zhōng yà shù shí qī Middle Assyrian period  (qián1392nián～qián912nián)   zǒngcháodài: yà shù

　　gōng yuán qián 15 shì jì mò yè yǐ hòu， yà shù yòu kāi shǐ qiáng dà qǐ lái， jìn rù zhōng yà shù shí qī， dàn dāng shí de xíng shì duì yà shù lái shuō shí fēn bù lì， xiǎo yà xì yà de hè tī wáng guó hé xīn wáng guó shí qī de 'āi jí dōuzài xù lì yà kuò zhāng zì jǐ de shì lì， cóng 'ér zǔ duàn liǎo yà shù xiàng xī de kuò zhāng。 rán 'ér yà shù réng bù duàn xún zhǎo kuò zhāng jī huì， xiān shì dǎ bài liǎo liǎng hé liú yù nán bù de jiā xǐ tè rén， jiāng yà shù de biān jiè xiàng nán tuī jìn， yòu liǎng dù tóng mǐ tǎn ní zuò zhàn， pò shǐ mǐ tǎn ní yǔ zì jǐ de jìng zhēng duì shǒu 'āi jí jié méng， rán 'ér yà shù zuì hòu hái shì jiān miè liǎo mǐ tǎn ní， zhàn qí suǒ yòu guó tǔ。 gōng yuán qián 13 shì jì chū， yà shù shèn zhì wēi xié dào hè tī de 'ān quán， shǐ hè tī yě tóng yàng xiàng zì jǐ de jìng zhēng duì shǒu 'āi jí jié méng。 yà shù yě céng xī zhēng féi ní jī， zì hè tī miè wáng hòu， zhōng yà shù wáng guó céng yī dù tǒng yī liǎng hé liú yù。 dàn qí hòu shòu dào 'ā lā měi yà rén rù qīn， lìng yà shù guó lì shòu cuò。
　　
　　 shāng yè fāng miàn， yóu yú hè tī qiáng dà， yà shù yǐ bù néng zài zài xiǎo yà xì yà jiàn lì xīn de shāng yè zhí mín dì， yà shù shāng rén bù dé bù jiāng zī běn zhuǎn rù guó nèi。 rán 'ér， yà shù běn shēn shēng chǎn lì bù shì fēi cháng fā dá， huí liú shāng yè zī běn wú fǎ zhuǎn rù shēng chǎn guò chéng， yú shì zhuǎn chéng liǎo gāo lì dài zī běn， qīn rù nóng cūn， dǎo zhì pín fù xuán shū rì yì yán zhòng， xiǎo shēng chǎn zhě sàng shī tǔ dì， shèn zhì zāo dào zhài wù nú yì。 zài “ zhōng qī yà shù fǎ diǎn ” zhōng yòu fǎn yìng liǎo zhè zhǒng qíng kuàng， cǐ fǎ diǎn xiàn cún jiǔ biǎo， jīng sān biǎo bǎo cún jiào wán zhěng， dì yī biǎo shì yòu guān cái chǎn guān xì de， qí zhōng shè jí tǔ dì zhuǎn ràng de tiáo kuǎn shèn duō； dì 'èr biǎo zé yǔ zhài wù jí zhài wù nú yì yòu guān， dāng zhōng jìzǎi zhài wù nú yì méi yòu nián xiàn。 zài zhè shí liú xià de sī fǎ wén shū zhōng， yě yòu bù shǎo guān yú tǔ dì mǎi mài de qì yuē， fǎn yìng liǎo shāng pǐn huò bì guān xì shēn rù nóng cūn de qíng kuàng。
　　
　　 zhèng zhì fāng miàn， zhōng yà shù shí qī jiē jí máo dùn jiān ruì， yà shù de wáng quán xiāng duì jiā qiáng， bìng cǎi yòng liǎo jūn zhù zhuān zhì de tǒng zhì fāng shì。 zài yà shū 'ěr wū lǐ bā tè yī shì tǒng zhì shí qī（ gōng yuán qián 1365 － 1330 nián）， dì yī cì zài guān fāng míng biǎo hé yìn zhāng shàng zì chēng wéi“ yà shù guó zhī wáng”， bìng yǔ 'āi jí fǎ lǎo chēng wéi xiōng dì。 zài 'ā dá dé · ní lā lǐ yī shì shí， guó wáng gèng shēn jiān míng nián guān yī zhí， chè dǐ chéng wéi zhuān zhì jūn zhù。
　　
　　 zhōng yà shù shí qī jūn zhù
　　
　　* yī lǐ bā 'ā dá dé yī shì qián 1392 nián - qián 1366 nián
　　* yà shù lù bā lǐ tè yī shì qián 1365 nián - qián 1330 nián
　　* ēn lì 'ěr ní lā lǐ qián 1330 nián - qián 1319 nián
　　* ā lǐ kè - dēng - yī lì qián 1319 nián - qián 1308 nián
　　* ā dá dé ní lā lǐ yī shì qián 1308 nián - qián 1275 nián
　　* sà 'ěr mǎ nà sà 'ěr yī shì qián 1275 nián - qián 1245 nián
　　* tú kù 'ěr dì - ní nǔ 'ěr tǎ yī shì qián 1245 nián - qián 1208 nián
　　* yà shù nà dí nà pǔ lì qián 1207 nián - qián 1204 nián
　　* yà shù ní lā lǐ sān shì qián 1203 nián - qián 1197 nián
　　* ēn lì 'ěr - kù dù lǐ - wū sū 'ěr qián 1197 nián - qián 1193 nián
　　* ní nǔ 'ěr tǎ - ā pà 'ěr - yī kù 'ěr qián 1192 nián - qián 1180 nián
　　* yà shù - dān yī shì qián 1179 nián - qián 1133 nián
　　* yà shù léi shí yī xī yī shì qián 1133 nián - qián 1116 nián
　　* tí gé lā tè pà lā shā 'ěr yī shì qián 1116 nián - qián 1077 nián
　　* ā shā lǐ dé - ā pà 'ěr - yī kù 'ěr qián 1077 nián - qián 1074 nián
　　* yà shù bèi 'ěr kǎ lā qián 1074 nián - qián 1057 nián
　　* shā mǔ xī 'ā dá dé sì shì qián 1057 nián - qián 1050 nián
　　* yà shù nà xī 'ěr pà yī shì qián 1050 nián - qián 1032 nián
　　* sà 'ěr mǎ nà sà 'ěr 'èr shì qián 1031 nián - qián 1020 nián
　　* yà shù ní lā lǐ sì shì qián 1020 nián - qián 1016 nián
　　* yà shù lā bǐ 'èr shì qián 1016 nián - qián 973 nián
　　* yà shù léi shí yī xī 'èr shì qián 973 nián - qián 967 nián
　　* tí gé lā tè pà lā shā 'ěr 'èr shì qián 967 nián - qián 935 nián
　　* yà shù - dān 'èr shì qián 935 nián - qián 912 nián

　　(Scholars variously date the beginning of the "Middle Assyrian period" to either the fall of the Old Assyrian kingdom of Shamshi-Adad I, or to the ascension of Ashur-uballit I to the throne of Assyria.)
　　Ashur-uballit I
　　
　　In the 15th century BC, Saushtatar, king of Hanilgalbat (Hurrians of Mitanni), sacked Ashur and made Assyria a vassal. Assyria paid tribute to Hanilgalbat until Mitanni power collapsed from Hittite pressure from the north-west and Assyrian pressure from the east, enabling Ashur-uballit I (1365 BC – 1330 BC) to again make Assyria an independent and conquering power at the expense of Babylonia; and a time came when the Kassite king in Babylon was glad to marry the daughter of Ashur-uballit, whose letters to Akhenaten of Egypt form part of the Amarna letters. This marriage led to disastrous results, as the Kassite faction at court murdered the Babylonian king and placed a pretender on the throne. Assur-uballit promptly marched into Babylonia and avenged his son-in-law, making Kurigalzu of the royal line king there.
　　Assyrian expansion
　　
　　Hanilgalbat was finally conquered under Adad-nirari I, who described himself as a "Great-King" (Sharru rabû) in letters to the Hittite rulers. The successor of Adad-nirari I, Shalmaneser I (c. 1300 BC), threw off the pretense of Babylonian suzerainty, made Kalhu his capital, and continued expansion to the northwest, mainly at the expense of the Hittites, reaching Carchemish and beyond.
　　
　　Shalmaneser's son and successor, Tukulti-Ninurta I, deposed Kadashman-Buriash of Babylon and ruled there himself as king for seven years, taking on the old title "King of Sumer and Akkad". Another weak period for Assyria followed when Babylon revolted against Tukulti-Ninurta, and later even made Assyria tributary during the reigns of the Babylonian kings Melishipak II and Marduk-apal-iddin I.
　　
　　The correct chronology of these Assyrian kings is still is much debated. There are four crucial solar eclipse records. For example, the Assyrian eclipse associated with June 15, 763 BC is widely accepted by the defenders of a middle chronology, but three ignored solar eclipses from the reign of Esarhaddon would affect the calculation drastically.
　　
　　Tiglath-Pileser I reaches the Mediterranean Sea
　　As the Hittite empire collapsed from onslaught of the Phrygians (called Mushki in Assyrian annals), Babylon and Assyria began to vie for Amorite regions, formerly under firm Hittite control. When their forces encountered one another in this region, the Assyrian king Ashur-resh-ishi I met and defeated Nebuchadnezzar I of Babylon.
　　
　　The son of Ashur-resh-ishi's, Tiglath-Pileser I, may be regarded as the founder of the first Assyrian empire. In 1120 BC, he crossed the Euphrates, capturing Carchemish, and defeated the Mushki and the remnants of the Hittites — even claiming to reach the Black Sea. He advanced to the Mediterranean, subjugating Phoenicia, where he hunted wild bulls. He also marched into Babylon twice, assuming the old title "King of Sumer and Akkad", although he was unable to depose the actual king in Babylonia, where the old Kassite dynasty had now succumbed to an Elamite one.
　　Society in the Middle Assyrian period
　　
　　Assyria had difficulties with keeping the trade routes open. Unlike the situation in the Old Assyrian period, the Anatolian metal trade was effectively dominated by the Hittites and the Hurrians. These peoples now controlled the Mediterranean ports, while the Kassites controlled the river route south to the Persian Gulf.
　　
　　The Middle Assyrian kingdom was well organized, and in the firm control of the king, who also functioned as the High Priest of Ashur, the state god. He had certain obligations to fulfill in the cult, and had to provide resources for the temples. The priesthood became a major power in Assyrian society. Conflicts with the priesthood are thought to have been behind the murder of king Tukulti-Ninurta I.
　　
　　The main Assyrian cities of the middle period were Ashur, Kalhu (Nimrud) and Nineveh, all situated in the Tigris River valley. At the end of the Bronze Age, Nineveh was much smaller than Babylon, but still one of the world's major cities (population ca. 33,000). By the end of the Neo-Assyrian period, it had grown to a population of some 120,000, and was possibly the largest city of that time. All free male citizens were obliged to serve in the army for a time, a system which was called the ilku-service. The Assyrian law code, notable for its repressive attitude towards women in their society, was compiled during this period.