在革命的法国战败后，其他列强尝试恢复1789年以前的局面。1815年维也纳会议中，欧洲主要列强在拿破仑战争之后的帝国（除去内部革命的情况）之间和梅特涅体系之下达成了均势平衡。但是努力并无法阻止革命运动愈演愈烈：中产阶级已经被法国大革命的民主理想深深影响，工业革命导致了重要的经济社会变化，下层阶级开始受到社会主义、共产主义和无政府主义思想的影响（特别是被卡尔·马克思在共产党宣言中阐述的观点），对新型资本主义的向往则成为了自由主义。一些民族主义运动（在德国、意大利、波兰、匈牙利等）的出现导致了进一步的动荡，它们寻求民族统一和/或从外族统治下解放出来。结果是1815年至1871年期间大量革命运动和独立战争爆发。拿破仑一世的侄子拿破仑三世，1848年结束英国的流放生涯回国并被选入法国国会，然后在一场政变中作为“亲王总统”把自己选为皇帝，这项行动其后受到了绝大多数法国选民的支持。他和奥地利帝国作战从而帮助意大利统一，和英国与奥斯曼帝国一起与俄国进行克里米亚战争。他的帝国在法国屈辱性地败于普鲁士之后崩溃，他本人被俘虏。法国成为了一个虚弱的共和国，不肯谈判，并在数月之后被普鲁士击败瓦解。在凡尔赛，普鲁士国王威廉一世被宣告为德国皇帝，现代德国产生。虽然革命党人大部分失败了，但是至1871年大多数欧洲国家都成为了立宪（而不是专制）君主制国家。19世纪也见证了大英帝国作为世界第一个全球帝国的崛起和在拿破仑战争中的胜利，前者很大程度上归功于工业革命。
After the defeat of revolutionary France, the other great powers tried to restore the situation which existed before 1789. In 1815 at the Congress of Vienna, the major powers of Europe managed to produce a peaceful balance of power among the empires after the Napoleonic wars (despite the occurrence of internal revolutionary movements) under the Metternich system. However, their efforts were unable to stop the spread of revolutionary movements: the middle classes had been deeply influenced by the ideals of democracy of the French revolution, the Industrial Revolution brought important economical and social changes, the lower classes started to be influenced by socialist, communist and anarchistic ideas (especially those summarized by Karl Marx in The Communist Manifesto), and the preference of the new capitalists became Liberalism. Further instability came from the formation of several nationalist movements (in Germany, Italy, Poland, Hungary etc.), seeking national unification and/or liberation from foreign rule. As a result, the period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Napoleon III, nephew of Napoleon I, returned from exile in the United Kingdom in 1848 to be elected to the French parliament, and then as "Prince President" in a coup d'état elected himself Emperor, a move approved later by a large majority of the French electorate. He helped in the unification of Italy by fighting the Austrian Empire and fought the Crimean War with the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire against Russia. His empire collapsed after an embarrassing defeat for France at the hands of Prussia in which he was captured. France then became a weak republic which refused to negotiate and was finished by Prussia in a few months. In Versailles, King Wilhelm I of Prussia was proclaimed Emperor of Germany, and modern Germany was born. Even though the revolutionaries were often defeated, most European states had become constitutional (rather than absolute) monarchies by 1871, and Germany and Italy had developed into nation states. The 19th century also saw the British Empire emerge as the world's first global power due in a large part to the Industrial Revolution and victory in the Napoleonic Wars.