fǎ guó duì měi guó dú lì zhàn zhēng de gān shè dǎo zhì guó jiā pò chǎn。
zài cái zhèng gǎi gé yī zài shī bài zhī hòu，
lù yì shí liù bèi shuō fú zhào kāi sān jí huì yì héng héng yóu sān gè děng jí：
jiào shì、
guì zú hé píng mín zǔ chéng de guó mín dài biǎo huì yì。 1789
nián 5
yuè sān jí huì yì de chéng yuán men zài fán '
ěr sài gōng zhào kāi huì yì，
dàn shì duì yú cǎi qǔ hé zhǒng tóu piào zhì dù de tǎo lùn zǒu jìn liǎo sǐ hú tóng。
jìn rù 6
yuè，
dì sān děng jí，
zài qí tā liǎng gè děng jí de chéng yuán men de shēng yuán xià，
xuān bù zì jǐ wéi fǎ guó de guó mín yì huì，
xuān shì zhí dào fǎ guó zhì dìng chū yī bù xiàn fǎ zhī qián jué bù jiě sàn，
bìng zài 7
yuè chéng lì liǎo guó mín zhì xiàn yì huì。
zài tóng yī shí jiān bā lí rén mín jìn xíng qǐ yì， 1789
nián 7
yuè 14
rì gōng zhàn liǎo zhù míng de bā shì dǐ yù。
zài cǐ shí yì huì xiǎng jiàn lì jūn zhù lì xiàn zhì，
zài suí hòu de liǎng nián nèi tōng guò liǎo bāo kuò《
rén quán hé gōng mín quán xuān yán》、
fèi chú fēng jiàn zhì dù hé gēn běn shàng gǎi biàn liǎo fǎ guó yǔ luó mǎ guān xì de gè zhǒng fǎ lǜ。
qǐ chū guó wáng duì zhè xiē biàn huà '
ān rán jiē shòu，
shòu dào rén mín de pǔ biàn huān yíng，
dàn suí hòu zài wài guó rù qīn de wēi xié xià fǎn duì wáng quán de yào qiú biàn dé yuè lái yuè qiáng liè，
guó wáng bèi bō duó liǎo quán lì，
jué dìng hé jiā rén yī tóng liù zǒu。
tā bèi rén rèn liǎo chū lái dài huí bā lí。 1793
nián 1
yuè，
bèi pàn pàn guó zuì '
ér chǔsǐ。
1792
nián 9
yuè 20
rì，
guó mín gōng huì fèi chú liǎo jūn zhù zhì，
xuān bù fǎ guó wéi gòng hé guó。
yóu yú zhàn shì jǐn jí，
guó mín gōng huì zǔ jiàn liǎo gōng gòng '
ān quán wěi yuán huì，
yóu yǎ gè bīn jù lè bù de mǎ kè xī mǐ lián ·
luó bó sī bì '
ěr lǐng dǎo，
zuò wéi guó jiā de xíng zhèng jī guān。
zài luó bó sī bì '
ěr lǐng dǎo xià wěi yuán huì shí xíng liǎo kǒng bù tǒng zhì，
zài bā lí yòu 40000
rén bèi chǔjué，
zhù yào shì guì zú hé bèi gé mìng fǎ tíng shěn pàn de rén，
zhèng jù wǎng wǎng fēi cháng dān bó。
zài qí tā dì qū，
fǎn gé mìng pàn luàn bèi qiáng lì zhèn yā。
gāi zhèng quán zài rè yuè zhèng biàn（ 1794
nián 7
yuè 27
rì）
zhōng bèi tuī fān，
luó bó sī bì '
ěr bèi chǔjué。
jiē shǒu de zhèng quán zhōng zhǐ liǎo kǒng bù，
fàng sōng liǎo luó bó sī bì '
ěr de bǐ jiào jí duān de zhèng cè。
ná pò lún ·
bō ná bā shì fǎ guó zài gé mìng zhàn zhēng zhōng zuì jié chū de jiànglǐng，
zhēng fú liǎo yì dà lì de dà bù fēn，
pò shǐ '
ào dì lì rén qū xī qiú hé。 1799
nián tā cóng '
āi jí fǎn huí，
zài wù yuè zhèng biàn（ 11
yuè 9
rì）
zhōng tuī fān liǎo zhèng fǔ，
dài zhī yǐ zhí zhèng fǔ，
zì rèn dì yī zhí zhèng。 1804
nián 12
yuè 4
rì，
zài yī cì '
àn shā xíng dòng shī bài hòu，
tā bǎ zì jǐ jiā miǎn wéi huáng dì。 1805
nián ná pò lún jìhuà rù qīn yīng guó，
dàn shì yīng guó hé '
é luó sī yǔ '
ào dì lì chóngxīn jié chéng liǎo dì sān cì fǎn fǎ tóng méng，
pò shǐ tā jiāng zhù yì lì zhuǎn dào '
ōu zhōu dà lù，
tóng shí jiāng zhàn yōu shì de yīng guó hǎi jūn jiàn duì cóng yīng jí lì hǎi xiá yǐn chū de jìhuà shī bài，
fǎ guó zài 10
yuè 21
rì jué dìng xìng de tè lā fǎ '
ěr jiā hǎi zhàn zhōng zhàn bài，
rù qīn yīng guó de xī wàng pò miè。 1805
nián 12
yuè 2
rì，
ná pò lún zài '
ào sī tè lì cí zhàn yì zhōng jī bài liǎo shù liàng zhàn yōu de '
ào dì lì -
é guó lián jūn，
pò shǐ '
ào dì lì tuī chū fǎn fǎ tóng méng（
jiàn pǔ lāi sī bǎo tiáo yuē）
bìng jiě sàn liǎo shén shèng luó mǎ dì guó。 1806
nián dì sì cì fǎn fǎ tóng méng jiàn lì， 1806
nián 10
yuè 14
rì ná pò lún zài yé ná -
ào '
ěr sī tǎ tè zhàn yì zhōng jī bài pǔ lǔ shì，
bìng chuān yuè dé guó zài 1807
nián 6
yuè 14
rì fú lǐ dé lán zhàn yì zhōng jī bài '
é jūn。
dì '
ěr xī tè tiáo yuē zài fǎ '
é zhī jiān guā fēn liǎo '
ōu zhōu，
bìng chuàng jiàn liǎo huá shā gōng guó。
1812
nián 6
yuè 12
rì ná pò lún yǐ 70
wàn rén de dà lù jūn rù qīn '
é guó。
zài jīng xīn bù zhì de sī mó lēng sī kè zhàn yì hé bó luó jīn nuò zhàn yì shèng lì zhī hòu，
ná pò lún zhàn lǐng liǎo mò sī kē，
què fā xiàn chéng shì yǐ jīng bèi chè tuì de '
é jūn fù zhī yī jù。
tā bèi pò chè jūn，
zài chè tuì de lù shàng shòu dào gē sà kè de sāo rǎo、
jí bìng hé jī '
è de qīn xí。
zhǐ yòu 2
wàn rén zài zhàn hòu huó liǎo xià lái。
zhì 1813
nián jú shì zhuǎn wéi duì ná pò lún bù lì。
zài 1813
nián 10
yuè lāi bǐ xī zhàn yì zhōng bài yú qī guó lián jūn zhī hòu，
tā zài liù rì zhàn yì hé bā lí lún xiàn zhī hòu bèi pò tuì wèi，
zài fēng dān bái lù tiáo yuē xià bèi fàng zhú dào '
āi '
ěr bā dǎo。
tā zài 1815
nián 3
yuè 1
rì huí dào fǎ guó（
jiàn “ bǎi rì wáng cháo ”），
jiàn lì qǐ yī zhī jūn duì，
dàn bù chū yì liào dì zài 1815
nián 6
yuè 18
rì zài huá tiě lú zhàn yì zhōng bài yú yīng guó hé pǔ lǔ shì jūn duì。
French intervention in the American Revolutionary War had bankrupted the state. After repeated failed attempts at financial reform, Louis XVI was persuaded to convene the Estates-General, a representative body of the country made up of three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. The members of the Estates-General assembled in the Palace of Versailles in May 1789, but the debate as to which voting system should be used soon became an impasse. Come June, the third estate, joined by members of the other two, declared itself to be a National Assembly and swore an oath not to dissolve until France had a constitution and created, in July, the National Constituent Assembly. At the same time the people of Paris revolted, famously storming the Bastille prison on 14 July 1789.
At the time the assembly wanted to create a constitutional monarchy, and over the following two years passed various laws including the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the abolition of feudalism, and a fundamental change in the relationship between France and Rome. At first the king went along with these changes and enjoyed reasonable popularity with the people, but as anti-royalism increased along with threat of foreign invasion, the king, stripped of his power, decided to flee along with his family. He was recognized and brought back to Paris. On 12 January 1793, having been convicted of treason, he was executed.
On 20 September 1792 the National Convention abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic. Due to the emergency of war the National Convention created the Committee of Public Safety, controlled by Maximilien Robespierre of the Jacobin Club, to act as the country's executive. Under Robespierre the committee initiated the Reign of Terror, during which up to 40,000 people were executed in Paris, mainly nobles, and those convicted by the Revolutionary Tribunal, often on the flimsiest of evidence. Elsewhere in the country, counter-revolutionary insurrections were brutally suppressed. The regime was overthrown in the coup of 9 Thermidor (27 July 1794) and Robespierre was executed. The regime which followed ended the Terror and relaxed Robespierre's more extreme policies.
Napoleon Bonaparte was France's most successful general in the Revolutionary wars, having conquered large parts of Italy and forced the Austrians to sue for peace. In 1799 he returned from Egypt and on 18 Brumaire (9 November) overthrew the government, replacing it with the Consulate, in which he was First Consul. On 2 December 1804, after a failed assassination plot, he crowned himself Emperor. In 1805, Napoleon planned to invade Britain, but a renewed British alliance with Russia and Austria (Third Coalition), forced him to turn his attention towards the continent, while at the same time failure to lure the superior British fleet away from the English Channel, ending in a decisive French defeat at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October put an end to hopes of an invasion of Britain. On 2 December 1805, Napoleon defeated a numerically superior Austro-Russian army at Austerlitz, forcing Austria's withdrawal from the coalition (see Treaty of Pressburg) and dissolving the Holy Roman Empire. In 1806, a Fourth Coalition was set up, on 14 October Napoleon defeated the Prussians at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, marched through Germany and defeated the Russians on 14 June 1807 at Friedland, the Treaties of Tilsit divided Europe between France and Russia and created the Duchy of Warsaw.
On 12 June 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia with a Grande Armée of nearly 700,000 troops. After the measured victories at Smolensk and Borodino Napoleon occupied Moscow, only to find it burned by the retreating Russian Army, he was forced to withdraw, on the march back his army was harassed by Cossacks, and suffered disease and starvation. Only 20,000 of his men survived the campaign. By 1813 the tide had begun to turn from Napoleon, having been defeated by a seven nation army at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813. He was forced to abdicate after the Six Days Campaign and the occupation of Paris, under the Treaty of Fontainebleau he was exiled to the Island of Elba. He returned to France on 1 March 1815 (see Hundred Days), raised an army, but was comprehensively defeated by a British and Prussian force at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815.