俄国临时政府（俄语：Вре́менное прави́тельство；1917年3月3日─10月26日）是俄国罗曼诺夫王朝被推翻后，在彼德格勒成立的政府。
1917年，二月革命发生，沙俄政府崩溃。原属政府的杜马与彼德格勒苏维埃争夺政府领导权。双方最后和解，决定成立一个临时政府，并让它主持俄国立宪会议 (Russian Constituent Assembly；Всероссийское Учредительное Собрание) 的选举。3月15日，沙皇尼古拉二世逊位，其弟米哈伊尔大公拒绝接受王位，王朝正式灭亡。临时政府接管俄罗斯，但由于苏维埃渐渐壮大，临时政府的统治能力非常有限。虽然苏维埃最初支持临时政府，但后来掌握军队、工厂和铁路，又得到工人支持，故此便拒绝加入政府。所以，俄国现下正是“双重政府”之局。
临时政府先由李沃夫王公担任总理，后由克伦斯基接任。它成功举办立宪会议的选举，但由于没有让俄国退出一战，以致民不聊生、失去民心。也许因为政府仅仅是“临时”的，它不愿意当机立断，于是就令其他政治势力有机可乘。首先，右派引起科尔尼洛夫事件，大大削弱了政府的统治能力；事件更令左派壮大。最后，列宁主导的十月革命推翻了临时政府，让布尔什维克党主政。在布党人解散立宪会议之前，布党政府仍称为临时政府。
临时政府总理
* 李沃夫王公 (3月23日 - 7月21日)
* 克伦斯基 (7月21日 - 11月8日)
The Russian Provisional Government (Russian: Временное правительство России, Vremennoye pravitel'stvo Rossii) was the short-lived administrative body which sought to govern Russia immediately following the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II in February 1917. In September 14, the State Duma of the Russian Empire officially dissolved the newly created Directorate, and the country was officially renamed the Russian Republic (Russian: Российская республика, Rossiyskaya respublika). It is also sometimes known as the "Kerensky Government" after its most prominent leader. It lasted approximately eight months, and ceased to exist after power in Russia was seized by the Bolsheviks in October of 1917.
The Provisional Government was formed in Petrograd, and was led first by Prince Georgy L'vov and then by socialist Alexander Kerensky, a prominent member of the Duma and a leader of the movement to unseat the Tsar. Instead of ending Russia's involvement in World War I, the new government launched a fresh offensive against the German and Austro-Hungarian army in July 1917, thereby weakening its popularity among Russia's war-weary people. This Kerensky Offensive, as it was called, was a failure which further eroded support for the government. The Provisional Government was unable to make decisive policy decisions due to political factionalism and a breakdown of state structures. This weakness left the government open to strong challenges from both the right and the left. The Provisional Government's chief adversary on the left was the Petrograd Soviet, which tentatively cooperated with the government at first, but then gradually gained control of the army, factories, and railways.The period of competition for authority ended in late October 1917, when Bolsheviks routed the ministers of the Provisional Government in the events known as the October Revolution, and placed power in the hands of the soviets, or "workers' councils," which they largely controlled.
The weakness of the Provisional Government is perhaps best reflected in the derisive nickname given to Prime Minister Alexander Kerensky: "persuader-in-chief."