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The third Caliph Uthman ibn Affan was assassinated, Ali was Muhammad's companions elected caliph, he encountered resistance in office and the civil war. 661, he carried out in the Kufa mosque when the attack Sunday, a few days after the death.
Birth and childhood
Muhammad Ali's parents and a close relationship, Muhammad became orphans and lost their grandfather Shayi Ba after the Hashim, Ali's father enrolled him. Ali Mohamed married Haidi Che was born in two to three years. Ali in five to six years old, inside and outside the city of Mecca famine affected the economic situation of his father Ali, Ali, father of a large family to support, Muhammad Ali ordered to bring his family in custody.
Shiite advocate, Ali, Islam had not participated in the traditional pre-Islamic religion in Mecca, which Muslims regarded as the traditional religion is polytheistic and pagan, the Shia religion that he saved the dignity, not the other idols bow down before. Sunnis have held the same view.
Muhammad spent three years a secret mission, was to preach. It is contained in the Koran, Muhammad is Allah instructed Muslims to guide the family, 巴努哈希姆 tribes believe in Islam then.
Moved to Medina
Medina
Muhammad in Medina decade, Ali as his deputy and agents are active, then served in the armed forces, often led the soldiers in the war years also charged to convey information and orders. Muhammad Ali is subordinate generals, is his son, in the Muslim society to establish an unshakable authority.
In 623, Muhammad said to Ali, Allah ordered him to be betrothed to his daughter Fatima Ali. Fatima Mohammed, said: "I have betrothed you to the family, the people I love." Muhammad Ali's family was always blessed praise Muhammad in a number of occasions such as religious sermons debate, Americans say they are holy. Where they were repeatedly praised in the Koran.
Ali and Fatima couple relationship has been maintained until the death of Fatima. Although polygamy is permitted, Ali, Fatima alive, he was not married to others. Their marriage on all Muslims have a special significance, because it is the sacred character of marriage around Muhammad. Fatima's death, Ali was married other people and gave birth to other children.
In addition to the battle outside Tabuk, Ali took part in the fight all the battles and the Islamic conquests. In addition to his years as a standard-bearer of these battles, but also led strikes, and fighters.
The mission of Islam
According to Hadith, in 631 years, an area from Najran (Najran, now in northern Yemen, in part, all of Saudi Arabia) Arab Christian mission met with Mohammed, to argue with him about Jesus, Christianity and Islam doctrine, which side in the dispute of the Prophet Isa (Jesus) the son of God, the question is wrong, Islam is not necessarily that of Jesus, the Son of God: "Jesus, is really the same as Adam. He created him from dust ... ... "Muhammad said they should" call our own children, our women and your women, our own and your own, and then let us pray God rejected liar. " In order to prove that he is the Prophet Mohammed, he bring Ali, Fatima, Hassan and Hussein, grandson Meet with Christian missions, but also for himself and his family cloak. Islamic philosophical thinker 阿拉梅赫塔 Bai Tabei (Allameh Tabatabaei) in the "Mizan by Note" (Tafsir al-Mizan) mentioned in Scripture in the "we" refers to Muhammad and Ali, he quoted Elilida the eighth Shiite Imam (Ali ar-Ridha) and the Abbasid caliph Mamun discussion, citing Muhammad's younger than other Muslim excellent to prove to Allah for Ali and similar nature of Muhammad Ali and thus should have right to inherit the caliphate.
"The faithful, I am also an ordinary person, I received revelation from Allah Department and will incur Allah's call, I'll leave two important things to you: first, the Book of Allah, it will guide you step to the light, you should be firmly placed on the arms of the Book of Allah, always believe in it ... ... the second member of the San-born, I remind you to fulfill their obligations. "
"I am all the followers of Mullah Ali is."
Mohammed's succession
Because he has a close relationship with Muhammad, Islam communication affinity and possess the knowledge, coupled with his brilliant achievements, the Caliph Ali, the legitimacy of the convincing. He told Abu Bakr that he issued the Oath of Allegiance was delayed because he was right there on his beliefs, even if ultimately to Abu Bakr Ali, Umar and Othman said allegiance, he did not change his beliefs, he did so only to the integrity and unity of Islam, when many Muslims have left him.
Inheritance
After the death of Muhammad
Caliph Ali and the orthodox
At this point, not directly against Osman Ali, but played the role of inhibition. He repeatedly said they did not agree on the provisions of the Ottoman use of, and have openly on 阿布吉尔基 law in the sympathy and support Amaeryi the Yasser. He conveyed to the Ottoman criticism partners, and as negotiator on behalf of the Ottoman opponents to negotiate with a number of areas. Ali and Osman family seems to have generated something suspicious.
Historian for the relationship between Ali and the Ottoman remains controversial. Although the oath of allegiance to Ali Osman has, but some of his policies there are objections to the Ottoman. In particular, his views on religious law and Ottoman odds, he insisted, in some cases, religious punishment must be implemented, such as 欧拜德阿拉伊 this Umar and Walideyi the Oka Pakistan. During the pilgrimage in 650, Ali Osman accused him before the change of the liturgy, Osman said he will make use of any faith, he needed something, in this case Ali exclaimed the Caliph should be stopped. Ali Caliph strive to protect partners from ill-treatment, such as Abdullah Ibn buy Si Oude. Thus, some historians believe that, if not the most important opponents of Ali, is one of the Ottoman opposition in the main characters, because Ali is the greatest beneficiaries of the Ottoman collapse. Islamic scholars Vilfart Madelung (Wilferd Madelung) do not agree with them, he actually denied that Ali became caliph Gulai Shi tribal support, In addition there is no evidence that those who support Ali and his opponents are close Ottoman relationship, or that Ali and guide them. Other sources said that Ali through the constraints, rather than directly opposed to influence. Madelung quoted Marwan I, the grandson of the Ali Zine El Abidine (Zayn al-Abidin) words:
Caliph
Ali, 656 to 661 years as caliph, which is the history of Islam, one of the most turbulent periods, the first Islamic civil war can be summed up.
Most of the residents of Medina and the rebels have sworn to Ali, there are some important tribes and people do not. The Umayyad clan fled to the Ottoman Levant, refused to recognize the legitimacy of the Caliph Ali is. Saad The Waga Si is not present, the Umar Abd-al-Rai (`Abd Allah ibn` Umar) did not swear, but the two to Ali that they will not fight him.
The first Islamic civil war
Uthman ibn Affan was assassinated broke the first Islamic civil war (656 -661), in the reign of Ali continued civil war in the end when Mua Wei Ye Yishi became caliph. The Civil War (also known as Fittner) marks the end of the Islamic state of national unity. Ali's enemies in order to de raha, Seoul and progenitor white led Mohammed's wife Aisha, who was Ali, who defied the party called. They gather in Mecca, embarked to Basra, hoping to mobilize the Iraqi people, to get the necessary troops and resources. Rebel capture of Basra, killing many people, they refuse allegiance to Ali. 656 years, the two armies met and the outbreak of the Basra battle (the Battle of Camel), Ali victorious.
Later, Ali has been Levant ruler of the Ottoman family Mua Wei Ye Yishi opposition, he refused allegiance to Ali, and called for revenge for the Ottoman. Ali and his public talks, hoping to get his allegiance, but Mua Wei Ye Yishi insisted Levant is autonomous, but also to mobilize his supporters in the Levant, by word that his delegation did not participate in the Caliph Ali, the election refused to swear allegiance to Ali. Finnish armed forces stationed in the Sui Dynasty, more than hundred days, most of the time is spent on negotiations. While Ali has been there many times with Mua Wei Ye Yishi correspondence, he can not dismiss him, but also convince his allegiance. 657 years, the small-scale end the conflict developed into war Sui-fen. Occurred after a week of being referred to as "noise night" (laylat al-harir) of the fighting. While the army was defeated Mua Wei Ye Yishi occasion, Amuluyi the Aspen (Amr ibn al-Aas) proposed Mua Wei Ye Yishi to soldiers in the attack on the suspension Musihafu (Koran was written by sheepskin or a copy of the text), so Ali's army into confusion and disagreement. Although Ali saw through the enemy's scheme, but there is only a few men willing to fight.
Malikea Starr was assigned to Ali, the ruler of Egypt, from Ali's instructions on Malikee Vista can be learned in his vision. This instruction is Muslim, even non-Muslims as the ideal of Islamic rule and regulations, described in detail inside the rulers of the rights and obligations, the country's various functions and then the main sectors of the community.
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661 Ramadan of 19, Ali, a mosque in Kufa to conduct worship, Hali Zhe School 阿布德拉赫 Manyi this Mulejiemu (Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam) to a two-edged sword Cuidu assassinate Ali. Ali was injured by the poisoned sword, died two days later.
Mazar-e Sharif in Afghanistan's 哈札特阿里 Temple (Blue Mosque), a small number of Muslims believe that Ali was buried here.
Aftermath
Madelung writes:
Ali not only because as a leader and respected warrior and, as a writer and religious authority, he also respected. Kalam Science (Kalam, Dogmatics), as well as calligraphy and the study by injection several secret operation, by the law, mysticism, as well as Arabic grammar and rhetoric, and many other forms of knowledge is seen as Ali, the first outlines.
Well-known Islamic philosopher Syed Hussain 赛因纳斯尔 (Seyyed Hossein Nasr) that the establishment of Islamic theology Ali and his quotations from the primary school include a reasonable identification confirmation. Scholar Ibn 阿比哈迪德 (Ibn Abi al-Hadid) cited Road:
About Ali's speech, preaching, and the compilation of quotations are compiled into the following books:
* "Good words" (Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim), by the Ebudewa black Deemaidi (Abd al-Wahid Amidi) compiled a collection of more than 10,000 phrases Ali.
Ali has more than one wife, Fatima is his favorite. Hassan, Hussein, and kill white and Umm are satisfied by the Fatima. Other more famous son, Ali has Abasiyi Ben Ali (Al-Abbas ibn Ali) and Muhammad Ibn Hanafie (Hanafiyyah).
Descent from Fatima's son is called Sharif (Sharif) or Said (Sayyid), which is in the Arabic honorific, meaning "noble," Said is with "adult" means. As the only descendants of Muhammad, they are respected by the Sunni and Shia, Shia difference is more attached to them.
In addition to Mohammed outside, no one in the Islamic history can be written as Ali, so much so in Arabic. Ali respected by all Muslims, he was the first Muslim and imam (Islamic scholars), the religious, Islamic jurisprudence and the history of the most knowledgeable on, he courage to see that.
"One morning, Muhammad wearing a black hair with camel stripes caused cloak, his grandson Hassan will be placed in under the cloak, another grandson Hussein appeared, he in turn Hussein home under the cloak. Then there's Fatima succession, Muhammad Ali was set under the cloak, Mohammed added: "God only ask you to stay away from unchastity, family members! Washing your body and mind, so that you achieve the purity it. ""
Sunni
Almost all the religion of Sufism have to search through them and Muhammad Ali's blood relations, in addition to sodium black Greek team (Naqshbandi) by Abu Bakr to pursue. Ali's great-great grandchildren 加法尔萨迪克 (Ja'far al-Sadiq) Sufism is a member of Mission. Sunni and Shiite Sufism believe in Muhammad Ali inherited the saints (Wali) of force, to carry out the spirit of sharing with God.
Non-Muslim point of view
Historiography