| 字： | 慰亭 | ||||||
| 网笔号： | 容庵 | ||||||
| 籍贯： | 河南项城 | ||||||
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袁世凯（1859年9月16日－1916年6月6日）
字慰亭（又作慰庭），号容庵，汉族，河南项城人，是中国近代史上著名的反面政治人物。
曾是北洋军阀的领导人，在辛亥革命后，袁世凯窃取了革命果实，成为中华民国首任大总统，后因背叛民国，复辟称帝被推翻。
他曾担任过清帝国的军机大臣、驻朝鲜的代理总督。
1859年9月16日，袁世凯生于河南省项城市王明口镇袁寨一个世代官宦的大家族。父祖多为清朝显贵，权重一方
叔祖袁甲三以督办安徽团练镇压捻军起家，累官至漕运总督。父袁保中系地方豪绅。
叔父袁保庆曾在甲三军中带兵，官至江南盐巡道，
袁世凯自幼过继保庆为嗣子，少年时随嗣父先后到济南、南京等地读书。保庆死后，复随甲三子、户部侍郎袁保恒至北京就读。
1876年（光绪二年）和1879年，袁世凯两次乡试都未考中，遂决计弃文就武。1881年5月，袁世凯至山东登州，投靠保庆的结拜兄弟吴长庆，任“庆军”营务处会办。吴长庆为淮军统领，统率庆军六营驻防登州，督办山东防务。。
袁家在清道光年间开始兴盛，袁世凯的从叔祖父袁甲三曾署理漕运总督，并参与平定太平天国运动和捻军，为淮军重要将领，为其家族成员如袁世凯等人将来进入仕途打下良好的人脉基础。
袁世凯于清季投身行伍，襄赞洋务运动及新政，自道员、督抚累升，至入值军机，甚至内阁总理大臣。1911年辛亥革命后，中华民国成立，袁世凯经南北议和，就任首任大总统，但于1916年悍然复辟，称洪宪皇帝，激起全国人民的讨伐之声，南方革命军人在原云南都督蔡锷的领导下，组成护国军北上讨袁，袁世凯在四面楚歌之中郁郁而亡。
总督朝鲜 崭露头角
袁世凯年轻时失意科场，22岁弃文从军，投奔嗣父的至交、淮军将领吴长庆。
1882年朝鲜发生壬午军乱，朝鲜高宗李熙之父兴宣大院君李是应利用军队哗变，成功夺权；朝鲜“事大党”与大院君有隙，请求清廷出兵平乱，袁世凯乃跟随吴长庆的部队东渡朝鲜。清军将大院君掳至保定问罪，当年23岁的袁世凯则以“通商大臣暨朝鲜总督”身份驻藩属国朝鲜，协助朝鲜训练新军并控制税务。
1884年金玉均等“开化党”人士发动甲申政变试图推翻为“事大党”及闵妃所把持的政权，驻朝日军亦趁机行动欲挟制王室；国王李熙奔赴清营求助，袁世凯指挥清军击退日军，维系清廷在朝鲜的宗主权及其他特权。
1894年甲午战争爆发，清军海陆皆败，袁世凯随军撤退天津。因袁世凯在朝鲜时期表现突出，有“知兵”之名，大学士李鸿章乃于1895年举荐袁氏负责督练新军。
1882年8月，朝鲜发生“壬午兵变”。当时朝鲜和中国有宗藩关系，吴长庆受命前往镇压。袁世凯负责前敌营务处，以整顿军纪和镇压兵变有功，为朝鲜国王所看重，并得清政府奖叙五品同知衔。1884年中法战争爆发后，吴长庆回国。由直隶总督兼北洋大臣李鸿章奏举，袁世凯任驻汉城清军“总理营务处，会办朝鲜防务”。12月，朝鲜开化党在日本驻汉城公使馆支持下发动政变，捕杀事大党多人。袁世凯闻讯率领清军干涉，使事大党重掌政柄。日本政府借此要挟，袁被调回国。次年，复任清政府“驻扎朝鲜总理交涉通商事宜”的全权代表，并以道员升用，加三品衔。1893年，升为浙江温处道，仍留在朝鲜。至1894年7月中日甲午战争爆发前夕，化装逃出汉城，回到天津。战争爆发后，被派赴东北前线，协助前敌营务处周馥，负责筹拨粮饷，联络各军。
创立新军 平步青云
袁世凯自1895年开始在天津与塘沽之间的小站练兵起家，渐为清廷所倚重。这股军队后来发展成为北洋六镇(北洋新军)，为清末陆军主力，民国初年的北洋系军阀亦多源自清末新军。
1898年戊戌政变前，帝党人物曾寄望于袁的新军，谭嗣同即曾面劝袁世凯出兵围攻慈禧太后所居之颐和园。袁却将这一消息告诉忠于慈禧太后的荣禄，结果戊戌变法失败，皇帝失去政权并遭软禁。然而袁世凯当时的决定，对于戊戌维新的成败，是否具有决定性的影响，至今仍有争议。以往一般认为袁世凯将消息转告荣禄是戊戌政变失败的主因，但近年的研究发现，后党发动政变，实起于袁告密之前。甚且，以袁世凯当时掌握的新军战力，亦不足以对抗听命于荣禄驻扎在北京附近的众多部队。虽然，袁世凯告密并不是导致戊戌政变的根本原因，但是，戊戌变法却是因为袁世凯的告密而导致了毁灭性的后果。政变起初，慈禧太后在上谕中只是斥责康有为“莠言乱政”，并未申斥谭嗣同等人，而“莠言乱政”的罪名并不严重，起初对康有为的处分也仅是停职待参，而谭嗣同劝袁世凯出兵围园诛后则属情节严重的谋逆大罪。当时袁世凯听时任直隶按察使杨崇伊说康有为已被革职待参，惧怕谭嗣同劝其出兵围攻慈禧太后一事暴露，牵连自己，遂向荣禄告密，西太后闻之大怒，下令逮捕康、梁诸人下狱，并诛杀六君子。由此可见，戊戌政变虽然不是因袁世凯告密而发生，但是正是袁世凯的告发，才使维新运动导致毁灭性后果。
1899年冬，因义和团在山东的排外行为引起各国不满，清廷被迫撤换纵容拳民的山东巡抚毓贤，代之以袁世凯。这是袁世凯首次出任方面大员。袁到任后，一改毓贤的处理方针，对拳民大力镇压，令其在山东无法立足，逃往天津、北京一带，慈禧太后以民气可用纵容义和团。翌年爆发了八国联军战祸，山东在袁世凯治下则维持稳定，并且加入东南互保。
1895年12月，袁世凯由军务处大臣荣禄、李鸿章等奏派扩练驻天津小站的定武军，更名为“新建陆军”。聘德国军官十余人担任教习，又从天津武备学堂中挑选百余名学生任各级军官，并引用和培植一批私人亲信，以加强对全军的控制。这些人以后大都成为清末民初的军政要人。如徐世昌、段祺瑞、冯国璋、王士珍、曹锟、张勋等。小站练兵是清末新式军队发展的转折点，也奠定了袁世凯一生事业的基础。从此，声誉鹊起，扶摇直上。1897年，擢直隶（今河北）按察使，仍主持练兵。1898年6月，袁世凯升任工部右侍郎。12月，署理山东巡抚，率领全部新军（时称“武卫右军”）前往济南。时山东境内义和团运动爆发，他认定义和团为“左道邪教”，派兵到各州县残酷镇压。一跃而成为中外所瞩目的实力人物。1901年11月，继李鸿章署理直隶总督兼北洋大臣，次年实授，权势更加显赫。
《辛丑条约》签订后，清政府迫于内外形势，施行新政。袁世凯表示极力拥护，并借机扩大自己的权力。1902年，兼任政务处参预政务大臣和练兵大臣，在保定编练北洋常备军（简称北洋军）。次年，清政府在北京设立练兵处，庆亲王奕劻为总理大臣，袁世凯任会办大臣，掌握实权。创办各种武备学堂，并聘请大批日本军官担任教习。至1905年北洋六镇编练成军，每镇一万二千五百余人，除第一镇系满族贵族铁良统率的旗兵外，其余五镇都在他的控制之下，重要将领几乎都是小站练兵时期的亲信军官。同时，袁世凯还兼任督办电政大臣、督办铁路大臣及会议商约大臣。在此期间，他在发展北洋工矿企业、修筑铁路、创办巡警、整顿地方政权及开办新式学堂等方面，都颇有成效。通过办理新政，他得以“内结亲贵，外树党援”，处心积虑扩张权势，很快形成了一个以他为首的庞大的北洋军事政治集团。
养精蓄锐 东山再起1901年李鸿章去世后，袁世凯接任直隶总督、北洋大臣，成为疆臣首领。1907年调任军机大臣，成为中枢重臣。袁世凯大力襄赞新政，包括废科举、督办新军、建学校、办工业等，第一支中国警察队伍亦于天津成立。
1908年光绪皇帝及慈禧太后相继去世，溥仪继位，醇亲王载沣摄政。载沣因为反对袁世凯的很多新政措施，更因为戊戌政变一事（他认为袁世凯出卖维新派，致使光绪被慈禧太后幽禁至死），对袁世凯非常痛恨，成为摄政王后立即解除袁所有差事；袁知其势不吉，称疾返回河南，最初隐居于辉县，后转至安阳。袁在此期间韬光养晦，暗地里仍关心政事，等待时机复出。
1911年10月10日武昌起义，1911年11月1日清廷宣布解散皇族内阁，任命袁世凯为内阁总理大臣。11月13日袁世凯抵达北京，16日组织新内阁。其成员是：外务大臣梁敦彦，民政大臣赵秉钧、度支大臣严修、学务大臣唐景崇、陆军大臣王士珍、海军大臣萨镇冰、司法大臣沈家本、农工商大臣张謇、邮传部大臣杨士琦、理藩大臣达寿。并以胡惟德、乌珍、陈锦涛、杨度、田文烈、谭学衡、梁启超、熙彦、梁如浩、荣勋分任各部副臣。
北洋集团势力的扩张，对掌握中央政柄的满族亲贵集团的世袭地位构成严重威胁，双方权力之争日趋激化。皇室亲贵煽动一些御史上疏屡弹劾袁世凯权高势重，任用私人，甚至预言将步曹操、刘裕后尘。1906年，袁被迫辞去各项兼差，并将北洋军一、三、五、六各镇交陆军部直接管辖。次年，又被调离北洋，到北京任军机大臣兼外务部尚书。1908年11月光绪帝和慈禧太后相继病死，年幼的溥仪继位，改元“宣统”，其父载沣为摄政王。1909年初，袁世凯被载沣罢去一切职务，令回籍“养疴”。但他的许多部属依然位居要津，实权在握，袁世凯时刻准备东山再起。
附加：
光绪皇帝死因之谜：
2003年开始，清西陵文物管理处与中央电视台编导钟里满尝试借由现代法医手法，由光绪所遗留毛发与遗骸中检验出高量砷成份，显示生前有被砒霜毒害的可能性。花了5年时间，反复验证光绪尸体上的头发、衣物，2008年11月1日，北京市公安局法医检验鉴定中心、中国原子能科学研究院、清西陵文物管理处与中央电视台联合召开记者会，发表“清光绪皇帝死因研究报告”，确定光绪是因为砒霜中毒而亡。
关于是何人为毒死光绪帝的元凶，有关专家分成了两派意见：一说是慈禧太后，二说是袁世凯。
支持袁世凯为毒死光绪帝元凶的理论有：
慈禧与光绪是政治的争斗，作为一个政治家，她很清楚她死后不可能继续朝着她所既定的策略走下去，而且她也会明白维新变法甚至社会改良是历史必然，在她临死的几年中实际上做了许多，开议会设内阁，改革力度远大于光绪的维新变法，她的夺权更是一种政治野心和保护既得利益的需要，所以，她没必要加害于光绪。就算是她死了，光绪重新掌权，她也照样配享宗庙，动不了她的权威，这是必然的。再一个层面来说，慈禧与光绪毕竟还有一层血缘关系，是她妹妹的儿子，也是她的养子，慈禧再阴毒，也毒不到这个份上。袁世凯就不同了，他是臣子，而且由于他的叛变导致光绪帝被软禁长达十年之久，这个仇，作为一个皇帝是肯定要报的，袁世凯有杀人动机，而且当时袁世凯身为军机大臣，主掌北洋军，是完全有这个条件谋害皇帝。
而溥仪的回忆录《我的前半身》中也有类似记载，说慈禧太后临终前一天，本来“上午还好好的光绪皇帝，吃了一剂药便突然坏了事，后来才知道，那一剂药是袁世凯送进来的……”
软硬兼施 就任总统
1911年10月10日武昌起义，辛亥革命爆发，南方各省纷纷宣布独立。北洋新军成为清室唯一可以抵抗革命的力量，于是再用袁世凯，先任其为湖广总督，旋任其为内阁总理大臣。
袁世凯一面以武力压迫南方革命，另一方面却暗中与革命党人谈判。而革命党人亦认为袁世凯是能领导中国的政治领袖。12月29日，南方十七省选出孙文担任中华民国第一任临时大总统，1912年1月1日在南京宣布民国成立，孙文就任。1月16日，袁世凯回家路上，在东华门丁字街，遭到同盟会京津分会组织的炸弹暗杀，炸死袁卫队长等十人，袁世凯幸免于难。1月25日，袁世凯及各北洋将领通电支持共和。2月12日，隆裕太后接受优待条件，清帝逊位，清朝对中国的统治宣告终止。
2月15日，南京参议院正式选举袁世凯为临时大总统。依据中华民国临时约法，改总统制为内阁制，大大削减袁世凯的权利，袁却于3月10日于北京就职。袁就职之后，坚持一个强有力的中央政府，同时积极与列强交涉，维持了中国对蒙古和西藏的主权。
1913年2月，依据临时约法，举行了中国历史上第一次国会选举。国民党所得议席最多，按约法精神应由该党理事长宋教仁出任内阁总理。3月20日，宋教仁却在上海遇刺身亡，全国大哗。革命元勋孙文、黄兴等均指袁氏授意暗杀，袁世凯则予否认；当时之证据指向时任国务总理赵秉钧涉嫌教唆杀人，并无袁世凯本人授意之直接证据。7月，孙文组织中华革命党，发动二次革命，武力讨伐袁世凯，但遭到失败。
10月6日，国会在军警压力下，选举袁世凯为第一任大总统，袁世凯随即于北京故宫太和殿就职。11月4日，袁世凯下令解散中国国民党，并收缴国民党议员证书。国会因人数不足而无法开会。1914年1月，袁世凯下令解散国会。之后袁认为“人民滥用民主自由、人民政治认识尚在幼稚时代”，废止中华民国临时约法，于5月推出新的《中华民国约法》，改内阁制为总统制。之后再修改总统选举法，使总统可无限期连任，新任总统亦由在任总统指派。
洪宪称帝 梦断紫禁
1915年12月袁世凯宣布恢复中国的君主制，建立中华帝国，并改元洪宪。总统府改为新华宫。但是，袁世凯的称帝举措并没有得到广泛支持。不仅孙中山、梁启超等人坚决反对帝制，北洋将领段祺瑞、冯国璋等也深为不满。帝国主义列强亦不断对他提出警告。12月25日，蔡锷、唐继尧等在云南宣布起义，发动护国战争，讨伐袁世凯。贵州、广西相继响应。北洋派内部危机四伏。袁世凯被迫于1916年3月22日宣布取消帝制，恢复“中华民国”年号，起用段祺瑞为国务卿兼陆军总长，企图依靠段团结北洋势力，支持他继续担任大总统。但起义各省不承认他有再做总统的资格。段祺瑞也逼他交出军政实权。广东、浙江、陕西、湖南、四川纷纷通电宣告独立或与袁世凯个人断绝关系。5月下旬忧愤成疾。1916年6月6日，袁世凯因尿毒症不治，卒于举国声讨声中，时年57岁。同年8月24日正式归葬于河南安阳。
袁氏的登基称帝之举，受到当时大部份国人的反对，包括袁氏心腹将领冯国璋、段祺瑞等，段祺瑞致电袁世凯：“恢复国会，退位自全”，实已无以为继。
蔡锷秘密逃出北京，联同云南的军人在云南组织护国军，于1915年12月25日起兵讨袁。接着，各省接连宣布独立，随着帝制遭到广泛反对而失败，袁氏尽失人心，只得于1916年3月22日宣布取消帝制帝号，称帝仅83天。取消帝制帝号之余，袁氏陷入众叛亲离的困境，欲续任大总统亦不可得，在心理的重大打击及家族遗传性糖尿病交煎之下，于6月6日病死。
袁世凯最后称帝，与其长子袁克定迷恋太子权位是分不开的，其中最严重的是袁克定伪造《顺天时报》，营造日本支持袁世凯称帝的氛围（此事被袁世凯次子袁克文和女儿袁叔桢无意中发现），袁世凯曾责袁克定“欺父误国”。但毕竟袁克定无法逼迫袁世凯称帝，袁世凯自身的帝王思想是其称帝的决定因素。
历史评价
引自《清朝宰相传》
袁世凯（1859～1916），是近代中国历史上一个极其重要的代表人物，一个伪装维新的封建专制主义者。他的名字已经成为近代中国反动政治的同义语，每一部中国近代史书都不能不提到他。
关于他的历史，中外已有不少论著。这些研究成果，是本书进一步探讨的基础。本书在写作过程中，参阅了有关袁世凯的政府档案、私人函电及已出版的专著和史料。由于许多新史料的出现，使我们对袁世凯的历史能够获得较为详实的了解，纠正某些以讹传讹之处。本书主要目的在于揭露封建专制主义的野蛮、愚昧、虚伪和顽固，说明清末民初支配我国社会历史的一般的和特有的规律，以及违反这个规律的人物最终要失败的必然性。
袁世凯开始登上政治舞台的时刻，正值中国在封建制度的桎梏下将要走完其漫长的黑暗路程的年代，也正是给中华民族带来剧痛创伤的甲午战争的前后。战前，他是李鸿章淮系军阀集团的一名初露头角的走卒。战后，趁淮系军阀衰落的时机，他在小站创练了一支新式陆军，并以此为资本，破坏了资产阶级改良派的维新运动，扑灭了反帝爱国的义和团运动，在中外反动派的一片喝彩声中，爬上了直隶总督兼北洋大臣的显赫职位。他敏锐地觉察到，王朝衰微，人民民主革命的浪潮一浪高过一浪，如不谋求新的对策，很难再继续维持其统治。因此，从1901至1908年，他戴着“急进改革者”的面具，以“中学为体，西学为用”的洋务派理论纲领为指导，以那支新式陆军为核心，通过办“新政”，组织起一个庞大的北洋军事政治集团。这个新兴的集团是淮系军阀集团的延续和发展，是清政府推行“新政”的结果，是帝国主义侵华由瓜分政策转到“保全（清朝）政策”的产物。袁世凯正是依靠这个集团的势力，不遗余力地支撑着摇摇欲坠的封建专制王朝，破坏正在蓬勃发展的资产阶级民主革命运动。然而，当孙中山领导的民主革命风暴来临的前夕，他在与世袭的满族亲贵集团的政治争斗中遭到了惨败，灰溜溜地退出了政治舞台。
1911年辛亥革命爆发，清王朝陷于崩溃的绝境。历史发展造成了一种新的局势和条件，使得已经失势三年的袁世凯扮演了“末世英雄”的角色。他迅速地集结起北洋集团的军事政治力量，赢得了帝国主义和国内立宪派的依赖和支持，先打着“实行君主立宪”的旗号，强夺了清政府的一切权力；又迎合时代潮流，举着“赞成共和”的幌子，巧取了中华民国临时大总统的职务。但是，这个专制皇权的崇拜者和觊觎者，根本就不相信在中国能实行民主共和。他之所以要和以孙中山为首的民主派妥协，握手言欢，实际上完全是为了尽快绞杀革命。因此，一上台他就不择手段地加强个人权力，破坏法制，践踏民主，追求专制独裁的统一；并把民主派视为集权路上的最大障碍，乘民主派尚未巩固阵地之际，步步紧逼，迫使他们退出政府，裁减革命军队，接着便无情地把他们浸在血泊里。他又解散国会，撕毁“约法”，将民主政治的痕迹扫荡净尽。然而，这一切扼杀民族生机的反动行为，却都是在“统一国家”、“救国救民”及“保卫共和”的动听口号掩饰之下完成的。
民主派对袁世凯的让步，换来的是灾难性的打击。满腔悲愤的孙中山，率领残存的部分民主力量仓促逃往国外。一些助纣为虐的进步党人，在袁氏推行的封建独裁暴政面前吓得目瞪口呆，不敢再倡言宪政了。1914至1915年，北洋军阀气焰万丈，腐恶的政治势力好象安如泰山了。袁氏顾盼自雄，以为自己是天运所选定的人物，可以随心所欲地改变历史的进程。于是，他悍然恢复帝制，企图建立万世一系的“洪宪”王朝，强令人民世世代代接受袁氏的暴虐奴役。但是，正如同一切事物发展到极端就必然走向自己的反面一样，全国人民终于识破了他的真面目：原来这个满口“仁义道德”的共和国的“英雄”、“中华民国之第一华盛顿”，是一个背信弃义、食言自肥的封建暴君，是一个寡廉鲜耻的卖国贼。
袁世凯的倒行逆施，造成了民生凋敝、民怨沸腾。人民的愤怒情绪在许多地方发展为骚动或起义。规模虽小，但相当普遍，宛如涓涓细流，汇成滔滔江河，波涛汹涌，势不可挡。孙中山重整旗鼓，以鲜明的革命民主派的立场和大无畏的英雄气概与独裁者进行了殊死的搏斗。国内斗争的形势迅速发生变化，使袁氏建立家天下的私欲和他所代表的那个集团的共同利益之间产生了尖锐的对立，以致进步党人和那些对帝制心怀猜忌的北洋军阀也都意识到，不撇开袁世凯就不能保持他们所代表的社会势力的利益。于是，他们便和当初袁世凯所要消灭和排斥的一切社会力量联合起来，共同“讨袁”。短命的洪宪王朝在各种势力的打击下仅仅闹了八十三天就消失了。历史无情地嘲弄了袁世凯：他本来要追求世袭的绝对的独裁权力，结果却使他的一切既得权力都丧失殆尽。
中外历史上曾经出现过不少妄想扭转历史车轮前进的丑角，这类丑角没有一个不是以身败名裂而告终。袁世凯的历史又一次证明：凡是不顾社会历史发展的要求，违背人民意志而倒行逆施的人，无论他是多么骄横跋扈，显赫一时，其最后的结果必然是被抛入历史的垃圾堆。
对于袁世凯的历史评价一般以负面居多，但是这些负面评价是否公允也被质疑。
袁世凯有任事之才、治军之能，实为清末一务实干练的能臣，自小站练兵至接掌北洋，还有他建新学的学校，主张废科举，引进西方学说，又成立一支警察部队，令中国军警分离。袁世凯对中国的军事和工业化，有很大的贡献。
然而袁氏当国时期，为巩固个人独裁权力，不守约法、解散国民党，使刚诞生的中华民国失去在制度下健康发展的机会。有人指他是暗杀国民党理事长宋教仁的元凶，但实际元凶可能是其他人；而无论袁本人是否曾授意杀宋，此事成为党人发动二次革命讨袁的引爆点，结果造成了中国的南北分裂。
1915年袁世凯在日本外交压力下，接受了形同干涉并垄断中国内政的“二十一条”要求中之大部分条款，使其政绩蒙上污点。但也有很多人认为：在东亚地区因欧战爆发而陷入国际权力真空之际，面对日本一国独强的巨大压力，袁世凯及北洋政府对于抵抗日方二十一条要求，实已尽最大之努力，以此深非似欠公允。
嗣候袁氏违背民国公意，称帝登基，遭到全国反对，至此袁氏之威望彻底破产。称帝之举堪称袁氏政治生涯中所犯之最大错误。
有人认为，袁氏是一个投机分子。在光绪帝委以大任时，他却投靠慈禧太后一党。到宣统继位后，被摄政王强迫退休的他，在辛亥革命爆发后强迫摄政王退位，掌握清廷大权，本应平定革命的他，反过来为自己的利益，支持革命迫使清帝退位而得任民国总统。这全是选有利益的一方投靠的行为。
关于袁世凯的挽联：
袁世凯的自挽联：
为日本去一大敌；
看中国再造共和。
杨度挽袁世凯联
共和误民国，民国抑误共和，百世而后再平此狱
君宪负明公，明公实负君宪，九泉之下三复斯言
黎元洪挽袁世凯联
华夏日重光，回思缔造艰难，亿兆生灵应感泣
勋名天不朽，太息受终危急，万几擘画失师赀
冯国璋挽袁世凯联
为天下痛，更哭其私，一柱存亡关气运
如四时行，成功者退，千秋华夏仰威灵
骆宝善口中的袁世凯
（下文根据：骆宝善2006年8月19日在凤凰卫视做的一期节目《<世纪大讲堂>：民国人物系列之袁世凯》进行整理）
（1）清末新政中的袁世凯
晚清十年的新政是当时中国当政的主流势力在中国全面移植西方的生产方式、政治制度的一个努力。在新政当中，袁世凯是最中坚的力量，坚强的力量。《辛丑条约》签订不久，李鸿章去世，袁世凯被清朝政府任命为直隶总督兼北洋大臣，袁世凯是个少壮派，当年才42岁。清朝政府这时候，任命他当山东巡抚，巡抚就省长了，他当山东巡抚才一年半，而且这个时候正是他妈妈去世，在那个“夺情”期间，就是过去按中国规定，父母去世，他要辞官回去三年守孝的，清朝政府要他夺情，叫他继续在这当官，还在他母亲去世这个夺情期间，又把他从山东巡抚提升成为直隶总督，可见清朝政府对他十分重用和信任。
他在直隶总督任上，全面地大刀阔斧地在河北省这里进行了资本主义的改革。
在经济领域里边，他在河北这里进行了全面的倡导，推动实业的发展，就是建设工业，发展工业。比如说当时的滦州煤矿，就是后来的开滦煤矿的一部分了，像唐山的水泥厂，启新洋灰公司，都是这时候他主导建立起来的。他还鼓励民间，民营的资本大量发展工业，更可贵的是，他在直隶全省各州县推行这种实业的建设。他常言，官可以不做，实业不能不发展。一直到他罢了官，回老家，他还多次表示，罢官不算什么，但是实业救国是我念念不忘的一件事情。在军事方面，大家都知道的，他编练的北洋新军，那就是当时中国最近代化的军队。在政治制度方面，他首先在天津这里进行了法制方面的改革，移栽西方的司法制度。在天津首先实行议会制度，然后在这取得经验，向全省推广，作为实行立宪，实行宪政的基础措施。他在全国积极倡导实行君主立宪，他常言，官可以不做，宪法不能不立，那就说，我们的君主立宪是绝对要实行的。在文化领域，袁世凯在整个的河北省推行了新式教育的发展和兴办，因而取得了非常令人瞩目的成就。他自己身体力行，创办大学、中学、小学，在十年新政期间，就是到辛亥革命之前，他当直隶总督的这么几年，直隶这一省建立了有大学两所，各种专门学校，类似于现在的中等技术学校有29所，各级师范学校有40多所，中学22所。现在大概一个区，一个县中学都不止22所，当时要在河北省有22个中学，那是了不起的大事啊。
他还联合了其他的地方督抚，比如像湖广总督张之洞，湖南巡抚端方，一起联合上奏折，要求清朝政府废除科举，结束八股考试，到了1905年，清朝政府最终接受了他们的建议，废除了科举，就是不再八股取士了。一千多年的科举考试，尤其是明清以来六百年的这种取士制度，人才录用制度得到了彻底的改革。这是一件很了不起的大事啊。当时的读书人都靠科举吃饭啊，现在不考举人、进士、秀才了，都要上新学了，那是一个很大的社会阻力呀，他们想了许多办法，让这个旧的考试和新学接轨，借用一个词吧，是实现了这种废除科举的软着陆，没有引起太大的社会震动。
袁世凯深深知道，实行新政最重要的是录用人才，是人才的培养和使用，他在新政期间，全面地培养新式人才，培养新式人才的首要的办法是要建学校，学校的首要的主导力量是教师，那就大量地发展师范，培养教师，各种长期的、短期的师范建立了几十所。自己培养来不及，就用请进来，派出去的办法。当时日本是中国的榜样，那是最成功的榜样。而且日本离我国最近，还有同文之便，所以日本是大量派去留学生的地方。
可以举一个例子，当时袁世凯请严修，是天津的一个大教育家，南开大学，南开中学创始人，请他来主持直隶的学校改革。严修接受了袁世凯的礼聘。严修提出说，我先去日本考察，回来我再接受你这个任命，袁世凯说，我有经验了，前是，我请吴汝伦，他就说他去考察，回来他不干，你先来上任，上任了，接受了我任命，你再去考察。严修40几岁，那时候40几岁已经是老头了，他带了很精干的考察队伍到日本考察三个月。早晨、下午，一天两场到四场的考察，从日本的文部省到日本的幼儿园，大学、小学、中学，严修自己去，每一趟亲自去，事必躬亲，到那去，去访问，去向人家的官员请教。到小学、幼儿园，坐在那就听人家讲课，乃至于那些学生们的课外活动该怎么做，该怎么组织，他都事必躬亲取经，那种精神啊，那种态度啊，十分令人感动，后世的人，能赶得上的，说实在的，就不多，不是没有。袁世凯还大量地延纳了海外的精英，同光之际，我们中国派出了第一批留美的学生，有一百一二十个人，这一帮人最先是被李鸿章接纳到了北洋的幕下，他完全全盘地接收下来。
他在直隶总督任上有7个年头，实际上有整整6年，1901到1907，然后1907年的年中，上调中央，去当军机大臣兼外务部尚书，在六个军机大臣当中，他的资历最浅，但是他的才干最高，管事也最多。当了一年的军机大臣，到他1908年，他虚龄50，在北京这里举行了一个盛大的50寿辰的庆典，这时候袁世凯权倾朝野，红得发紫，如日中天。但是好景不长，一个多月以后，光绪皇帝和慈禧太后先后死了，就在帝、后百日大孝期间，当国的载沣对袁世凯下手了，找了一个借口，说他脚有病，你回家休养吧，这就叫做回籍“养疴”，就是把他贬回到老家去，据说还差一点把脑袋给他砍了。这在袁世凯的仕途官场上来说，确实是一个很大的转折，他正在高潮当中，那么一下子把他打回老家去了。
到辛亥革命枪响之前，袁世凯被打回老家这个时候，过去被贬了官的人，他们的声望很快没了，但是只有袁世凯在这三年当中，他的声望不仅没有下降，反而在逐节攀升，当时的朝野都希望清朝政府重新起用袁世凯，就在这个背景下面，辛亥革命枪声响了，清朝政府又重新把袁世凯请出来，当湖广总督，到前线去镇压革命党。
十年前的庚子年间，荣禄手下的那个“武卫军”五军，全军覆没了，被八国联军打败光了，只有袁世凯这个新建陆军，神差鬼使地在八国联军攻打天津之前，清朝政府调到了山东去，完整地保持了新建陆军这一支力量，袁世凯也调到了山东当了巡抚，这个新建陆军就成了后来袁世凯的政治资本和军事资本。
辛亥革命一起，中国人，外国人，朝野，从皇室到革命党，一致认为只有袁世凯出来收拾局面，这样他顺理成章地当了清朝政府的最后一任内阁总理，当了民国的临时大总统，当了大总统，后来去当皇帝，都是在这个机遇下起来的。
（2）二十一条并非称帝交换条件
日本借着欧战之机向中国提出了二十一条。日本驻华大使日置益禀承日本政府的训令，进见袁世凯，提交了这个二十一条的条文。
好多史书，小说家也说，日在向袁世凯递交二十一条文本的时候说，请大总统再高升一步，意思是说你接受二十一条，我日本支持你称帝，咱们达成这个政治交易，这说是袁世凯拱手卖国的最重要的根据。其实早在30年代初，王芸生在撰辑《60年来中国与日本》的时候，就指出这个说法没有根据，不合事理，不可采信。袁世凯指挥了整个二十一条的谈判过程，现在我们能见到的，袁世凯对二十一条的原本，二十一条的修正本，日本提出最后通牒的文本，这三本原本的东西，袁世凯在上边用红笔，就用朱笔，用墨笔做了批文，在许多地方做了重点的圈点，除了这些圈点之外，袁世凯对二十一条的条文的批示有70多处，长短的批文。指出牵涉到国家领土主权的绝对不谈，日本在中国扩大权益，把势力发展到长江腹地，发展到东南沿海的第五号内容，这大家都知道的，第五号内容绝对不谈。这一条不仅不能承认，根本不能谈，坚持住这一条不能谈。他指示外交部，要认清当时强弱的悬殊，耐心谈判，能够谈到对自己最有利的条件。同时说希望拖，把给日本的谈判尽量地把时间拖长，因为日本提出是秘密交涉，他想用拖的过程当中，希望引起欧美列强的注意，进行国际的干涉。这样一直拖了几个月，拖到5月，日本提出最后通牒的时候，欧美国家没有一个出来来支持的，甚至于像俄国还打算趁火打劫。袁世凯也征询了袁政府文武们的意见，诸位说，咱们是接受，是给日本打一场，文武官员们一致认为，只有接受，打不得。在日本提出二十一条的整个过程当中，国人仇日的情绪跟恐日的情绪，这两者是同时存在的，仇恨，那么仇恨日本人趁火打劫，提出这样的苛刻的条件来灭亡中国，这种仇恨之气确实是一股民气，但是这个民气没有实力做后盾，这个民气只能是一股窝囊气。恐日的这个情绪，恐日的这个病确确实实是实实在在的，历史回过头来看，从1895到现在的1916，20年，在这20年当中，1895年一次甲午战争，中国打败，大清王朝败了，1905年，日俄战争，沙俄帝国被日本打败了，日本趁打败大清王朝、打败俄国的那种余威睥睨世界，连欧美都看不在眼里，你中国算什么。只有在这样的条件，他才敢那样肆无忌惮的来欺负。
那么，在这样一个历史条件下，唯一能做的，那就是用艰苦的谈判，用艰苦的够挣扎一点对自己有利的条件。在这样一个这种情况下，我们只能说换换别的势力，换换别的人当政，当时也只能这样了。所以最后二十一条被迫在有条件的情况下接受了。五.九，国家定为国耻纪念日，说是奇耻大辱，这确实是。在五九签字之前，五.八，五月初八那一天，袁世凯就向全国通报，不得已，只有签订了，这实际上是奇耻大辱，在国人说这是奇耻大辱之前，他都承认这也是奇耻大辱。当是这种谈判，就在这种历史条件下，没办法。当时在国外，中国的留学海外的精英胡适，已经很成名的胡适就说，这个谈判应该说在之前中国的历史当中，是没有过的，该柔的时候柔，该刚的时候刚，争取了对自己最大的退让了。王芸生在30年代初编辑《60年来中国与日本》的时候也说，在回顾整个谈判，袁世凯的指挥和领导，应该说是没大错的，当年的一些历史学家，比如说陈恭禄的《近代史》啊，像这个蒋廷黻的《近代史》啊，也都肯定了，这时候二十一条的交涉。应该说这种结论，是中肯的。说他拱手卖国，起码是没有历史依据的。但是后来接着二十一条订立之后，他就马上就称帝了，而且这个政治交易啊，谁也很难保证他们没什么幕后的政治的交换。政敌们拿着作为攻击他的靶子，这是理所当然的。
（3）称帝是遗憾。
在我们这个国家呀，几千年的帝制，陶冶的这个中国人啊，有那种接受独裁和专制的基因，我讲到基因，甚至于我们这个脑袋瓜里面有那种传统的观念，我们接受当顺民这个观念是非常容易的，所以袁世凯在民初，民元，民一二三，这三年当中，他把国会当成工具，当成橡皮图章，把国会议员玩弄于股掌之上，先得到了临时大总统，得到了大总统，又得到了终身大总统。终身大总统还不足，宪法规定，他大总统辞位的时候，或者他大总统遇到不测的时候，他还可以遗嘱新的大总统继位人。他可以钦定张三，也可以钦定他的儿子。离当皇帝差不多远了，但是他宁是感到他的权威还不够，所以最后走上用称帝这个办法。这是他晚年的最大的不足和留下来的最大历史遗憾。
袁世凯与“二十一条”
1915年1月，日本向中国政府提出的，企图把中国的领土、政治、军事及财政等都置于日本的控制之下的二十一条无理要求。
1915年1月18日，日本驻华公使日置益晋见袁世凯，递交了二十一条要求的文件，并要求袁政府“绝对保密，尽速答复”。二十一条共分五大项：①承认日本继承德国在山东的一切权益，山东省不得让与或租借他国。②承认日本人有在南满和内蒙古东部居住、往来、经营工商业及开矿等项特权。旅顺、大连的租借期限并南满、安奉两铁路管理期限，均延展至99年为袁林牌坊限。③汉冶萍公司改为中日合办，附近矿山不准公司以外的人开采。④所有中国沿海港湾、岛屿概不租借或让给他国。⑤中国政府聘用日本人为政治、军事、财政等顾问。中日合办警政和兵工厂。武昌至南昌、南昌至杭州、南昌至潮州之间各铁路建筑权让与日本。日本在福建省有开矿、建筑海港和船厂及筑路的优先权等等。二十一条要求严重损害了中国的主权，袁世凯不敢立即表示接受。消息一经传开，反日舆论沸腾。欧美列强对日本损害他们在华的侵略权益一致不满，纷纷给予抨击。正式谈判于1915年2月2日开始。日本以支持袁世凯称帝引诱于前，以武力威胁于后，企图使袁世凯政府全盘接受。中国人民反日爱国斗争日趋高涨，日本见事态严重，便一面宣布第五项为希望条件，属于劝告性质；一面提出新案，内容与原要求一至四项基本相同，仅将若干条文改用换文方式。5月7日日本发出最后通牒，限48小时内应允。袁世凯指望欧美列强干涉落空，又怕得罪日本，皇帝做不成，便以中国无力抵御外侮为理由，于5月9日递交复文表示除第五项各条容日后协商外，全部接受日本的要求。5月25日在北京签订了所谓“中日条约”和“换文”。
二十一条是日本帝国主义以吞并中国为目的而强加于中国的单方面“条约”，袁政府事后也不得不声明此项条约是由于日本最后通牒而被迫同意的。此后历届中国政府均未承认其为有效条约。
安阳袁林
位于安阳市北郊洹水北岸的临府庄北地，是袁世凯的墓园所在地，现为安阳博物馆馆址所在地。墓园建筑最大的特点是中西合璧，堂院前的部分是明清皇陵的风格，堂院后的墓园部分则具有西洋建筑特色，整体看来非常别致。主要有照壁、神道、安阳袁林牌楼、碑亭、享堂大院等建筑。
袁世凯墓位于洹水北岸，修建时花费了两年的时间。“占地一百三十八亩九分八厘八毫六丝九忽，支出银圆七十三万二千七百五十四元一角九分一厘”，这些数字都翔实地记录在《袁公林墓工报告》中的清单上。在那个朝代交替的动荡年代，还有这些心静如水者能细心地把面积精确到忽，把资金精确到厘，着实令人佩服。
在所用70多万银圆中，北洋政府出银50万两，其余部分由袁世凯北洋旧部个人捐款，多者都是现币一万元，少者也没有低于两三千元的。《袁公林墓工报告》记载，“袁公遗产不丰未忍轻动，而库币奇拙难在请求爰兴，段君忠枢工统筹议，发起微资萃袍卅年之谊，竟山陵一篑之功，群策群力集捐款银币二十五万元。”
据说当年的袁坟四周逐排栽种有杨树、柏树、槐树，周围还有大片的祭田。从一幅袁林竣工后拍摄的照片上看到，当时洹河北岸的房屋和居民很少，规模庞大的袁坟在一片空旷中赫然凸现。袁坟四周果然有成排的树木，只是我并没有分辨出这些到底是何种树木。袁公林竣工以后，时任大总统、袁世凯的好友徐世昌亲临安阳勘察，并授意在原京汉铁路洹上村处添置神道碑一座，以示景仰。
袁林的设计者是德国的工程师，它的建筑“仿明陵而略小”。主体建筑自南而北依次为照壁、糙石桥、清白石桥、牌楼门、望柱、石像生、碑亭、东西值房、堂院大门、大丹陛、东西配殿、景仁堂、墓台。
袁世凯墓为什么不称“陵”而称“林?
袁世凯冒天下之大不韪称“帝”，名不正而言不顺，最后四面楚歌，不到六十岁就一命呜呼。他的墓不称“陵”而称“林”，听起来也有几分怪异。据说袁世凯的大儿子袁克定最初也想效仿历代帝王，把自己老子的万年吉地称为“袁陵”，但当时当政的徐世昌却不以为然，他说：“项城生前称帝未成，未曾身居大宝，且已取消洪宪年号，如果采取袁陵之名，实为不妥。林与陵谐音，《说文解字》上所载陵与林二字又可以互相借用，避陵之名，仍陵之实，这多好啊！”自古帝王之墓为陵，圣人之墓为林，袁世凯墓效仿“孔林”、“关林”而称“袁林”，不仅巧妙，简直是掠美了。
袁世凯为什么要葬在安阳？
袁世凯老家在河南项城，为什么要葬在安阳呢？袁世凯生前含糊其辞，近代史家也只能分析推测，因此各有各的说法。
早在袁世凯归隐的1910年冬天，他就为自己选择好了墓地，但究竟在何处他没有明说。1911年6月他在致端方的信中写道：“兄衰病日增，行将就木，牛眠之区，去冬已卜得一段。”据其子袁克文记述，袁世凯自选的墓地在太行山中。他写道：“昔先公居洹时，曾自选窀穸（音zhun xi，意墓穴。）地，在太行山中，邃而高旷，永安之所也。”袁氏后人最后讨论葬于何地时，袁克文提出按其父生前的意愿办，但长子袁克定坚决反对，决定将其葬在彰德府洹上村旁。
对于袁世凯不归葬项城的原因，比较一致的说法认为和他的身世、家事有关。
清咸丰九年（1859），袁世凯生于河南省项城县袁寨。他们家按照“保、世、克、家”来排辈分，父亲袁保中有八个子女，长子世昌、次子世敦和两个女儿为原配夫人所生，其余四子皆是庶出，袁世凯行四，7岁时又过继给了叔父袁保庆。袁世凯做山东巡抚时，他的母亲刘氏病死在天津，灵柩运回项城之后，袁世凯的同父异母兄袁世敦以嫡子主持家务，他认为刘氏不是正房，坚决不准正门出殡，灵柩也不能埋入祖坟正穴和袁保中合葬。尽管袁世凯颇有权势，但囿于伦理纲常，只能和哥哥争执，甚至跪下哀求，也没有得到袁世敦的许可。袁世凯最后只得另购坟地，才算让母亲安然入土，但也因此和袁世敦闹翻了脸，盛怒之下与之绝交，从此永远不再回到项城老家。
作为直鲁咽喉、平汉铁路重镇的安阳，在袁世凯的宦海生涯中，可说是一处风水宝地。众所周知，袁世凯早年考取功名屡次落榜，后投身行伍才逐渐发迹。他政治生涯的转折点是甲午战后的天津小站练兵，从此青云直上，戊戌变法的第二年当上了山东巡抚，后任直隶总督兼北洋大臣，进入了大清朝廷的权力中枢。
1905、1906年北洋陆军连续两年举行了大规模的军事会操，其中1906年9月的会操是在彰德举行的，袁世凯是阅兵大臣。这次会操是直隶两湖等省陆军的实战演习，精选出来参加演习的北洋官兵有4万多人，还有各国驻华官员和记者500余人参加。这是甲午战争以来北洋军队规模最大的一次亮相，也是袁世凯对自己家底的一次大炫耀，因此更被朝廷看作是栋梁之臣。
1908年光绪皇帝和慈禧太后相继登天，与袁世凯有矛盾的醇亲王载沣摄政，他发布谕旨解除了袁世凯所有职务，令袁世凯“回籍养疴”。袁世凯自从和大哥闹翻之后，就把彰德当成了自己的故里。这里位于河南直隶交界处，交通方便，离京城也近。袁世凯小的时候，就知道安阳这个洹上村，相传商朝名相伊尹在朝中遭人诽谤，到洹上村隐居三年，后来商王亲自到洹上村迎他复任。安阳也是袁世凯的远祖－－汉朝大将军·袁绍发祥之地，袁世凯觉得，洹上村对自己是一块吉祥宝地，还在小站练兵的时候，他就买下了这里二百多亩地，只是没想到这么快就派上了用场。
妻妾子女
妻妾
元配于氏，长子袁克定
大姨太太沈氏，没有子女
二姨太太李氏，长女伯祯、五子克权、七子克齐、十子克坚、十二子克度。六女籙祯
三姨太太金氏。次子克文、三子克良、三女叔祯、八女（早亡）、十女思祯。
四姨太太吴氏。四子克端、次女仲祯（嫁给了两江总督端方的侄子）、四女（早亡）、七女复祯。
五姨太太杨氏。六子克桓、八子克轸、九子克久、十一子克安、五女季祯、十五女（早亡）、九子克久（娶民国黎元洪的女儿为妻）
六姨太太叶氏。十四子克捷、十七子克友、九女福祯、十一女奇祯、十二女瑞祯。
七姨太太张氏。没有子女，
八姨太太郭氏。十三子克相、十五子克和、十四女怙祯。
九姨太太刘氏。十六子克藩，早死；女儿仪祯排行十三，续五姨太的女儿季祯嫁苏州陆状元家。
子
长子克定
次子克文
三子克良
四子克端
五子克权
六子克桓
七子克齐
八子克轸
九子克久
十子克坚
十一子克安
十二子克度
十三子克相
十四子克捷
十五子克和
十六子克藩
十七子克友
女
长女伯祯（成年后嫁与清两江总督张人骏的儿子）
次女仲祯（嫁给了两江总督端方的侄子）
三女叔祯
四女（早亡）
五女季祯
六女籙祯（嫁民国总理孙宝琦的儿子）
七女复祯
八女（早亡）
九女福祯
十女思祯
十一女奇祯
十二女瑞祯
十三女仪祯（续五姨太的女儿季祯嫁苏州陆状元家）
十四女怙祯（怙祯嫁给了民国总统曹锟的儿子，后离婚去了美国）
十五女（早亡）
一妻九妾共生了17个儿子、15个女儿； 17个儿子又为袁世凯生了22个孙子、25个孙女，儿孙总和达79人。
袁世凯生平大事年表
1859年9月16日 (咸丰九年）
袁世凯生于河南省项城市王明口镇袁寨一个世代官宦的大家族。父祖多为清朝显贵，权重一方
1876年（光绪二年）
1879年（光绪五年）
袁世凯两次乡试都未考中，遂决计弃文就武
1881年（光绪七年）
袁世凯至山东登州，投靠保庆的结拜兄弟吴长庆，任“庆军”营务处会办。吴长庆为淮军统领，统率庆军六营驻防登州，督办山东防务。
1882年（光绪八年）
朝鲜发生壬午军乱，当年23岁的袁世凯跟随吴长庆的部队东渡朝鲜，以“通商大臣暨朝鲜总督”身份驻藩属国朝鲜，协助朝鲜训练新军并控制税务。以整顿军纪和镇压兵变有功，为朝鲜国王所看重，并得清政府奖叙五品同知衔。
1884年（光绪十年）
金玉均等“开化党”人士发动甲申政变，驻朝日军亦趁机行动欲挟制王室；国王李熙奔赴清营求助，袁世凯指挥清军击退日军，维系清廷在朝鲜的宗主权及其他特权。由直隶总督兼北洋大臣李鸿章奏举，袁世凯任驻汉城清军“总理营务处，会办朝鲜防务”。
1894年（光绪二十年）
甲午战争爆发，清军海陆皆败，袁世凯随军撤退天津
1895年（光绪二十一年）
袁世凯由军务处大臣荣禄、李鸿藻等奏派扩练驻天津小站的定武军，更名为“新建陆军”。聘德国军官十余人担任教习，又从天津武备学堂中挑选百余名学生任各级军官，并引用和培植一批私人亲信，以加强对全军的控制。这些人以后大都成为清末民初的军政要人。小站练兵是清末新式军队发展的转折点，也奠定了袁世凯一生事业的基础。从此，声誉鹊起，扶摇直上。
1897年（光绪二十三年）
擢直隶（今河北）按察使，仍主持练兵
1898年（光绪二十四年）
袁将戊戌变法的消息告诉忠于慈禧太后的荣禄，结果戊戌变法失败，皇帝失去政权并遭软禁。6月，袁世凯升任工部右侍郎。12月，署理山东巡抚，率领全部新军（时称“武卫右军”）前往济南。时山东境内义和团运动爆发，他认定义和团为“左道邪教”，派兵到各州县残酷镇压。
1899年（光绪二十五年）
冬，因义和团在山东的排外行为引起各国不满，清廷被迫撤换纵容拳民的山东巡抚毓贤，代之以袁世凯。这是袁世凯首次出任方面大员。袁到任后，对拳民大力镇压，令其在山东无法立足，逃往天津、北京一带，山东在袁世凯治下维持稳定，并且加入东南互保。
1901年（光绪二十七年）
1901年11月，继李鸿章署理直隶总督兼北洋大臣。
1902年（光绪二十八年）
实授袁世凯为北洋大臣，兼任政务处参预政务大臣和练兵大臣，在保定编练北洋常备军（简称北洋军）。
1903年（光绪二十九年）
清政府在北京设立练兵处，，袁世凯任会办大臣，掌握实权。创办各种武备学堂，并聘请大批日本军官担任教习。
1905年（光绪三十一年）
北洋六镇编练成军，每镇一万二千五百余人，除第一镇系满族贵族铁良统率的旗兵外，其余五镇都在袁世凯的控制之下
1907年（光绪三十三年）
调任军机大臣，成为中枢重臣。同年，在袁世凯倡导下，第一支中国警察队伍于天津成立。
1908年（光绪三十四年）
光绪皇帝及慈禧太后相继去世，溥仪继位，袁称疾返回河南，最初隐居于辉县，后转至安阳。袁在此期间韬光养晦，暗地里仍关心政事，等待时机复出。
1911年（宣统三年）
10月10日武昌起义，1911年11月1日清廷宣布解散皇族内阁，任命袁世凯为内阁总理大臣。
1912年（中华民国元年）
1月16日，袁世凯回家路上，在东华门丁字街，袁世凯幸免于难。1月25日，袁世凯及各北洋将领通电支持共和。2月15日，南京参议院正式选举袁世凯为临时大总统。袁于3月10日于北京就职。袁就职之后，坚持一个强有力的中央政府，同时积极与列强交涉，维持了中国对蒙古和西藏的主权。
1913年（中华民国二年）
1913年2月，依据临时约法，举行了中国历史上第一次国会选举。国民党所得议席最多，按约法精神应由该党理事长宋教仁出任内阁总理。3月20日，宋教仁在上海遇刺身亡，全国大哗。革命元勋孙文、黄兴等均指袁氏授意暗杀，袁世凯则予否认；7月，孙文组织中华革命党，发动二次革命，武力讨伐袁世凯，但遭到失败。10月6日，国会在军警压力下，选举袁世凯为第一任大总统，袁世凯随即于北京故宫太和殿就职。11月4日，袁世凯下令解散中国国民党，并收缴国民党议员证书。
1914年（中华民国三年）
1月，袁世凯下令解散国会。之后袁废止中华民国临时约法，于5月推出新的《中华民国约法》，改内阁制为总统制。之后再修改总统选举法，使总统可无限期连任，新任总统亦由在任总统指派。
1915年（中华民国四年）
袁世凯在日本外交压力下，接受了形同干涉并垄断中国内政的“二十一条”要求中之大部分条款，使其政绩蒙上污点。12月，袁世凯宣布恢复中国的君主制，建立中华帝国，并改元洪宪。总统府改为新华宫。12月25日，蔡锷、唐继尧等在云南宣布起义，发动护国战争，讨伐袁世凯。贵州、广西相继响应。北洋派内部危机四伏。
1916年（中华民国五年）
3月22日，袁世凯被迫宣布取消帝制，恢复“中华民国”年号，5月下旬忧愤成疾。6月6日，袁世凯因尿毒症不治，卒于举国声讨声中，时年57岁。同年8月24日正式归葬于河南安阳。
Was the leader of the Northern warlords, the 1911 Revolution, Yuan stolen fruits of the revolution, became the first ROC president, the latter due to betray the Republic, the restoration of emperor was overthrown.
A three-granduncle Yuan to supervise the crackdown Nien Anhui militia started, tired and was appointed the Governor of water transport. Yuan Bao place in the parent Department of the landlord.
1876 (Guangxu years), and 1879, Yuan Shikai, none of the two examinations held in the comprehensive examination, then the text must abandon the military account. May 1881, Yuan Shikai to Shandong Dengzhou, surrendered to the BQ's sworn brother Wu Changqing, any "Qing Army" Camp Department will do. Wu Changqing for the Huai Jun Tongling, six battalions stationed in the military command celebrate Dengzhou, supervision Shandong defense. .
Governor Korean budding
1884 Jinyu equal, "civilized party" to launch a Coup attempt to overthrow the "something big party," and Min Fei-dominated regime in North Korea want to hijack the Japanese royal family also took the opportunity to action; King Li Xi went to help clean camp, Qing Yuan command Army repel the Japanese, to maintain imperial suzerainty in Korea and other privileges.
New Army created a meteoric rise
Reform Movement before the coup in 1898, Emperor Yuan party figures who looked at the new army, which had surface advised Yuan Tan troops laid siege to the home of the Summer Palace, the Empress Dowager Cixi. Yuan told to shift loyalty to the Empress Dowager Cixi of the news Rong Lu, results of the late Qing, the emperor lost power and was under house arrest. But Yuan's decision at that time, the success of the Hundred Days Reform, is of decisive influence, are still controversial. The past is generally believed that the message conveyed to Rong Lu Yuan is the main cause of the Reform Movement failed coup, but in recent years, studies have found that after the party staged a coup, before the real whistle-blower from the Yuan. Even said to Yuan Shikai was to master the new military strength, it can not fight against orders from the Rong Lu stationed near Beijing, a number of troops in. Although Yuan informant is not the root causes of the coup led to the Reform Movement, however, because the Reform Movement is a result of Yuan's informant devastating results. The coup initially, Empress Dowager Cixi in Shangyu in just reprimanded Kang, "herbicides made by the political chaos," Tan, who was not reprimanded, but "herbicides nonsensical political" offense is not serious, at first on Kang's actions are only to be suspended Participation, while troops Wai Yuan Tan Park punish urged upon the plotters is a serious sin. Yuan Zhili was listening to when he was in Iraq, said provincial judge YANG Chong-wei had been dismissed when the Senate and Tan persuaded to send troops laid siege to the Empress Dowager Cixi fear regarding the exposure, implicated himself, then made Rong Lu informant, the Empress Dowager smell of rage, ordered the arrest of Kang Leung Morohito imprison, and Heaven's Six Gentlemen. This shows that the Reform Movement of the coup, although not incurred by Yuan informant, but was denounced Yuan, only to make the reform movement led to devastating consequences.
The winter of 1899, as the Boxers in Shandong xenophobia caught the discontent, the Qing court was forced to replace the connivance of the governor of Shandong Boxers Yu Xian, replacing Yuan. This is the first time as aspects of high officials Yuan. Yuan, after the arrival of a treatment policy change Yuxian, strong suppression of the Boxers, so that it can not be based in Shandong Province, fled to Tianjin, Beijing area, the Empress Dowager Cixi gas available to the public connivance Boxer. The following year war broke out in eight major powers, under the rule of Shandong Province in the Yuan remained stable, and joined the Defence of Southeast.
December 1895, by the Military Affairs Department, Minister of Rong Lu Yuan, Li and other play and training camp in Tianjin small station expansion of fixed military force, renamed the "New Army." German officers who employ more than a decade as instructors, and from Tianjin Military Academy students to select any of hundreds of officers at all levels, and reference, and to cultivate a group of private cronies to strengthen military control. Most of these people into the Late Qing Dynasty after the military and political figures. If Shichang, Duan Qi-rui, Feng Guozhang, Wang Shizhen, Cao Kun, Zhang Xun, etc.. Small station military training of the late development of new turning point, but also laid the foundation of Yuan's life. Since then, the reputation of high reputation, soared. In 1897, pull out of Zhili (now Hebei) provincial judge, still presided over training. June 1898, Yuan was promoted to Municipal You Shilang. December, acting governor of Shandong, led all the new army (they were called "Bue Youjun") to Jinan. Shandong territory when the Boxer Rebellion broke out, he finds that the Boxers as a "heretical cult", sent troops to brutally suppress all counties. Leaped into the strength attracted the attention of Chinese and foreign people. November 1901, following Li Zhili Governor and the Acting Minister for the Northern, the following year actually granted, is more prominent power.
"Boxer Protocol" was signed, the Qing Government was forced by internal and external situation, the implementation of the New Deal. Yuan said the strong support and opportunity to expand their own power. 1902, part-time Chief Minister and Home Affairs Department Intervention in training ministers in the Northern Baoding train a standing army (referred to as the Northern Army). The following year, the Qing government in Beijing training Department, Prince Qing Yi Kuang for the Prime Minister, Minister Yuan Shikai any will do, power. Various Military Academy was founded, and employ a large number of Japanese military officers as instructors. 1905 Six Town Code Nerishige the Northern Army, the town of 12 500 per hundred people, in addition to the first town of the Manchu nobility Tieliang command line of criminals, the other five towns are under his control, an important general almost are small station trusted officers during training. Meanwhile, Yuan also serves as Minister of Telecommunication in supervision, supervision of the Railway Minister and the Conference of the Ministers about. During this period, he was in the development of the northern mining industry and the construction of railways, set up patrol, rehabilitation of local government and set up new schools and so on, are fairly effective. New Deal through the process, he was able to "marry you within and outside the tree party assistance," deliberately expansion of power, he soon formed a large Northern led military-political group.
Gold reserve comeback in 1901 after the death of Li, Yuan Zhili Governor successor, the Northern Secretary, became chief Jiang Chen. 1907 transferred to military minister, a senior official hub. Xiang Yuan strong praise the New Deal, including the abolition of the examination, supervision of the new army, building schools, run industries, the first Chinese police have also set up in Tianjin.
2003, Qingxiling Heritage Management Office and China Central Television director bell filled with attempts to by modern forensic techniques, by the hair and the remains left by Guangxu detect high levels of arsenic in the composition, show alive the possibility of being poisoned by arsenic. It took 5 years to repeatedly verify the body Guangxu hair, clothing, November 1, 2008, the Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau, Forensic Identification Laboratory Center, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Qingxiling heritage management and CCTV jointly held a press conference , issued a "death of the Qing emperor report" to determine the dynasty died because of arsenic poisoning.
October 10, 1911 Wuchang Uprising, 1911 Revolution broke out, southern provinces have declared independence. Northern New Army as Qing court only against the revolutionary forces, so then Yuan Shikai, the first allowed for the Hubei and Hunan Governor, Rotary allowed the Prime Minister.
February 1913, according to the Provisional Constitution, the first time in Chinese history was held parliamentary elections. Most seats from the KMT, by some method should be the party chairman of the spirit of Song Jiaoren as Prime Minister. March 20, Song was assassinated in Shanghai, China storm. Revolutionary fathers of Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing Yuan Deng Jun that incite the assassination, is to deny Yuan; was evidence pointing to Prime Minister Zhao Bingjun when he was arrested for abetting murder, there is no direct evidence of Yuan Shikai, I instructed. In July, the Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen organized the party, launching the second revolution, force crusade Yuan, but failed.
December 1915 China Yuan announced the resumption of the monarchy, the establishment of the Chinese empire, and reign title Hongxian. Presidential Palace to Xinhua. However, the Yuan emperor initiatives have not been widely supported. Not only the Sun Yat-sen, Liang and others strongly opposed to the monarchy, the Northern generals Duan Qirui, Feng Guozhang were also deeply unhappy. Imperialist powers have also been warned against him. December 25, Cai E, Tang Jiyao so that the uprising in Yunnan, protect the country launched the war, crusade against Yuan Shikai. Guizhou and Guangxi have to respond. Northern Pine internal perilous. Yuan was forced to March 22, 1916 announced the abolition of the monarchy, restoration of "Republic of China" reign of establishing Duan Qirui as secretary of state and army chief, the Northern forces in an attempt to rely on paragraph unity and support him to continue as president. But the uprising provinces do not recognize that he has presidential qualifications. Duan Qirui also forced him to hand over military power. Guangdong, Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Hunan, Sichuan, have declared independence or power to sever ties with the Yuan individuals. Anger as illness in late May. June 6, 1916, Yuan Shikai died because of uremia, and died in the whole country to denounce the sound, when he was 57 years old. 24 August the same year the official burial site in Anyang.
Yuan last emperor, his eldest son, Prince Yuan Keding obsession is inseparable from power and position, the most serious is the Yuan Keding forged "Shuntian Times", to create the atmosphere of Japan's support for Monarchy (this was the second son of Yuan Yuan Kewen and daughter Yuan Shuzhen accidentally discovered), Yuan Yuan Keding has been responsible for "bullying father and the country." But, after all, can not be forced to Yuan Yuan Keding emperor, Yuan Shikai's imperial ideology is its own determinant of emperor.
Yuan (1859 ~ 1916), is the modern history of China a very important representative, a disguised reform of feudal autocracy. His name has become a modern China synonymous with reactionary politics, every modern Chinese history books fail to mention him.
Yuan began the political arena of the time, comes under the yoke of the feudal system in China will finish the long dark journey of their age, it is also brought pain to the Chinese people before and after the trauma of the Sino-Japanese War. Before the war, he is a warlord Li Huai, a budding group of pawns. After the war, while the timing of the decline of Huai warlord, he practiced in the small station of a new army record, and use it as capital, destroyed the bourgeois reformists of the reform movement, the fight against the anti-imperialist Boxer movement in foreign reactionaries one cheers, climbed the Zhili Governor and the Northern Minister eminent position. He was keenly aware that the dynasty declined and people's democratic revolution wave after wave of waves, such as not seeking a new approach, it is difficult to continue to maintain its rule. Therefore, from 1901 to 1908, he wore a "radical reformer" mask to "as the body, Western learning for" the Westernization program theory as the guide to that modern army as the core support, by running the "New Deal" , organized a large northern military and political groups. This new group is a continuation of Huai warlord groups and development of the Qing Government's "New Deal" the result is divided by the imperialist invasion of China policy to "preserve the (Qing Dynasty) policy," the product. Yuan is relying on the power of the group, spare no effort to support the tottering feudal absolute monarchy, undermining the bourgeois democratic revolution is booming sport. However, when the democratic revolution led by Sun Yat-sen storm on the eve of his meeting with the hereditary Manchu Qingui group suffered a crushing defeat in the political struggle, crestfallen to withdraw from the political stage.
The outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, the Qing dynasty collapse of an impasse. Historical development has created a new situation and conditions in which Yuan had been losing ground for three years to play the "end of the world hero" role. He quickly assembled from the Northern Group of military and political force, won the imperialists and domestic constitutionalists dependence and support, the first name of "constitutional monarchy" on the cover, to usurp all the powers of the Qing government; they meet the trend of the times, give the "in favor of the republic," the cover, skillfully took the first provisional president from office. However, the autocratic imperial heroes and pretenders, simply do not believe in the democratic republic of China can be. The reason why he wants to compromise the democratic camp led by Sun Yat-sen, shake hands, in practice, is to strangle the revolution as soon as possible. Therefore, a power he would stop at nothing to enhance personal power, undermine the rule of law, trampling of democracy, the pursuit of the unity of dictatorship; and democracy as a centralized way to the biggest obstacle to democracy has not yet consolidated their positions by the occasion, pressing harder and harder, forcing them to withdraw from the government, reduction of the revolutionary army, then they mercilessly dip in a pool of blood inside them. He also dissolved Congress, tearing up the "Laws" traces of democracy against the net will do. However, it strangling national life of all the reactionary behavior, they are "unified state" and "save the nation" and "defend the republic" slogan sounds done under cover.
Yuan's perverse, resulting in destitution, public resentment. The anger of the people in many parts of the developing disturbance or uprising. Size is small, it is quite common, just like small at first, into a vast river, rough and overwhelming. Sun rallied to clear the position of the revolutionary democrats and the dauntless heroism and the dictator was desperate struggle. Internal struggle to change the situation quickly so that the world desires Yuan to establish family and that he represents the common interests of the Group produced a sharp confrontation between the so Progressive Party and the suspicion of those who cherish the monarchy also aware of the Northern Warlords do not put aside Yuan can not keep them on behalf of the interests of the social forces. So, they and had to be eliminated and the exclusion of Yuan Shikai of all social forces come together and "anti-Yuan." Short-lived dynasty, Hung constitution against the various forces making for 83 days under the just disappeared. Mercilessly mocked the Yuan history: He was going to pursue a hereditary absolute dictatorial power, the end result being all his vested power of the lost.
Chinese and foreign history, has come up a lot of wishful thinking to reverse the course of history of the clown, no one of these clowns is not to ruin the end. Yuan's history yet again: those who disregard the requirements of the historical development of society, against the will of the people and perverse people, no matter how much he was arrogant and overbearing, mighty, the end result must be to be thrown into the dustbin of history.
However, when the country during the Yuan, to consolidate the power of personal dictatorship, non-compliance law, the dissolution of the KMT, to the birth of the Republic of China has just lost in the system healthy development. Some people say that he is the chief culprit in the assassination of Sung Chiao-jen, chairman of the KMT, but the real culprit may be the other person; regardless of whether I have been instructed to kill Yuan Song, this second revolution as anti-Yuan revolutionaries launched the tipping point, resulting in a China's North-South divide.
Some people think that the Yuan is a opportunist. In the Guangxu Emperor entrusted large office, he surrendered a one-party Empress Dowager Cixi. To Xuantong throne after being forced to retire his Regent, after the outbreak of the Revolution forced the Prince Regent to abdicate control imperial power, he should put down the revolution, in turn, for their own interests, to support the revolution forced the Qing emperor to abdicate and was appointed President of the Republic of China. This election has the interests of all parties join their behavior.
Japan to an enemy;
Republic of Republicans wrong, wrong Republican Republican suppression, Best Solar and then square this prison
Chinese-Japanese re-light, thinking back to create a hard, billions of lives should be Ganqi
Pain for the world, more selfish cry, the survival of a column off gas transport
(Hereinafter under: Luo Baoshan August 19, 2006 in Phoenix to do a show ": Yuan Republic of China People Series" for finishing)
He Zhili Governor's office, the comprehensive here in Hebei Province drastic reform of capitalism.
Inside the economic area, Hebei, where he conducted a comprehensive initiative, to promote industrial development, is the construction industry, industrial development. For example, mine was Luanzhou is the later part of the Kailuan Coal Mine, as the cement plant in Tangshan, Kai Cement Company, is leading this time he built up. He also encouraged the people, the capital of a large number of private industrial development, even more valuable, he Zhili province in the implementation of the various counties of this industrial building. He often said, officials can not do it, industry can not develop. Bale has been to his officials, returned home, he has also repeatedly said that nothing was dismissed from office, but the industrial salvation is one thing I have in mind. On the military side, we all know, he compiled the Northern New Army training, and that is when China's recent military modernization. In the political system, he first made legal here in the Tianjin area of reform, transplanting Western legal system. First of all, a parliamentary system in Tianjin, and then gain experience in this, to promote the province as the implementation of constitutional, the constitutional basis for the implementation of the measures. He advocates a constitutional monarchy in the country, he often said, officials can not do it, the constitution can not stand, it said that our constitutional monarchy is absolutely to be implemented. In the cultural field, Yuan, Hebei Province in the implementation of the new development of education and set up, which made a very impressive achievement. Himself personally, founder of universities, secondary schools, primary schools, in the ten years during the New Deal, that is, before the 1911 Revolution, he became the Governor of Zhili so years, the province of Zhili has established two universities, specialized schools, like at present there are 29 technical secondary schools, normal schools at all levels, more than 40 secondary schools 22. Now about a district, a county schools are more than 22, then to 22 secondary schools in Hebei Province, which is big deal ah.
Yuan deeply understand and implement the New Deal's most important is hiring talent, talent cultivation and use of his New Deal period, the comprehensive training new talent, cultivate new talent first approach is to build schools, primary schools, the leading force teachers, then a large number of normal development and training teachers, a variety of long-term, short-term normal set up dozens. Their training was too late, we use come in, be sent on way. Japan was China's example, it is the most successful example. And Japan from China recently, also with the text of it, so Japan is a large number of students sent to the place.
Can give an example, then please Yuan Yan Xiu, Tianjin is a great educator, Nankai University, Nankai Middle School founder, asked him to head the school reform Zhili. Yan Xiu Yuan Everything from hiring accepted. Yan Xiu raised, I first went to Japan to study, come back I would accept you to this appointment, Yuan said, I have experience, and before that, I invite Wu Rulun, he said he went to visit, come back he quit, you start to office , office, and accepted my appointment, you go visit. Yan Xiu 40 old, then how old is already an old man of 40, he took a very capable team to Japan to study the three-month study. Morning, afternoon, day two to four field visits to Japan from the Japanese Ministry of Education kindergartens, universities, primary, secondary, Yan Xiu themselves, each trip to a personal, hands-on, going there to visit, movement of people officials ask. To primary schools, kindergartens, people sitting in it listening to lectures, and even extra-curricular activities that the students how to do, how to organize, he has hands-learn, that spirit, ah, ah attitude that is very impressive, later people can catch up, and tell the truth, not many, not without. Yuan was also satisfied that the extension of large numbers of overseas talent, with the light of the occasion, we sent the first batch of Chinese students in America, there are hundred and twenty individuals, this gang was first to be accepted into the Northern Li's screen, he completely to receive down overall.
Prior to the 1911 Revolution gunshots, Yuan is playing back home this time, the past was banished to the officers, their popularity soon gone, but only among the Yuan in the past three years, his reputation is not only not declined, but in the section by section up, then ruling and opposition parties want the government to reactivate the Qing Yuan, in this context the following, Revolution gun sound, and the Qing government to Yuan Shikai, please come again, when the Viceroy, to the front to suppress the revolutionary party.
(2) 21 is not the emperor in exchange for
A lot of history books, the novelist also said that Japan submitted to the Yuan, when the text says 21, please step soaring president again, which means that you accept that 21, I became the emperor of Japan to support you, we achieve this political deal Yuan hand over this betrayal is the most important basis. In fact, back in the early 30s, Wang Yunsheng in essays series "60 years, China and Japan," we pointed out that it was groundless, substandard affair, not reliable. Yuan command the whole 21 of the negotiating process, and now we can see, Yuan on 21 of the original, 21 of the amended version, the text of the Japanese an ultimatum, which had three things, Yuan on top red pen on the red crayon, ink made with the approval, in many places do deserve special attention focused, in addition to these deserve special attention, the Yuan to the 21 provisions of the instructions are more than 70, the length of the approval. That a state of absolute territorial sovereignty aside, the Japanese interests in China to expand, the forces of development to the hinterland of the Yangtze River, the development of the fifth to the southeast coast of the content, which we all know, the V content is absolutely not talk about. This one not only can not admit that simply can not talk, hold that one can not talk. He instructed the Foreign Ministry, to make clear the strength of the poor, patient negotiations, to talk about the conditions in their best interest. Also said that he hoped dragged into negotiations to Japan as much as possible to stretch that time frame, because the Japanese made in secret negotiations, he wants to delay the process, I hope to attract the attention of European and American powers, international interference. This has dragged on for months, dragged in May, when an ultimatum Japan, Europe and the United States did not come out to support one, even as Russia also intends to looting. Yuan Yuan have also sought their views on government civil and military, of you that we are accepted, is for Japan to fight a civil and military officials agreed that the only acceptable not to fight. Japan to 21 in the whole process, people's emotions and fear and hatred of Japan on the emotional, the two exist simultaneously, hatred, then hatred of Japanese looting, make such harsh terms to destroy China, which hatred of the gas is really a gas investors, but the strength of the people and not the backing of the people can only be an inferior gas gas. This fear of Japan sentiment, fear of the disease date is indeed real, historical retrospect, from 1895 to the present 1916,20, in these 20 years, the first Sino-Japanese War in 1895, the Chinese beat , defeated the Qing dynasty, in 1905, Russo-Japanese War, the Japanese defeated the Czarist Empire, while Japan defeated the Qing dynasty, defeated Russia's remaining prestige that the arrogance of the world, with Europe and the United States is not in the eyes of all look at you What kind of China. Only in these conditions, so unscrupulous that he dare to bully.
So, in such a historical condition, the only can do that with the difficult negotiations, struggling with a little hard enough conditions to their advantage. In such a situation, we can only say that a change of other forces, a change of other people in power, was only the case. So the last 21 forced conditionally accepted. 5. 9, national anniversary as a national humiliation that is the insult, it really is. Before signing the 59, 5. 8, May eighth day of the day, Yuan on the country informed of last resort, and only signed, which is in fact a great insult, insult the people that this was before the insult he admitted that this is. When this is the negotiations history in such conditions, no way. At that time abroad, studying abroad in China's elite Hu, Hu has been a very famous saying, that the negotiations should be said that in the previous history of China which is not off, when the soft supple, that just when the just, for the blinked on their best. Wang Yunsheng editor in the early 30 "60 years, China and Japan," we said, recalling the negotiations, Yuan's command and leadership, it should be said is no big mistake, and then some historians, such as Chen Christine Lu's "Modern Times History of "ah, like the Chiang Ting-fu's" modern history "ah, it is affirmed, this time 21 of the representations. Should be said that this conclusion is pertinent. That he hand over betrayal, at least there is no historical basis. But then later after the conclusion of 21, he immediately proclaimed himself emperor, and, as a political deal ah, who can not guarantee that they are no behind the scenes of political exchange. They took his political opponents to attack the target, it is only natural.
Yuan and "21"
January 18, 1915, the Japanese Minister to China Hioki audience with Yuan Shikai, submitted 21 requests for documents, and requested the Yuan government "absolutely confidential, reply as soon as possible." 21 consists of five items: ① recognized that Japan inherited all the rights and interests of Germany in Shandong, Shandong Province shall not transfer or lease of other countries. ② The Japanese have admitted over and eastern Inner Mongolia in the South live, contacts, other items of operating the business sector and mining privileges. Port Arthur and Dalian and the South over the lease period, the period of esteeming the two railway management were extended to 99 years for the Yuan Lin arch limit. ③ Hanyeping Japanese companies to jointly mine near the mining allowed people outside the company. ④ all of China's coastal harbors, islands shall not lease or vacate his country. ⑤ Japanese Chinese government employment for political, military, financial and other advisers. Sino-Japanese joint police and Arsenal. Wuchang to Nanchang, Nanchang to Hangzhou and Nanchang to the railway construction between Chaozhou right to Japan. Japan in Fujian and mining, ports and shipyards and road construction priority and so on. 21 requirement would severely damage China's sovereignty, Yuan not immediately accepted. After the news spread, anti-Japanese public opinion. Damage to their European and American powers of Japan's aggression in China the same rights of discontent have to attack. Formal negotiations on February 2, 1915 start. Japan to support the Monarchy to lure the former, after the threat of force in an attempt to make Yuan Shikai government entirety. Anti-Japanese patriotic struggle against the Chinese people become increasingly high, the Japanese see the seriousness of the situation, they face the fifth for the hope that conditions are advised to nature; side put forward a new case, the scope of the original requirements 1-4 is basically the same, only the use of certain provisions of an exchange of letters. May 7 issued an ultimatum to Japan, promised within 48 hours limit. Yuan expect Europe and the United States powers to interfere fall, afraid to offend Japan, the emperor would fail, then to the ground in China unable to resist foreign aggression, on May 9 replies submitted that, apart from the fifth volume in the future of each consultation, all to accept Japan's request . May 25 signed in Beijing the so-called "Sino-Japanese Treaty" and "exchange of notes."
21 annexation of the Japanese imperialism imposed on China for the purpose of China's unilateral "Treaty", Yuan after the government had to declare that the treaty is due to the Japanese ultimatum forced to agree. After that no previous Chinese government recognition as an effective treaty.
Huan Yuan tomb is located north of water, the construction took two years to the time. "An area of 138 acres of the nine-eight cents Bali nine suddenly six silk, silver dollar spending 732,754 yuan corner of the ninth of a PCT", these figures are a faithful record of the "Yuan Gonglin Cemetery workers report "in the list. In that turbulent era of dynasties alternately, there are those who can calm the mind like water carefully to neglect the area of precision, accurate to determine the capital is, indeed, impressive.
Yuan Lin designed by German engineers, it's construction, "imitation of Ming Tombs, but slightly smaller." The main building from south to north, respectively screen wall, rough stone bridge, clean stone bridge, arch door, looking columns, stone statues, Beiting, what the value of rooms, hospital entrance hall, large Danbi, East and West side hall, Jingren Church, Cemetery Taiwan.
Yuan Why was buried in Anyang?
For the final burial site of Xiangcheng Yuan does not cause more consistent and his claim that life experience, family related.
1905,1906 held for two consecutive years in the Northern Army, a large-scale military parade, which in September 1906 the parade was held in Akinori Yuan was minister of the military parade. The parade is the Hunan and Hubei provinces of Zhili Army combat exercises, selected out of the Northern officers and men to participate in the exercise of 4 million people, is also by foreign officials and journalists more than 500 participants. This is a Northern army since the Sino-Japanese War the largest first appearance, but also on their family property Yuan a big show off, so they are the pillars of the court as a minister.
Wives
2 concubine Li, Bo Chen eldest daughter, five sons grams of the right to Seven grams of Qi Jian Ten grams, 12 grams sub-degree. Chen and six women 箓
5 concubine Yang. Six sub-gram Huan, eight sub-gram Zhen, nine sub-grams for a long time, 11 sub-Sok, five women quarter of Chen, 15 women (premature death), 9 sub-grams for a long time (to marry the daughter of the Republic of China Li)
8 concubine Kuo. 13 sub-g phase, 15 sub-grams and, 14 women presume Chen.
Eldest son Keding
Four sons g-side
Seven grams of Qi
Ten grams of kin
13 sub-g phase
16 sub-g-fan
Daughter Bo Zhen (adult married Jiang Qing, the son of the Governor Zhang Renjun)
Four women (premature death)
Fu Chen and seven women
10 Female Si Chen
13 Female Yi-Chen (continued Mistress's daughter, five-season champion Chen Lu to marry at home in Suzhou)
Concubine of a wife and nine of 17 symbiotic son, daughter, 15; 17 son born to Yuan 22 grandchildren, 25 grandchildren, children and grandchildren the sum of up to 79 people.
Yuan was born in Henan Province, Xiang Yuan Walled City Ming Town Officials in a large family for generations. Qing Fu Zu mostly dignitaries, weight side
Provincial Examination Yuan none of the two comprehensive examinations, then the force must account abandon paper
1882 (Guangxu years)
Jinyu equal, "civilized party" to launch a Coup, also took the opportunity to operations in the DPRK want to hijack the Japanese royal family; King Li Xi went to help clean camp, Yuan Qing defeat the Japanese army command, maintain the imperial suzerainty in Korea and other privileges. By the Governor and the Northern Minister Li Zhili played move, either in Seoul, Qing Yuan, "Prime Minister camp Office, will do the Korean defense."
1895 (Guangxu 20 year)
Zhuo Zhili (now Hebei) provincial judge, still presided over training
1899 (Guangxu 20 years)
November 1901, following Li Zhili Governor and the Acting Minister of the Northern.
1903 (Qing Dynasty,)
Six Town Code Nerishige Northern Army, the town of 12 500 per hundred people, in addition to the first town of the Manchu nobility Tieliang command line of criminals, the other five towns are under the control of Yuan Shikai
1908 (Guangxu 30 years)
Wuchang Uprising on October 10, November 1, 1911 announced the dissolution of the Qing royal cabinet, the appointment of Yuan to the Prime Minister.
1913 (Republic of China two years)
January, Yuan ordered the dissolution of parliament. Yuan after the repeal Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, in May launched a new "Republic of China Constitution", to change the cabinet system for the presidential system. Changes after the presidential election law so that the president can be re-elected indefinitely, the new president from the president appointed.
1916 (Republic of China five years)