the Western Chan Mu, hearts and fear, yet Guihan. The remaining countries have been put down.
Emperor He of Han Yong-yuan six years (94 years), in autumn, Ban Chao stressed hair Kucha, Shanshan eight countries, seven million troops, attack Yanqi, danger to, Weili. Army trip to Yuli place, Ban Chao sent messengers notice three kings: "care to all who want to Fǔ three. Justice Being the Desire start a new life, should removal adults to meet, when the reward has been under kings, something that is also complete. This gives Wang Cai 500 "(" Biography of Later Han Ban Chao ").
Yanqi he sent Wang Jian left to support the North sent cattle wine, meet Ban Chao. Ban Chao accused, he said: "Although the Hun Shi Yu child, and now the right Bingguo. Protectorate unsolicited, when the king not to meet, all Ju-sin." Ban Chao's men persuaded him to death north Jian support, Ban Chao do not agree, he said: "Feiru clinics. The human rights more important than the king, this did not enter the country to kill, put the blame self-doubt, keep equipment insurance, not at by the City under the zai" ("Biography of the Later Han Ban Chao")! Ban Chao was a lot of gifts given to support the North Jian, let him return home. See North Yanqi Wang Jian support nothing, personally led a high-ranking officials to meet in Yuli Ban Chao, bring a gift. However, he does not really want to Ban Chao into his territory. Ban Chao returned from where he immediately ordered the dismantling of the border pass of Wai Bridge. Ban Chao but never any other way to enter their country, in the city 20 years away from where the king stationed troops. See Ban Chao Wang Yanqi suddenly come out of accidents, shocked, and would like to escape into the mountains recalcitrant. Yanqi country left Houyuan Meng, in the past into the quality of the capital, quietly sent messengers to Ban Chao messenger. Ban Chao in order to stabilize Yanqi aristocracy beheaded angel of the Yuan Meng. Ban Chao set the time to entertain the three kings and ministers, claimed that reward increases will be thick. Yanqi Wang, Weili Wang Jian Pan and North Spur 30 people believed her, and went to the Council. Yanqi country with abdominal waiting 17 feared killed, ran away, the crisis did not come to be king.
At the banquet, we sat down, Ban Chao suddenly his face was downcast, accusing Yanqi Wang and other "danger to the king why not? Why belly waiting to flee" ("Biography of the Later Han Ban Chao")? Ordered warrior to a wide pan to catch so in one fell swoop be, and then in the Old City by Chen Mu, all the beheaded them, pass the first Capital. Also Connivance of His Army looting, beheaded five thousand level, were 15 000 people, horses more than thirty million head of cattle and sheep livestock. Then Ban Chao Meng as a separate element Yanqi King, to stabilize the situation, Ban Chao remained there for six months.
Thus, the Western more than 50 countries join themselves to the Han Dynasty, Ban Chao finally realized the ideal of meritorious exotic.
His sister Ban Zhao
Ban Zhao (about 49 - about 120 years), a Ji, Hui-class characters, Fufeng people. Ban Biao's daughter, Ban, Ban Chao's sister, Cao Shishu wife, widowed early. Solid for the "Han", the eight "Table" and "astronomical annals of" unfinished, Han and Di Zhao continued on into the Dong Guan. The number of selecting him for Palace, the Queen honored person division that matter, Hao Yue Cao everyone (gū). The "female Commandments" seven, three-volume set.
Ban Zhao Hui word classes, also known as Ji, family history, especially good at literary grace. Her father, Ban Biao is a great contemporary writer, I often called up the palace Ban Zhao, professor Queen Ji Zhu and elegant reading through the history of the palace the respect for the teacher.
Ban Zhao Cao Shishu county functionaries wife married 14 years, so people called Ban Zhao again, "Cao everyone."
In terms of personality, Cao Shishu lively, outgoing, Ban Zhao is soft and delicate, the couple went pretty well each other halfway, very happy life.
Ban Zhao's literary grace expressed in the first place to help repair her brother Ban Gu, "Han", this book is China's first biographical history of dating, is the official history written by better one, people praise it made Gai matter preparation, "Historical Records" fame, book, discipline, communication, tables, Chi categories. Ban Biao Ban Zhao's father is also the time to start work writing the book, her father died, her brother, Ban Gu, to finish this work. Ban Gu, the word Meng Jian-year-old to composition, slightly larger that the Expo all books, an abysmal 100 words are all read all the documents, in his almost complete surprise, "Han", the constitutional case because of sinus involvement, died in prison, Ban Zhao hard to take over the work of Wang Xiong move on.
Fortunately, Ban Gu Ban Zhao was still alive when the book Compiling involved in the work, and later by Emperor He of Han's grant that can go to the East View Court, reference books collection, so handy to write.
"Han," published later received a high evaluation of competing widely read scholar, "Han" is the seventh most difficult table "Baiguan or poor form," the sixth-chi, "Astronomy Magazine" These two parts are is her brother, Ban Gu Ban Zhao's death independently, but still the highest class Zhaodu Qian Xun in the name of her brother Ban. Ban Zhao's knowledge is very deep, who was the University of Ma Rong, Ban Zhao's guide to the request, also kneeling collection of East View Court, the hearing Ban Zhao's explanation too!
There is also a brother Ban Chao Ban Zhao, we are two commonly used phrase "Pen for the Sword" and "nothing ventured nothing gained" is his spoken evolved, reflecting his extraordinary Zhi-Yong, who the Han Dynasty to be far Hou Gong Feng, worship Protectorate of the Western, Central Asia, Yang Han-Wei until three decades.
Emperor He of Han Yong-yuan years, Ban Chao sent his son Ban Yong An Enguo to pay tribute with the messenger returned to Luoyang, back to his memorial to the emperor:
Robinson can not beheld Jiuquan County, I hope stranger Yumenguan. Like Qian Zi Yong, with the object into the plug Anxi Xian, and Chen was born in, so that it Mamita homeland.
Express a strong returning to their roots of thinking, however, sent to the memorial after the court three years later is still ignored.
Ban Zhao thought dead brother Ban Gu, to have been 70 years, a guest in a foreign country's brother Ban Chao, resulting in a strong attachment, feeling pity, so desperate to give the emperor a letter to:
Barbarians of the nature of insult against the old Mourning, C Super Dan Mu into the earth, for a long time not seen on behalf of the fear of opening a good study of the original, raw reverse heart disorder. The Bureaucrats recollections of a Qiemo Ken thought for the future if Cubao, super of strength, not from the heart, it is the country generation after generation of power loss, lower exhaust the body with abandon loyal, honest may hurt too! So go over thousands of miles Cheng, Chen suffering from acute, extended neck more than expected in three years this has not kept Province Lu.
Those 15 ancient concubine Qiewen by soldiers, 60 also of, also not working too rest. Edge of His Majesty to Shiko management world, have the nations of favor, not left behind a small country ministers, state super must prepare candidates Bo the place, so dare to touch dead ultra Qiuai, begging over years, Gains survivors; complex see Que court, the state never far from the consideration of labor, the Western Regions in fear without haste, over too long buried bones of King Wen Yan Meng, sub-acute side of the old sorrow.
Ban Zhao brother a letter on behalf of, say reasonable, fishes were deducted, Emperor He of Han played table also moved whom sad astonishment. Especially the last two sentences of the text, quoted Emperor Wen Xu Ling-tai, the bones of the dead were digging, and burial of more. The division Marquis Wei Wen Tian Zi Fang, Jianjun abandoned their old horses, that few can do their old and discarded, non-benevolent, then the raising of revenue. Two stories out satirical hint, Emperor He of Han that no decision is taken, it is unworthy of the veteran, so send any yet as Protectorate of the Western Wujijiaoyu succeed Ban Chao. Ban Zhao in her literary grace and talent to make her brother Ban Chao to troops to the capital.
Yet arrived at any of the office, Ban Chao to be accountable to complete 11, he was still on the Ban Chao said: "REN consider light, should have to the sea." Hopes Ban Chao Dynasty some advice to his governance, Ban Chao said in earnest: "Beyond the Great Wall Li Shi , the non-filial Shun Sun, tailor sin resettlement up side Tuen; while pregnant with birds and animals barbarians heart, hard to keep easy to defeat. Jinjun of serious acute and clear water without fish, the police administration shall not be harsh, should Dang Yi Summary width is less than the total outline of it. "However, Ban Chao was gone, he was still in private on the confidant said:" I have a strange policy when classes jun, today said flat ears! "still can not draw on any experience of Ban Chao, actually anxious to strict severe abuse and the loss of edge and, this is something.
Emperor He of Han Yong-yuan 14 years in August, Ban Chao returned to Luoyang, thanks for the shot noise XiaoWei, when he left Western Shule has been sick of this, no time to talk properly and her sister, to travel fatigue, back home a month to death, and Ban Zhao speechless.
Ban Zhao in her literary grace, to complete a brother Ban Gu's "Han" touched the hearts of Chinese and Dili to return to Luoyang brother Ban Chao. Ban Zhao of the literary grace also reflected in her book, "Nvjie" 7 on.
"Seven ring" includes: base weak, couple, Jingshen, women line, concentrate, and tert-sister song from the seven chapters. This is used to teach classes at home her daughter's private school textbooks, are competing to make private copies of family capital unexpectedly, shortly after popular all over the country.
In the "weak base" article, the Ban Zhao quoted "The Book of Songs Xiaoya" in the statement: "a boy said, Nong Zhang, a girl said, Nongwa." Women are born that can not be compared with men, must "make an early night sleep Do not fear I am most grateful; enforcement services and things, without any hesitation easy to play. "to do our part.
In the "couple" chapter of that than the day her husband was also large, also conscientious serve, "Women the no-no to something husband, wife husband is not a matter Waste Henry fall, to maintain the moral principles of not falling, must be female Ming Analysis of Argumentation. "
In the "Jingshen" chapter, the claim "to be strong for your man, woman to weak for the United States, regardless of the merits, the woman should obey her husband unconditionally." Just a soft one, can and economy but also to constantly maintain the meaning of husband and wife.
In "Women Line" chapter in the four women set the standards of conduct: "Zhen Jing leisurely trip had a shame: for feminine virtue; no nonsense high-handed, choose words, the timely and mindful of the fact, made for women; Wear neat, body shame not scale, is a women's capacity; focus on textiles, sternest, cooking food, hospitality guests and work for women. "Preparation of the German women, words, content, work four lines, not rude side.
In the "concentrate" chapter, the emphasis on "do not marry two husbands virgin," the husband can marry, but must not remarry his wife, in her mind ha tong seek to go, just can not proposed paradoxical behavior of grace, something husband to "concentrate on orthophotography, ears without Yin Sheng, looked straight ahead."
In the "song from the" articles, teaching the women to charity man's parents, submissive, and everything along the main Him, everything should be more patient, so that song means the point of compliance.
In the "Shu Mei" chapter, the description and brothers and sisters get along with her husband, end knowledge in every human, righteous, that is, unjustly bullied is only natural that things must not insist, but lost the atmosphere of harmony between them.
Ban Zhao mainly living in the era of Emperor He of Han, Han Dili soon after the death of the Ban Chao Jiabeng, and Prince Liu Long was born 100 days, on the Si Wei as Emperor Shang of Han, Tang Empress Court Affairs hearings, less than half a year, War Emperor has died, so as to Qinghe Wang Liu-hu Si Wei as Emperor An of Han, Emperor An of only thirteen years old, Empress Dowager Deng still Powerbut hearings.
Eastern Han emperor short-lived, only the founding of Guangwu lived "Nail," died at the age of 62, followed by the Han Emperor Ming, 40-year-old once again is the Emperor Zhang of Han 31-year-old, the others in the two years of age, including a large number of baby emperor, resulting in a situation Dukes dictatorship.
Empress Dowager Deng in female controls in power, Ban Zhao to be involved in confidential master of respect, try to loyal mind. Deng dock with a large general auxiliary militarism, is the Queen Mother's brother, popular reliance, and later his mother died, a letter begging go mourning, Empress hesitated and asked policy on Ban Zhao, Ban Zhao said: "Great General served its purpose and This is the time; otherwise bad side renewed, if the poor little late, generation after generation fame, would not pay for water to do? "Tang Empress think it is justified, approved the request of Deng dock.
Ban Zhao over seventy years of age dies, the Queen Mother for her Sufu mourning.
Ban Zhao is a learned and knowledgeable, all excellent qualities of ancient Chinese women, she is a historian, and is also a writer, or a bit politicians. Cao she has a son, daughters, sons are called Guannei Hou Cheng Cao.
On the "Han"
Following Sima Qian wrote "Historical Records", the Ban Gu wrote "Han." Ban Gu, the word Meng Jian, Fufeng anling who was born in the Eastern Han Guangwu Jianwu eight years. Father Ban Biao is a historian, has made "after the transfer," continued up 65 to "Historical Records." "Han" is "after transfer" on the basis of completion. Teijin of Emperor Yong, Ban followers of General Dou Xian Ju Ji Hun attack, participants planned meeting. After the jail because of something, Nagamoto four died in prison. At that time, "Han" There are eight tables and the "astronomical annals" not written in Chinese and Dili called up for Ban Gu's sister Ban Zhao, Ma continued to assist Ban Zhao made an "astronomical annals." Ban Zhao was "Twenty-Four Histories" in the unique female author. "Han", including the Millennium 12, Table 8, Chi 10, Biography 70, a total of 100, and their descendants is divided into 120 volumes. It notes the first year began in the Han Gao and Liu Bang finally Emperor Wang Mang to four years. "Han" Style and "Historical Records" than have changed. "Historical Records" is a History, "Han" is a dating history. "Han" to "Historical Records" of the "discipline" Province said, "Discipline," "Biography" Province said "Biography", "book" to say, "Chi", cancel the "family" be incorporated into the family of the Han Xun Chen Chuan . These changes were later inherited some of the history books.
"Han Dynasty" era of record "Historical Records" has crossed the Western Han Dynasty before the mid-Han history, two books have the account. This part, "Han" often shift with "Historical Records." But because of ideological differences and state standards vary from material choice, diversion when there are additions or deletions Gaiyi. "Han" new addition of "Dynasty", "dominating power", "Geography," "Art and Literature." "Dynasty" the first systematic account of the evolution of the legal system and some specific legal code provisions. "Geography" Record Grading and administrative division at that time, history and accounts of the relevant parts of property, economic development, public sentiment is more striking customs records. "Art and Literature," a variety of academic research the origins of other faction, save the world record books, it is China's earliest existing library catalog. "Food and Money" by "stabilization book" the evolution, but more in it. It has two volume, the volume on "food", that is, the economic situation of agriculture; second volume of "goods", that is, commercial and monetary situation, the economy was special articles. "Han" eight tables in an "ancient and modern human form" to note from the Taihao Emperor Wu Guang, a "historic" no "this" and therefore responsible for causing the descendants of ridiculed. Descendants are respected, "Han" and "Baiguan or poor form," This table describes the first post of the Qin and Han sub-officials set conditions, a variety of official authority and the number of official's salary, then divided into 14, 30 A summary table of four official format, record the movements of the Minister Han or poor to move to avoid. It is not much space, yet at the bureaucracy and bureaucratic changes clearly and in front of us.
From the ideological content of view, "Han" rather than "Historical Records." Ban has criticized Sima Qian, "On the non-quite absurd in the saints." It embodies the ideological differences between the two. The so-called "saints", is Confucius. Sima Qian's not entirely Confucius as a standard to judge right and wrong, is worthy of recognition. And Ban Gu and Sima Qian did not insight. Sima Qian to Ban This change reflects the Eastern Han Dynasty Confucianism as the orthodox feudal ideology, has been established in the field of history and stability of the feet. "Han" happy with the ancient words of ancient words, more difficult to read.
Translated by Google