zài '
ōu zhōu rén lái dào zhè lǐ zhī qián，
yìn dì '
ān rén děng běi měi zhōu de yuán zhù mín shēng huó zài zhè piàn guǎng kuò de tǔ dì shàng。
xiāng chuán tā men de zǔ xiān zài dà yuē yī wàn duō nián qián jīng yóu xī bó lì yà kuà guò bái lìng hǎi xiá lái dào běi měi zhōu，
bìng qiě zài zhè lǐ shēng cún fán yǎn，
tā men méi yòu zì jǐ de wén zì，
què yòu zhe fēng fù de kǒu tóu wén xué。
duì yú yuán zhù mín de rén kǒu，
lì shǐ shàng de tǒng jì yòu hěn dà chū rù，
jù 1492
nián（
gē lún bù dì yī cì lái dào běi měi zhōu）
de gū cè，
běi měi yìn dì '
ān rén zǒng shù dà yuē yòu bā bǎi wàn dào yī qiān wàn rén。
suí zhe '
ōu zhōu zhí mín zhě de shēn rù，
yuán zhù mín de jiàn kāng hé lǐng tǔ shòu dào yán zhòng wēi xié。
yóu yú '
ōu zhōu rén dài lái de gè zhǒng bìng jūn，
zài 150
nián nèi，
yuán zhù mín de rén kǒu ruì jiǎn liǎo 90%；
tā men de cūn luò bèi cuī huǐ，
yuán běn yòng yú xùmù huò zhǒng zhí de tǔ dì bèi huǐ diào liǎo。
qián gē lún bù shí qī（
yīng yǔ： Pre-Columbian）
yòu chēng yìn dì '
ān shí qī shì zhǐ xīn dà lù zài míng xiǎn shòu dào lái zì '
ōu zhōu wén huà yǐng xiǎng qián de lì shǐ shí qī。
jiù zì miàn shàng lái lǐ jiě，
zhè duàn shí qī sì hū zhǐ xī bān yá háng hǎi jiā kè lǐ sī duō fú ·
gē lún bù yú 1492
nián shí dì yī cì lái dào měi zhōu dà lù qián de lì shǐ，
dàn shí jì shàng，
“ qián gē lún bù shí qī ” tōng cháng hái hán gài dào dāng dì yìn dì '
ān wén huà zài gē lún bù dēng lù měi zhōu dà lù zhī hòu shù shí nián，
huò jǐ shì jì hòu de lì shǐ，
zhí dào zhè xiē yìn dì '
ān wén huà xiǎn zhù shòu dào '
ōu zhōu wén huà de yǐng xiǎng jí qīn lüè。
“
qián gē lún bù shí qī”
zhè gè cí cháng cháng zài tǎo lùn xīn dà lù de yìn dì '
ān wén míng shí tí dào，
lì rú zhōng bù měi zhōu zhū wén míng ──
ā cí tí kè dì guó、
mǎ yǎ wén míng，
yǐ jí wèi yú nán měi '
ān dì sī shān mài de yìn jiā wén míng jí mò qiē wén huà děng děng。
yìn dì '
ān rén shì duì chú '
ài sī jī mó rén wài de suǒ yòu měi zhōu yuán zhù mín de zǒng chēng。
měi zhōu tǔ zhù jū mín zhōng de jué dà duō shù wéi yìn dì '
ān rén，
fēn bù yú nán běi měi zhōu gè guó，
chuán tǒng jiāng qí huàguī měnggǔ rén zhǒng měi zhōu zhī xì。
yìn dì '
ān rén suǒ shuō de yǔ yán yī bān zǒng chēng wéi yìn dì '
ān yǔ，
huò zhě chēng wéi měi zhōu yuán zhù mín yǔ yán。
yìn dì '
ān rén de zú qún jí qí yǔ yán de xì zhǔqíng kuàng jūn shí fēn fù zá，
zhì jīn méi yòu gōng rèn de fēn lèi。
yìn dì '
ān rén zài 15
shì jì mò zhī qián běn lái bìng méi yòu tǒng yī de chēng fǎ。 1492
nián yì dà lì háng hǎi jiā C·
gē lún bù háng xíng zhì měi zhōu shí，
wù yǐ wéi suǒ dào zhī chù wéi yìn dù，
yīn cǐ jiāng cǐ dì de tǔ zhù jū mín chēng zuò“
yìn dù rén”（
xī bān yá yǔ：“ indios”），
hòu rén suī rán fā xiàn liǎo cuò wù，
dàn shì yuán yòu chēng hū yǐ jīng pǔ jí，
suǒ yǐ yīng yǔ hé qí tā '
ōu zhōu yǔ yán zhōng chēng yìn dì '
ān rén wéi“
xī yìn dù rén”，
zài bì yào shí wèile qū bié，
chēng zhēn zhèng de yìn dù rén wéi“
dōng yìn dù rén”。
hàn yǔ fān yì shí zhí jiē bǎ“
xī yìn dù rén”
zhè gè dān cí fān yì chéng“
yìn dì '
ān rén”
huò“
yìn dì '
ān rén”，
miǎn qù liǎo hùn xiáo de má fán，
dào mù qián réng wéi zuì pǔ jí de yòng fǎ。
bù guò dào liǎo 20
shì jì，
xǔ duō měi zhōu guó jiā yìn dì '
ān rén de dì wèi yòu liǎo míng xiǎn gǎi shàn，
yī xiē zhèng fǔ jī gòu huò mín jiān zǔ zhì kāi shǐ duì“
yìn dì '
ān rén”
zhè yī míng chēng jìn xíng“
zhèng míng”，
bǐ rú zài jiā ná dà wǎng wǎng bèi chēng wéi gèng jiā zhèng zhì zhèng què de“
dì yī mín zú”（
yīng wén：“ FirstNations”）
děng děng。
tú shā yǔ nüè dài
16
shì jì hòu lái dào měi zhōu de '
ōu zhōu zhí mín zhě dài gěi dāng dì yìn dì '
ān rén shì huǐ miè xìng de zāinàn。
jù tǒng jì，
zhí mín shí qī，
xī bān yá suǒ shǔ de lǐng dì yòu 1300
wàn yìn dì '
ān rén bèi shā，
bā xī dì qū yòu dà yuē 1000
wàn bèi shā，
měi guó xī jìn yùn dòng zhōng yòu yòu 100
wàn zuǒ yòu yìn dì '
ān rén bèi shā [
lái yuán qǐng qiú ]。
mù qián dà yuē yòu 3000
wàn yìn dì '
ān rén。
dà liàng yìn dì '
ān rén bèi nú yì shèn zhì tú shā。
lā dīng měi zhōu de nán xìng yìn dì '
ān rén jī běn shàng méi yòu chún nán xìng xì liè de hòu dài，
qí hùn xuè hòu dài mài shì dì suǒ rén dà duō wéi nán xìng zhí mín zhě yǔ dāng dì nǚ xìng de hòu dài。
ér běi měi de qíng kuàng gèng zāo，
yìn dì '
ān rén bèi gǎn rù yìn dì '
ān bǎo liú dì，
qí zài dāng dì rén kǒu suǒ zhàn bǐ lì xiǎo yú 5%。
zài měi guó，
yìn dì '
ān rén jǐn zhàn zǒng rén kǒu de 1%
zuǒ yòu。
wén huà
yìn dì '
ān rén jīng guò liǎng wàn duō nián de fēn huà hé fā zhǎn，
chǎn shēng liǎo xǔ duō bù tóng de mín zú hé yǔ yán。
zài lì shǐ shàng yìn dì '
ān rén céng jiàn lì guò sì gè dì guó，
qí zhōng zuì zhòng yào de shì běi měi zhōu de '
ā cí tí kè dì guó hé nán měi zhōu de yìn jiā dì guó。
yìn dì '
ān rén zhōng de mǎ yǎ rén fā míng liǎo mǎ yǎ wén zì，
duì tiān wén xué de yán jiū zào yì yě xiāng dāng shēn rù。
yìn dì '
ān rén péi yù chū liǎo yù mǐ、
mǎ líng shǔ、
là jiāo、
xī hóng shì、
yān cǎo、
kě kě děng zuò wù。
rán '
ér，
yóu yú hòu lái xī fāng zhí mín zhě pò hài、
shā lù yìn dì '
ān rén，
huǐ miè yìn dì '
ān wén huà，
zhì shǐ xiàn zài cán cún de gǔ dài wén míng cái liào yǐ jīng bù duō，
dàn mù qián de yán jiū yuè lái yuè yǐn qǐ kǎo gǔ jiè de guān zhù，
měi zhōu guó jiā yě kāi shǐ xià dà lì fā jué gǔ dài yìn dì '
ān wén huà。
lìng wài，
yìn dì '
ān rén céng bèi wù rèn wèishì hóng zhǒng rén，
yīn wéi tā men de pí fū jīng cháng shì hóng sè de，
hòu lái cái zhī dào zhè xiē hóng sè shì yóu yú yìn dì '
ān rén chuán tǒng shàng xí guàn zài miàn bù tú hóng yán liào suǒ gěi rén de cuò wù rèn shí。
gǔ dài yìn dì '
ān rén
zài bā xī yà mǎ xùn dì qū de yìn dì '
ān rén
*
mǎ yǎ rén
*
ā cí tè kè rén
*
yìn jiā rén
hé xǔ duō qí tā jiào xiǎo de bù luò。
The earliest known inhabitants of what is now the United States are thought to have arrived in Alaska by crossing the Bering land bridge, at least 14,000 – 30,000 years ago. Some of these groups migrated south and east, and over time spread throughout the Americas. These were the ancestors to modern Native Americans in the United States and Alaskan Native peoples, as well as all indigenous peoples of the Americas.
Many indigenous peoples were semi-nomadic tribes of hunter-gatherers; others were sedentary and agricultural civilizations. Many formed new tribes or confederations in response to European colonization. Well-known groups included the Huron, Apache Tribe, Cherokee, Sioux, Delaware, Algonquin, Choctaw, Mohegan, Iroquois (which included the Mohawk nation, Oneida tribe, Seneca nation, Cayuga nation, Onondaga and later the Tuscarora tribe) and Inuit. Though not as technologically advanced as the Mesoamerican civilizations further south, there were extensive pre-Columbian sedentary societies in what is now the US. The Iroquois had a politically advanced and unique social structure that was at the very least inspirational if not directly influential to the later development of the democratic United States government, a departure from the strong monarchies from which the Europeans came.
North America's Moundbuilder Culture
A Mississippian priest, with a ceremonial flint mace. Artist Herb Roe, based on a repousse copper plate.
Mound Builder is a general term referring to the original inhabitants who constructed various styles of earthen mounds for burial, residential and ceremonial purposes. These included Archaic, Woodland period (Adena and Hopewell cultures), and Mississippian period Pre-Columbian cultures dating from roughly 3000 BC to the 16th century AD, and living in the Great Lakes region, the Ohio River region, and the Mississippi River region.
Mound builder cultures can be divided into roughly three eras:
Archaic era
Poverty Point in what is now Louisiana is perhaps the most prominent example of early archaic mound builder construction (c. 2500 – 1000 BC). An even earlier example, Watson Brake, dates to approximately 3400 BC and coincides with the emergence of social complexity worldwide.
Woodland period
The Archaic period was followed by the Woodland period (c. 1000 BC). Some well-understood examples would be the Adena culture of Ohio and nearby states and the subsequent Hopewell culture known from Illinois to Ohio and renowned for their geometric earthworks. The Adena and Hopewell were not, however, the only mound building peoples during this time period. There were contemporaneous mound building cultures throughout the Eastern United States.
Mississippian culture
Around 900 – 1450 AD the Mississippian culture developed and spread through the Eastern United States, primarily along the river valleys. The location where the Mississippian culture is first clearly developed is located in Illinois, and is referred to today as Cahokia.