巴拿马

巴拿马 The Republic of Panama 首都:巴拿马城国家代码: pa

　　［西］Panamá
　　【国名】：巴拿马共和国（La República de Panamá / The Republic of Panama）
　　【独立日】：11月3日（1903年）
　　【国庆日】：11月3日（1903年）
　　【货币】：流通美元辅币：巴拿马巴波亚（Panamanian Balboa)
　　【时差】：比格林尼治时间晚5小时；比北京时间晚了13小时。
　　【国际电话码】： 507
　　【语言】：西班牙语
　　【国旗】：呈横长方形，长与宽之比为3∶2。旗面由四个相等的横长方形构成：左上和右下为白色长方形，其中分别有蓝色和红色五角星；左下方为蓝色长方形，右上方为红色长方形。白色象征和平；红色和蓝色分别代表原巴拿马的自由党和保守党，这两色在国旗上的位置，表示两党联合起来为民族的利益而奋斗。两颗五角星分别象征忠诚和力量。这面国旗是由巴拿马第一任总统曼努埃尔·阿马多尔·格雷罗设计的。
　　
　　【国徽】：中心图案为盾徽。盾面上有五组图案：中间为表明巴拿马地理位置及其重要性的巴拿马地峡，它连接中美洲和南美洲，是大西洋和太平洋之间的交通要道；地峡之上的太阳和月亮图案，象征该国的独立。左上角为交叉的长剑和步枪，象征巴拿马人民为独立而战的精神；右上角的铲子和锤子代表劳动；左下角是象征丰饶的羊角，象征国家的财富和繁荣；右下角带双翼的飞轮代表进步。盾徽上端是一只被称为“百鸟之王”的大兀鹰，鹰嘴叼着的饰带上写着“为了世界的利益”；鹰之上为九颗黄色五角星，代表巴拿马的九个省和一个特区。盾徽两侧饰有巴拿马国旗。
　　【国鸟】：神鹰是巴拿马的国鸟，它是各种鹰中体重最大的鹰。这种鹰的头上长着几片竖立的羽毛，远看似角，非常威武。据报道，体重越大的鸟其繁殖速度越慢, 每隔３至４年才生两个蛋，而且其中一个能孵出雏鸟。
　　【国花】：长花序兰花（鸽子兰花）
　　【国家政要】：总统里卡多·马蒂内利，２００9年５月当选，7月宣誓就职。
　　【国歌】Panama National Anthem
　　【人口】　311.6万（200７年估计）；其中印欧混血种人占７０％，黑人占１４％，白人占１０％，印第安人占６％。西班牙语为官方语言。居民８５％信奉【天主教】，４．７％信奉基督教新教，４．５％信奉伊斯兰教。
　　【首都】巴拿马城（Panama city），巴拿马城位于巴拿马运河太平洋岸河口附近的半岛上。城市面临巴拿马湾，背靠安康山谷，风景如画。原为印第安人渔村，旧城始建于１５１９年，１９０３年巴拿马脱离哥伦比亚宣布独立后，该城成为首都。
　　
　　自然地理
　　７５５１７平方公里。位于中美洲地峡。东连哥伦比亚，南濒太平洋，西接哥斯达黎加，北临加勒比海。连接中美洲和南美洲大陆，巴拿马运河从南至北沟通大西洋和太平洋，有“世界桥梁”之称。海岸线长约２９８８公里。全境地势起伏，沟谷纵横，除南北沿海平原外，多为山地。河流多达４００余条，较大的有图伊拉河、切波河及查格雷斯河。地近赤道，属热带海洋性气候，年均气温23～27℃。
　　
　　简史
　　巴拿马地峡原为奇布查、加勒比等印第安人部落聚居地。１５０１年沦为西班牙殖民地，属新格兰纳达总督区。１８２１年独立，成为大哥伦比亚共和国的一部分。１８３０年大哥伦比亚共和国解体后，成为新格林纳达（后称哥伦比亚）共和国的一个省。１９０３年美在击败英、法后与哥伦比亚政府签定由美修建和租借运河的条约，哥议会拒绝批准。１９０３年１１月３日美军在巴拿马登陆，策动巴脱离哥伦比亚独立，成立巴拿马共和国。同年１１月１８日美取得修建和经营运河的永久垄断权和运河区的永久使用、占领和控制权并在巴拿马中部的蜂腰地区开凿一条运河，于是，运河区在巴拿马地区成为“国中之国”。二次大战中，美在巴强租１３４处军事基地，１９４７年后陆续归还一部分。１９７７年９月，巴美签署《新运河条约》（又称托里霍斯－卡特条约）。1989年5月大选，执政党和反对派均宣布各自获胜，因而选举结果无效。经美洲国家组织的斡旋，8月31日罗德里格斯出任临时总统。12月15日反对美国占领的诺列加被任命为政府首脑，20日美军入侵巴拿马，21日受美国庇护的原反对派总统候选人恩达拉在美军基地宣誓就任总统。1990年1月，诺列加向美军投降，随后被押往美国受审。1992年11月15日，政府就6月底议会通过的宪法修正案进行全民公决。修正案对宪法的序言及57项条文进行修改。主要内容为取消军队、健全司法制度等。由于65％的选民投了反对票，公决失败，宪法仍继续有效。１９９９年１２月３１日，巴拿马收回运河主权。
　　
　　政治
　　现行宪法于１９７２年１０月１１日生效，１９７８年和１９８３年进行过修改。宪法规定国家三权分治，总统为国家元首，通过直接选举产生，任期五年，不得连任。１９９４年１０月４日，巴议会通过宪法修改草案，规定取消军队，建立一支警察部队。国民议会为一院制，行使立法权。由７２名议员组成，通过民选产生，任期五年。司法权由最高法院和总检察院行使。最高法院设９名法官，由政府任命，议会通过，任期１０年。
　　
　　经济
　　巴拿马林业资源丰富，全国70％以上的土地为热带森林所覆盖，主要有红木、雪松、棕榈树、橡胶树等。矿产有金、银、铁、铜、钼、铝矾土、盐、汞、硫磺、煤等。除盐和铝矾土外，其余矿藏尚未开采。巴拿马工业基础薄弱，无重工业。主要有采矿业、制造业、建筑业等。主要工业有食品加工、服装加工、造纸、皮革等。水稻、玉米、豆类为主要农作物，香蕉、糖、甘蔗和咖啡为主要经济作物。
　　巴拿马旅游资源丰富，在国内全部外汇收入中，旅游业收汇额仅次于巴拿马运河和科隆自由区。旅游区为巴拿马运
　　[巴拿马运河]
　　巴拿马运河
　　河的阶梯式大闸门、孔塔多拉旅游胜地、圣布拉斯群岛和雷岛等。巴拿马国内交通以公路为主。巴拿马是海运大国。巴拿马运河担负着全世界5％的贸易货运。巴拿马大小港口有15个。克里斯托瓦尔港是最大港口，巴尔沃亚港为第二大港。这两大港占巴拿马国际贸易运输的75％。瓦尔蒙特港为渔港。巴拿马也是拉美空运中心之一，最大的托库门(原名奥马尔·托里霍斯)国际机场，每天可起降100多架飞机。
　　巴拿马主要出口对象为美国、德国、哥斯达黎加、意大利和波多黎各等；进口主要来自美国、日本、哥斯达黎加、德国、委内瑞拉、厄瓜多尔等。主要进口工业制成品、石油及成品油、运输设备、机械及食品等；主要出口香蕉、蔗糖、海虾、咖啡、石油产品。
　　科隆自由贸易区位于巴拿马运河大西洋入海口处，始建于1953年，有1550多家公司专事转口贸易，另有16家银
　　[科隆自由贸易区]
　　科隆自由贸易区
　　行。是仅次于香港的世界第二大自由贸易区。
　　巴拿马是一个著名的离岸注册地，由于巴拿马运河的重要，很多船舶都是在巴拿马注册登记的。巴拿马还是一个著名的离岸注册中心。
　　
　　文教
　　巴拿马对6～15岁儿童实行义务教育。高等学府巴拿马大学建于1935年，校址设在巴拿马城，此外还有技术大学、圣玛丽亚大学和地峡大学。主要报刊有《新闻报》、《美洲巴拿马》、《自由论坛报》(与《美洲巴拿马》系姊妹报)，还有《世纪报》和《巴拿马明星报》。巴拿马有95家电台，大部分为商业台。有 5家电视台，即巴拿马无线广播公司电视台、地峡电视台、教育电视台、空中之波电视台和国家电视台。
　　
　　外交
　　奉行独立自主、不结盟的外交政策，加强同拉美国家的团结合作，与世界各国发展关系。
　　1936年中国驻西雅图助理领事邓传楷(江苏省江阴人)改派驻巴拿马大使馆。
　　巴拿马历届政府把收复运河主权作为对外政策的基本目标。
　　因巴拿马承认台湾，中国至今未与其建交。1984年7月，中国在科隆自由贸易区设立了中国拉美贸易中心。
　　巴拿马与美国的关系在巴拿马对外关系中占有特殊地位。1964年1月巴、美断交，同年4月复交。1989年美军入侵巴拿马。恩达拉政府成立后，美国即予以承认，并宣布解除对巴拿马的经济制裁。美国开发银行恢复了对巴拿马的援助。同年12月美军全部撤回运河区。巴拿马议会批准美军和平部队重返巴拿马活动。1991年4月，美、巴签署了司法互助协定。8月，签署了重新安排拖欠美国1.07亿美元债务的协定。美国还决定投资2亿美元，参加拓宽运河的“蛇弯航道”工程。恩达拉政府执政头2年，美国已向巴拿马提供了4.61亿美元援助。
　　1989年12月美军入侵巴拿马后，大多数拉美国家予以谴责，不承认恩达拉政府。巴拿马同墨西哥、秘鲁、厄瓜多尔等国因诺列加时期人员政治避难问题关系紧张。巴拿马为摆脱在国际上的孤立局面，主动改善与拉美国家的关系。
　　
　　风土人情
　　巴拿马人无论其文化程度如何，在社交活动中，都热情好客。不管是谁，都可以随便到别人家去做客，主人会
　　[传统的巴拿马长裙]
　　传统的巴拿马长裙
　　对客人热情款待，宾主毫无陌生之感，如同家人一般，主人并不要客人付任何报酬。印第安的乔科族人尤其好客，心底善良，在任何情况下都不会表现出狂热感。
　　在巴拿马，朋友见面时，根据见面的时间问候"早安"、"午安、""晚安"、"您好"、"见到您非常高兴"等等。问候同时，男性朋友之间要彼此握手，女性朋友或异性朋友除握手外，还要拥抱和亲吻面颊。
　　巴拿马人的姓名构成与西班牙和墨西哥等拉美国家的居民相同，其顺序是：名字、父姓、母姓。社会上最常用的称呼是先生和女士。对成年男子称先生，对已婚成年的妇女称女士或太太，对未婚的女人可称小姐。
　　巴拿马居民的禁忌和其他拉美国家的基本相同，妇女不喜欢别人问及她的年龄，人们厌恶打听男女的私生活情况和工资收入，巴拿马人认为每月的"13"这一天是最不吉利的日子。
　　巴拿马居民的主要食物是大米，其次是玉米、豆类、君子兰和香蕉。"瓜乔"是巴拿马最有名的民族菜，是用大米、豆类和肉做成的。人们还喜欢吃用玉米面和肉做成的玉米面饼、腊肉大米饭等。巴拿马居民常喝的饮科是可口可乐、百事可乐和咖啡等。
　　
　　[世界闻名的巴拿马草帽]
　　世界闻名的巴拿马草帽
　　在巴拿马，城市居民在正式场合一般都西装革履，风度翩翩。富人多数都有一件名叫"波列拉"的服装，"波列拉"是用质量上乘的白麻纱或高级薄麻布做成的薄纱短衫，短衫上饰有贴花或绣着各种生动的动植物图案，在短衫的绉边上缝有手工织的花边，沿领口有一条色调对比鲜艳的绒线，前后都有结子，农村居民最典型的服装是"下米西利亚"，这是用一种薄料做成的圆领长衬衫。农民喜欢头戴草帽，脚穿草鞋。农村妇女常穿的服装是印花布连衣裙。印第安人的服装具有自己的民族特色。
　　巴拿马的婚姻风俗基本上遵循着天主教的传统，国家法律规定实行一夫一妻制。大部分印第安人的婚姻和婚礼也是按照天主教习俗进行和操办的，但仍有一部分印第安人保留着本民族的传统做法。
　　巴拿马的政治仪式是西方的，宗教仪式则完全是天主教的，但有些印第安民族仍然保留着自己的民族仪式。有的部落在举行节庆和出征仪式时，首领要进行化装，用许多羽毛装饰自己，其他人则用野兽的爪子装饰自己。
　　巴拿马居民平时和节庆时都喜欢跳舞。"小鼓"舞是一种原始的民族舞蹈，一向为人们喜闻乐见，在各地狂欢节和大型庆祝活动中，这种舞蹈备受欢迎。此外，巴拿马人还经常开展斗鸡、斗牛和赛马比赛。他们也喜欢现代体育运动，如足球、棒球、橄榄球、篮球、排球等。
　　【饮食】
　　　巴拿马的自来水可以直接饮用。
　　首都较具规模的中国餐馆约有10家，均为广东华侨所经营。非正式宴客每人餐费约8美元。市中心有24小时开放的超级市场供应蔬果、牛奶等。
　　巴拿马人喜甜食,习惯饭后用甜点,西餐主要为牛肉或鱼、虾，中午用餐简单，时间为12:30,晚餐较正式,时间为20:00。卫生情形良好。
　　巴拿马鸡肉汤为普通餐饮。巴拿马人以大米和玉米为主食，他们制作的食品讲究五味俱全，比较有名的有大米，肉煮赤豆。巴拿马人很喜欢一种叫桑科乔的食品，当地人常以此宴请客人。
　　【服饰礼仪】
　　巴拿马人传统的服装是，男子穿绣花的长衬衫和短裤，女子穿印花连衣裙或绣花短裙。巴拿马草帽是用一种名为多基利亚植物的纤维或用彩色杆纺织而成的带有黑条纹或花饰的边沿上翘的草帽，原产于厄瓜多尔，由于外国游客见巴拿马人多戴这种草帽，故称之为巴拿马草帽。
　　【仪态礼仪】
　　巴拿马人交谈时喜欢双方的距离靠得近一些，他们认为这样才显得亲近自然，否则就有冷淡对方之嫌了，他们有一些手势语，如吻指尖表示赞美。
　　【相见礼仪】
　　在正式社交场合，他们同宾客见面时常行握手礼，而在亲朋好友之间，见面时常行拥抱礼，在街头遇见熟人时，则以点头为礼，当地人接电话，往往先问您是谁，这与欧美国家先自报家门的习惯不同。
　　【餐饮礼仪】
　　巴拿马人以大米和玉米为主食，他们制作的食品讲究五味俱全，比较有名的有大米，肉煮赤豆。巴拿马人很喜欢一种叫桑科乔的食品，当地人常以此宴请客人。
　　【喜丧礼仪】
　　当地人在举行正式婚礼前，少女们必须经历一种开花的成年仪式，它是女子将婚嫁的证明，仪式进行时，全村人都要赠送礼物，女方父母要宴请全村人。每年当地要举行一种被称为谢肉祭的狂欢节。节日期间，人们身着华丽的服装，装扮成各种奇异的角色。
　　【商务礼仪】
　　巴拿马人在商务活动中很看中对方的衣着，外国客商在谈判场合最好穿西装。当地人对约会并不一定准时赴约，但作为外国客商最好按时到达。第一次商务会面，可递上印有英文，西班牙文对照的名片，当地商人中午一般要回家吃午饭，现在，随着经济的发展，巴拿马商务活动的节奏正在加快，但他们不喜欢别人催促他们。
　　【旅游礼仪】
　　旅游业是巴拿马的重要经济支柱这一，巴拿马运河，美洲大桥，国际金融中心以及被誉为珍珠宝岛的孔塔多拉，都是享有盛誉的国际旅游胜地，当地政府很重视旅游业投资，努力改善旅游环境。
　　【主要禁忌】
　　在与巴拿马人接触时，不要谈论政治，运河区的主权以及政府的外交政策等话题，到巴拿马作客，不宜过分赞美一样物品。
　　【华人华侨】
　　1854年，第一艘载有中国移民的船舶漂洋过海抵达巴拿马，开始了书写华人移民巴拿马和建设巴拿马的历史。今天，华人凭借中华民族的智慧和勤劳，成功融入巴拿马社会，成为其不可或缺的成员，赢得了巴拿马人的敬佩和尊重。
　　这种感受幷不需要刻意寻找。记者来到巴拿马的3个多月时间里，在不同的场合、与不同的巴拿马阶层对话的过程中均能够切身体会到巴拿马人谈及华人时表现出的亲近感。
　　中评社香港4月1日电/中华文化的元素在巴拿马的大街小巷随处可见，比如汉字的使用、粤语词汇的“普及”(巴拿马90%的华人祖籍广东)等等。在巴拿马究竟有多少华人目前幷没有确切的统计，一般估计第一代和第二代移民有15万到20万人，如果加上基本不会中文的华人後裔，这个数字超过30万，占巴拿马人口的十分之一。这些华人除了经营小超市、洗衣店等传统创业模式外，大量的後裔广泛涉足于医疗、教育、媒体、政治、经济、金融等行业，一看便知的华人姓氏如Leung，Chung，Lau，Loo，Wong在当地报纸上随处可见。

　　[West] Panamá
　　【Name】 country: the Republic of Panama (La República de Panamá / The Republic of Panama)
　　】【Independence Day: November 3 (1903)
　　】【National Day: November 3 (1903)
　　】【Currency: U.S. dollar coins in circulation: Panamanian Balboa (Panamanian Balboa)
　　】【Difference: 5 hours later than GMT; 13 hours later than Beijing Time.
　　】【International telephone code: 507
　　【Language】: Spanish
　　】【Flag: horizontal rectangle, the length and width ratio of 3:2. The flag consists of four equal horizontal rectangular form: the upper left and lower right white rectangle, which were blue and red five-pointed star; bottom left of the blue rectangle, top right of the red rectangle. White symbolizes peace; the original red and blue represent the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party of Panama, the two colors on the flag position, said the two parties together for the national interests of the party. Two five-pointed star symbol of loyalty and strength, respectively. This is the flag is the first president of Panama Manuel 马多尔格雷罗 design.
　　】【National bird: eagle is the national bird of Panama, which is the largest weight of all eagles in Eagle. The long head of the eagle feathers with a few slices of erection, well appear to corner, very powerful. According to reports, the greater weight of the birds and their breeding more slowly, every 3 to 4 years to have two eggs, and one hundred and offspring.
　　】【Flower: Long Floral Orchid (pigeon orchid)
　　】【National political figures: President 里卡多马蒂内利, May 2009 election, was sworn in July.
　　【】 Panama National Anthem National Anthem
　　【】 3,116,000 people (2007 estimate); which mestizo 70%, 14% blacks, whites accounted for 10%, Indian 6%. Spanish is the official language. 85% of residents believe 【Catholic Church, Protestant Christian 4.7%, 4.5% Muslim.
　　【Capital】 Panama City (Panama city), Panama City is located near the mouth of the Panama Canal's Pacific coast on the peninsula. Facing the Bay of Panama City, backed by well-being of the valley and picturesque. Formerly Indian fishing village, the old city was founded in 1519, 1903, Panama declared its independence from Colombia, the city became the capital.
　　Physical Geography
　　75,517 square kilometers. Located in the Central American isthmus. East of Colombia, South Pacific Ocean, west of Costa Rica, north of the Caribbean Sea. Connecting Central and South American continent, the Panama Canal from the Atlantic and Pacific, south to north of communication, the "bridge of" said. 2988 km long coastline. The whole situation the potential ups and downs, valleys aspect, in addition to north-south coastal plain, a number of the mountains. River up to 400 bar, the larger a Tuyi La River, wave River and the Chagres River. Nearer the equator, tropical climate, the average annual temperature of 23 ~ 27 ℃.
　　Jian Shi
　　Isthmus of Panama as Zeb original investigation, the Caribbean and other Indian tribes _set_tlements. Become a Spanish colony in 1501, is the new District Governor, Granada. Independence in 1821, becoming part of the Republic of Colombia. Republic of Greater Colombia in 1830 after the disintegration of a new Grenada (later Colombia) a province of the Republic. In 1903, the United States defeated Britain, France and the Colombian government signed after the US-built and leased by the canal treaties, the Colombian parliament refused to ratify. November 3, 1903 U.S. troops landed in Panama and empowering Palestinian independence from Colombia, the establishment of the Republic of Panama. November 18 the same year, made the construction and operation of the canal 美 permanent monopoly of power and the permanent use of the Canal Zone, the occupation and control, and central wasp waist region in Panama dug a canal, so, in the Panama Canal Zone as "a state within a country. " World War II, the United States strongly hire 134 in Pakistan military base, part of 1947, after having returned. September 1977, Pakistan signed the United States, "the new Canal Treaty" (also known as the Torrijos - Carter Treaty). May 1989 elections, the ruling party and the opposition have announced their own victory, and thus the election results invalid. Mediation by the Organization of American States, August 31 Rodriguez as interim president. Dec. 15 against the U.S. occupation of the Manuel Noriega was appointed head of government, 20 the U.S. military invasion of Panama, 21 former asylum by the United States Enda La opposition presidential candidate was sworn in as president at the U.S. base. January 1990, Noriega surrendered to U.S. forces before being taken to the United States for trial. November 15, 1992, the Government by the end of June Parliament passed the constitutional amendment referendum. Preamble to the Constitution and the amendment of the 57 provisions modified. Mainly for the lifting of the army, a sound judicial system. Since 65% of voters voted against the referendum fails, the Constitution still valid. December 31, 1999, Panama Canal to recover sovereignty.
　　Politics
　　The current constitution in October 11, 1972 entered into force in 1978 and 1983 has been modified. State Constitution divided the three powers, the president as head of state, elected by direct, term of five years without re-election. October 4, 1994, Pakistani parliament passed the draft amendment to the Constitution to require abolition of the army, the establishment of a police force. A unicameral National Assembly to exercise legislative power. Composed of 72 members, elected by a term of five years. Judicial power exercised by the Supreme Court and the Attorney General's Office. The Supreme Court has 9 judges appointed by the Government, the Parliament adopted a term of 10 years.
　　Economy
　　Panama's rich forestry resources, 70% of the land covered by tropical forest, mainly mahogany, cedar, palm trees, rubber trees and so on. Minerals are gold, silver, iron, copper, molybdenum, bauxite, salt, mercury, sulfur and coal. Desalination and bauxite, other minerals have not yet mined. Panama's weak industrial base, no heavy industry. There are mining, manufacturing, construction and so on. Major industries include food processing, garment processing, paper and leather. Rice, corn, beans as main crops, bananas, sugar, sugar cane and coffee as the main cash crops.
　　Panama's rich tourism resources in the country in total foreign exchange earnings, the amount of tourism exchange earnings after the Panama Canal and the Colon Free Zone. Panama tourism operation
　　[Panama Canal]
　　Panama Canal
　　River, a large gate ladder, the Contadora resort, San Blas Islands and Lei Island. Panama Road is the main domestic traffic. Panama is a maritime power. 5% of the world charged with the Panama Canal trade cargo. The size of the port of Panama 15. Cristobal is the largest port in Hong Kong, Hong Kong is the second largest port Baerwoya. The two accounted for Panama port traffic 75% of international trade. Val Monte Hong Kong for fishing. Panama is one of the Latin American air cargo center, the largest Tocumen (formerly 名奥马尔托里霍 Sri Lanka) International Airport, a day more than 100 aircraft taking off and landing.
　　Panama's main export to the United States, Germany, Costa Rica, Italy and Puerto Rico; imports were mainly from the United States, Japan, Costa Rica, Germany, Venezuela, Ecuador. Imports of manufactured goods, oil and oil products, transportation equipment, machinery and food; major export bananas, sugar, shrimp, coffee, petroleum products.
　　Panama Canal, the Colon Free Trade Zone is located at the mouth of the Atlantic, was founded in 1953, a number of companies specializing in re-1550, and another 16 silver
　　[Colon Free Trade Zone]
　　Colon Free Trade Zone
　　Line. Is the world's second largest after Hong Kong's free trade zone.
　　Panama is a well-known offshore registration, the Panama Canal important, many ships are registered in Panama. Panama is a well-known offshore registry.
　　Culture and education
　　Panama for children aged 6 to 15 is compulsory. University of Panama, institutions of higher learning founded in 1935, school site is located in Panama City, in addition to University of Technology, University of Santa Maria University and the isthmus. Major newspapers, the "News", "Panama America", "Freedom Forum News" (and "Panama America," Department of sister newspaper), and "Century" and "Panama Star newspaper." Panama has 95 radio stations, most of the commercial units. 5 TV stations, radio broadcasting company that television stations in Panama, Isthmus television, educational television, the wave of air television stations and national television.
　　Foreign Affairs
　　Pursue an independent, non-aligned foreign policy, strengthen unity and cooperation with Latin American countries, developing relations with other countries.
　　Assistant in Seattle in 1936, the Chinese Consul Dengchuan Kai (Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, people) to change the Embassy stationed in Panama.
　　Panama Canal successive governments to recover the sovereignty of the basic objectives of its foreign policy.
　　Yinbanama recognition of Taiwan, China has yet to establish diplomatic relations. July 1984, China established the China Free Trade Area of Cologne, the Latin American Trade Center.
　　December 1989 U.S. invasion of Panama, most Latin American countries condemn the government does not recognize Enda La. Panama and Mexico, Peru, Ecuador and other countries Yinnuoliejia political asylum issue during the staff tensions. Panama to get rid of isolation in the international situation, the initiative to improve relations with Latin American countries.
　　Customs
　　Regardless of their degree of Panamanian culture, in social activities, are warm and hospitable. No matter who you are, can easily go to another guest house, the owner will be
　　[Traditional dress of Panama]
　　The traditional dress of Panama
　　Hospitality to guests, both sides have no strange feeling, like the family in general, the owner does not pay any compensation to the guests. The Choco Indian tribe, especially hospitality, good heart, in any case will not show a sense of enthusiasm.
　　In Panama, meet friends, according to meet the time greeting "Good Morning", "Good afternoon," "Good Night," "Hello", "very glad to see you," and so on. Greetings also shaking hands to one another between male friends, female friends, or the opposite sex than shake hands, but also embrace and kiss on the cheek.
　　Panamanian Constitution and the name of Spain and Mexico and other Latin American countries, the residents of the same order: name, father's surname, mother's surname. Community should address the most common man and woman. Mr. said the adult male, adult women known for married lady or wife, unmarried women can be said of Miss.
　　Residents of Panama and other Latin American countries, the taboo is basically the same, women do not like to be asked about her age, people dislike the situation and inquire about the private lives of men and women wage income, Panamanians that the monthly "13" This day is the most unlucky .
　　Panama to be the predominant food is rice, followed by maize, beans, kaffir lily, and banana. "Melon Joe" is the most famous of Panama's national dish, is rice, beans and meats. People also like to eat meat, made with cornmeal and corn bread, bacon, cooked rice and so on. Panama Branch residents are likely to drink to drink Coca-Cola, Pepsi and coffee.
　　[World-famous Panama hat]
　　World-famous Panama hat
　　In Panama, the city residents generally have a suit on formal occasions, quiet demeanor. Most rich people have a name of "Bo Liela" clothing, "Bolie La" is high quality white linen or advanced thin chiffon blouse made of linen, decorated with decals or a shirt embroidered with a variety of vivid images of animals and plants, the edge of the shirt's crepe hand-woven lace stitched along the neckline there is a bright contrast color yarn, knot front and back, the most typical clothing of rural residents was "under Missy Elijah," which is made of thin material with a long round neck shirt. Farmers like a straw hat and wearing sandals. Rural women often wear a calico dress clothing. Indian clothing has its own national characteristics.
　　Marriage customs of Panama follows the Catholic tradition basically required by national law monogamous. Most Indian marriages and weddings are conducted in accordance with Catholic practices and make arrangements, but the Indians still retain some of the nation's traditional practices.
　　Panama is a Western political ritual, ritual is entirely Catholic, but some Indians still retain their national ceremony. Some tribes _set_ off at festivals and ceremonies, the leaders have to be fancy, decorated with many feathers, others decorated with animal claws.
　　Panama and the festivals are usually people like to dance. "Drum" Dance is a primitive folk dance, has always been loved by people in the country and large-scale carnival celebration, this dance popular. In addition, Panamanians often conduct cockfights, bullfights and horse racing. They also like modern sports such as football, baseball, football, basketball, volleyball and so on.
　　】【Diet
　　Panama's water safe to drink.
　　Sizable capital of about 10 Chinese restaurants, are operated by overseas Chinese in Guangdong. Informal meals about $ 8 per person banquet. 24-hour downtown supermarket supply of fruits and vegetables, milk and so on.
　　Panamanians hi sweets, used after a meal with dessert, western food is mainly meat or fish, shrimp, a simple meal at noon, the time is 12:30, a more formal dinner, the time is 20:00. Health situation is good.
　　Chicken soup for the ordinary food of Panama. Panamanians to rice and corn-based food, they pay attention to flavors and taste of food produced, the more famous are rice, meat cooked beans. Panamanians called Sang Keqiao like food, locals used as dinner guests.
　　【Apparel】 etiquette
　　Panamanian traditional clothing, men wear long shirts and pants embroidered, embroidered women's wear print dress or skirt. Panama hat is called Duojiliya plant textile fibers or rods made of color with black stripes or a floral edge upturned straw hat, native to Ecuador, the Panamanian foreign tourists see more wear This hat, it is known as Panama straw hat.
　　】【Manners etiquette
　　Panamanians liked to talk to the distance between the two sides through closer, it seems they think that close to nature, or other suspected cold out there, they have some sign language, such as kissing the fingertips that praise.
　　Etiquette】【meet
　　In the formal social occasions, they met with guests from time to time line handshake, and between friends and family, meet from time to time to embrace the line ceremony, when acquaintances meet in the streets, places nod for the ceremony, local people answer the phone, always ask who you are , which is the habit of yourself first before European and American countries are different.
　　】【Dining etiquette
　　Panamanians to rice and corn-based food, they pay attention to flavors and taste of food produced, the more famous are rice, meat cooked beans. Panamanians called Sang Keqiao like food, locals used as dinner guests.
　　Funeral etiquette】【hi
　　Locals held a formal wedding, the girls must go through a rites of flowering, it is the woman will be proof of marriage, the ceremony, the whole village should be giving gifts to her parents entertained the whole village. Held each year to a local meat offering, known as DR Carnival. During the festival, people dressed in gorgeous costumes, dressed as a variety of strange characters.
　　】【Business Etiquette
　　Panamanians are in the business activities of Chinese and other clothing, the best places in the negotiations of foreign businessmen wearing suits. Local time on the appointment date does not necessarily, but as the best time to reach foreign customers. First business meeting can be handed printed in English, Spanish control of the business card, local merchants generally go home for lunch at noon, and now, with the economic development of Panama, is accelerating the pace of business activities, but they do not want people to press them.
　　【Travel】 Etiquette
　　Tourism is an important economic pillar of the Panama, the Panama Canal, Bridge of the Americas, an international financial center as well as the Contadora island known as the Pearl are renowned international tourist destination, the local government attaches great importance to tourism investment, efforts to improve the tourism environment.
　　【Main Contraindications
　　Contact with the Panamanians, do not talk about politics, the sovereignty of the Canal Zone and the government's foreign policy and other topics, the Panamanian guests, it should not praise the same items.
　　Overseas Chinese】【
　　In 1854, the first ship carrying Chinese immigrants arrived in Panama, the ship across the ocean, Chinese immigrants began to write the history of Panama and the building of Panama. Today, the Chinese with the Chinese people's wisdom and hard-working, successful integration into the Panamanian society and become an indispensable member of the Panamanian won the admiration and respect.
　　Such feelings do not deliberately look for Bing. Reporter went to Panama more than 3 months time, on different occasions, the dialogue with different sectors of the process of Panama, were able to talk about personal experience to the Panamanians demonstrated when the Chinese sense of intimacy.

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