| 姓： | 孙 | ||||||
| 名： | 文 | ||||||
| 字： | 德明 | ||||||
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孙中山 孫中山
孙中山 孫中山
孙中山 孫中山
孙中山 Sun Zhongshan
孙中山曾任中华民国第一任临时大总统、中国国民党总理、广州革命政府大元帅。他是中国国民党缔造者，三民主义的倡导者。首举彻底反封建的旗帜，“起共和而终帝制”。孙中山关于国家统一的思想，对共产党和国民党来说应是共识。孙中山先生对中国共产党采取支持政策，其遗孀宋庆龄女士更是通过实际行动表达对共产党的支持立场，一起为中华民族的崛起而努力！在中国的主流舆论中是享有崇高名望的中国国民党革命人士之一。
幼名帝象，学名文，号日新，后改号逸仙，旅居日本时曾化名中山樵，“中山”因而得名。1866年11月12日生于广东省香山县(今中山市)翠亨村一个农民家庭，1892年毕业于香港西医书院。赴檀香山成立兴中会，誓推翻满清。1905年在日本联合华兴会、光复会等革命团体成立中国同盟会，被推为总理。 1911年辛亥革命后被十七省代表推举为中华民国临时大总统。
1940年，国民政府通令全国，尊称其为“中华民国国父”。孙文被中国国民党尊为“永远的总理”；中国国民党和中国共产党都称他为“革命先行者”。他是中华民族的伟大领袖。至此，中国国民党不再设立总理这一职务，以纪念和无限缅怀国父孙中山。
二、国父名称的由来
孙中山于1925年3月12日因肝癌（后被确诊为胆囊癌，请看十一段：孙中山先生死因）逝世，当时于北京中央公园社稷坛举行公祭时，豫军总司令樊钟秀特致送巨型素花横额（阔丈余，高四、五尺），当中大书“国父”二字，他的唁电挽幛，均称“国父”，这是孙中山在公开场合被尊称为“国父”之始。
抗日战争中期的1940年3月21日，国民党中央常务委员会第143次会议决议：尊称本党总理为国父，以表尊崇。根据中常会的决议，国民政府以孙中山先生倡导国民革命，手创中华民国，更新政体，永奠邦基，谋世界之大同，求国际之平等，光被四表，功高万世，于同年4月1日明令全国自是日起，尊称总理孙中山为中华民国国父。
但是各地党政机关、民众团体在不同的场合无所适从，不知究竟是称孙中山先生为总理或是国父？同年5月29日，国民政府又发布明令，规定在政府机关、民众团体应一律改称国父，在国民党党内称国父或总理均可，民间已印就之图书文字，不必强令改易。自此之后，孙中山即在中国历史上确立了其“国父”的地位。
汪精卫于南京建立的亲日政权也尊崇孙中山，并作出了一系列规定。1941年5月29日，在汪政府的中央政治委员会第49次会议通过的，由陈公博提出的“手创中华民国之中国国民党总理孙中山先生应尊称为中华民国国父”的议案，即属一例，同时规定有关“公牍、教科书籍、报纸、刊物及一切文字称述总理或孙先生时，均应改称国父”。
中华人民共和国成立后，则未以官方名义规定中华人民共和国或中国的国父为孙中山或其他任何人。中华人民共和国政府或中国共产党在正式的场合或文书上提及孙中山时，通常使用的称号是“革命的先行者”，从未称孙中山为国父。不过，中国共产党无论在推翻中华民国大陆政权前或后，都尊称孙氏是“中共的老师”和“革命的旗帜”，民间则有人沿袭民国时代称孙中山先生为“国父”的这一做法。另外孙中山先生之夫人宋庆龄女士，因为在中华人民共和国时期享有较中华民国时期更崇高的地位，有时也被人进而尊称为“国母”。
中共的号文件，2002年11月修订的《关于正确使用涉台宣传用语的意见》中，规定“对台北“国立国父纪念馆”不直接称谓，可称台北中山纪念馆。”另外台湾的教育部也在2007年建议修改不适当用词，如“国父孙中山”应该为“孙中山先生”。有些人认为是台湾民进党政府进行去中国化。
三、家系
孙中山家族的祖居地有“紫金说”和“东莞说”两种说法。“紫金说”由广东学者罗香林在1920年代提出，他认为孙中山的祖居地为广东省东江流域的紫金县公馆地区，与翠亨的孙氏不同宗。“东莞说”为孙中山故乡的翠亨孙氏所提出，此说认为孙氏为汉族，祖居地为广东省东江流域的东莞市长安镇上沙村，主要依据为孙中山家族的族谱。罗香林的“紫金说”提出之后，一直与“东莞说”针锋相对，故而产生了关于孙中山祖居地的争论。“东莞说”一直是被社会主要接受的说法，现在孙氏家族的长子嫡孙孙满等亲属后代均亦认同。虽有“紫金说”与“东莞说”两种学说的争议，但孙中山的祖先从东莞迁居到珠江口西岸的香山翠亨村的情况，则是被公认的。
三家族
祖父孙敬贤（1789年~1850年）， 祖母黄氏（1792年~1869年）， 父亲孙达成（1812年~1888年）， 母亲杨氏（？年~1910年）。
三兄弟姊妹
长兄孙眉， 姊孙妙茜， 妹孙秋绮， 另有一兄一姐早殇。
三妻妾
首任妻子卢慕贞（1867年~1952年），（1884年与孙中山结婚、1915年离婚。) 妾陈粹芬。 日本妻子大月薰(1901年于横滨结婚，1905年最后一次回去后，没有再回来) 妻宋庆龄 （被尊称为国母）（1893年~1981年），（1915年与孙中山结婚)
三子女
子孙科（1891年~1973年） ，长女孙娫 ，次女孙婉（又作孙琬） 。三人都是卢慕贞所生。宫川富美子，大月薰所生1906年所生(“富美”的另一个汉字写法是“文”字)
四、名字由来
孙文使用过不少名字，多数是为了宣扬革命或摆脱通缉而取的，部分则在于表达人生期望。除了下列实际使用的名字外，孙文还用过陈文、山月、杜嘉偌、公武、帝朱、高达生、吴仲等化名，以及杞忧公子、中原逐鹿士、南洋小学生、南洋一学生等笔名。1912年民国成立之后，孙氏本人于所有公私档案均以“孙文”署名。在西方，孙氏以“Sun Yat-Sen”（即孙逸仙的粤语的英文音译）之名闻于世。
五、早年生涯
孙中山在清同治五年十月初六日寅时（1866年11月12日）出生于中国广东省香山县（今中山市）翠亨村农民之家，为家中季子。七岁时入私塾接受传统教育。1879年，十四岁的孙中山受长兄孙眉接济，随母乘轮船赴夏威夷，始见“沧海之阔，轮舟之奇”。孙在当地英国国教会开办的用英语授课的小学“意奥兰尼书院”（Iolani School）修读英语、英国历史、数学、化学、物理、圣经等科目。1881年毕业，获夏威夷王亲颁英文文法优胜奖。之后进入当地最高学府、美国教会学校“奥阿胡学院”（Oahu College）（相当于中学程度）继续学业。1883年由于孙中山有信奉基督教的意向，被兄长送回家乡。同年冬天到香港，与陆皓东一同于公理会受洗入基督教，并就读于拔萃书屋（今日之拔萃男书院)。次年进入中央书院（今日之皇仁书院）。1887年进入香港西医书院（香港大学的前身），1892年7月以首届毕业生中第二的成绩毕业，并获当时之香港总督威廉·罗便臣亲自颁奖。之后他在澳门、广州等地行医。
孙中山 孙中山最初未言革命，尝于1894年《上李鸿章万言书》中，提出多项改革建议，惟李鸿章断拒。失望之余，孙中山11月24日赴檀香山茂宜岛募款组织兴中会，提出了“驱逐鞑虏，恢复中华，创立民国，平均地权”的口号，计划以排满思想为其革命事业铺路。1895年孙中山到香港，会见旧友陆皓东、郑士良、陈少白、杨鹤龄等人，准备筹划生平第一个革命组织兴中会，以“驱除鞑虏、恢复中华、创立合众政府”为目标。同年2月12日，孙中山在中环士丹顿街13号正式成立了“香港兴中会总会”。其时，杨衢云、谢缵泰等人已先以“开通民智、改造中国”为宗旨创立“辅仁文社”。孙中山以志业相近，遂与辅仁会社接洽，衢云等欣然同意举全社并入兴中会；于是租赁总会所一处，托名“干亨行”。2月20日，孙中山在香港大学作公开演讲，并提到他的革命思想源于香港。
六、革命生涯
1895年2月21日（正月二十七日），兴中会总会在香港成立，与会者皆以“驱除鞑虏，恢复中华，创立合众政府”为誓，兴中会选出杨衢云为会办（当时称为伯理玺德天，即 President），孙为秘书。3月16日（二月二十日）首次干部会议决定先攻取广州为根据地，并采用陆皓东所设计之青天白日旗为起义军旗，即分工展开各种活动，孙中山主持前方发难任务，衢云主持后方支援工作。
孙中山进入广州，创农学会为机关，并广征同志，定重阳节（10月26日）为起义之日。可是因为事先泄密，这次起义失败作收，以陆皓东为首的多数成员被捕处刑，孙中山则被清廷通缉，遭香港当局驱逐出境，流亡海外。孙于11月避往日本，并于此时起剪掉辫子，改穿西服。1896年初与其妻儿抵达夏威夷，再转往美国，希望在旅美华侨中发展兴中会及筹款。
同年秋天，孙中山转往英国伦敦，在当地被清廷特务缉捕入中国使馆，成为国际事件。事件后来被称为“伦敦蒙难记”（Kidnapped in London），孙并被邀出书描述其遭遇，亦因此事而名声大噪。1897年，孙经加拿大，转往日本。先结识宫崎寅藏、平山周，二人后来成为孙中山的长期支持者；透过宫崎及平山，孙再结识日本军政、帮会中人，包括犬养毅、大隈重信、山田良政等人；并一度接触梁启超等保皇派。1900年庚子国变引来八国联军，孙中山借机联系时任两广总督的李鸿章，希望能筹划南方诸省独立，成立类似美国的合众国政府，李也答应与其会见。但在日本友人协助下却发觉不过是个清廷陷阱。而后李赴北京协调条约之事，此会面也无疾而终。同年9月，孙中山与日本友人及原兴中会骨干人物先赴香港，被禁入境后转往台湾，得当地日本官员答允支持在广东发动起义（称惠州三洲田起义）。后因日本官员临时改变态度而失败，孙亦返回日本。
1903年夏在日本青山开办革命军事学校起，改革命誓词为“驱除鞑虏，恢复中华，创立民国，平均地权”。同年9月，孙中山离日再赴檀香山，希望再次在华侨中发展革命。1904年初，孙中山在檀香山加入洪门，成为致公堂洪棍。同年赴美国，一度被美国移民局扣留在旧金山。后得旧金山致公堂保释及代聘律师方才免被遣送回中国。孙中山之后到东岸寻求华侨支持革命，并于纽约首度发表对外宣言，希望博得外国人士对革命的支持与好感，但并未取得甚大成果。年底收到中国旅欧学生资助，转往欧洲活动，在伦敦、巴黎、布鲁塞尔等地中国留学生中活动宣传革命，并从留学生中筹得款项，于1905年中再赴远东，7月抵达日本横滨。在宫崎寅藏介绍下与黄兴见面，并开始筹划联合各革命组织。
1905年8月，在日本人内田良平的牵线下，结合孙中山的兴中会、黄兴与宋教仁等人的华兴会、蔡元培与吴敬恒等人的爱国学社、张继的青年会等组织，中国同盟会在日本东京成立。孙中山被推为同盟会总理，确定了“驱除鞑虏，恢复中华，建立民国，平均地权”的革命政纲，并以华兴会机关刊物《二十世纪之支那》改组成为《民报》，在发刊词首次提出“三民主义”学说，与梁启超、康有为等改良派激烈论战。继编定“同盟会革命方略”，正式宣示所进行者为国民革命，将创立者为中华民国；并举所誓之四纲，定“军法之治，约法之治、宪法之治”三程序以达成之。
1907年，日本政府受清廷压力，以一万五千元请孙中山离开日本。孙中山收款后于3月离开日本。由于此事未经同盟会内部商议，于是引起会内分裂。孙中山赴南洋后，在胡汉民、汪精卫等支持下，在南洋另成立同盟会总部。1907年5月命余丑起义于潮州黄冈，历六日而败，是第三次起义。1907年6月孙中山命邓子瑜起义于惠州七女湖（再今惠州市汝湖镇），历十余日而败，是第四次起义。7月6日徐锡麟起义于安庆，失败殉难。同年7月，孙经越南赴广西主持镇南关起义，再告失败。孙中山被法国当局拒绝入境，一直至辛亥革命成功以后才再踏足中国国土。1908年3月27日黄兴由安南率革命军进攻钦州，是第七次起义。4月，黄明堂起义于云南河口，是第八次起义。1910年2月倪映典发动新军起义于广州，是第九次起义。1909年至1911年期间，孙中山大部份时间在旅途之上，曾环游地球多次，在各国华侨、留学生中筹划革命经费及外国政府支持，然而所得极为有限。
另一方面，同盟会及其周边组织快速扩张规模，并于1910年一月成立同盟会美洲地区总会，期望能吸收更多海外华侨参与革命。此外又先后发动包括1911年4月27日（农历三月二十九日）黄兴领导的黄花岗起义在内的多次起义，直至1911年10月10日（农历八月十九日）的武昌起义在危难中奋击成功，武汉当日光复，各省同志，咸起响应。据统计，自1894年到1911年之间发动的革命起义事件计有29次之多。至于1911年的武昌起义是共进会与湖北新军革命团体文学社共同策划的，甚至只是一次偶然的擦枪走火事件。当时孙中山人在美国科罗拉多州的典华城（今译丹佛），据《凤凰周刊》说当时的孙中山还在那里打工，因此并不知情，所以孙中山说：“武昌之功，乃成于意外”。
七、出任临时大总统
受到清朝政府全力追缉的影响，自1907年起孙中山便长期居留欧美各国。武昌起义时，孙中山人在美国丹佛而不在中国。初闻革命成功时，孙中山还有些讶异，但随即在海外华人与美国的同情者间筹集资金。12月20日孙中山赶赴上海，并于28日被推选为中华民国临时大总统，于1912年1月1日（辛亥十一月十三日）在南京宣誓就任，并循革命军与袁世凯的秘密协议，特申“颠覆满洲专制政府，巩固中华民国，图谋民生幸福……至专制政府既倒，民国卓立于世界，即当解临时大总统之职”。月底组成临时参议院。民国元年2月12日，清帝溥仪发布《退位诏书》，孙中山即于13日向参议院请辞并举荐袁世凯以自代。兹后苦心孤诣协助袁氏依民主程序选任、就职、组职内阁，尤特重其向国民宣誓一事，引导袁氏步入民主程阶。
孙中山就任临时大总统 当时孙中山领导的临时政府实力有限；虽然大部分的省份已脱离清政府的控制，可主要的军事凭借却是各地的团练与新军，或是混入部分华侨以及洪门与旗下哥老会的成员，无论在装备与士兵素质上，皆无法与清朝主力北洋军抗衡。此外由于孙并未实际投入革命战事，故各省的革命势力纷纷推出自己的领导，使革命势力呈现多头马车的情形。革命军被北洋军接连击败后，孙中山决定与北洋军的统帅袁世凯和谈，希望通过给予袁临时大总统的职位，让袁成为清朝垮台的最后关键。最后孙与袁达成协议：孙中山的临时大总统由袁接任，袁则以实际行动迫使清朝皇帝退位。同年2月12日，清朝皇帝接受袁的条件，下旨逊位，中华民国终完全取代过去的帝国体制。隔日2月13日孙辞去临时大总统，向临时参议院推荐袁世凯接任。
八、二次、三次革命
1912年8月，经宋教仁从中斡旋，同盟会与统一共和党、国民共进会、国民公党合并，改组为国民党。25日，孙中山在北京举行的国民党成立大会中被选为理事长，但孙中山以“决不愿居政界，惟愿作自由国民。”，即委宋教仁为代理理事长。1913年3月，宋教仁被暗杀，袁世凯嫌疑为原凶。孙中山力主南方各省起兵反袁，称为二次革命。由于实力不足，二次革命旋即失败。孙中山被通缉，不得不再次赴日本寻求援助。1914年，孙中山在日本建立中华革命党，并两次发表讨袁宣言。中华革命党要求党员向孙中山个人绝对效忠，要按手模宣誓；并且将国民按入党时间分成等级，享有不同待遇。部份同时流亡日本的国民党员对此反对，原同盟会中重要人物如黄兴、李烈钧、柏文蔚、谭人凤等俱未有加入。1915年10月25日孙中山与宋庆龄在日本结婚。
袁世凯称帝失败后，孙中山重回中国。1917年，段祺瑞在张勋复辟后“再造共和”，废止了1913年选出的国会。身在上海的孙中山展开护法运动（亦称三次革命），号召国会议员一起到广州，召开国会非常会议，组织护法政府并就职为大元帅，誓师北伐。但广州护法政府逐渐由桂、滇系军人控制，孙中山实力有限，甚至出现“政令不出士敏土厂（大元帅府）”的情况。孙中山曾尝试发动兵变而未果。1918年桂、滇各系控制国会改组护法政府，以七总裁取代大元帅，孙中山被架空，被迫去职。1919年10月，改中华革命党为中国国民党。1920年，陈炯明成功击退盘踞广州一带的桂、滇系，请孙中山重回广州。次年，广州非常国会取消军政府，选孙中山为大总统（习惯上称为非常大总统)，开始第二次护法运动。孙中山就职后力主军事北伐，最终与主张暂缓军事，联省自治的陈炯明产生激烈冲突，于1922年6月爆发炮击总统府事件，孙中山离粤退居上海。
1921年后，孙中山在宣讲解释三民主义时，几度提及有人用世界主义反对其提倡民族主义。关于此事，后来的研究者从反对帝国主义的角度解释演讲的内容，指出反对世界主义是孙中山在他后期活动中为了宣传民族主义而进行的思想批判之一。（注：张磊：《论孙中山的民族主义》，《孙中山：愈挫愈奋的伟大先行者》，广东人民出版社1996年版，第102页。原载《北京大学学报》1957年第4期。）不过，孙中山当时回应的直接对象，并不是帝国主义，也不是泛指一般的世界主义。近年王尔敏先生的《中山先生民族主义正解》，照孙中山的演讲指其说是警戒国人不可醉心于新文化运动（注：王尔敏：《中山先生民族主义正解》，台北，中山学术文化基金会1999年版，第186页。关于孙中山回应世界主义的所指，海内外学人较少直接论及。
九、联俄容共
第二次护法后，孙中山开始考虑与共产党合作的可能。1923年1月，孙中山与苏联政府全权代表越飞在上海会面，正式讨论与共产党合作。孙、越会面曾后发表《孙文·越飞联合宣言》。
1923年年初，陈炯明部被逐出广州，孙中山得以在3月回粤。12月29日，孙中山落实接受列宁和共产国际的协助重建大元帅府，共产国际派出鲍罗廷到广州为孙中山顾问，以苏共为模式重组中国国民党。1924年1月在中国国民党第一次全国代表大会上宣布实行联俄联共政策。在苏联援助下，于3月组建黄埔军校，并以蒋介石为校长。11月，冯玉祥在北京发动政变推倒曹锟，邀孙中山北上共商国是，惟健康已急转直下。中国国民党第一次全国代表大会在广州召开时，孙中山接受中国共产党和苏俄共产党帮助，改组国民党，实行“联俄、联共、扶助农工”三大政策，国民党“一大”的成功，标志着第一次国共合作正式形成。这次合作实现后，以广州为中心，汇集全国的革命力量，很快开创出反帝反封建的革命新局面。同年10月，具有进步思想的将领冯玉祥发动“北京政变”，推翻吴佩孚控制的北京政府，联合奉系军阀张作霖，推段祺瑞为临时执政，同时电请孙中山北上共商国是。此时的孙中山已是重病缠身，为了国家的前途他毅然北上，并提出“召开国民会议和废除不平等条约”两大号召，同帝国主义和北洋军阀作斗争。孙中山先生1924年11月离开广州，绕道日本，开始北上之行。12月4日到达天津，受到两万群众欢迎。由于一路颠簸和北地严寒，先生旧病复发，边接受治疗，边接见京津要人，准备22日入京。18日，先生得悉“临时执政府行文各国使署，有尊重历来条约之意”，大失所望，遂病情加剧。段祺瑞又来电相催，说：“时局未定，庶政待商，务祈速驾，以慰众望”；先生复电：“准于十二月三十一日入京。”孙中山先生12月31日抵京，受到两万多群众欢迎，随后入住北京饭店。
十、革命尚未成功
孙中山1925年1月抵京后即开始病发，1925年1月26日，先生被确诊为肝癌，在协和医院接受手术。2月18日，先生移至行馆接受中医治疗；3月11日，先生自知不起，由夫人扶腕，在《孙中山国事遗嘱》、《孙中山致苏联遗书》上签字。最终于1925年3月12日因肝癌病逝于北京协和医院，享年58岁，孙中山临终时同意汪兆铭所代笔的《总理遗训》及《致苏联政府书》。香港《华字日报》翌日报道了 孙中山的死讯：“孙文吐呕大作。不能进食。脉搏骤增至一百六十度。呼吸十八次。极危险。克礼医生在左右看护。终夜不离。戴天仇为孙草遗嘱。唯孙尚未签字……孙文病至十日晚大变。腹胀加增。克礼为之打针放水。今日上午九点三十五分钟逝世。当弥留时。戴天仇代草遗嘱。孙科急电粤民党要人来京。”1920年孙中山在上海
同日，胡汉民饬令各地停止宴会：“十二日午一时胡汉民接汪精卫来电、谓孙中山于十二日上午九时四十分病终京寓，胡汉民即分饬各大小机关、由十二日起、下半旗七天、并令公安局分饬市内酒楼、即日起停止宴会、市民停止七天、在职人员则停止一个月、各机关用蓝印一月、兵士及各机关职停员缠黑纱一月。”1925年4月2日，孙中山安厝于北京西山碧云寺内石塔中。北伐成功后，于1929年6月1日永久迁葬于南京紫金山中山陵。
弥留之际，孙中山提到国事的遗言是：“和平……奋斗……救中国！”
孙中山先生逝世后，在北京签名吊唁者74万多人，参加送殡者30余万人，中国共产党创始人之一李大钊是治丧处成员并敬献长挽联：
“广东是现代思潮汇注之区，自明季迄于今兹，汉种孑遗、外邦通市、乃至太平崛起，类皆孕育萌兴于斯乡，先生挺生其间，砥柱于革命中流，启后承先、涤新淘旧，扬民族大义，决将再造乾坤，四十余年，殚心瘁力，誓以唤起自由独立之精神，要为人间留正气；
“中华为世界列强竞争所在，由泰西以至日本，政治掠取、经济侵凌、甚至共管阴谋，争思奴隶牛马尔家国，吾党适丁此会，丧失我建国山斗，云凄海咽、地暗天愁，问继起何人，毅然重整旗鼓，亿兆有众，惟工与农，须本三民五权、群策群力，遵依牺牲奋斗诸遗训，成厥大业慰英灵。”
1925年3月11日，孙中山弥留之际，他在三份遗嘱上签署。今日中国人常提到的“革命尚未成功，同志仍须努力”，出自孙中山留给国人的政治遗嘱。他当日托咐何香凝要“善视孙夫人（宋庆龄）”，“弗以其夫人无产而轻视”，何香凝回答：“先生，我亲近先生二十多年，同受甘苦，万一先生不测，我们当尽力保护夫人及先生遗族。我虽然知识能力都很薄弱，但是总算能够亲受总理三民主义的教诲，我有一分力量，必定尽力宣传。”孙中山过去一再推迟为遗嘱签字，此时在宋庆龄附助下，在三个遗嘱文件上签名。
十一、遗书
1 家事遗书
“余国尽瘁国事，不治家产。其所遗之书籍、衣物、住宅等，一切均付吾妻宋庆龄，以为纪念。余之儿女，已长成，能自立、望各自爱，以继余志。此嘱！”
2 政治遗书
“余致力国民革命，凡四十年，其目的在求中国之自由平等。积四十年之经验，深知欲达到此目的，必须唤起民众，及联合世界上以平等待我之民族，共同奋斗。现在革命尚未成功。凡我同志，务须依照余所著《建国方略》、《建国大纲》、《三民主义》及《第一次全国代表大会宣言》，继续努力，以求贯彻。最近主张召开国民会议及废除不平等条约，尤须于最短期间，促其实现。是所至嘱！”
3 致苏联遗书
“苏维埃社会主义共和国大联合中央执行委员会亲爱的同志：
我在此身患不治之症。我的心念，此时转向于你们，转向于我党及我国的将来。你们是自由的共和国大联合之首领，此自由的共和国大联合，是不朽的列宁遗产与被压迫民族的世界之真遗产。帝国主义下的难民，将藉此以保卫其自由，从以古代奴役战争偏私为基础之国际制度中谋解放。我遗下的是国民党，我希望国民党在完成其由帝国主义制度解放中国及其他被侵略国之历史的工作中，与你们合力共作。命运使我必须放下我未竟之业，移交于彼谨守国民党主义与教训而组织我真正同志之人。故我已嘱咐国民党进行民族革命运动之工作，中国可免帝国主义加诸中国的半殖民地状况之羁缚。为达到此项目的起见，我已命国民党长此继续与你们提携。我深信你们政府亦必继续前此予我国之援助。亲爱的同志！当此与你们诀别之际，我愿表示我热烈的希望，希望不久即将破晓，斯时苏联以良友及盟国而欢迎强盛独立之中国，两国在争为世界被压迫民族自由之大战中，携手并进以取得胜利。谨以兄弟之谊祝你们平安！”
孙中山先生死因
1925年1月26日，孙中山入住协和医院，此时他已经不能进食，当日下午外科专家兼协和医院代理院长刘瑞恒主刀为其进行剖腹探查术，确诊为癌症晚期。于2月17日发出病危通知书，最终于3月12日魂归天国。现在的协和医院还保留着一份13页的报告，英文，编号为9954，上面的名字是“孙逸仙”，其中有几张器官标本的照片。长久以来外界都一直以为孙中山死于肝癌，孙中山先生并非因肝癌去世，而是原发胆管腺癌转移到肝部。北京协和医院病案室原主任马家润找到1925年1月26日孙先生的病案证明原发病确是胆管腺癌。直至1999年海峡两岸学者交流孙中山事迹时，协和医院医生展示了这份报告，才揭示了孙中山死于胆囊癌的真相。
至于为什么诊断会有差别。医学界给出的答案是。活体人类是一种很复杂的生物，现代医学设备并不能完全的检查出病因及所属部位，只有解剖后才能完全确诊。
事迹：建设南方大港口 孙中山夙愿未竟
伟大的革命先行者孙中山，毕生致力于中国革命。他建立中华民国政府后，对国家建设有伟大的设想。他在《建国方略》“实业计划”一书中，描绘了宏伟的建设蓝图。具体阐述了关于交通、商港、都市、水力、工业等方面的建设构思。为摆脱外国势力羁绊，他提出建设独立自主的铁路和港口部署，亲自绘制了有关建造铁路和设置港口的地图十多幅，之中就有在湛江兴建南方大港和修筑连贯西南铁路的设想，但孙中山为革命操劳过度，过早地与世长辞，建设南方大港口成为他未竟的夙愿。
1945年抗战胜利后，广州湾（湛江旧称）结束了法国47年和日本2年半的殖民统治，回归祖国，辟建为省辖湛江市。建市之初，国民党当局也曾雄心勃勃，试图建设深水良港和修筑铁路。并计划求助美国建设湛江大港和兴建由湛江为起点，经柳州、重庆、兰州、伊犁到欧洲马歇尔大道的铁路线。1946年5月，行政院还派出中国工程人员组成计划团，陪同美国顾问专家到湛江勘察港湾海岸，成立《湘桂黔铁路来（宾）湛（江）段粤境工程处》负责建港筑路工程，编制了《湛江建港计划》。但是，当时政局动荡、统治腐败、社会黑暗、国民党政府又忙于打内战，经济陷入全面崩溃，编好的计划被束之高阁。直至1949年12月19日湛江解放，湛江市重获新生，孙中山建设南方大港的夙愿才有真正的起点。
十二、思想精神
孙文的思想大部分是他将西洋欧美各家学说综合整理而来，但是也有少部分见解是“兄弟（我）所独创”（孙文语）。
民族、民权、民生的“三民主义”。
“人民有权，政府有能”的“权能区分”；广兴福利，大有为式的“万能政府”。
人民之权又称为政权，有选举、罢免、创制、复决四种。
政府之能又称为治权，立法、行政、司法、考试、监察五权分立，是为“五权宪法”。
人民行使政权的基本训练与条件：民权初步，即议事规则。
中央与地方的“均权制度”，以县为单位的“地方自治”。
在经济思想方面，提倡社会互助理论，曾说“人类进化之原则与物种进化之原则不同，物种以竞争为原则，人类则以互助为原则。”似是受到达尔文进化论与俄国克鲁泡特金的无政府主义思想的影响。
政治现代化建设方面，主张渐进主义的军政、训政、宪政三阶段说。军政时期优先消灭军阀土匪，应实行军管。训政时期优先基础建设与民权初步训练，应实行一党执政。宪政实行之条件是全国半数以上县市具有选举罢免地方首长之条件，公民具有发动创制复决之条件，则选举召开国民大会制订宪法，还政于民，实行多党竞争的现代政治制度。
以王道为基础的区域合作和政治架构：大亚洲主义，以及向国际投资开放的实业计划。
人生哲学：“不做大官，要做大事。”
哲学主张：“知难行易”。
税收思想
平均地权是孙中山提出的经济纲领之一。他提出的具体措施是在革命政权建立后，令地主自报地价，国家向其抽1％的地价税，“并于必要时报价收买之”，以后土地增值部分则全部收归国有。他认为，征收地价税还可减轻人民的赋税负担，“私人永远不纳税，但收租一项，已成为地球最富之国”，“把几千年捐输的弊政永远断绝”。在中国共产党的帮助下，他对农民在民主革命中的地位有了新的认识，于晚年提出了“耕者有其四”的口号。孙中山主张通过征收直接税节制私人资本，同时大力发展国家资本，建立一种“国家社会主义”。征收直接税，就是采用累进税率，多征资本家的所得税和遗产税，改变国家财源主要取之于农民和商人的旧税法。孙中山还主张轻税促商，促进货畅其流。他对清末厘金税的弊政深恶痛绝从为厘金“处处敛征，节节阻滞，商贾为之裹足，负贩从而怨嗟。如此而欲百货畅其流，岂不难乎？”他指出“只有轻税保商，财源自足”。
天下为公
孙中山先生赞扬霍元甲“欲使国强，非人人习武不可”之信念和将霍家拳公诸于世的高风亮节，亲笔写下了“尚武精神”四个大字，惠赠精武体育会。
先生名言
君志所向，一往无前，愈挫愈勇，再接再厉。
物色有志学生，结为团体，以任国事。
凡百事业，收效愈速，利益愈小；收效愈迟，利益愈大。
疾风然后知劲草，盘根错节然后辨利器。
革命尚未成功，同志仍须努力
要立志做大事，不要立志当大官
人类要在竞争中生存，便要奋斗。
我一生的嗜好，除了革命外，只有好读书，我一天不读书，便不能生活。
事功者一时之荣，志节者万世之业。
惟愿诸君将振兴中华之责任，置之于自身之肩上。
治国经邦，人才为急。
政治两字的意思，浅而言之。政就是众人的事，治就是管理，管理众人的事便是政治。
学者贵知其当然与所以然，若偶能然，不得谓为学。
自己应为之事，勿求他人；今日应为之事，勿待明日。
古人进步最大的理由，是在能实行。能实行便能知，到了能知，便能进步。
做人最大的事情是什么呢？就是要知道怎样爱国。
天下大势，浩浩荡荡，顺之者昌，逆之者亡
十三、功过评价
历史人物的出现使我们能从中学到经验，知识，小之而言，可为我们分辨是非，大之而言，可为国家的发展指明出路，所以对历史人物我们不能用片面的方法去分辨，不能用简单的对或错，就直接肯定或否定，而是要全面的，如对中国民主革命的先行者孙中山评价。
孙中山首举彻底反封建的旗帜，“起共和而终帝制”，组织革命政党，发动武装起义，领导了震惊中外的辛亥革命，推翻了中国历史上延续几千年的封建王朝专制统治，开创了中国民主革命风起云涌的历史新篇章，功载千秋，万古流芳。
在涉及整个中国资产阶级民主革命失败的具体史实时，由于人们所持的视角和论旨的不尽相同，却出现了种种歧义。例如，小而化之，有人将孙中山让位于袁世凯说成是导致革命失败的重大失误和主要原因；大而化之，有人将孙中山缺乏依靠工农大众作为革命主力军的指导思想、缺乏先进的建党理论、缺乏正确的建军路线认作革命失败的根本原因；等等。但我们应该认识到：由于客观上受到帝国主义、封建主义的强大压力与革命党本身的涣散无力，孙中山经过斗争后被迫接受与袁世凯妥协的条件，在清帝退位后，于1912年2月13日向临时参议院辞去临时大总统职，让位于袁世凯。这是中国当时的阶级力量对比和外国干涉的结果（这是由于中国若实行资本主义民主制度将严重损害列强在中国的侵略权益，从这个角度看，孙中山所领导的资产阶级民主革命运动具有反对封建主义和反对帝国主义这两大重要意义和贡献。）
如若从孤立的视角单纯地看待这一史实事件，确实，孙中山之让位于袁世凯，是导致袁世凯窃国、革命政权旁落、共和制度倒退的起始成因，有些史论、史说由此引申出“孙中山一大失误”的评价，似乎顺理成章。然而，从客观现实来看，把此事件放在当时清末民初的历史大范围和社会大环境中考察，却自然而然地得出截然相反的评价——孙中山之让位于袁，不仅不是失误或局限性，相反，是促成清帝退位和推翻封建专制制度，促使民主共和旗帜飘扬和革命思潮深入民心的一大历史功绩。
1905年8月，孙中山与黄兴、刘觉民等人，以兴中会、华兴会等革命团体为基础，在日本东京创建全国性的资产阶级革命党同盟会，孙中山被推举为总理，他所提出的“驱除鞑虏，恢复中华，创立民国，平均地权”的革命宗旨被采纳为同盟会纲领。在同盟会机关报《民报》发刊词中，孙中山首次提出民族、民权、民生三大主义。同盟会的成立，有力地促进了全国革命运动的发展。
孙中山与历代反抗封建王朝的农民起义英雄和同代资产阶级改良派代表人物之显著不同之处在于：一是通过他方式独到的认真学习和深入思考，将欧美资本主义制度之精华与中国落后封建专制制度之国情相结合，从“以民为本” 的宗旨出发，不仅提出了“三民主义”基础学说，同时还就改造落后旧中国的伟大目标，从国体、政治、经济、文化、军事、外交诸方面作出了资产阶级民主革命的纲领、设想和规划，形成了系统化的革命理论；二是他自发动和组织革命伊始，终其一生，在领导整个资产阶级民主革命的历程中，始终不渝地坚持彻底的反封建立场和坚定的革命方向，面对满清朝庭的通揖、反动军阀的围攻、帝国列强的威逼、维新保皇派的论战、阵营内部的叛乱、同党战友的分歧，在极其艰难充满风险的环境中，几番组织和改造革命政党，多次发动武装起义，“愈挫愈奋，再接再厉”，不屈不挠，战斗不息；三是他始终坚守“一心为公” 的崇高精神境界，从建立兴中会、同盟会，发动广州、惠州、黄花岗等十次武装起义，到领导辛亥革命、建立临时政府、举行二次革命，到组织和改造国民党、组建黄埔军校、实施国共合作，直至积劳成疾英年早逝，抛却个人名利，彰显博大胸怀，大公无私，一生操劳，鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已。孙中山的理论学说、立场信念和品德情操，可说是独秀一枝前无古人 ，也正是由于孙中山的坚持不懈的努力与革命理论的宣扬，才使得广大中国民众摆脱封建思想的束缚，走出对民主共和的“反动”政治思想认识误区，有力的促进了中国民主革命运动的发展，扩大了民主革命运动的影响，使得民主共和深入人心。即便是后来的“新民主主义革命运动”也是在孙中山工作的基础上才得以发展。
在丰富多彩的孙中山历史研究的文章作品中间，有一种史说或史论，在评说中国旧民主主义革命失败的命题时，将主要原因归结为孙中山及革命党领导人物“缺乏阶级分析的理论基础，没有依靠工农大众作为革命主力军；缺乏先进的建党路线，没有用远大理想武装革命党人的头脑；缺乏正确的建军路线，没有建立起一支统一指挥的革命军队”之历史局限性。是的，如若撇开孙中山所处时代的历史大范围和社会大环境，用后代人的视角去俯视前代人的史实，此类评说似乎理正言顺无可挑剔；然而，须知，时处清末民初，马列主义未入国门，孙中山远渡重洋游历英、美、日本诸国，接受的是西方资本主义制度思想的教化，他所从事和领导的革命事业只能归属于资产阶级民主革命的范畴，后人所持有的马列主义、毛泽东思想的理论与孙中山的资产阶级民主主义学说自然会有不同之处，孙中山领导的“起共和而终帝制”与共产党领导的“推翻三座大山”的新民主主义革命的成功经验的民主主义革命实践的结果也存在差距。于是乎，这种以后人的成功去衡量前人的失败、以今人的觉悟去审视古人的意识所得出的所谓“孙中山的历史局限性”，成了空中楼阁式的高谈阔论，失去了历史的客观性和公正性；何况，伟哉孙中山，到了晚年，从军阀割据残民误国、帝国主义侵略有进无退、武装起义屡遭失利、共和大业日暮途穷的逆境中反思自省脱身而出，慷慨接受马列主义与无产阶级运动新潮思想的洗涤，重新解释旧三民主义，改组国民党，主张国共合作，实行“联俄、联共、扶助农工”三大政策，建立黄埔军校，重新培育革命队伍，在思想上完成了从旧民主主义革命者向新民主主义革命者的转变，如果不是英年早逝，他未必不能成为毛泽东式的无产阶级革命领袖，这便是“历史局限性”一说并不恰当的历史明证。
诚然，实事求是地分析，金无足赤，人无完人，孙中山是人不是神，他的理论学说并非十全十美，他的行为实践也非完美无缺。譬如，他对当时旧中国资本主义的萌芽状态和民族资产阶级的软弱特点尚缺乏深入的研究，他对袁世凯、段琪瑞、陈炯明、一类新旧军阀的两面派面目有失洞察，他对革命党内部严重的矛盾分歧团结乏力，他对建立革命军事力量的认识姗姗来迟等等，都是他个人思想行为的局限性。但是，与当时旧中国的历史大范围和社会大环境的客观现实相比照，他个人的这些局限性皆属局部性的和微不足道的失误，无碍于整个旧民主主义革命的方向大局和历史轨迹，更无损于他创立革命学说、领导革命运动和开创历史新篇的光辉形象。
所以，孙中山领导的中国资产阶级民主革命未能彻底实现革命目标，是时代的局限和国情的制约，决非孙中山个人的思想行动所能左右；同理，中国近代史上这场旧民主主义革命虽然失败了，但正是这场轰轰烈烈和正义悲壮的革命，为其后的新民主主义革命取得胜利作出了演示、提供了经验、准备了条件。故而，中国之所以能够打倒帝国主义，推翻封建专制统治，孙中山不仅是革命的先行者，而且是创造历史的第一功臣，这也是历史的不争事实。
孙文被中国国民党尊为“永远的总理”；中国共产党以及中国大陆历史课本则称他为“伟大的革命先行者”。孙中山先生对中国共产党采取支持政策，其遗孀宋庆龄女士更是透过实际行动表达对共产党的支持立场，一起为中华民族的崛起而努力！在中国的主流舆论中是享有崇高名望的中国国民党革命人士之一。在中国大陆也有人称他为“现代中国之父”。
值得一提的是，每逢重大节日（如国庆节）天安门广场上都会悬挂一幅巨大的孙中山先生画像，可见中山先生在中国人心中的地位。
十四、趣闻轶事
据唐德刚表示：武昌起义成功后，当时接到电报的孙中山正在科罗拉多州典华城（今译丹佛）友人卢瑞连开的餐馆中当“企台”，端盘子。（《晚清七十年（5）袁世凯、孙文与辛亥革命》）
冯自由《革命逸史》记载孙文喜欢下象棋，但棋艺不精：“中山毕生不嗜烟酒，读书之余，间与人下象棋，然习之不精，好取攻势而懈于防守，故易为敌所乘，余与胡汉民何香凝等皆尝胜之。外国纸牌尤非其所好，然颇精于三十年前盛行之广东天九牌，乙巳以前居横滨时，每与陈四姑（名香菱）、张能之夫妇玩之。”
过去国民党宣传孙中山毕业于香港西医书院（College of Medicine for Chinese），并且在学成绩满分，第一名毕业，由教务长康德黎博士（Dr. James Cantlie）颁发毕业证书。但事实上当年的毕业生只有二位，孙氏及江英华。香港西医书院在当时是一个未获立案的学校，未能获得香港当局的承认，必然无法取得香港的行医执照。
十六、孙中山年表
家
1866年 11月12日，生于广东省香山县（今中山市）翠亨村
幼名帝象。取名文，号日新，字德明
父孙达成，母杨氏，兄孙眉
1877年 兄孙眉回乡完婚，9月，再返夏威夷创业
1884年 与卢慕贞夫人结婚
1888年 父孙达成逝世
1891年 初识陈粹芬夫人
子孙科生于翠亨村
1894年 长女孙娫（瑗）出生
1896年 次女孙婉（琬）出生
1902年 与大月薰结婚（存疑）
1906年 宫川富美子出生(存疑)
1910年 母亲杨氏逝世
1912年 陈粹芬夫人离开
1913年 长女孙娫（瑗）病逝于澳门
1914年 陈粹芬收养孙容
1915年 兄孙眉逝世
与卢慕贞夫人协议离婚
与宋庆龄夫人结婚
1925年 中山先生逝世
1952年 卢慕贞夫人逝世
1958年 孙容病逝
1960年 陈粹芬夫人逝世
1973年 子孙科逝世
1979年 次女孙婉逝世
1981年 宋庆龄夫人逝世
革命
1883年 与陆皓东捣毁神像
1884年 “始有志于革命”
鼓动“勿敬朝廷”，被视为“大逆不道”，与陈少白、尢列、杨鹤龄为“四大寇”
《致郑藻如书》
1894年 《上李鸿章书》
兴中会成立
1895年 香港密谋起义失败，陆皓东等就义
1896年 伦敦蒙难
1898年 拜会康、梁
1899年 两党合作失败
1900年 惠州起义失败
1904年 加入致公会
1905年 同盟会成立
《民报》创刊，提出民族、民权、民生的三民主义
1906年 提出“五权宪法”
1907年 潮州黄冈起义
惠州七女湖起义
钦州、廉州、防城起义
镇南关起义
1908年 钦州、廉州起义
云南河口起义
1910年 广州新军起义
1911年 武昌起义
1912年 1月1日中华民国临时政府在南京成立，孙中山被推举为临时大总统
发表《孙大总统对外宣言》
颁布《中华民国临时约法》
辞临时大总统职
受任全国铁路督办
1913年 宋教仁被刺
发动二次革命
1914年 成立中华革命党，任总理
1915年 发表《讨袁声明》，发动“护国运动”
1916年 发动护法运动
非常会议选举孙中山为中华民国陆海军大元帅
1917年 被迫辞去大元帅职，
致电列宁和苏维埃政府
列宁复函孙中山，向“中国革命的领袖”致敬，“共同进行斗争”
1918年 《建国方略 心理建设》付梓
发表《护法宣言》
改组中华革命党为中国国民党
1921年 就任非常大总统，再次在广州建立政权
《建国方略 物质建设》付梓
会见李大钊
1922年 以大元帅名义发动员令，命令各军分路出师北伐
与陈炯明失和，北伐失败
李大钊由京到沪会见交谈，并介绍李大钊加入国民党
1923年 发表《中国国民党宣言》，公布《中国国民党党纲》，《中国国民党总章》
发表《孙文—越飞宣言》，复命廖仲恺与越飞商谈中苏联合细节
再建大元帅府，就任陆海军大元帅
发表《中国国民党改组宣言》、《中国国民党党纲草案》
发表《关于粤海关关余问题宣言》，抗议美、英干涉中国内政
李大钊抵广州，协助完成国民党改组和召开第一次全国代表大会的准备工作
1924年 中国国民党召开第一次全国代表大会
筹办黄埔军校
发布《国民政府建国大纲》
通过《国共合作草案》、《国民党与世界革命运动草案》
发布《北伐宣言》，举行北伐誓师典礼
应冯玉祥之邀，同意北上
发表《北上宣言》，重申反帝和反对军阀，废除不平等条约，召开国民会议
发表《入京宣言》
1925年 病危，口授遗嘱、《致苏联遗书》
在《遗嘱》及《遗书》上签字
病逝，遗言“和平、奋斗、救中国”
十七、孙中山的书法艺术
孙中山并不以书法知名，但从他的书法作品中可以看出他对颜真卿、苏东坡及北碑方面的研究是颇具造诣的。他的书法作品有着不同寻常的韵味——不仅仅有博大豪迈、气势恢宏的榜书作品，也有儒雅、轻松、格调清新、韵味绵长的行书作品。从字法字构看，颜字的宽博与厚重仍依稀可见，但已作为一种风格转换在作品中被“神化”，融化成一种精神或者说是境界。而魏碑的雄强也在作品中被淡化，潜移默化中服从于行书作品的整体风格。从作品的风格看，儒雅风流，清新自然，更透出了“文化”意义上的审美意蕴。这是中国近现代知识分子书法艺术的共通之处。比如周恩来、蔡元培、梁启超、郭沫若、王国维、鲁迅等名家的作品，都在一个“文化”层面上，传递着各自不同的书法艺术风采和人生大观。
十八，孙中山的罗曼史
1885年 19岁 与卢慕贞(18岁)结婚，后育有三子
1891年 24岁 认识陈粹芬(18岁)，后成为侧室
1894年 28岁 初次见到宋庆龄(1岁岁女婴)开始光源氏计划
1897年 31岁 流亡日本，认识浅田春(15岁女仆)
1898年 32岁 认识大月熏(10岁罗莉)
1900年 34岁 9月20日上午在神户市相生町加藤旅馆跟浅田春(18岁)
1901年 35岁 向卢慕贞(34岁)提出离婚(当时似乎还没正式离婚，不过民国的民法颁布于孙某死后，故忽略)
1902年 36岁 向大月熏(14岁)父亲提亲被拒绝
1903年 37岁 8月与大月熏(15岁)订婚
1904年 38岁 7月19日与大月熏(16岁)正式成亲
1915年 49岁 与卢慕贞(48岁)正式离婚 与宋庆龄(22岁)结婚
Sun Yat-sen (12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925) was a Chinese revolutionary and first president and founding father of the Republic of China ("Nationalist China"). As the foremost pioneer of Republic of China, Sun is referred to as the "Father of the Nation" in the Republic of China (ROC), and the "forerunner of democratic revolution" in the People's Republic of China. Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution. Sun was the first provisional president when the Republic of China was founded in 1912 and later co-founded the Kuomintang (KMT), serving as its first leader. Sun was a uniting figure in post-Imperial China, and remains unique among 20th-century Chinese politicians for being widely revered amongst the people from both sides of the Taiwan Strait.
Although Sun is considered[by whom?] one of the greatest leaders of modern China, his political life was one of constant struggle and frequent exile. After the success of the revolution, he quickly fell out of power in the newly founded Republic of China, and led successive revolutionary governments as a challenge to the warlords who controlled much of the nation. Sun did not live to see his party consolidate its power over the country during the Northern Expedition. His party, which formed a fragile alliance with the Communists, split into two factions after his death. Sun's chief legacy resides in his developing of the political philosophy known as the Three Principles of the People: nationalism, democracy, and the people's livelihood.
The original name of Sun Yat-sen was Sun Wen (孫文) and his genealogical name was Sun Deming (孫德明). As a child, his "milk name" was Dixiang (帝象). The courtesy name of Sun Yat-sen was Zaizhi (載之), and his baptized name was Rixin (日新). While at school in Hong Kong he got the name Yat Sen (逸仙; Hanyu pinyin: Yìxiān). Sun Zhongshan (孫中山), the most popular of his Chinese names, came from the "Nakayama" (中山) of Nakayama Shō (中山樵), the Japanese name given to him by Miyazaki Touten.
Early years
Sun Yat-sen (back row, fifth from left) and his family.
Farm lifeSun Yat-sen was born on 12 November 1866 to a Cantonese Hakka family.His birthplace was the village of Cuiheng, Xiangshan (later Zhongshan county), Guangzhou prefecture, Guangdong Province. He was the third son born in a family of farmers, and herded cows along with other farming duties at age 6.
Education years
Statue of Sun Yat-sen as a school boy in Honolulu, Hawaii, age 13At age 10, Sun Yat-sen began seeking schooling. It is also at this point where he met childhood friend Lu Hao-tung. By age 13 in 1878 after receiving a few years of local schooling, Sun went to live with his elder brother, Sun Mei (孫眉) in Honolulu.
Sun Yat-sen then studied at ʻIolani School where he learned English, British history, mathematics, science, and Christianity. Originally unable to speak the English language, Sun Yat-sen picked up the language so quickly that he received a prize for outstanding achievement from King David Kalākaua. Sun graduated from Iolani in 1882. Then attended Oahu College (now known as Punahou School), for one semester. In 1883 he was soon sent home to China as his brother was becoming afraid that Sun Yat-sen would embrace Christianity.
When he returned home in 1883 at age 17, Sun met up with his childhood friend Lu Hao-tung at Beijidian (北極殿), a temple in Cuiheng Village. They saw many villagers worshipping the Beiji (literally North Pole) Emperor-God in the temple, and were dissatisfied with their ancient healing methods. They broke the statue, incurring the wrath of fellow villagers, and escaped to Hong Kong. While in Hong Kong in 1883 he studied at the Diocesan Boys' School and from 1884 to 1886 he was at the government Central school.
In 1886 Sun studied medicine at the Guangzhou Boji Hospital under the Christian missionary John G. Kerr. Ultimately, he earned the license of Christian practice as a medical doctor from the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese (the forerunner of The University of Hong Kong) in 1892. Notably, of his class of 12 students, Sun was one of only two who graduated.
Christian baptismSun was later baptized in Hong Kong by an American missionary of the Congregational Church of the United States to his brother's disdain. The minister would also develop a friendship with Sun. Sun attended To Tsai Church (道濟會堂, founded by the London Missionary Society in 1888) while he studied Western Medicine in Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese (香港華人西醫書院). Sun pictured a revolution as similar to the salvation mission of the Christian church. His conversion to Christianity was related to his revolutionary ideals and push for advancement. Sun later became the godfather of Paul Linebarger, a science-fiction writer.
Transformation into a revolutionary
Photograph of Sun Yat-sen (seated, second from left) and his revolutionary friends, the Four Bandits, including Yeung Hok-ling (left), Chan Siu-bak (seated, second from right), Yau Lit (right), and Guan Jingliang (關景良) (standing) at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese.
Four BanditsDuring the Qing Dynasty rebellion around 1888 Sun was in Hong Kong with a group of revolutionary thinkers that were nicknamed the Four Bandits at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese. Sun, who had grown increasingly frustrated by the conservative Qing government and its refusal to adopt knowledge from the more technologically advanced Western nations, quit his medical practice in order to devote his time to transforming China.
Furen and Revive China SocietyIn 1891 Sun met revolutionary friends in Hong Kong including Yeung Kui-wan who was the leader and founder of the Furen Literary Society. The group was spreading the idea of overthrowing the Qing. In 1894, Sun wrote an 8,000 character petition to Qing Viceroy Li Hongzhang presenting his ideas for modernizing China. He traveled to Tianjin to personally present the petition to Li but was not granted an audience. After this experience, Sun turned irrevocably toward revolution. He left China for Hawaii and founded the Revive China Society, which was committed to revolutionize China’s prosperity. Members were drawn mainly from Chinese expatriates, especially the lower social classes. The same month in 1894 the Furen Literary Society was merged with the Hong Kong chapter of the Revive China Society. Sun became the secretary of the newly merged Revive China society, which Yeung Kui-wan headed as president. They disguised their activities in Hong Kong under the running of a "Qianheng Company" (乾亨行).
First Sino-Japanese WarIn 1895 China suffered a serious defeat during the First Sino-Japanese War. There were two types of response. One group of intellectuals contended that the Manchu Qing government could restore its legitimacy by successfully modernizing. Stressing that overthrowing the Manchu would result in chaos and would lead to China being carved up by imperialists, intellectuals like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao supported responding with initiatives like the Hundred Days' Reform. In another faction, Sun Yat-sen and others like Zou Rong wanted a revolution to replace the dynastic system with a modern nation-state in the form of a republic. The Hundred Day's reform turned out to be a failure by 1898.
From uprising to exile
Plaque in London marking the site of a house where Sun Yat-sen lived while in exile
Letter from Sun Yat-sen to James Cantlie announcing to him that he has assumed the Presidency of the Provisional Republican Government of China. Dated 21 January 1912.
First Guangzhou uprisingIn the second year of the establishment of the Revive China society on 26 October 1895, the group planned and launched the First Guangzhou uprising against the Qing in Guangzhou. Yeung Kui-wan directed the uprising starting from Hong Kong. However, plans were leaked out and more than 70 members, including Lu Hao-tung, were captured by the Qing government. The uprising was a failure.
Exile in JapanSun Yat-sen spent time living in Japan while in exile. He befriended and was financially aided by a democratic revolutionary named Miyazaki Toten. Most Japanese who actively worked with Sun were motivated by a pan-Asian fear of encroaching Western imperialism. While in Japan, Sun also met and befriended Mariano Ponce, then a diplomat of the First Philippine Republic.
Huizhou uprisingOn 22 October 1900 Sun launched the Huizhou uprising to attack Huizhou and provincial authorities in Guangdong. This came five years after the failed Guangzhou uprising. This time Sun appealed to the triads for help. This uprising was also a failure. Miyazaki who participated in the revolt with Sun wrote an account of this revolutionary effort under the title "33-year dream" (三十三年之夢) in 1902.
Further exileSun was in exile not only in Japan, but also in Europe, the United States, and Canada. He raised money for his revolutionary party and to support uprisings in China. In 1896 he was detained at the Chinese Legation in London, where the Chinese Imperial secret service planned to kill him. He was released after 12 days through the efforts of James Cantlie, The Times, and the Foreign Office, leaving Sun a hero in Britain. James Cantlie, Sun's former teacher at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese, maintained a lifelong friendship with Sun and would later write an early biography of Sun.
Heaven and earth society, overseas travelA "Heaven and Earth Society" sect known as Tiandihui has been around for a long time. The group has also been referred to as the "three cooperating organizations" as well as the triads. Sun Yat-sen mainly used this group to leverage his overseas travels to gain further financial and resource support for his revolution.
According to Lee Yun-ping, chairman of the Chinese historical society, Sun needed a certificate to enter the United States at a time when the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 would have otherwise blocked him. But on Sun's first attempt to enter the US, he was still arrested. He was later bailed out after 17 days. In March 1904, Sun Yat-sen obtained a Certificate of Hawaiian Birth, issued by the Territory of Hawaii, stating he was born on 24 November 1870 in Kula, Maui. Official files of the United States show that Sun had United States nationality, moved to China with his family at age 4, and returned to Hawaii 10 years later.
Revolution
A letter with Sun's seal commencing the Tongmenghui in HK
TongmenghuiMain article: Tongmenghui
In 1904 Sun Yat-sen came about with the goal "to expel the Tatar barbarians, to revive Zhonghua, to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people." (驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權). One of Sun's major legacies was the creation of his political philosophy of the Three Principles of the People. These Principles included the principle of nationalism (minzu, 民族), of democracy (minquan, 民權), and of welfare (minsheng, 民生).
On 20 August 1905 Sun joined forces with revolutionary Chinese students studying in Tokyo, Japan to form the unified group Tongmenghui (United League), which sponsored uprisings in China. By 1906 the number of Tongmenghui members reached 963 people.
Interior of the Wan Qing Yuan featuring Sun's items and photo
Malaya supportMain article: Chinese revolutionary activities in Malaya
Sun's notability and popularity extends beyond the Greater China region, particularly to Nanyang (Southeast Asia) where a large concentration of overseas Chinese reside in Malaya (Malaysia and Singapore). While in Singapore he met local Chinese merchants Teo Eng Hock, Tan Chor Nam and Lim Nee Soon, which mark the commencement of direct support from the Nanyang Chinese. The Singapore chapter of the Tongmenghui was established on 6 April 1906. Though some records claim the founding date to be end of 1905. The villa used by Sun was known as Wan Qing Yuan. At this point Singapore was the headquarter of the Tongmenghui.
Zhennanguan uprisingOn 1 December 1907 Sun led the Zhennanguan uprising against the Qing at Friendship Pass, which is the border between Guangxi and Vietnam. The uprising failed after seven days of fighting. In 1907 there were a total of four uprisings that failed including Huanggang uprising, Huizhou seven women lake uprising and Qinzhou uprising. In 1908 two more uprisings failed one after another including Qin-lian uprising and Hekou uprising.
Anti-Sun movementsBecause of these failures Sun's leadership was beginning to be challenged by elements from within the Tongmenghui who wished to remove him as leader. In Tokyo 1907–1908 members from the recently merged Restoration society raised doubts about Sun's credentials. Tao Chengzhang (陶成章) and Zhang Binglin publicly denounced Sun with an open leaflet called "A declaration of Sun Yat-sen's criminal acts by the revolutionaries in Southeast Asia". This was printed and distributed in reformist newspapers like Nanyang Zonghui Bao. Their goal was to target Sun as a leader leading a revolt for profiteering gains.
The revolutionaries were polarized and split between pro-Sun and anti-Sun camps. Sun publicly fought off comments about how he had something to gain financially from the revolution. In 1910 Sun took the time to establish the United Chinese Library in Singapore. But by 19 July 1910 the Tongmenghui headquarter had to relocate from Singapore to Penang to reduce the anti-Sun activities. It is also in Penang that Sun and his supporters would launch the first Chinese "daily" newspaper, the Kwong Wah Yit Poh on December 1910.
Soldiers of the Wuchang uprising
1911 revolutionMain articles: Wuchang Uprising and Xinhai Revolution
To sponsor more uprisings, Sun made a personal plea for financial aid at the Penang conference held on 13 November 1910 in Malaya. The leaders launched a major drive for donations across the Malay Peninsula. They raised HK$187,000.
On 27 April 1911 revolutionary Huang Xing led a second Guangzhou uprising known as the Yellow Flower Mound revolt against the Qing. The revolt failed and ended in disaster; only the bodies of 72 revolutionaries were found. The revolutionaries are remembered as martyrs.
On 10 October 1911 a military uprising at Wuchang took place led again by Huang Xing. At the time Sun had no direct involvement as he was still in exile. Huang was in charge of the revolution that ended over 2000 years of imperial rule in China. When Sun learned of the successful rebellion against the Qing emperor from press reports, he immediately returned to China from the United States accompanied by General Homer Lea on 21 December 1911. The uprising expanded to the Xinhai Revolution also known as the "Chinese Revolution" to overthrow the last Emperor Puyi. After this event 10 October became known as the commemoration of Double Ten Day.
Republic of China with many government
Provisional governmentMain article: Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)
On 29 December 1911 a meeting of representatives from provinces in Nanking elected Sun Yat-sen as the "provisional president" (臨時大總統). 1 January 1912 was set as the first day of the First Year of the Republic. Li Yuanhong was made provisional vice-president and Huang Xing became the minister of the army. The new Provisional Government of the Republic of China was created along with the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China. Sun is credited for the funding of the revolutions and for keeping the spirit of revolution alive, even after a series of failed uprisings. His successful merger of minor revolutionary groups to a single larger party provided a better base for all those who shared the same ideals. A number of things were introduced such as the republic calendar system and new fashion like Zhongshan suits.
Beiyang governmentMain article: Beiyang government
Yuan Shikai was in charge of the Beiyang Army, the military of northern China. He was promised the position of President of the Republic of China if he could get the Qing court to abdicate. On 12 February 1912 Emperor Puyi did abdicate the throne. Sun Yat-sen stepped down as President, and Yuan became the new provisional president in Beijing on 10 March 1912. The provisional government did not have any military forces of its own, its control over elements of the New Army that had mutinied was limited and there were still significant forces which still had not declared against the Qing.
Sun Yat-sen sent telegrams to the leaders of all provinces, requesting them to elect and to establish the National Assembly of the Republic of China in 1912. In May 1912 the legislative assembly moved from Nanjing to Beijing with its 120 members divided between members of Tongmenghui and a Republican party that supported Yuan Shikai. Many revolutionary members were already alarmed by Yuan's ambitions and the northern based Beiyang government.
Nationalist party and Second RevolutionTongmenghui member Song Jiaoren quickly tried to control the parliament. He mobilized the old Tungmenghui at the core with the merger of a number of new small parties to form a new political party called the Guomindang (Chinese nationalist party) on 25 August 1912 at Huguang Guild Hall Beijing. The 1912–1913 National assembly election was considered a huge success for the KMT winning 269 of the 596 seats in the lower house and 123 of the 274 senate seats. The Second Revolution took place where Sun and KMT military forces tried to overthrow Yuan's forces of about 80,000 men in an armed conflict in July 1913. The revolt against Yuan was unsuccessful. Sun was forced to seek asylum in Japan. In retaliation the national party leader Song Jiaoren was assassinated under the secret order of Yuan Shikai on 20 March 1913.
Political chaosIn 1915 Yuan Shikai proclaimed the Empire of China (1915–1916) with himself as Emperor of China. Sun took part in the Anti-Monarchy war of the Constitutional Protection Movement, while also supporting bandit leaders like Bai Lang during the Bai Lang Rebellion. This marked the beginning of the Warlord Era. In 1915 Sun wrote to the Second International, an organisation of socialist based in Paris, asking it to send a team of specialists to help China set up the world's first socialist republic. At the time there were many theories and proposals of what China could be. In the political mess, even when Sun Yat-sen was announced as President, Xu Shichang was also announced as President of the Republic of China.
Path to Northern Expedition
Sun Yat-sen (middle, dressed in white) and Chiang Kai-shek (on stage in uniform) at the founding of the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924.
Guangzhou militarist governmentChina had become divided between different military leaders without a proper central government. Sun saw the danger of this and returned to China in 1917 to advocate Chinese reunification. In 1921 he started a self-proclaimed military government in Guangzhou and was elected Grand Marshal. Between 1912 and 1927 three governments had been set up in South China: the Provisional government in Nanjing (1912), the Military government in Guangzhou (1921–1925), and the National government in Guangzhou and later Wuhan (1925–1927). The southern separatist government in the South was established to rival the Beiyang government in the north. Yuan Shikai had banned the KMT. The short lived Chinese Revolutionary Party was a temporary replacement for the KMT. On 10 October 1919 Sun resurrected the KMT with the new name Chung-kuo Kuomintang, basically "Chinese Nationalist party".
Sun Yat-sen (seated on right) and Chiang Kai-shek
KMT CPC cooperationBy this time Sun had become convinced that the only hope for a unified China lay in a military conquest from his base in the south, followed by a period of political tutelage that would culminate in the transition to democracy. In order to hasten the conquest of China, he began a policy of active cooperation with the Communist Party of China (CPC). Sun and the Soviet Union's Adolph Joffe signed the Sun-Joffe Manifesto in January 1923. Sun received help from the Comintern for his acceptance of communist members into his KMT. Revolutionary and socialist leader Vladimir Lenin praised Sun and the KMT for their ideology and principles. Lenin praised Sun and his attempts at social reformation, and also congratulated him for fighting foreign Imperialism. Sun also returned the praise, calling him a "great man", and sent his congratulations on the revolution in Russia.
With the Soviet's help, Sun was able to develop the military power needed for the Northern Expedition against the military at the north. He established the Whampoa Military Academy near Guangzhou with Chiang Kai-shek as the commandant of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA). Other Whampoa leaders include Wang Jingwei and Hu Hanmin as political instructors. This full collaboration was called the First United Front.
Finance concernsIn 1924 Sun appointed TV Soong to set up the first Chinese Central bank called the Canton Central Bank. To establish national capitalism and a banking system was a major objective for the KMT. However Sun was not without some opposition as there was the Canton volunteers corps uprising against him.
Sun (seated, right) and his wife Soong Ching-ling (宋慶齡) (seated, center) in Kobe, Japan in 1924
Final speechesIn February 1923 Sun made a presentation to the Students' Union in Hong Kong University and declared that it was the corruption of China and the peace, order and good government of Hong Kong that turned him into a revolutionary. This same year, he delivered a speech in which he proclaimed his Three Principles of the People as the foundation of the country and the Five-Yuan Constitution as the guideline for the political system and bureaucracy. Part of the speech was made into the National Anthem of the Republic of China.
On 10 November 1924, Sun traveled north to Tianjin and delivered a speech to suggest a gathering for a "National conference" for the Chinese people. It called for the end of warlord rules and the abolition of all unequal treaties with the Western powers. Two days later, he traveled to Beijing to discuss the future of the country, despite his deteriorating health and the ongoing civil war of the warlords. On 28 November 1924 Sun traveled to Japan and gave a speech on Pan-Asianism at Kobe, Japan.
DeathSun died of liver cancer on 12 March 1925 at the age of 58 at the Rockefeller financed Peking Union Medical College. In keeping with common Chinese practice, his remains were placed in the Temple of Azure Clouds, a Buddhist shrine in the Western Hills a few miles outside of Beijing.
A mausoleum was built and completed in 1929. In 1 June 1929, Sun's remains were relocated from Beijing and buried in Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing.
Legacy
Chinese Generals pay tribute to the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Beijing in 1928 after the success of the Northern Expedition. From right to left, are Generals Cheng Jin (何成浚), Zhang Zuobao (張作寶), Chen Diaoyuan (陳調元), Chiang Kai-shek, Woo Tsin-hang, Yan Xishan, Ma Fuxiang, Ma Sida (馬四達), and Bai Chongxi.
Power struggleAfter Sun's death, a power struggle between his young protégé Chiang Kai-shek and his old revolutionary comrade Wang Jingwei split the KMT. At stake in this struggle was the right to lay claim to Sun's ambiguous legacy. In 1927 Chiang Kai-shek married Soong May-ling, a sister of Sun's widow Soong Ching-ling, and subsequently he could claim to be a brother-in-law of Sun. When the Communists and the Kuomintang split in 1927, marking the start of the Chinese Civil War, each group claimed to be his true heirs, a conflict that continued through World War II. His widow, Soong Ching-ling, sided with the Communists during the Chinese Civil War and served from 1949 to 1981 as Vice President (or Vice Chairwoman) of the People's Republic of China and as Honorary President shortly before her demise in 1981.
Cult of PersonalityA personality cult in the Republic of China was centered on Sun and his successor, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. Chinese Muslim Generals and Imams participated in this cult of personality and one party state, with Muslim General Ma Bufang making people bow to Sun's portrait and listen to the national anthem during a Tibetan and Mongol religious ceremony for the Qinghai Lake God. Quotes from the Quran and Hadith were used by Muslims to justify Chiang Kai-shek's rule over China.
Statue in the Mausoleum, Kuomintang flag on the ceiling
Father of the NationSun Yat-sen remains unique among 20th century Chinese leaders for having a high reputation both in mainland China and in Taiwan. In Taiwan, he is seen as the Father of the Republic of China, and is known by the posthumous name Father of the Nation, Mr. Sun Zhongshan (Chinese: 國父 孫中山先生, where the one-character space is a traditional homage symbol). His likeness is still almost always found in ceremonial locations such as in front of legislatures and classrooms of public schools, from elementary to senior high school, and he continues to appear in new coinage and currency.
Forerunner of the revolutionOn the mainland, Sun is also seen as a Chinese nationalist and proto-socialist, and is highly regarded as the Forerunner of the Revolution (革命先行者). He is even mentioned by name in the preamble to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China. In recent years, the leadership of the Communist Party of China has increasingly invoked Sun, partly as a way of bolstering Chinese nationalism in light of Chinese economic reform and partly to increase connections with supporters of the Kuomintang on Taiwan which the PRC sees as allies against Taiwan independence. Sun's tomb was one of the first stops made by the leaders of both the Kuomintang and the People First Party on their pan-blue visit to mainland China in 2005. A massive portrait of Sun continues to appear in Tiananmen Square for May Day and National Day.
Family
Lu Muzhen (1867–1952), Sun's first wife from 1885 to 1915Main article: Family tree of Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen was born to father Sun Dacheng (孫達成) and mother lady Yang (楊氏) on 12 November 1866. At the time his father was age 53, while his mother was 38 years old. By the time he was born, he already had an older brother Sun Dezhang (孫德彰), an older sister Sun Jinxing (孫金星) who died at the early age of 4. Another older brother Sun Deyou (孫德祐) also died at the age of 6. He had two other sisters Sun Miaoxi (孫妙茜), who was older and Sun Qiuqi (孫秋綺) who was younger.
Sun had an arranged marriage with fellow villager Lu Muzhen at the age of 20. She bore him a son Sun Fo and two daughters, Sun Jinyuan (孫金媛) and Sun Jinwan (孫金婉). Sun subsequently married Soong Ching-ling, one of the Soong sisters. They were married in Japan on 25 October 1915, though he did not divorce his first wife, Lu Muzhen, due to opposition from the Chinese community. The relation with the sisters' father Charles Soong would play a role in political affairs. Among Sun's descendants was Leland Sun, who spent 37 years working in Hollywood as an actor and stuntman.
Cultural references
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing at 1 May 2011
Memorials and structures in AsiaIn most major Chinese cities one of the main streets is named Zhongshan Lu (中山路) to celebrate his memory. There are also numerous parks, schools, and geographical features named after him. Xiangshan, Sun's hometown in Guangdong, was renamed Zhongshan in his honor, and there is a hall dedicated to his memory at the Temple of Azure Clouds in Beijing. There are also a series of Sun Yat-sen stamps.
Other reference to Sun include the Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou and National Sun Yat-sen University in Kaohsiung. Other structures include Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, Sun Yat-sen subway station, Sun Yat-sen house in Nanjing, Dr. Sun Yat-sen Museum in Hong Kong, Chung-Shan Building in the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei. Zhongshan Memorial Middle School has also been a name used by many schools. Zhongshan Park is also a common name used for a number of places named after him. The first highway in Taiwan is called the Sun Yat-sen expressway. Two ships are also named after him, the Chinese gunboat Chung Shan and Chinese cruiser Yat Sen. The old Chinatown in Calcutta (now known as Kolkata), India has a prominent street by the name of Sun Yat-sen street. In Penang, Malaysia, the Penang Philomatic Union had its premises at 120 Armenian Street in 1910, during the time when Sun spent more than four months in Penang, convened the historic "Penang Conference" to launch the fundraising campaign for the Huanghuagang Uprising and founded the Kwong Wah Yit Poh; this house, which has been preserved as the Sun Yat Sen Museum Penang (formerly called the Sun Yat Sen Penang Base), was visited by President designate Hu Jintao in 2002. The Penang Philomatic Union subsequently moved to a bungalow at 65 Macalister Road which has been preserved as the Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Centre in Penang.
As dedication, the 1966 Chinese Cultural Renaissance was launched on Sun's birthday on 12 November.
The Nanyang Wan Qing Yuan have since been preserved and renamed as the Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall. A Sun Yat-sen heritage trail was also launched in 20 November 2010 in Penang.
Sun's US citizen Hawaii birth certificate that show he was not born in the ROC, but instead born in the US was on public display at the American Institute in Taiwan on US Independence day 4 July 2011.
A marker on the Sun Yat-sen Historical Trail on Hong Kong Island
Memorials and structures outside of AsiaDr. Sun Yat-Sen Classical Chinese Garden is located in Vancouver, the largest classical Chinese gardens outside of Asia. There is the Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial Park in Chinatown, Honolulu. In Sacramento, California there is a bronze statue of Sun in front of the Chinese Benevolent Association of Sacramento. Another statue of Sun Yat-sen can be found at Riverdale Park in Toronto, Canada. There is also the Moscow Sun Yat-sen University. In Chinatown, San Francisco, there is a 12-foot statue of him on St. Mary's Square.
In late 2011, the Chinese Youth Society of Melbourne, in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Republic Of China, unveiled, in a Lion Dance Blessing ceremony, a memorial statue of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen outside the Chinese Museum in Melbourne's Chinatown, on the spot where their traditional Chinese New Year Lion Dance always ends.
In 1993 Lily Sun, one of Sun Yat-sen's granddaughters, donated books, photographs, artwork and other memorabilia to the Kapi`olani library as part of the "Sun Yat-sen Asian collection". During October and November every year the entire collection is shown. In 1997 the "Dr Sun Yat-sen Hawaii foundation" was formed online as a virtual library. In 2006 the NASA Mars Exploration Rover Spirit labeled one of the hills explored "Zhongsan".
The plaque shown earlier in this article is by Dora Gordine, and is situated on the site of Sun's lodgings in London in 1896, 8 Grays Inn Place. There is also a plaque commemorating Sun at The Kennels, Cottered, Hertfordshire, the country home of the Cantlies where Sun came to recuperate after his rescue from the legation in 1896.
In popular culture
TV series, filmsThe life of Sun is portrayed in various films, mainly The Soong Sisters and Road to Dawn. A fictionalized assassination attempt on his life was featured in Bodyguards and Assassins. He is also portrayed during his struggle to overthrow the Qing dynasty in Once Upon a Time in China II. The TV series Towards the Republic features Ma Shaohua as Sun Yat-sen. In the 100th anniversary tribute of the film 1911, Winston Chao played Sun.
Sun Yat-sen tribute in Tiananmen Square, 2005.
PerformancesIn 2010 a theatrical play "Yellow Flower on slopes" (斜路黃花) was made. In 2011 there is also a mandopop group called "Zhongsan road 100" (中山路100號) known for singing the song "Our father of the nation" (我們國父). In 2011 a three-act "Dr Sun Yat-sen opera" was announced by the Hong Kong Leisure and Cultural Services Department.
BooksThe 1992 novel China Mountain Zhang has a protagonist named Zhongsan of Chinese and Puerto Rican ancestry in a world dominated by the Communist party.
Controversy New Three Principles of the PeopleAt one time CPC General secretary and PRC president Jiang Zemin claimed Sun Yat-sen had a "New Three Principles of the People" (新三民主義) which consisted of "working with the soviets, working with the communists and helping the farmers" (聯俄, 聯共, 扶助工農). Lily Sun said the CPC was distorting Sun's legacy in 2001. She then voiced her displeasure in 2002 in a private letter to Jiang about the distortion of history. In 2008 Jiang Zemin was willing to offer US$10 million to sponsor a Xinhai Revolution anniversary celebration event. According to Ming Pao she could not take the money because she would no longer have the freedom to communicate the revolution. This concept is still currently available on Baike Baidu.
KMT emblem disappearance caseIn 1981 Lily Sun took a trip to Sun Yat-sen mausoleum in Nanjing, People's Republic of China. The emblem of the KMT had disappeared from the top of his tomb. On another visit in May 2011, she was surprised to find the four characters "General Rules of Meetings" (會議通則), a document that Sun wrote in reference to Robert's Rules of Order had disappeared from a stone carving.
Father of Independent Taiwan issueIn November 2004 the Taiwan Ministry of Education proposed that Sun Yat-sen was not the father of their independent country, Taiwan. Instead Sun was a foreigner from China. Taiwanese Education minister Tu Cheng-sheng and Examination Yuan member Lin Yu-ti (林玉体) were then attacked with eggs. At a Sun Yat-sen statue in Kaohsiung, a 70 year old ROC retired soldier slit his own throat to commit suicide as a way to protest the ministry proposal on the anniversary of Sun's birthday 12 November.
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