约翰·迪芬贝克 John George Diefenbaker

約翰·喬治·迪芬貝剋，PC，CH，QC（英語：John George Diefenbaker；1895年10月18日－1979年8月16日），德國人和蘇格蘭人後裔，是第13任加拿大總理，任內主要推動北方開發和減少對美國的依賴，恢復同英聯邦國傢的關係。他在1957年大選中加拿大進步保守黨擁有下議院265個席次中的109席次，成為議院中的最大黨，而首次成為執政黨。他在75歲的前任總理，自由黨領袖路易斯·聖勞倫特主動辭職下，就任總理。

生平

1895年，出生於加拿大薩斯喀徹溫省。

1915年，畢業於薩斯喀徹溫大學，獲得文學學士學位。

1916年，獲得政治學碩士學位。

1919年，獲得法學學士學位，從事律師工作。

1936年，當選薩斯喀徹溫省保守黨領袖。

1940年，選入衆議院。

1955年，當選為保守黨領袖。

1956年，領導保守黨贏得了大選。

1957年，出任總理，組成首屆保守黨政府。

1963年，辭去職務。

1979年，去世。

John George Diefenbaker PC CH QC FRSC FRSA (/ˈdiːfənˌbeɪkər/; September 18, 1895 – August 16, 1979) was the 13th prime minister of Canada from 1957 to 1963. Between 1930 and 1979, he was the only federal Progressive Conservative (PC or Tory) leader to lead the party to an election victory, doing so three times, although only once with a majority of seats in the House of Commons of Canada.

Diefenbaker was born in southwestern Ontario in the small town of Neustadt in 1895. In 1903, his family migrated west to the portion of the North-West Territories which would soon become the province of Saskatchewan. He grew up in the province and was interested in politics from a young age. After brief service in World War I, Diefenbaker became a noted criminal defence lawyer. He contested elections through the 1920s and 1930s with little success until he was finally elected to the House of Commons in 1940.

Diefenbaker was repeatedly a candidate for the PC leadership. He gained that party position in 1956, on his third attempt. In 1957, he led the Tories to their first electoral victory in 27 years; a year later he called a snap election and spearheaded them to one of their greatest triumphs. Diefenbaker appointed the first female minister in Canadian history to his Cabinet, as well as the first aboriginal member of the Senate. During his six years as Prime Minister, his government obtained passage of the Canadian Bill of Rights and granted the vote to the First Nations and Inuit peoples. In foreign policy, his stance against apartheid helped secure the departure of South Africa from the Commonwealth of Nations, but his indecision on whether to accept Bomarc nuclear missiles from the United States led to his government's downfall. Diefenbaker is also remembered for his role in the 1959 cancellation of the Avro Arrow project.

Factionalism returned in full force as the Progressive Conservatives fell from power in 1963, and while Diefenbaker's performance as Opposition Leader was heralded, his second loss at the polls prompted opponents within the party force him to a leadership convention in 1967. Diefenbaker stood for re-election as party leader at the last moment, but only attracted minimal support and withdrew. He remained an MP until his death in 1979, two months after Joe Clark became the first Tory Prime Minister since Diefenbaker.