俄國臨時政府（俄語：Вре́менное прави́тельство；1917年3月3日─10月26日）是俄國羅曼諾夫王朝被推翻後，在彼德格勒成立的政府。
1917年，二月革命發生，沙俄政府崩潰。原屬政府的杜馬與彼德格勒蘇维埃爭奪政府領導權。雙方最後和解，决定成立一個臨時政府，並讓它主持俄國立憲會議 (Russian Constituent Assembly；Всероссийское Учредительное Собрание) 的選舉。3月15日，沙皇尼古拉二世遜位，其弟米哈伊爾大公拒絶接受王位，王朝正式滅亡。臨時政府接管俄羅斯，但由於蘇维埃漸漸壯大，臨時政府的統治能力非常有限。雖然蘇维埃最初支持臨時政府，但後來掌握軍隊、工廠和鐵路，又得到工人支持，故此便拒絶加入政府。所以，俄國現下正是“雙重政府”之局。
臨時政府先由李沃夫王公擔任總理，後由剋倫斯基接任。它成功舉辦立憲會議的選舉，但由於沒有讓俄國退出一戰，以致民不聊生、失去民心。也許因為政府僅僅是“臨時”的，它不願意當機立斷，於是就令其他政治勢力有機可乘。首先，右派引起科爾尼洛夫事件，大大削弱了政府的統治能力；事件更令左派壯大。最後，列寧主導的十月革命推翻了臨時政府，讓布爾什維剋黨主政。在布黨人解散立憲會議之前，布黨政府仍稱為臨時政府。
臨時政府總理
* 李沃夫王公 (3月23日 - 7月21日)
* 剋倫斯基 (7月21日 - 11月8日)
The Russian Provisional Government (Russian: Временное правительство России, Vremennoye pravitel'stvo Rossii) was the short-lived administrative body which sought to govern Russia immediately following the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II in February 1917. In September 14, the State Duma of the Russian Empire officially dissolved the newly created Directorate, and the country was officially renamed the Russian Republic (Russian: Российская республика, Rossiyskaya respublika). It is also sometimes known as the "Kerensky Government" after its most prominent leader. It lasted approximately eight months, and ceased to exist after power in Russia was seized by the Bolsheviks in October of 1917.
The Provisional Government was formed in Petrograd, and was led first by Prince Georgy L'vov and then by socialist Alexander Kerensky, a prominent member of the Duma and a leader of the movement to unseat the Tsar. Instead of ending Russia's involvement in World War I, the new government launched a fresh offensive against the German and Austro-Hungarian army in July 1917, thereby weakening its popularity among Russia's war-weary people. This Kerensky Offensive, as it was called, was a failure which further eroded support for the government. The Provisional Government was unable to make decisive policy decisions due to political factionalism and a breakdown of state structures. This weakness left the government open to strong challenges from both the right and the left. The Provisional Government's chief adversary on the left was the Petrograd Soviet, which tentatively cooperated with the government at first, but then gradually gained control of the army, factories, and railways.The period of competition for authority ended in late October 1917, when Bolsheviks routed the ministers of the Provisional Government in the events known as the October Revolution, and placed power in the hands of the soviets, or "workers' councils," which they largely controlled.
The weakness of the Provisional Government is perhaps best reflected in the derisive nickname given to Prime Minister Alexander Kerensky: "persuader-in-chief."