巴拿马

巴拿馬 The Republic of Panama 首都:巴拿馬城國家代碼: pa

　　［西］Panamá
　　【國名】：巴拿馬共和國（La República de Panamá / The Republic of Panama）
　　【獨立日】：11月3日（1903年）
　　【國慶日】：11月3日（1903年）
　　【貨幣】：流通美元輔幣：巴拿馬巴波亞（Panamanian Balboa)
　　【時差】：比格林尼治時間晚5小時；比北京時間晚了13小時。
　　【國際電話碼】： 507
　　【語言】：西班牙語
　　【國旗】：呈橫長方形，長與寬之比為3∶2。旗面由四個相等的橫長方形構成：左上和右下為白色長方形，其中分別有藍色和紅色五角星；左下方為藍色長方形，右上方為紅色長方形。白色象徵和平；紅色和藍色分別代表原巴拿馬的自由黨和保守黨，這兩色在國旗上的位置，表示兩黨聯合起來為民族的利益而奮鬥。兩顆五角星分別象徵忠誠和力量。這面國旗是由巴拿馬第一任總統曼努埃爾·阿馬多爾·格雷羅設計的。
　　
　　【國徽】：中心圖案為盾徽。盾面上有五組圖案：中間為表明巴拿馬地理位置及其重要性的巴拿馬地峽，它連接中美洲和南美洲，是大西洋和太平洋之間的交通要道；地峽之上的太陽和月亮圖案，象徵該國的獨立。左上角為交叉的長劍和步槍，象徵巴拿馬人民為獨立而戰的精神；右上角的鏟子和錘子代表勞動；左下角是象徵豐饒的羊角，象徵國傢的財富和繁榮；右下角帶雙翼的飛輪代表進步。盾徽上端是一隻被稱為“百鳥之王”的大兀鷹，鷹嘴叼着的飾帶上寫着“為了世界的利益”；鷹之上為九顆黃色五角星，代表巴拿馬的九個省和一個特區。盾徽兩側飾有巴拿馬國旗。
　　【國鳥】：神鷹是巴拿馬的國鳥，它是各種鷹中體重最大的鷹。這種鷹的頭上長着幾片竪立的羽毛，遠看似角，非常威武。據報道，體重越大的鳥其繁殖速度越慢, 每隔３至４年纔生兩個蛋，而且其中一個能孵出雛鳥。
　　【國花】：長花序蘭花（鴿子蘭花）
　　【國傢政要】：總統裏卡多·馬蒂內利，２００9年５月當選，7月宣誓就職。
　　【國歌】Panama National Anthem
　　【人口】　311.6萬（200７年估計）；其中印歐混血種人占７０％，黑人占１４％，白人占１０％，印第安人占６％。西班牙語為官方語言。居民８５％信奉【天主教】，４．７％信奉基督教新教，４．５％信奉伊斯蘭教。
　　【首都】巴拿馬城（Panama city），巴拿馬城位於巴拿馬運河太平洋岸河口附近的半島上。城市面臨巴拿馬灣，背靠安康山𠔌，風景如畫。原為印第安人漁村，舊城始建於１５１９年，１９０３年巴拿馬脫離哥倫比亞宣佈獨立後，該城成為首都。
　　
　　自然地理
　　７５５１７平方公裏。位於中美洲地峽。東連哥倫比亞，南瀕太平洋，西接哥斯達黎加，北臨加勒比海。連接中美洲和南美洲大陸，巴拿馬運河從南至北溝通大西洋和太平洋，有“世界橋梁”之稱。海岸綫長約２９８８公裏。全境地勢起伏，溝𠔌縱橫，除南北沿海平原外，多為山地。河流多達４００餘條，較大的有圖伊拉河、切波河及查格雷斯河。地近赤道，屬熱帶海洋性氣候，年均氣溫23～27℃。
　　
　　簡史
　　巴拿馬地峽原為奇布查、加勒比等印第安人部落聚居地。１５０１年淪為西班牙殖民地，屬新格蘭納達總督區。１８２１年獨立，成為大哥倫比亞共和國的一部分。１８３０年大哥倫比亞共和國解體後，成為新格林納達（後稱哥倫比亞）共和國的一個省。１９０３年美在擊敗英、法後與哥倫比亞政府簽定由美修建和租藉運河的條約，哥議會拒絶批準。１９０３年１１月３日美軍在巴拿馬登陸，策動巴脫離哥倫比亞獨立，成立巴拿馬共和國。同年１１月１８日美取得修建和經營運河的永久壟斷權和運河區的永久使用、占領和控製權並在巴拿馬中部的蜂腰地區開鑿一條運河，於是，運河區在巴拿馬地區成為“國中之國”。二次大戰中，美在巴強租１３４處軍事基地，１９４７年後陸續歸還一部分。１９７７年９月，巴美簽署《新運河條約》（又稱托裏霍斯－卡特條約）。1989年5月大選，執政黨和反對派均宣佈各自獲勝，因而選舉結果無效。經美洲國傢組織的斡旋，8月31日羅德裏格斯出任臨時總統。12月15日反對美國占領的諾列加被任命為政府首腦，20日美軍入侵巴拿馬，21日受美國庇護的原反對派總統候選人恩達拉在美軍基地宣誓就任總統。1990年1月，諾列加嚮美軍投降，隨後被押往美國受審。1992年11月15日，政府就6月底議會通過的憲法修正案進行全民公决。修正案對憲法的序言及57項條文進行修改。主要內容為取消軍隊、健全司法制度等。由於65％的選民投了反對票，公决失敗，憲法仍繼續有效。１９９９年１２月３１日，巴拿馬收回運河主權。
　　
　　政治
　　現行憲法於１９７２年１０月１１日生效，１９７８年和１９８３年進行過修改。憲法規定國傢三權分治，總統為國傢元首，通過直接選舉産生，任期五年，不得連任。１９９４年１０月４日，巴議會通過憲法修改草案，規定取消軍隊，建立一支警察部隊。國民議會為一院製，行使立法權。由７２名議員組成，通過民選産生，任期五年。司法權由最高法院和總檢察院行使。最高法院設９名法官，由政府任命，議會通過，任期１０年。
　　
　　經濟
　　巴拿馬林業資源豐富，全國70％以上的土地為熱帶森林所覆蓋，主要有紅木、雪鬆、棕櫚樹、橡膠樹等。礦産有金、銀、鐵、銅、鉬、鋁礬土、????、汞、硫磺、煤等。除????和鋁礬土外，其餘礦藏尚未開採。巴拿馬工業基礎薄弱，無重工業。主要有采礦業、製造業、建築業等。主要工業有食品加工、服裝加工、造紙、皮革等。水稻、玉米、豆類為主要農作物，香蕉、糖、甘蔗和咖啡為主要經濟作物。
　　巴拿馬旅遊資源豐富，在國內全部外匯收入中，旅遊業收匯額僅次於巴拿馬運河和科隆自由區。旅遊區為巴拿馬運
　　[巴拿馬運河]
　　巴拿馬運河
　　河的階梯式大閘門、孔塔多拉旅遊勝地、聖布拉斯群島和雷島等。巴拿馬國內交通以公路為主。巴拿馬是海運大國。巴拿馬運河擔負着全世界5％的貿易貨運。巴拿馬大小港口有15個。剋裏斯托瓦爾港是最大港口，巴爾沃亞港為第二大港。這兩大港占巴拿馬國際貿易運輸的75％。瓦爾蒙特港為漁港。巴拿馬也是拉美空運中心之一，最大的托庫門(原名奧馬爾·托裏霍斯)國際機場，每天可起降100多架飛機。
　　巴拿馬主要出口對象為美國、德國、哥斯達黎加、意大利和波多黎各等；進口主要來自美國、日本、哥斯達黎加、德國、委內瑞拉、厄瓜多爾等。主要進口工業製成品、石油及成品油、運輸設備、機械及食品等；主要出口香蕉、蔗糖、海蝦、咖啡、石油産品。
　　科隆自由貿易區位於巴拿馬運河大西洋入海口處，始建於1953年，有1550多傢公司專事轉口貿易，另有16傢銀
　　[科隆自由貿易區]
　　科隆自由貿易區
　　行。是僅次於香港的世界第二大自由貿易區。
　　巴拿馬是一個著名的離岸註册地，由於巴拿馬運河的重要，很多船舶都是在巴拿馬註册登記的。巴拿馬還是一個著名的離岸註册中心。
　　
　　文教
　　巴拿馬對6～15歲兒童實行義務教育。高等學府巴拿馬大學建於1935年，校址設在巴拿馬城，此外還有技術大學、聖瑪麗亞大學和地峽大學。主要報刊有《新聞報》、《美洲巴拿馬》、《自由論壇報》(與《美洲巴拿馬》係姊妹報)，還有《世紀報》和《巴拿馬明星報》。巴拿馬有95傢電臺，大部分為商業臺。有 5傢電視臺，即巴拿馬無綫廣播公司電視臺、地峽電視臺、教育電視臺、空中之波電視臺和國傢電視臺。
　　
　　外交
　　奉行獨立自主、不結盟的外交政策，加強同拉美國傢的團结合作，與世界各國發展關係。
　　1936年中國駐西雅圖助理領事鄧傳楷(江蘇省江陰人)改派駐巴拿馬大使館。
　　巴拿馬歷屆政府把收復運河主權作為對外政策的基本目標。
　　因巴拿馬承認臺灣，中國至今未與其建交。1984年7月，中國在科隆自由貿易區設立了中國拉美貿易中心。
　　巴拿馬與美國的關係在巴拿馬對外關係中占有特殊地位。1964年1月巴、美斷交，同年4月復交。1989年美軍入侵巴拿馬。恩達拉政府成立後，美國即予以承認，並宣佈解除對巴拿馬的經濟製裁。美國開發銀行恢復了對巴拿馬的援助。同年12月美軍全部撤回運河區。巴拿馬議會批準美軍和平部隊重返巴拿馬活動。1991年4月，美、巴簽署了司法互助協定。8月，簽署了重新安排拖欠美國1.07億美元債務的協定。美國還决定投資2億美元，參加拓寬運河的“蛇彎航道”工程。恩達拉政府執政頭2年，美國已嚮巴拿馬提供了4.61億美元援助。
　　1989年12月美軍入侵巴拿馬後，大多數拉美國傢予以譴責，不承認恩達拉政府。巴拿馬同墨西哥、秘魯、厄瓜多爾等國因諾列加時期人員政治避難問題關係緊張。巴拿馬為擺脫在國際上的孤立局面，主動改善與拉美國傢的關係。
　　
　　風土人情
　　巴拿馬人無論其文化程度如何，在社交活動中，都熱情好客。不管是誰，都可以隨便到別人傢去做客，主人會
　　[傳統的巴拿馬長裙]
　　傳統的巴拿馬長裙
　　對客人熱情款待，賓主毫無陌生之感，如同傢人一般，主人並不要客人付任何報酬。印第安的喬科族人尤其好客，心底善良，在任何情況下都不會表現出狂熱感。
　　在巴拿馬，朋友見面時，根據見面的時間問候"早安"、"午安、""晚安"、"您好"、"見到您非常高興"等等。問候同時，男性朋友之間要彼此握手，女性朋友或異性朋友除握手外，還要擁抱和親吻面頰。
　　巴拿馬人的姓名構成與西班牙和墨西哥等拉美國傢的居民相同，其順序是：名字、父姓、母姓。社會上最常用的稱呼是先生和女士。對成年男子稱先生，對已婚成年的婦女稱女士或太太，對未婚的女人可稱小姐。
　　巴拿馬居民的禁忌和其他拉美國傢的基本相同，婦女不喜歡別人問及她的年齡，人們厭惡打聽男女的私生活情況和工資收入，巴拿馬人認為每月的"13"這一天是最不吉利的日子。
　　巴拿馬居民的主要食物是大米，其次是玉米、豆類、君子蘭和香蕉。"瓜喬"是巴拿馬最有名的民族菜，是用大米、豆類和肉做成的。人們還喜歡吃用玉米麵和肉做成的玉米麵餅、臘肉大米飯等。巴拿馬居民常喝的飲科是可口可樂、百事可樂和咖啡等。
　　
　　[世界聞名的巴拿馬草帽]
　　世界聞名的巴拿馬草帽
　　在巴拿馬，城市居民在正式場合一般都西裝革履，風度翩翩。富人多數都有一件名叫"波列拉"的服裝，"波列拉"是用質量上乘的白麻紗或高級薄麻布做成的薄紗短衫，短衫上飾有貼花或綉着各種生動的動植物圖案，在短衫的縐邊上縫有手工織的花邊，沿領口有一條色調對比鮮豔的絨綫，前後都有結子，農村居民最典型的服裝是"下米西利亞"，這是用一種薄料做成的圓領長襯衫。農民喜歡頭戴草帽，腳穿草鞋。農村婦女常穿的服裝是印花布連衣裙。印第安人的服裝具有自己的民族特色。
　　巴拿馬的婚姻風俗基本上遵循着天主教的傳統，國傢法律規定實行一夫一妻製。大部分印第安人的婚姻和婚禮也是按照天主教習俗進行和操辦的，但仍有一部分印第安人保留着本民族的傳統做法。
　　巴拿馬的政治儀式是西方的，宗教儀式則完全是天主教的，但有些印第安民族仍然保留着自己的民族儀式。有的部落在舉行節慶和出徵儀式時，首領要進行化裝，用許多羽毛裝飾自己，其他人則用野獸的爪子裝飾自己。
　　巴拿馬居民平時和節慶時都喜歡跳舞。"小鼓"舞是一種原始的民族舞蹈，一嚮為人們喜聞樂見，在各地狂歡節和大型慶祝活動中，這種舞蹈備受歡迎。此外，巴拿馬人還經常開展鬥雞、鬥牛和賽馬比賽。他們也喜歡現代體育運動，如足球、棒球、橄欖球、籃球、排球等。
　　【飲食】
　　　巴拿馬的自來水可以直接飲用。
　　首都較具規模的中國餐館約有10傢，均為廣東華僑所經營。非正式宴客每人餐費約8美元。市中心有24小時開放的超級市場供應蔬果、牛奶等。
　　巴拿馬人喜甜食,習慣飯後用甜點,西餐主要為牛肉或魚、蝦，中午用餐簡單，時間為12:30,晚餐較正式,時間為20:00。衛生情形良好。
　　巴拿馬雞肉湯為普通餐飲。巴拿馬人以大米和玉米為主食，他們製作的食品講究五味俱全，比較有名的有大米，肉煮赤豆。巴拿馬人很喜歡一種叫桑科喬的食品，當地人常以此宴請客人。
　　【服飾禮儀】
　　巴拿馬人傳統的服裝是，男子穿綉花的長襯衫和短褲，女子穿印花連衣裙或綉花短裙。巴拿馬草帽是用一種名為多基利亞植物的纖維或用彩色桿紡織而成的帶有黑條紋或花飾的邊沿上翹的草帽，原産於厄瓜多爾，由於外國遊客見巴拿馬人多戴這種草帽，故稱之為巴拿馬草帽。
　　【儀態禮儀】
　　巴拿馬人交談時喜歡雙方的距離靠得近一些，他們認為這樣纔顯得親近自然，否則就有冷淡對方之嫌了，他們有一些手勢語，如吻指尖表示贊美。
　　【相見禮儀】
　　在正式社交場合，他們同賓客見面時常行握手禮，而在親朋好友之間，見面時常行擁抱禮，在街頭遇見熟人時，則以點頭為禮，當地人接電話，往往先問您是誰，這與歐美國傢先自報傢門的習慣不同。
　　【餐飲禮儀】
　　巴拿馬人以大米和玉米為主食，他們製作的食品講究五味俱全，比較有名的有大米，肉煮赤豆。巴拿馬人很喜歡一種叫桑科喬的食品，當地人常以此宴請客人。
　　【喜喪禮儀】
　　當地人在舉行正式婚禮前，少女們必須經歷一種開花的成年儀式，它是女子將婚嫁的證明，儀式進行時，全村人都要贈送禮物，女方父母要宴請全村人。每年當地要舉行一種被稱為謝肉祭的狂歡節。節日期間，人們身着華麗的服裝，裝扮成各種奇異的角色。
　　【商務禮儀】
　　巴拿馬人在商務活動中很看中對方的衣着，外國客商在談判場合最好穿西裝。當地人對約會並不一定準時赴約，但作為外國客商最好按時到達。第一次商務會面，可遞上印有英文，西班牙文對照的名片，當地商人中午一般要回傢吃午飯，現在，隨着經濟的發展，巴拿馬商務活動的節奏正在加快，但他們不喜歡別人催促他們。
　　【旅遊禮儀】
　　旅遊業是巴拿馬的重要經濟支柱這一，巴拿馬運河，美洲大橋，國際金融中心以及被譽為珍珠寶島的孔塔多拉，都是享有盛譽的國際旅遊勝地，當地政府很重視旅遊業投資，努力改善旅遊環境。
　　【主要禁忌】
　　在與巴拿馬人接觸時，不要談論政治，運河區的主權以及政府的外交政策等話題，到巴拿馬作客，不宜過分贊美一樣物品。
　　【華人華僑】
　　1854年，第一艘載有中國移民的船舶漂洋過海抵達巴拿馬，開始了書寫華人移民巴拿馬和建設巴拿馬的歷史。今天，華人憑藉中華民族的智慧和勤勞，成功融入巴拿馬社會，成為其不可或缺的成員，贏得了巴拿馬人的敬佩和尊重。
　　這種感受幷不需要刻意尋找。記者來到巴拿馬的3個多月時間裏，在不同的場合、與不同的巴拿馬階層對話的過程中均能夠切身體會到巴拿馬人談及華人時表現出的親近感。
　　中評社香港4月1日電/中華文化的元素在巴拿馬的大街小巷隨處可見，比如漢字的使用、粵語詞彙的“普及”(巴拿馬90%的華人祖籍廣東)等等。在巴拿馬究竟有多少華人目前幷沒有確切的統計，一般估計第一代和第二代移民有15萬到20萬人，如果加上基本不會中文的華人後裔，這個數字超過30萬，占巴拿馬人口的十分之一。這些華人除了經營小超市、洗衣店等傳統創業模式外，大量的後裔廣泛涉足於醫療、教育、媒體、政治、經濟、金融等行業，一看便知的華人姓氏如Leung，Chung，Lau，Loo，Wong在當地報紙上隨處可見。

　　[West] Panamá
　　【Name】 country: the Republic of Panama (La República de Panamá / The Republic of Panama)
　　】【Independence Day: November 3 (1903)
　　】【National Day: November 3 (1903)
　　】【Currency: U.S. dollar coins in circulation: Panamanian Balboa (Panamanian Balboa)
　　】【Difference: 5 hours later than GMT; 13 hours later than Beijing Time.
　　】【International telephone code: 507
　　【Language】: Spanish
　　】【Flag: horizontal rectangle, the length and width ratio of 3:2. The flag consists of four equal horizontal rectangular form: the upper left and lower right white rectangle, which were blue and red five-pointed star; bottom left of the blue rectangle, top right of the red rectangle. White symbolizes peace; the original red and blue represent the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party of Panama, the two colors on the flag position, said the two parties together for the national interests of the party. Two five-pointed star symbol of loyalty and strength, respectively. This is the flag is the first president of Panama Manuel 马多尔格雷罗 design.
　　】【National bird: eagle is the national bird of Panama, which is the largest weight of all eagles in Eagle. The long head of the eagle feathers with a few slices of erection, well appear to corner, very powerful. According to reports, the greater weight of the birds and their breeding more slowly, every 3 to 4 years to have two eggs, and one hundred and offspring.
　　】【Flower: Long Floral Orchid (pigeon orchid)
　　】【National political figures: President 里卡多马蒂内利, May 2009 election, was sworn in July.
　　【】 Panama National Anthem National Anthem
　　【】 3,116,000 people (2007 estimate); which mestizo 70%, 14% blacks, whites accounted for 10%, Indian 6%. Spanish is the official language. 85% of residents believe 【Catholic Church, Protestant Christian 4.7%, 4.5% Muslim.
　　【Capital】 Panama City (Panama city), Panama City is located near the mouth of the Panama Canal's Pacific coast on the peninsula. Facing the Bay of Panama City, backed by well-being of the valley and picturesque. Formerly Indian fishing village, the old city was founded in 1519, 1903, Panama declared its independence from Colombia, the city became the capital.
　　Physical Geography
　　75,517 square kilometers. Located in the Central American isthmus. East of Colombia, South Pacific Ocean, west of Costa Rica, north of the Caribbean Sea. Connecting Central and South American continent, the Panama Canal from the Atlantic and Pacific, south to north of communication, the "bridge of" said. 2988 km long coastline. The whole situation the potential ups and downs, valleys aspect, in addition to north-south coastal plain, a number of the mountains. River up to 400 bar, the larger a Tuyi La River, wave River and the Chagres River. Nearer the equator, tropical climate, the average annual temperature of 23 ~ 27 ℃.
　　Jian Shi
　　Isthmus of Panama as Zeb original investigation, the Caribbean and other Indian tribes _set_tlements. Become a Spanish colony in 1501, is the new District Governor, Granada. Independence in 1821, becoming part of the Republic of Colombia. Republic of Greater Colombia in 1830 after the disintegration of a new Grenada (later Colombia) a province of the Republic. In 1903, the United States defeated Britain, France and the Colombian government signed after the US-built and leased by the canal treaties, the Colombian parliament refused to ratify. November 3, 1903 U.S. troops landed in Panama and empowering Palestinian independence from Colombia, the establishment of the Republic of Panama. November 18 the same year, made the construction and operation of the canal 美 permanent monopoly of power and the permanent use of the Canal Zone, the occupation and control, and central wasp waist region in Panama dug a canal, so, in the Panama Canal Zone as "a state within a country. " World War II, the United States strongly hire 134 in Pakistan military base, part of 1947, after having returned. September 1977, Pakistan signed the United States, "the new Canal Treaty" (also known as the Torrijos - Carter Treaty). May 1989 elections, the ruling party and the opposition have announced their own victory, and thus the election results invalid. Mediation by the Organization of American States, August 31 Rodriguez as interim president. Dec. 15 against the U.S. occupation of the Manuel Noriega was appointed head of government, 20 the U.S. military invasion of Panama, 21 former asylum by the United States Enda La opposition presidential candidate was sworn in as president at the U.S. base. January 1990, Noriega surrendered to U.S. forces before being taken to the United States for trial. November 15, 1992, the Government by the end of June Parliament passed the constitutional amendment referendum. Preamble to the Constitution and the amendment of the 57 provisions modified. Mainly for the lifting of the army, a sound judicial system. Since 65% of voters voted against the referendum fails, the Constitution still valid. December 31, 1999, Panama Canal to recover sovereignty.
　　Politics
　　The current constitution in October 11, 1972 entered into force in 1978 and 1983 has been modified. State Constitution divided the three powers, the president as head of state, elected by direct, term of five years without re-election. October 4, 1994, Pakistani parliament passed the draft amendment to the Constitution to require abolition of the army, the establishment of a police force. A unicameral National Assembly to exercise legislative power. Composed of 72 members, elected by a term of five years. Judicial power exercised by the Supreme Court and the Attorney General's Office. The Supreme Court has 9 judges appointed by the Government, the Parliament adopted a term of 10 years.
　　Economy
　　Panama's rich forestry resources, 70% of the land covered by tropical forest, mainly mahogany, cedar, palm trees, rubber trees and so on. Minerals are gold, silver, iron, copper, molybdenum, bauxite, salt, mercury, sulfur and coal. Desalination and bauxite, other minerals have not yet mined. Panama's weak industrial base, no heavy industry. There are mining, manufacturing, construction and so on. Major industries include food processing, garment processing, paper and leather. Rice, corn, beans as main crops, bananas, sugar, sugar cane and coffee as the main cash crops.
　　Panama's rich tourism resources in the country in total foreign exchange earnings, the amount of tourism exchange earnings after the Panama Canal and the Colon Free Zone. Panama tourism operation
　　[Panama Canal]
　　Panama Canal
　　River, a large gate ladder, the Contadora resort, San Blas Islands and Lei Island. Panama Road is the main domestic traffic. Panama is a maritime power. 5% of the world charged with the Panama Canal trade cargo. The size of the port of Panama 15. Cristobal is the largest port in Hong Kong, Hong Kong is the second largest port Baerwoya. The two accounted for Panama port traffic 75% of international trade. Val Monte Hong Kong for fishing. Panama is one of the Latin American air cargo center, the largest Tocumen (formerly 名奥马尔托里霍 Sri Lanka) International Airport, a day more than 100 aircraft taking off and landing.
　　Panama's main export to the United States, Germany, Costa Rica, Italy and Puerto Rico; imports were mainly from the United States, Japan, Costa Rica, Germany, Venezuela, Ecuador. Imports of manufactured goods, oil and oil products, transportation equipment, machinery and food; major export bananas, sugar, shrimp, coffee, petroleum products.
　　Panama Canal, the Colon Free Trade Zone is located at the mouth of the Atlantic, was founded in 1953, a number of companies specializing in re-1550, and another 16 silver
　　[Colon Free Trade Zone]
　　Colon Free Trade Zone
　　Line. Is the world's second largest after Hong Kong's free trade zone.
　　Panama is a well-known offshore registration, the Panama Canal important, many ships are registered in Panama. Panama is a well-known offshore registry.
　　Culture and education
　　Panama for children aged 6 to 15 is compulsory. University of Panama, institutions of higher learning founded in 1935, school site is located in Panama City, in addition to University of Technology, University of Santa Maria University and the isthmus. Major newspapers, the "News", "Panama America", "Freedom Forum News" (and "Panama America," Department of sister newspaper), and "Century" and "Panama Star newspaper." Panama has 95 radio stations, most of the commercial units. 5 TV stations, radio broadcasting company that television stations in Panama, Isthmus television, educational television, the wave of air television stations and national television.
　　Foreign Affairs
　　Pursue an independent, non-aligned foreign policy, strengthen unity and cooperation with Latin American countries, developing relations with other countries.
　　Assistant in Seattle in 1936, the Chinese Consul Dengchuan Kai (Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, people) to change the Embassy stationed in Panama.
　　Panama Canal successive governments to recover the sovereignty of the basic objectives of its foreign policy.
　　Yinbanama recognition of Taiwan, China has yet to establish diplomatic relations. July 1984, China established the China Free Trade Area of Cologne, the Latin American Trade Center.
　　December 1989 U.S. invasion of Panama, most Latin American countries condemn the government does not recognize Enda La. Panama and Mexico, Peru, Ecuador and other countries Yinnuoliejia political asylum issue during the staff tensions. Panama to get rid of isolation in the international situation, the initiative to improve relations with Latin American countries.
　　Customs
　　Regardless of their degree of Panamanian culture, in social activities, are warm and hospitable. No matter who you are, can easily go to another guest house, the owner will be
　　[Traditional dress of Panama]
　　The traditional dress of Panama
　　Hospitality to guests, both sides have no strange feeling, like the family in general, the owner does not pay any compensation to the guests. The Choco Indian tribe, especially hospitality, good heart, in any case will not show a sense of enthusiasm.
　　In Panama, meet friends, according to meet the time greeting "Good Morning", "Good afternoon," "Good Night," "Hello", "very glad to see you," and so on. Greetings also shaking hands to one another between male friends, female friends, or the opposite sex than shake hands, but also embrace and kiss on the cheek.
　　Panamanian Constitution and the name of Spain and Mexico and other Latin American countries, the residents of the same order: name, father's surname, mother's surname. Community should address the most common man and woman. Mr. said the adult male, adult women known for married lady or wife, unmarried women can be said of Miss.
　　Residents of Panama and other Latin American countries, the taboo is basically the same, women do not like to be asked about her age, people dislike the situation and inquire about the private lives of men and women wage income, Panamanians that the monthly "13" This day is the most unlucky .
　　Panama to be the predominant food is rice, followed by maize, beans, kaffir lily, and banana. "Melon Joe" is the most famous of Panama's national dish, is rice, beans and meats. People also like to eat meat, made with cornmeal and corn bread, bacon, cooked rice and so on. Panama Branch residents are likely to drink to drink Coca-Cola, Pepsi and coffee.
　　[World-famous Panama hat]
　　World-famous Panama hat
　　In Panama, the city residents generally have a suit on formal occasions, quiet demeanor. Most rich people have a name of "Bo Liela" clothing, "Bolie La" is high quality white linen or advanced thin chiffon blouse made of linen, decorated with decals or a shirt embroidered with a variety of vivid images of animals and plants, the edge of the shirt's crepe hand-woven lace stitched along the neckline there is a bright contrast color yarn, knot front and back, the most typical clothing of rural residents was "under Missy Elijah," which is made of thin material with a long round neck shirt. Farmers like a straw hat and wearing sandals. Rural women often wear a calico dress clothing. Indian clothing has its own national characteristics.
　　Marriage customs of Panama follows the Catholic tradition basically required by national law monogamous. Most Indian marriages and weddings are conducted in accordance with Catholic practices and make arrangements, but the Indians still retain some of the nation's traditional practices.
　　Panama is a Western political ritual, ritual is entirely Catholic, but some Indians still retain their national ceremony. Some tribes _set_ off at festivals and ceremonies, the leaders have to be fancy, decorated with many feathers, others decorated with animal claws.
　　Panama and the festivals are usually people like to dance. "Drum" Dance is a primitive folk dance, has always been loved by people in the country and large-scale carnival celebration, this dance popular. In addition, Panamanians often conduct cockfights, bullfights and horse racing. They also like modern sports such as football, baseball, football, basketball, volleyball and so on.
　　】【Diet
　　Panama's water safe to drink.
　　Sizable capital of about 10 Chinese restaurants, are operated by overseas Chinese in Guangdong. Informal meals about $ 8 per person banquet. 24-hour downtown supermarket supply of fruits and vegetables, milk and so on.
　　Panamanians hi sweets, used after a meal with dessert, western food is mainly meat or fish, shrimp, a simple meal at noon, the time is 12:30, a more formal dinner, the time is 20:00. Health situation is good.
　　Chicken soup for the ordinary food of Panama. Panamanians to rice and corn-based food, they pay attention to flavors and taste of food produced, the more famous are rice, meat cooked beans. Panamanians called Sang Keqiao like food, locals used as dinner guests.
　　【Apparel】 etiquette
　　Panamanian traditional clothing, men wear long shirts and pants embroidered, embroidered women's wear print dress or skirt. Panama hat is called Duojiliya plant textile fibers or rods made of color with black stripes or a floral edge upturned straw hat, native to Ecuador, the Panamanian foreign tourists see more wear This hat, it is known as Panama straw hat.
　　】【Manners etiquette
　　Panamanians liked to talk to the distance between the two sides through closer, it seems they think that close to nature, or other suspected cold out there, they have some sign language, such as kissing the fingertips that praise.
　　Etiquette】【meet
　　In the formal social occasions, they met with guests from time to time line handshake, and between friends and family, meet from time to time to embrace the line ceremony, when acquaintances meet in the streets, places nod for the ceremony, local people answer the phone, always ask who you are , which is the habit of yourself first before European and American countries are different.
　　】【Dining etiquette
　　Panamanians to rice and corn-based food, they pay attention to flavors and taste of food produced, the more famous are rice, meat cooked beans. Panamanians called Sang Keqiao like food, locals used as dinner guests.
　　Funeral etiquette】【hi
　　Locals held a formal wedding, the girls must go through a rites of flowering, it is the woman will be proof of marriage, the ceremony, the whole village should be giving gifts to her parents entertained the whole village. Held each year to a local meat offering, known as DR Carnival. During the festival, people dressed in gorgeous costumes, dressed as a variety of strange characters.
　　】【Business Etiquette
　　Panamanians are in the business activities of Chinese and other clothing, the best places in the negotiations of foreign businessmen wearing suits. Local time on the appointment date does not necessarily, but as the best time to reach foreign customers. First business meeting can be handed printed in English, Spanish control of the business card, local merchants generally go home for lunch at noon, and now, with the economic development of Panama, is accelerating the pace of business activities, but they do not want people to press them.
　　【Travel】 Etiquette
　　Tourism is an important economic pillar of the Panama, the Panama Canal, Bridge of the Americas, an international financial center as well as the Contadora island known as the Pearl are renowned international tourist destination, the local government attaches great importance to tourism investment, efforts to improve the tourism environment.
　　【Main Contraindications
　　Contact with the Panamanians, do not talk about politics, the sovereignty of the Canal Zone and the government's foreign policy and other topics, the Panamanian guests, it should not praise the same items.
　　Overseas Chinese】【
　　In 1854, the first ship carrying Chinese immigrants arrived in Panama, the ship across the ocean, Chinese immigrants began to write the history of Panama and the building of Panama. Today, the Chinese with the Chinese people's wisdom and hard-working, successful integration into the Panamanian society and become an indispensable member of the Panamanian won the admiration and respect.
　　Such feelings do not deliberately look for Bing. Reporter went to Panama more than 3 months time, on different occasions, the dialogue with different sectors of the process of Panama, were able to talk about personal experience to the Panamanians demonstrated when the Chinese sense of intimacy.

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