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埃塞俄比亚 Ethiopia 埃及 Egypt 突尼斯 Tunisia 阿尔及利亚 Algeria 尼日利亚 Nigeria 塞内加尔 Senegal 南非 South Africa 安哥拉 Angola 贝宁 Benin 布基纳法索 Burkina Faso 布隆迪 Republic of Burundi 博茨瓦纳 Republic of Botswana 赤道几内亚 Equatorial Guinea 多哥 Togo 厄立特里亚 Eritrea 佛得角 Republic of Cape Verde 冈比亚 Gambia 刚果 Republic of the Congo 刚果民主共和国 Democratic Republic of Congo 吉布提 Djibouti 几内亚 Guinea 几内亚比绍 Guinea-Bissau 加纳 Republic of Ghana 加蓬 Gabon 津巴布韦 Zimbabwe 喀麦隆 Republic of Cameroon 科摩罗 Comoros 科特迪瓦 Ivory Coast 肯尼亚 Republic of Kenya 莱索托 Kingdom of Lesotho 利比亚 Libya 利比里亚 Republic of Liberia 卢旺达 Republic of Rwanda 马达加斯加 Madagascar 马拉维 Malawi 马里 Republic of Mali 毛里塔尼亚 Mauritania 毛里求斯 Republic of Mauritius 摩洛哥 Kingdom of Morocco 莫桑比克 the Republic of Mozambique 纳米比亚 The Republic of Namibia 尼日尔 Niger 塞拉利昂 the Republic of Sierra Leone 塞舌尔 Seychelles 斯威士兰 Swaziland 苏丹 Sudan 索马里 Somalia 圣多美和普林西比 Sao Tome and Principe 坦桑尼亚 Tanzania 乌干达 The Republic of Uganda 赞比亚 The Republic of Zambia 乍得 the Republic of Chad 中非共和国 The Central African Republic |
| nán fēi South Africa shǒudōu:bǐ lè tuó lì yà guógūdàimǎ: za |
 南非guó qí nán fēi guó qí zài １ ９９ ４ nián ３ yuè１ ５ rì yóu nán fēi duō dǎng guò dù xíng zhèng wěi yuán huì pī zhǔn liǎo xīn guó qí。 xīn guó qí chéng cháng fāng xíng， cháng yǔ kuān zhī bǐ yuē wéi３ ∶ ２， yóu hēi、 huáng、 lǜ、 hóng、 bái、 lán liù sè de jǐ hé tú 'àn gòu chéng， xiàng zhēng zhǒng zú hé jiě、 mín zú tuán jié。 guó huī nán fēi guó huī nán fēiwèi liǎo ràng lì shǐ gěi wèi lái yǐ qǐ shì， jué dìng yán yòng yuán“ nán fēi lián bāng” de dùn xíng guó huī。 dùn huī cóng zhōng yī fēn wéi sì： zuǒ shàng fāng shēn zhe bái sè cháng qún de“ xī wàng nǚ shén” dài biǎo hǎo wàng jiǎo shěng； yòu shàng fāng liǎng zhǐ hè sè fēi zhōu dà líng yáng dài biǎo nà tǎ 'ěr shěng； zuǒ xià fāng de gān jié shù shì 'ào lún zhì zì yóu bāng de xiàng zhēng； yòu xià fāng yī liàng xíng jìn zài lǜ sè dà dì shàng de niú lā péng chē shì dé lán shì wǎ de biāo zhì。 dùn huī de dǐng bù huì yòu hé lán yì huì de huī zhāng tú 'àn； dǐ bù de lǜ sè shān gǎng shàng xiāng qiàn zhe yī tiáo bái sè shì dài， shàng miàn yòng lā dīng wén xiě zhe nán fēi rén mín de zuò yòu míng：“ tuán jié jiù shì lì liàng”。 guó gē nán fēi guó gē wéi《 shàng dì bǎo yòu fēi zhōu》 hé《 nán fēi de nà hǎn》 NkosiSikelel'iAfrica&DieStemvanSuidAfrika hé biānqǔ。 １９９５ nián５ yuè， nán fēi zhèng shì tōng guò xīn de guó gē， xīn guó gē de gē cí yòng zǔ lǔ、 zhé háo sà、 sū tuō、 yīng yǔ hé nán fēi yǔ５ zhǒng yǔ yán xiě chéng， bāo kuò yuán guó gē《 shàng dì bǎo yòu fēi zhōu》 de qí dǎo cí， quán gē cháng１ fēn３５ miǎo， bìng yǐ yuán guó gē《 nán fēi zhī shēng》 xióng zhuàng de gāo yīn qǔdiào zuò jié wěi。 yuán guó gē míng wéi《 shàng dì bǎo yòu fēi zhōu》，１９９４ nián３ yuè１５ rì pī zhǔn。 gēqǔ yóu hēi rén mù shī nuò kè · sāng tānɡ jiā zài１ ８９ ７ nián pǔ xiě，１９１２ nián shǒu cì zài nán fēi tǔ zhù rén guó mín dà huì shàng zuò wéi hēi rén mín zú zhù yì zàn gē chàng chū lái， zài fēi zhōu shēn shòu guǎng dà hēi rén huān yíng。 shǒu dū nán fēi shì shì jiè shàng wéi yī tóng shí cún zài３ gè shǒu dū de guó jiā， xíng zhèng shǒu dū bǐ lè tuó lì yà Pretoria shì nán fēi zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ suǒ zài dì， rén kǒu：２２ ０ wàn； lì fǎ shǒu dū kāi pǔ dūn CapeTown shì nán fēi guó huì suǒ zài dì， shì quán guó dì 'èr dà chéng shì hé zhòng yào gǎng kǒu， wèi yú xī nán duān， wéi zhòng yào de guó jì hǎi yùn háng dào jiāo huì diǎn， rén kǒu３００ wàn； sī fǎ shǒu dū bù lóng fāng dān Bloemfontein wéi quán guó sī fǎ jī gòu de suǒ zài dì， rén kǒu５０ wàn。 guó huā dì wáng huā yǔ yán yīng yǔ、 ā fēi lì kān sī yǔ guó shí zuàn shí jié rì xīn nián１ yuè１ rì rén quán rì３ yuè２１ rì shòu nán rì fù huó jié qián de xīng qī wǔ fù huó jié měi nián guò chūn fēn yuè yuán hòu dì yī gè xīng qī wǔ zhì xià xīng qī yī jiā tíng rì fù huó jié hòu de xīng qī yī zì yóu rì４ yuè２７ rì（１９９４ nián） láo dòng jié５ yuè１ rì dú lì rì５ yuè３１ rì（１９ ６１ nián） guó qìng rì５ yuè３１ rì（１９６１ nián） qīng nián rì６ yuè１６ rì（ jì niàn１９７６ nián suǒ wéi tuō cǎn 'àn） fù nǚ rì８ yuè９ rì yí chǎn rì（ chuán tǒng jié）９ yuè２４ rì hé jiě rì１２ yuè１６ rì（ ā fēi lì kǎ rén de jié rì， zǔ lǔ rén chēng zhī wéi hé jiě rì） shèng dàn jié１２ yuè２５ rì yǒu hǎo rì１２ yuè２６ rì guó jiā zhèng yào zǒng tǒng tǎ bó · mǔ wǔ yé lú wǎ · mǔ bèi jī ThaboMvuyelwaMbeki，２００４ nián４ yuè chán lián zǒng tǒng。 nán fēi qián zǒng tǒng wéi nà 'ěr xùn · luó lì hè lā hè lā · màn dé lā NelsonRolihlahlaMandela、 dé kè lè kè deKlerk。 mín zú zǔ lǔ、 kē sà、 cí wǎ nà děng bù zú。 mín zú 68.2% wéi hēi rén， 3.3% wéi yà zhōu rén， 18% wéi bái rén， 10.5% wèiyòu sè rén。 zōng jiào jī dū jiào xīn jiào hé tiān zhù jiào zhàn 80%， qí tā 20%。 huò bì nán fēi lán tè Rand fú hào： R， guó jì biāo zhì： ZAR， 1Rand(R)=100cents duì huàn shuài ( yuē )1 lán tè =1.9955 gǎng yuán =0.2545 měi yuán yóu nán fēi chǔ bèi yínháng（ zhōng yāng yínháng） fā xíng， 1 lán tè děng yú 100 fēn (Cents)。 mù qián liú tōng de huò bì yòu 5、 10、 20、 5O lán tè zhǐ bì jí 1、 2、 5、 10、 20、 50 fēn hé 1、 2 lán tè de zhù bì。 rén kǒu ４６９０ wàn（ nán fēi tǒng jì jú２００５ nián zhōng gū jì）， zhù yào yóu hēi rén、 bái rén、 yòu sè rén hé yà yì sì dà zhǒng zú gòu chéng， fēn bié zhàn zǒng rén kǒu de７９ .５ ％、９ .１％、８ .９％ hé２ .５％。 hēi rén zhù yào yòu zǔ lǔ、 kē sà、 sī wēi shì、 cí wǎ nà、 běi suǒ tuō、 nán suǒ tuō、 cōng jiā、 wén dá、 ēn dé bèi lāi děng９ gè bù zú， zhù yào shǐ yòng bān tú yǔ。 bái rén zhù yào shì hé lán xuè tǒng de 'ā fēi lì kǎ rén（ yuē zhàn５７％） hé yīng guó xuè tǒng de bái rén（ yuē zhàn３９％）， yǔ yán wéi 'ā fēi lì kǎ yǔ hé yīng yǔ。 yòu sè rén shì zhí mín shí qī bái rén、 tǔ zhù rén hé nú lì de hùn xuè rén hòu yì， zhù yào shǐ yòng 'ā fēi lì kǎ yǔ。 yà zhōu rén zhù yào shì yìn dù rén（ yuē zhàn９９％） hé huá rén。 yòu１１ zhǒng guān fāng yǔ yán， yīng yǔ hé 'ā fēi lì kǎ yǔ（ nán fēi hé lán yǔ） wéi tōng yòng yǔ yán。 jū mín zhù yào xìn fèng jī dū jiào xīn jiào、 tiān zhù jiào、 yī sī lán jiào hé yuán shǐ zōng jiào。 yǔ yán nán fēi de guān fāng yǔ yán yòu 11 zhǒng， tā men fēn bié shì： Afrikaans,English,Ndebele,NorthernSotho,SouthernSotho,Swati,Tsonga,Tswana,Venda,Xhosa,Zulu jiāng yīng yǔ zuò wéi mǔ yǔ de rén shù bìng bù shì zuì duō， dàn shì hěn duō nán fēi réndōu lǐ jiě yīng yǔ。 gēn jù rén kǒu tǒng jì diào chá， nán fēi de qián wǔ dà yǔ yán fēn bié shì zǔ lǔ yǔ（ 30%）、 kē sà yǔ（ 18%）、 ā fěi lì kāng yǔ（ 14%）、 sī pèi dí yǔ（ 9%）、 yīng yǔ（ 9%）。 xíng zhèng qū huá 1910 nián zhì 1993 nián， nán fēi huàfēn wéi 4 gè shěng： kāi pǔ shěng、 dé lán shì wǎ shěng、 nà tǎ 'ěr shěng hé 'ào lán zhì zì yóu bāng 1993 nián 11 yuè 18 rì， nán fēi duō dǎng tán pàn huì yì tōng guò《 lín shí xiàn fǎ cǎo 'àn》， duì nán fēi de xíng zhèng qū huá jìn xíng liǎo jiào dà de tiáozhěng， jiāng quán guó huàfēn wéi 9 gè shěng： dōng kāi pǔ shěng (EasternCapeProvince) ào lán zhì zì yóu bāng (FreeStateProvince)(OrangeFreeState) háo dēng shěng (GautengProvince) kuā zǔ lǔ － nà tǎ 'ěr shěng (KwaZulu-NatalProvince) pǔ mǎ lán jiā shěng (MpumalangaProvince) lín bō bō shěng (LimpopoProvince) běi kāi pǔ shěng (NorthernCapeProvince) xī běi shěng (NorthWestProvince) xī kāi pǔ shěng (WesternCapeProvince) gè shěng yòu lì fǎ、 rèn miǎn gōng wù rén yuán de quán lì， fù zé běn shěng jīng jì、 cái zhèng hé shuì shōu děng shì wù。 gēn jù２０００ nián tōng guò de《 dì fāng zhèng fǔ xuǎn jǔ fǎ》， quán guó gòng huá yòu２８４ gè dì fāng zhèng fǔ， bāo kuò６ gè dà dū shì、４７ gè dì qū wěi yuán huì hé２３１ gè dì fāng wěi yuán huì。 zhòng yào chéng zhèn mò xī ná (Messina) bǐ dé sī bǎo (Pietersburg) mǎ fú jīng (Mafeking) yuē hàn nèi sī bǎo (Johannesburg) sī pǔ lín sī (Springs) wéi 'ěr kē mǔ (Welkom) lāi dí shǐ mì sī (Ladysmith) dé bān (Durban) jīn bó lì (Kimberly) dé 'ā 'ěr (DeAar) dōng lún dūn (EastLondon) yī lì suō bái gǎng (PortElizabeth) mò sài 'ěr bèi (Mosselbaai) xī bó fù tè (BeaufortWest) wǔ sī tè (Worcester) kǒu méng sī dūn (Simon'sTown) kǎ 'ěr wéi ní yà (Calvinia) sī pǔ lín bó kè (Springbok) nuò luò sī gǎng (PortNolloth) kǒu píng dùn (Upington) jiǎn shǐ nán fēi zuì zǎo de tǔ zhù jū mín shì sāng rén、 kē yī rén hé hòu lái nán qiān de bān tú rén。１７ shì jì hòu， hé lán、 yīng guó xiāng jì rù qīn nán fēi。２０ shì jì chū， nán fēi céng yī dù chéng wéi yīng guó de zì zhì lǐng dì。１９６１ nián５ yuè３１ rì， nán fēi tuì chū yīng lián bāng， chéng lì nán fēi gòng hé guó。 yóu yú nán fēi bái rén dāng jú zài guó nèi tuī xíng zhǒng zú qí shì hé zhǒng zú gé lí zhèng cè， nán fēi rén mín zài yǐ màn dé lā wéi shǒu de fēi zhōu rén guó mín dà huì de lǐng dǎo xià， wéi tuī fān zhǒng zú gé lí zhì dù， jìn xíng liǎo yīng yǒng de dǒu zhēng， bìng zuì zhōng qǔ dé shèng lì。１９９４ nián４ yuè， nán fēi jǔ xíng shǒu cì yóu gè zhǒng zú cān jiā de dà xuǎn， màn dé lā dāng xuǎn wéi nán fēi shǒu rèn hēi rén zǒng tǒng。 zì rán dì lǐ nán fēi wèi yú fēi zhōu dà lù zuì nán duān， dōng、 xī、 nán sān miàn bīn lín yìn dù yáng hé dà xī yáng， wěi dù zì 22 zhì 35， jīng dù cóng 17 zhì 33。 hǎi 'àn xiàn 3,000 gōng lǐ。 wèi yú kāi pǔ dūn dōng nán 1,920 gōng lǐ chù dà xī yáng shàng de 'ài dé huá wáng zǐ dǎo jí mǎ lǐ 'áng dǎo yì wéi nán fēi lǐng tǔ。 běi yǔ nà mǐ bǐ yà、 bó cí wǎ nà、 jīn bā bù wéi、 mò sāng bǐ kè hé sī wēi shì lán jiē rǎng， lìng yòu“ guó zhōng zhī guó” lāi suǒ tuō。 nán fēi dì chù liǎng dà yáng jiān de háng yùn yào chōng， qí xī nán duān de hǎo wàng jiǎo CapeofGoodHope háng xiàn lì lái shì shì jiè shàng zuì fán máng de hǎi shàng tōng dào zhī yī， yòu“ xī fāng hǎi shàng shēng mìng xiàn” zhī chēng。 guó tǔ miàn jī yuē１２２ wàn píng fāng gōng lǐ。 quán jìng dà bù fēn wéi hǎi bá６００ mǐ yǐ shàng gāo yuán。 dé lā kěn sī shān mài mián gèn dōng nán， kǎ sī jīn fēng gāo dá３６６０ mǐ， wéi quán guó zuì gāo diǎn； xī běi bù wéi shā mò， shì kǎ lā hā lǐ pén dì de yī bù fēn； běi bù、 zhōng bù hé xī nán bù wéi gāo yuán； yán hǎi shì zhǎi xiá píng yuán。 ào lán zhì hé hé lín bō bō hé wéi liǎng dà zhù yào hé liú。 dà bù fēn dì qū shǔ rè dài cǎo yuán qì hòu， dōng bù yán hǎi wéi rè dài jì fēng qì hòu， nán bù yán hǎi wéi dì zhōng hǎi qì hòu。 quán jìng qì hòu fēn wéi chūn xià qiū dōng４ jì。１２ yuè－２ yuè wéi xià jì， zuì gāo qì wēn kě dá３２ ─３８ ℃；６－８ yuè shì dōng jì， zuì dī qì wēn wéi héng１０ zhì héng１２℃。 quán nián jiàng shuǐ liàng yóu dōng bù de１０００ háo mǐ zhú jiàn jiǎn shǎo dào xī bù de６０ háo mǐ， píng jūn４５０ háo mǐ。 shǒu dū bǐ lè tuó lì yà nián píng jūn qì wēn１７℃。 shí chā nán fēi shí qū wéi GMT+02:00， bǐ běi jīng shí jiān wǎn 6 xiǎo shí。 xīn wén chū bǎn nán fēi dìng qī chū bǎn de bào kān shù liàng jū fēi zhōu zhī shǒu。 yòu 22 fèn rì bào、 13 fèn zhōu bào， bǎi yú zhǒng shěng hé dì fāng xìng bào zhǐ。 fā xíng liàng zuì dà de yòu：《 xīng qī rì shí bào》（ yīng wén）、《 bào dào bào》（ ā fēi lì kǎ yǔ）、《 chéng shì bào》（ yīng wén）、《 suǒ wéi tuō rén bào》（ yīng wén）、《 xīng bào》（ yīng wén）、《 gōng mín bào》（ yīng wén）。 qí zhōng《 xīng qī rì shí bào》、《 bào dào bào》 hé《 xīng qī rì dú lì bào》 shì quán guó xìng bào zhǐ。 nán fēi xīn wén lián hé shè (SouthAfricaPressAssociation), shì quán guó xìng xīn wén jī gòu。 nán fēi guǎng bō gōng sī（ SABC） xià xiá guǎng bō diàn tái hé diàn shì tái。 guǎng bō diàn tái yòng 11 zhǒng yǔ yán duì guó nèi jìn xíng 22 tào jié mùdì guǎng bō， měi zhōu bō yīn 3492 xiǎo shí； yòng 4 zhǒng yǔ yán yǐ“ fēi zhōu pín dào” míng yì duì guó wài jìn xíng guǎng bō， měi zhōu bō yīn 208 xiǎo shí。 diàn shì tái yòu 6 gè pín dào， qí zhōng 3 gè guān fāng pín dào shǐ yòng 11 zhǒng yǔ yán bō fàng。 M－ NET shì fēi zhōu zuì yòu yǐng xiǎng lì de shōu fèi diàn shì pín dào。 èr、 zhèng zhì yǐ fēi guó dà wéi zhù tǐ de mín zú tuán jié zhèng fǔ fèng xíng hé jiě、 wěn dìng、 fā zhǎn de zhèng cè， tuǒ shàn chǔlǐ zhǒng zú máo dùn， quán miàn tuī xíng shè huì biàn gé， shí shī " chóngjiàn yǔ fā zhǎn jìhuà "、 " fù yú hēi rén quán lì jìhuà " hé " kěn dìng xíng dòng "， nǔ lì tí gāo hēi rén zhèng zhì、 jīng jì hé shè huì dì wèi， shùn lì shí xiàn yóu bái rén zhèng quán xiàng duō zhǒng zú lián hé zhèng quán de píng wěn guò dù。 1996 nián guó mín dǎng tuì chū mín zú tuán jié zhèng fǔ， fēi guó dà jī běn shí xiàn dān dú zhí zhèng。 1999 nián 6 yuè， nán fēi jǔ hángdì 'èr cì bù fēn zhǒng zú de dà xuǎn。 fēi guó dà yǐ 66.35% de yā dǎo duō shù zài cì huò shèng。 mín zhù dǎng、 yīn kǎ tǎ zì yóu dǎng、 xīn guó mín dǎng fēn bié yǐ 9.56%、 8.58%、 6.87% de dé piào shuài liè dì 'èr、 sān、 sì wèi。 fēi guó dà zhù xí mǔ bèi jī chū rèn zǒng tǒng， fù zhù xí zǔ mǎ rèn fù zǒng tǒng， yīn kǎ tǎ zì yóu dǎng chéng yuán yìng yāo jiā rù xīn yī jiè zhèng fǔ。 mǔ bèi jī zhèng fǔ zài zhù yì bǎo chí zhèng cè lián xù xìng de tóng shí， qiáng huà zhèng fǔ zhí néng， jiā sù shè huì gǎi gé jìn chéng， zhèng jú jì xù bǎo chí wěn dìng。 dàn hēi bái zhǒng zú máo dùn hé pín fù xuán shū réng jiào tū chū， fàn zuì、 shī yè、 ài zī bìng děng shè huì wèn tí bǐ jiào yán zhòng。 2000 nián 6 yuè， liǎng dà bái rén fǎn duì dǎng mín zhù dǎng yǔ xīn guó mín dǎng xuān bù hé bìng wèimín zhù lián méng。 tóng nián 12 yuè， xīn nán fēi jǔ hángdì 'èr cì dì fāng zhèng fǔ xuǎn jǔ。 gè zhù yào zhèng dǎng zài quán guó de dé piào shuài fēn bié wéi： fēi guó dà 59.38％， mín zhù lián méng 22.12％， yīn kǎ tǎ zì yóu dǎng 9.14％。 2001 nián 10 yuè， xīn guó mín dǎng lǐng xiù fàn sī kǎo kè wéi kè xuān bù xīn guó mín dǎng tuì chū mín méng。 2002 nián 4 yuè， fēi guó dà、 nán fēi gòng hé nán fēi gōng huì dà huì jǔ xíng sān fāng lián méng fēng huì， tōng guò liǎo《 ài kù lǔ lāi ní xuān yán》 hé《 jiā kuài jīng jì zēngzhǎng hé fā zhǎn de gòng tóng gāng lǐng》， dà huì chóngshēn sān fāng lián méng de tuán jié hé tǒng yī， bǎ tuī dòng jīng jì zēngzhǎng hé fā zhǎn què dìng wéi sān fāng lián méng de zhōng xīn rèn wù。 12 yuè， fēi guó dà zhào kāi dì 51 jiè quán guó dài biǎo dà huì， mǔ bèi jī děng zhù yào lǐng dǎo rén dāng xuǎn lián rèn， dà huì zài cì hūyù jiā qiáng sān fāng lián méng tuán jié， qiáng diào zhèng fǔ jiāng jì xù tuī jìn jì dìng de hóng guān jīng jì zhèng cè， nǔ lì luò shí " tí gāo hēi rén jīng jì shí lì " mù biāo。 10 yuè， jīng xiàn fǎ fǎ yuàn cái dìng hòu de《 biàngēng dǎng jí fǎ》 shǒu xiān zài dì fāng yì huì shí shī。 gāi fǎ yǔn xǔ yì yuán gǎi huàn dǎng jí hòu bǎo liú yì yuán zī gé。 nián nèi gòng yòu 555 míng dì fāng yì yuán zhuǎn huàn dǎng jí， 22 gè dì fāng zhèng fǔ yīn cǐ gǎi wéi yóu fēi guó dà、 xīn guó mín dǎng huò liǎng dǎng lián hé zhí zhèng。 xiàn fǎ 1994 nián lín shí xiàn fǎ shì nán fēi lì shǐ shàng dì yī bù tǐ xiàn zhǒng zú píng děng de xiàn fǎ。 1996 nián， zài lín shí xiàn fǎ de jī chǔ shàng qǐ cǎo de xīn xiàn fǎ bèi zhèng shì pī zhǔn， bìng yú 1997 nián qǐ kāi shǐ fēn jiē duàn shí shī。 xīn xiàn fǎ bǎo liú liǎo lín shí xiàn fǎ zhōng de quán lì fǎ 'àn、 sān quán fēn lì xì tǒng、 lián bāng zhì zhèng fǔ guǎn lǐ tǐ zhì hé xiàn xíng sī fǎ tǐ xì de zhòng dà zhì xiàn yuán zé hé nèi róng , duì lín shí xiàn fǎ zuò de zhù yào xiū gǎi shì， 1999 nián dà xuǎn hòu， gè zhèng dǎng 'àn bǐ lì fēn xiǎng quán lì gǎi wéi yóu dà xuǎn zhōng de duō shù dǎng zhí zhèng。 yì huì nán fēi de yì huì fēn wéi guó mín yì huì hé quán guó shěng jí shì wù wěi yuán huì。 guó mín yì huì gòng shè 400 gè yì xí， 200 gè xí wèi tōng guò quán guó dà xuǎn chǎn shēng， lìng 200 gè xí wèi yóu shěng jí xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng， qí zhōng fēi guó dà 266 xí， mín zhù dǎng 38 xí， yīn kǎ tǎ zì yóu dǎng 34 xí， xīn guó mín dǎng 28 xí， lián hé mín zhù yùn dòng 14 xí， fēi zhōu jī dū jiào mín zhù dǎng 6 xí， qí yú xí wèi yóu zì yóu zhèn xiàn děng 7 gè zhèng dǎng chí yòu。 quán guó shěng jí shì wù wěi yuán huì（ qián shēn wéi cān yì yuàn） gòng shè 90 gè yì xí， měi shěng 10 gè yì xí， qí zhōng 54 gè yǒng jiǔ yì xí zhōng fēi guó dà 34 xí， mín zhù dǎng、 xīn guó mín dǎng gè 7 xí， qí yú yóu yīn kǎ tǎ zì yóu dǎng、 lián hé mín zhù yùn dòng děng chí yòu。 guó mín yì huì yì cháng fú léi nà · jīn wǎ lā（ FreneGinwala, nǚ）， quán guó shěng jí shì wù wěi yuán huì zhù xí nà lāi dì · pān duō 'ěr（ NalediPandor, nǚ）。 nán fēi yì huì xiàn shè yòu liǎng yuàn gòng tóng cānyù de lín shí xìng tè wěi huì 1 gè、 lián hé cháng shè wěi yuán huì 5 gè。 guó mín yì huì xià shè zhuān mén wěi yuán huì 26 gè、 cháng shè wěi yuán huì 1 gè。 quán guó shěng jí shì wù wěi yuán huì xià shè tè bié wěi yuán huì 9 gè。 zhèng fǔ zhèng fǔ shí xíng zǒng tǒng nèi gé zhì， yóu zǒng tǒng、 fù zǒng tǒng jí 27 wèi bù cháng zǔ chéng， qí zhōng fēi guó dà bù cháng 24 míng， yīn kǎ tǎ zì yóu dǎng bù cháng 3 míng。 zhù yào chéng yuán rú xià： zǒng tǒng tǎ bó · mǔ bèi jī， fù zǒng tǒng yǎ gè bù · zǔ mǎ（ JACOBZUMA）， guó fáng bù cháng pà tè lǐ kè · lè kē tǎ（ PATRICKLEKOTA）， wài jiāo bù cháng 'ēn kē sà zhā nà · dé lā mǐ ní－ zǔ mǎ（ NKOSAZANADLAMINI-ZUMA, nǚ）， cái zhèng bù cháng tè lāi wǎ 'ěr · mǎ niǔ 'ěr（ TREVORMANUEL）， mào gōng bù cháng 'ài lǐ kè · ōu wén（ ALECERWIN）， nèi zhèng bù cháng màn gē sū tú · bù tè lāi qí（ MANGOSUTHUBUTHELEZI， yīn kǎ tǎ zì yóu dǎng）， nóng yè jí tǔ dì shì wù bù cháng tuō kē · mǔ sà ní－ dí dí zhā（ THOKOMSANE-DIDIZA, nǚ）， kuàng yè hé néng yuán bù cháng fú mǔ qí lì · mǔ lán bó－ ēn gé kù kǎ（ PHUMZILEMLAMBO-NGCUKA nǚ）， gōng gòng qǐ yè bù cháng jié fū · lā dí bài（ JEFFRADEBE）， huán jìng hé lǚ yóu bù cháng wǎ lì · mù sà（ VALLIMOOSA）， wén huà yì shù hé kē jì bù cháng běn · ēn gǔ bā ní（ BENNGUBANE， yīn kǎ tǎ zì yóu dǎng）， ān quán bù cháng chá 'ěr sī · ēn kuā kù lā（ CHARLESNQAKULA） děng。 sī fǎ jī gòu yóu xiàn fǎ fǎ yuàn、 zuì gāo fǎ yuàn、 gāo jí fǎ yuàn、 dì fāng fǎ yuàn zǔ chéng。 xiàn fǎ fǎ yuàn yuàn cháng yà sè · chá sī kǎ 'ěr sēn（ ARTHURCHASKALSON）。 zuì gāo fǎ yuàn shǒu xí dà fǎ guān yī sī méi 'ěr · mǎ huò mài dé（ ISMAILMAHOMED）。 zhèng dǎng nán fēi shí xíng duō dǎng zhì。 guó mín yì huì xiàn yòu 13 gè zhèng dǎng。 （ 1） nán fēi fēi zhōu rén guó mín dà huì (AfricanNationalCongressofSouthAfrica): jiǎn chēng fēi guó dà， zhù yào zhí zhèng dǎng， zuì dà de hēi rén mín zú zhù yì zhèng dǎng。 zhù zhāng jiàn lì tǒng yī、 mín zhù hé zhǒng zú píng děng de nán fēi， lǐng dǎo liǎo nán fēi fǎn zhǒng zú zhù yì dǒu zhēng。 chuàng lì yú 1912 nián， 1925 nián gǎi xiàn míng， yòu chéng yuán 70 wàn。 céng cháng qī zhù zhāng fēi bào lì dǒu zhēng。 1960 nián bèi nán fēi dāng jú xuān bù wéi " fēi fǎ " zǔ zhì， zhù yào lǐng dǎo rén liú wáng guó wài。 1961 nián jué dìng kāi zhǎn wǔ zhuāng dǒu zhēng， chéng lì míng wéi " mín zú zhī máo " de jūn shì zǔ zhì， màn dé lā rèn sī lìng。 1962 nián， màn dé lā děng rén bèi bǔ。 fēi guó dà zài jí qí kùn nán de tiáo jiàn xià jiān chí dǒu zhēng， huò dé guó nèi wài de guǎng fàn tóng qíng hé zhī chí， zhú jiàn chéng wéi nán fēi yǐng xiǎng zuì dà de hēi rén jiě fàng zǔ zhì。 80 nián dài hòu tiáozhěng dǒu zhēng cè lüè， què dìng zhèng zhì jiě jué nán fēi wèn tí hé líng huó chǔlǐ zhì xiàn tán pàn de zhàn lüè， zài nán fēi píng wěn guò dù guò chéng zhōng fā huī liǎo guān jiàn zuò yòng。 1994 nián 4 yuè chéng wéi zhí zhèng dǎng。 1997 nián 12 yuè jǔ hángdì 50 cì quán guó dài biǎo dà huì， màn dé lā cí qù zhù xí zhí wù， xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng yǐ mǔ bèi jī wéi shǒu de xīn de lǐng dǎo jí tǐ。 zài 1999 nián 6 yuè nán fēi dì 'èr cì dà xuǎn zhōng zài cì huò shèng， jì xù zhí zhèng。 zài 9 shěng dì fāng xuǎn jǔ zhōng yíng dé 7 shěng jué duì duō shù， bìng yǔ yīn kǎ tǎ zì yóu dǎng zài kuā zǔ lǔ ／ nà tǎ 'ěr shěng lián hé zhí zhèng。 2000 nián 12 yuè xīn nán fēi dì 'èr cì dì fāng zhèng fǔ xuǎn jǔ zhōng， zài yuē hàn nèi sī bǎo děng 5 gè dà dū shì de 170 gè dì fāng zhèng fǔ zhōng huò duō shù。 2002 nián 12 yuè jǔ hángdì 51 cì quán guó dài biǎo dà huì， mǔ bèi jī lián rèn zhù xí。 fù zhù xí yǎ gè bù · zǔ mǎ， quán guó zhù xí pà tè lǐ kè · lè kē tǎ， zǒng shū jì kǎ lāi mǎ · mò tè lán dì (KgalemaMotlanthe)。 （ 2） mín zhù lián méng（ DemocraticAlliance） : yóu yuán mín zhù dǎng yǔ xīn guó mín dǎng yú 2000 nián 6 yuè hé bìng 'ér chéng， dì yī dà fǎn duì dǎng。 zhù yào chéng yuán wéi bái rén。 liǎng dǎng lǐng dǎo rén tuō ní · lǐ 'áng（ TonyLeon）、 mǎ dì ní sī · fàn sī kǎo kè wéi kè（ MathinusvanShalkwyk） fēn bié rèn yī、 èr bǎ shǒu， zhǐ dǎo sī xiǎng hé yuán zé jī běn yán yòng mín zhù dǎng de xíng dòng gāng lǐng。 zài 2004 nián dà xuǎn qián， liǎng dǎng yì yuán réng jiāng zài guó mín yì huì zhōng bǎo chí gè zì zhèng dǎng shǔ xìng。 shuāng fāng zài mín méng qí zhì xià cān jiā liǎo 2000 nián 12 yuè de dì fāng zhèng fǔ xuǎn jǔ， bìng zài bāo kuò kāi pǔ dūn dà dū shì de 18 gè dì fāng zhèng fǔ zhōng shèng chū。 2001 nián 10 yuè， xīn guó mín dǎng tuì chū mín zhù lián méng。 xiàn mín zhù lián méng zhù yào yóu mín zhù dǎng hé bù fēn yuán xīn guó mín dǎng chéng yuán zǔ chéng， lǐng xiù tuō ní · lǐ 'áng。 ① mín zhù dǎng (DemocraticParty):1989 nián 4 yuè yóu yuán jìn bù lián bāng dǎng、 quán guó mín zhù yùn dòng hé dú lì dǎng sān gè zuǒ yì bái rén zhèng dǎng hé bìng 'ér chéng， zhù yào dài biǎo yīng yì bái rén gōng shāng jīn róng jiè lì yì。 shì bái rén " zì yóu pài " zuǒ yì zhèng dǎng， zhù zhāng fèi chú zhǒng zú gé lí， jī jí cānyù nán fēi hé píng jìn chéng。 xīn nán fēi dàn shēng hòu， gāi dǎng dìng wèi yú gèng fù jiàn shè xìng hé jìn qǔ xìng de fǎn duì dǎng， shí lì bù duàn kuò dà。 1999 nián dà xuǎn hòu qǔ dài xīn guó mín dǎng chéng wéi zuì dà fǎn duì dǎng。 ② xīn guó mín dǎng (NewNationalParty)： qián shēn wèiguó mín dǎng， 1998 nián 9 yuè gǎi chēng xiàn míng， bìng gēnghuàn liǎo xīn de dǎng qí hé biāo zhì。 1914 nián chéng lì， zhù yào dài biǎo hé yì bái rén nóng mù chǎng zhù hé zī chǎn jiē jí de lì yì。 1948 nián zhì 1994 nián 4 yuè qī jiān dān dú zhí zhèng。 céng cháng qī tuī xíng zhǒng zú qí shì hé zhǒng zú gé lí zhèng cè。 80 nián dài zhōng qī hòu zài nán fēi rén mín cháng qī dǒu zhēng hé guó jì shè huì de qiáng dà yā lì xià， zhèng cè zhù zhāng fā shēng biàn huà。 1990 nián xiàng suǒ yòu zhǒng zú kāi fàng， zài nán fēi wèn tí zhèng zhì jiě jué jìn chéng zhōng fā huī liǎo jī jí zuò yòng。 1994 nián dà xuǎn hòu zuò wéi dì 'èr dà zhí zhèng dǎng jìn rù mín zú tuán jié zhèng fǔ， 1996 nián 6 yuè tuì chū zhèng fǔ， chéng wéi zuì dà fǎn duì dǎng。 1997 nián， nèi bù fēn huà jiā jù， zǒng shū jì méi yé tuì dǎng， dé kè lè kè xuān bù cí zhí。 gāi dǎng yuán xíng zhèng zhù rèn mǎ dì ní sī · fàn sī kǎo kè wéi kè dāng xuǎn wèiguó mín dǎng dì bā rèn lǐng xiù。 yòu yú zhǒng zú gé lí lì shǐ bāo fú， zài nán fēi zhèng tán yǐng xiǎng rì jiàn shì wēi， 1999 nián dà xuǎn zhōng lún wéi dì sì dà dǎng， dàn píng jiè qí zài xī kāi pǔ shěng yòu sè rén zhōng de chuán tǒng yǐng xiǎng， yǔ mín zhù dǎng lián shǒu zài xī shěng jì xù zhí zhèng。 2001 nián 10 yuè tuì chū mín zhù lián méng， bìng yǔ fēi guó dà zài xī kāi pǔ shěng lián hé zhí zhèng。 （ 3） yīn kǎ tǎ zì yóu dǎng (InkathaFreedomParty)： yǐ kuā zǔ lǔ / nà tǎ 'ěr dì qū zǔ lǔ zú wéi zhù de hēi rén mín zú zhù yì zhèng dǎng， cān zhèng dǎng。 qián shēn shì " mín zú wén huà jiě fàng yùn dòng "， chéng lì yú 1928 nián， 1975 nián chóngjiàn。 1990 nián xiàng suǒ yòu zhǒng zú kāi fàng， gǎi wéi zhèng dǎng bìng yòng xiàn míng。 zì chēng yòu chéng yuán 220 wàn。 yǐ zhēng qǔ hēi rén jiě fàng wéi zōng zhǐ， zhù zhāng tōng guò hé píng tán pàn jiě jué nán fēi wèn tí。 1994 nián 4 yuè zài dà xuǎn zhōng dé piào shuài jū dì sān wèi， jìn rù mín zú tuán jié zhèng fǔ。 1996 nián hòu zài kuā zǔ lǔ / nà tǎ 'ěr shěng zhù zhèng。 1999 nián dà xuǎn hòu jì xù cān jiā zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ , yǔ fēi guó dà zài kuā / nà shěng lián hé zhí zhèng。 2000 nián dì fāng zhèng fǔ xuǎn jǔ zhōng yíng dé 36 gè dì fāng zhèng fǔ duō shù。 2002 nián《 biàngēng dǎng jí fǎ》 yǐn fā gāi dǎng yǔ fēi guó dà máo dùn。 lǐng xiù： bù tè lāi qí。 （ 4） nán fēi gòng chǎn dǎng (SouthAfricanCommunistParty): fēi guó dà zhòng yào zhèng zhì méng yǒu， " sān fāng lián méng " zhī yī。 fēi guó dà lǐng dǎo céng zhōng jìn sān fēn zhī yī shì nán fēi gòng chéng yuán。 1994 nián zài fēi guó dà qí zhì xià cān jiā dà xuǎn bìng huò 50 yú gè yì xí， 4 rén bèi rèn mìng wéi nèi gé bù cháng。 1999 nián dà xuǎn huò dé jìn 80 gè yì xí， qí zhōng 6 rén bèi wěi rèn nèi gé bù cháng。 1921 nián 7 yuè chéng lì。 1950 nián bèi nán fēi dāng jú xuān bù wéi " fēi fǎ " zǔ zhì。 1990 nián 2 yuè chóngxīn huò dé hé fǎ dì wèi。 xiàn yòu dǎng yuán jìn 1.4 wàn rén。 shǐ zhōng jiāng shí xiàn gòng chǎn zhù yì zuò wéi qí zuì zhōng fèn dǒu mù biāo， jiān chí " shè huì zhù yì de gōng rén jiē jí zhèng dǎng " xìng zhì， dàn rèn wéi nán fēi jī běn shàng shì yī gè jīng guò tè shū zhí mín zhù yì fā zhǎn de， yǐ fù xìng jiào qiáng de zī běn zhù yì shè huì， dāng qián de rèn wù réng shì tuī jìn yǐ hēi rén chè dǐ jiě fàng wéi mù biāo de mín zú mín zhù gé mìng。 zǒng shū jì bù lāi dé · ēn qí màn dí (BladeNzimande)。 （ 5） lián hé mín zhù yùn dòng（ UnitedDemocraticMovement） :1997 nián 9 yuè chéng lì , shì yóu yuán xīn yùn dòng jìn chéng hé quán guó xié shāng lùn tán hé bìng 'ér chéng de kuà zhǒng zú zhèng dǎng。 1999 nián 6 yuè dà xuǎn zhōng chéng wéi dì wǔ dà dǎng。 2000 nián dì fāng zhèng fǔ xuǎn jǔ zhōng zài 1 gè dì fāng zhèng fǔ huò duō shù。 qí zhù yào yǐng xiǎng zài dōng kāi pǔ shěng de yuán tè lán sī kǎi " hēi rén jiā yuán " dì qū。 lǐng xiù bān tú · huò luó mǐ sà（ BantubonkeHolomisa）。 （ 6） ā zhā ní yà fàn fēi zhù yì zhě dà huì (PanAfricanistCongressofAzania)： jiǎn chēng fàn fēi dà， hēi rén mín zú zhù yì zhèng dǎng。 1959 nián 4 yuè yóu fēi guó dà nèi yī bù fēn fǎn duì fèng xíng fēi bào lì zhèng cè de chéng yuán zǔ chéng。 zhù zhāng kāi zhǎn wǔ zhuāng dǒu zhēng， tuī fān bái rén tǒng zhì， shí xiàn fēi zhōu rén de zì jué quán， jiàn lì fàn fēi shè huì zhù yì mín zhù guó jiā。 1960 nián bèi nán fēi dāng jú xuān bù wéi " fēi fǎ " zǔ zhì， zhù yào lǐng dǎo rén liú wáng guó wài。 1961 nián jiàn lì jūn shì zǔ zhì " bō gē "， kāi zhǎn wǔ zhuāng dǒu zhēng。 1990 nián huī fù hé fǎ dì wèi。 1994 nián hé 1999 nián dà xuǎn zhōng dé piào shuài jūn bù gāo。 zài chéng shì qīng nián hé nóng cūn hēi rén jī jìn zǔ zhì zhōng yòu xiē yǐng xiǎng。 zhù xí sī tǎn lì · mò huò bā（ StanleyMogoba）。 cǐ wài， qí tā zhèng dǎng hái yòu : fēi zhōu jī dū jiào mín zhù dǎng（ AfricanChristianDemocraticParty）、 zì yóu zhèn xiàn（ FreedomFront）、 lián bāng lián méng（ FederalAllies）、 lián hé jī dū jiào mín zhù dǎng（ UnitedChristianDemocraticParty）、 ā zhā ní yà rén mín zǔ zhì (AzanianPeople'sOrganisation) děng。 sān、 jīng jì nán fēi shǔ yú zhōng děng shōu rù de fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā。 guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí yuē zhàn quán fēi 22％， duì wài mào yì zhàn quán fēi 24％， shì fēi zhōu jīng jì zuì fā dá de guó jiā。 zì rán zī yuán fēng fù， shì shì jiè wǔ dà kuàng chǎn guó zhī yī。 jīn róng、 fǎ lǜ tǐ xì bǐ jiào wán shàn， tōng xùn、 jiāo tōng、 néng yuán děng jī chǔ shè shī liáng hǎo。 kuàng yè、 zhì zào yè hé nóng yè shì jīng jì sān dà zhī zhù， shēn kuàng kāi cǎi děng jì shù jū yú shì jiè lǐng xiān dì wèi。 dàn guó mín jīng jì gè bù mén fā zhǎn shuǐ píng、 dì qū fēn bù bù píng héng， èr yuán zhì jīng jì tè zhēng míng xiǎn。 80 nián dài chū qī zhì 90 nián dài chū qī， shòu guó jì jīng jì zhì cái jīng jì chū xiàn shuāi tuì。 xīn nán fēi zhèng fǔ zhì dìng liǎo " chóngjiàn yǔ fā zhǎn jìhuà "（ RDP）， qiáng diào tí gāo hēi rén shè huì、 jīng jì dì wèi。 1996 nián tuī chū " zēngzhǎng、 jiù yè、 zài fēn pèi "(GEAR) de hóng guān jīng jì zhèng cè， zhǐ zài tōng guò guó yòu bù mén sī yòu huà、 xuē jiǎn cái zhèng chì zì、 zēng jiā láo dòng lì shì chǎng líng huó xìng、 cù jìn chū kǒu、 fàng sōng wài huì guǎn zhì、 gǔ lì zhōng xiǎo qǐ yè fā zhǎn děng cuò shī shí xiàn jīng jì zēngzhǎng， zēng jiā jiù yè， zhú bù gǎi biàn fēn pèi bù hé lǐ de qíng kuàng。 mǔ bèi jī zhèng fǔ zhí xíng yán jǐn de cái zhèng hé huò bì zhèng cè， zhú bù tuī dòng guó yòu zī chǎn zhòng zǔ hé sī yòu huà jìn chéng， tuī jìn láo dòng lì shì chǎng hé mào yì lǐng yù de jié gòu tiáozhěng， shì shí zēng jiā shè huì fú wù tóu rù。 xīn nán fēi jīng jì zǒng tǐ bǎo chí dī sù zēngzhǎng。２００２ nián， zài quán qiú jīng jì bù jǐng qì de qíng kuàng xià， nán fēi jīng jì zēng shì qiángjìng， nóng yè、 zhì zào yè、 lǚ yóu yè zēngzhǎng jiào kuài， wài mào yíng yú zēng jiā， běn bì huì shuài jiào qiáng fǎn dàn。 dàn shī yè shuài jū gāo bù xià、 shōu rù fēn pèi yán zhòng bù jūn děng wèn tí yǐ rán cún zài， zēng qiáng hēi rén jīng jì shí lì shì nán fēi miàn lín de cháng qī wèn tí。 guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí（ 2002 nián）： 1017 yì měi yuán。 rén jūn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí（ 2002 nián）： 2255 měi yuán。 guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí nián zēngchánglǜ（ 2002 nián）： 3％。 huò bì míng chēng： lán tè（ Rand）１ lán tè ＝ 100 fēn（ CENT）。 huì shuài（ 2002 nián 12 yuè）： 1 měi yuán＝ 8.75 lán tè。 tōng huò péng zhàng shuài（ 2002 nián）： 8.8％。 shī yè shuài（ 2002 nián）： 29.5%。 zī yuán kuàng chǎn zī yuán fēng fù， xiàn yǐ tàn míng chǔ liàng bìng kāi cǎi de kuàng chǎn yòu 70 yú zhǒng。 huáng jīn、 bó zú jīn shǔ、 měng、 fán、 gè、 tài、 guī lǚ suān yán de chǔ liàng jū shì jiè dì yī wèi， zhì shí、 gào jū dì 'èr wèi， fú shí、 lín suān yán jū dì sān wèi， tī、 yóu jū dì sì wèi， méi、 zuàn shí、 qiān jū dì wǔ wèi， xīn jū dì liù wèi， tiě kuàng shí jū dì jiǔ wèi， tóng jū dì shí sān wèi。 gēn jù nán fēi kuàng wù jú tí gōng de shù jù， 1998 nián yǐ tàn míng de kuàng cáng chǔ liàng： huáng jīn 35877 dūn（ zhàn shì jiè zǒng chǔ liàng de 35％， xià tóng）， bó zú jīn shǔ 62816 dūn（ 55.7％）， měng 40 yì dūn（ 80％）， fán 1200 wàn dūn（ 44.5％）， zhì shí 8000 wàn dūn（ 40％）， gè 31 yì dūn（ 68.3％）、 guī lǚ suān yán 5080 wàn dūn（ 37.4％）， yóu 28.44 wàn dūn（ 9.3％）， méi 553.33 yì dūn（ 10.6％）， tiě kuàng shí 15 yì dūn（ 0.9％）， tài 1.46 yì dūn（ 21％）， gào 1430 wàn dūn（ 22.1％）， fú shí 3600 wàn dūn（ 9.6％）， lín suān yán 25 yì dūn（ 7.2％）， tī 2.5 yì dūn（ 5.3％）， qiān 300 wàn dūn（ 2.1％）， xīn 1500 wàn dūn（ 3.4％） tóng 1300 wàn dūn（ 2.1％）。 gōng yè zhì zào yè、 jiàn zhù yè、 néng yuán yè hé kuàng yè shì nán fēi gōng yè sì dà bù mén。 zhì zào yè mén lèi qí quán， jì shù xiān jìn。 zhù yào chǎn pǐn yòu gāng tiě、 jīn shǔ zhì pǐn、 huà gōng、 yùn shū shè bèi、 jī qì zhì zào、 shí pǐn jiā gōng、 fǎng zhì、 fú zhuāng děng。 gāng tiě gōng yè shì nán fēi zhì zào yè de zhī zhù， yōng yòu liù dà gāng tiě lián hé gōng sī、 130 duō jiā gāng tiě qǐ yè。 zhì zào yè chǎn zhí jìn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de wǔ fēn zhī yī。 gù yōng láo dòng lì zhàn quán guó 14.8%。 1999 nián zhì zào yè chǎn zhí 1326.4 yì lán tè， yuē zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 25％。 1994－ 1999 nián， nán fēi zhèng fǔ gòng chóu jí tóu rù 125 yì lán tè jiàn shè dī zào jià zhù fáng， yǐ huǎn jiě hēi rén chéng zhèn jū mín zhù fáng wèn tí， dàn xiàng mù jìn zhǎn huǎn màn。 1999 nián jiàn zhù yè chǎn zhí 209.17 yì lán tè。 nán fēi diàn lì gōng yè jiào fā dá， fā diàn liàng zhàn quán fēi zhōu de 2/3， wéi shì jiè shàng diàn fèi zuì dī de guó jiā zhī yī。 1999 nián diàn lì、 rán liào yǔ shuǐ lì bù mén chǎn zhí 237.86 yì lán tè。 guó yíng gōng sī ESKOM shì shì jiè shàng dì sì dà diàn lì shēng chǎn hé dì wǔ dà diàn lì xiāo shòu qǐ yè， yōng yòu shì jiè shàng zuì dà de gān lěng fā diàn zhàn， gōng yìng nán fēi 95％ hé quán fēi 60％ de yòng diàn liàng。 1998 nián nán fēi zǒng fā diàn liàng 1913 yì dù， qí zhōng yuē 92％ wéi huǒ lì fā diàn。 1999 nián ESKOM fā diàn liàng 1734 yì dù。 zài kāi pǔ dūn fù jìn jiàn yòu fēi zhōu dà lù wéi yī de hé diàn zhàn－ Koeberg hé diàn zhàn， fā diàn néng lì 184.4 wàn qiān wǎ。 1999 nián nán fēi shēng chǎn liǎo 161.65 wàn dūn tiān rán qì hé 30.09 wàn dūn lěng níng yè tǐ rán liào。 cǐ wài， nán fēi SASOL gōng sī de méi hé chéng rán yóu yǔ tiān rán qì hé chéng rán yóu jì shù bǐ jiào chéng shú。 1998 nián kuàng yè yǔ xiāng guān hángyè chǎn zhí yuē zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 14％（ qí zhōng kuàng yè zhàn 6.6％）， chū jí kuàng chǎn pǐn chū kǒu xiāo shòu 'é zhàn quán bù chū kǒu shōu rù de 34.3％。 2000 nián kuàng yè chǎn zhí 983 yì lán tè。 nán fēi shì shì jiè zuì dà de huáng jīn shēng chǎn guó hé chū kǒu guó， huáng jīn chū kǒu 'é zhàn quán bù duì wài chū kǒu 'é de sān fēn zhī yī。 dàn jìn nián lái yīn guó jì shì chǎng huáng jīn jià gé xià diē， bó zú jīn shǔ yǐ zhú jiàn qǔ dài huáng jīn chéng wéi zuì zhù yào de chū kǒu kuàng chǎn pǐn。 nán fēi hái shì shì jiè dì wǔ dà zuàn shí shēng chǎn guó， chǎn liàng yuē zhàn shì jiè de 8.7％。 nán fēi dé bǐ 'ěr sī gōng sī shì shì jiè shàng zuì dà de zuàn shí shēng chǎn hé xiāo shòu gōng sī， zǒng zī chǎn 200 yì měi yuán， qí yíng yè 'é yī dù zhàn shì jiè zuàn shí gōng yìng shì chǎng 90％ de fèn 'é， mù qián réng kòng zhì zhe shì jiè cū zuàn shí mào yì de 60％。 nóng mù yú yè nóng yè jiào fā dá。 kě gēng dì yuē zhàn tǔ dì miàn jī de 13％， dàn féi wò tǔ dì jǐn zhàn kě gēng dì de 22％。 guàn gài miàn jī 1300 wàn gōng qǐng。 nóng yè shēng chǎn zǒng zhí yuē zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 4.1％， bìng tí gōng 13％ de zhèng shì jiù yè jī huì。 nóng yè shēng chǎn shòu qì hòu biàn huà yǐng xiǎng míng xiǎn。 zhèng cháng nián fèn liáng shí chú zìjǐ wài hái kě chū kǒu。 zhù yào nóng zuò wù shì yù mǐ。 2000 nián chǎn liàng wéi 1060 wàn dūn。 nóng chǎn pǐn hé nóng chǎn pǐn jiā gōng chǎn pǐn chū kǒu zhàn fēi huáng jīn chū kǒu shōu rù zhōng de 30％。 gè lèi guàn tóu shí pǐn、 yān、 jiǔ、 kā fēi hé yǐn liào chàng xiāo hǎi wài。 shèng chǎn huā huì、 shuǐ guǒ， pú táo jiǔ xiǎng yòu shèng yù。 xùmù yè jiào fā dá。 1999 nián nán fēi gòng xùyǎng niú 1360 wàn tóu， mián yáng 2870 wàn tóu， zhū 150 wàn tóu， shān yáng 650 wàn tóu。 suǒ xū ròu lèi 85％ zìjǐ， 15％ cóng nà mǐ bǐ yà、 bó cí wǎ nà hé sī wēi shì lán děng lín guó jìn kǒu。 shuǐ chǎn yǎng zhí yè chǎn liàng zhàn quán fēi zhōu 5％ hé shì jiè de 0.03％。 nán fēi shāng yè bǔ lāo chuán duì yòu gè zhǒng chuán zhǐ 500 duō sōu。 quán guó yuē yòu 2.8 wàn rén cóng shì hǎi yáng bǔ lāo yè。 zhù yào bǔ lāo zhǒng lèi wéi dàn cài、 zūn yú、 mǔ lì hé kāi pǔ wú xū xuě。 měi nián bǔ lāo liàng yuē 58 wàn dūn， chǎn zhí jìn 20 yì lán tè。 cǐ wài， nán fēi yǎng fēng yè nián chǎn zhí yuē 2000 wàn lán tè。 lǚ yóu yè lǚ yóu yè shì nán fēi dì sān dà wài huì shōu rù lái yuán hé jiù yè bù mén。 lǚ yóu yè chǎn zhí zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 3% zuǒ yòu。 lǚ yóu zī yuán fēng fù， shè shī wán shàn。 yòu 700 duō jiā dà fàn diàn， 2800 duō jiā dà xiǎo bīn guǎn、 lǚ guǎn jí 10000 duō jiā fàn guǎn。 lǚ yóu diǎn zhù yào jí zhōng yú dōng běi bù hé dōng、 nán yán hǎi dì qū。 shēng tài lǚ yóu yǔ mín sú lǚ yóu shì nán fēi lǚ yóu yè liǎng dà zuì zhù yào de zēngzhǎng diǎn。 2002 nián dào nán fēi lǚ yóu de wài guó lǚ kè dá 643 wàn rén cì。 dàn nán fēi gāo fàn zuì shuài duì chōng fēn wā jué qí lǚ yóu yè qián lì yòu fù miàn yǐng xiǎng。 měi guó lā sī wéi jiā sī zài pín jǐ de shā mò zhōng， chéng wéi yáng míng guó jì de yú lè zhī chéng， ér wèi yú nán fēi de tài yáng chéng（ SunCity）， tóng yàng yě yǐ háo huá 'ér wán zhěng de shè bèi jí hún rán tiān chéng de zì rán měi jǐng， xī yǐn liǎo shì rén de mù guāng， jīhū shì suǒ yòu dào nán fēi lǚ yóu de guān guāng kè bù huì cuò guò de hǎo dì fāng。 tài yáng chéng zài nán fēi， tài yáng chéng jiù shì yú lè、 měi shí、 dǔ bó、 shū shì、 làng màn jiā shàng jīng qí de tóng yì zì， hěn shǎo rén néng bǎi tuō tā de mí rén mèi lì。 tài yáng chéng wèi yú nán fēi dì yī dà chéng yuē hàn ní sī bǎo de xī běi fāng 187 gōng lǐ chù。 shì shí shàng， tā shì wèi yú nán fēi yǔ bó cí wǎ nà（ Botswana） de biān jìng shàng， dāng nián， yào bù shì nán fēi zhǒng zú gé lí zhù yì， jiāng zhè kuài biān jìng tǔ dì liè wéi“ bù guǎn dì dài”， tóng yì zài cǐ dì kě yǐ jìn xíng“ fēi zhèng cháng xìng”（ immoral） de yú lè huó dòng（ zhǐ shè dǔ bó chǎng suǒ）， zhè zuò zhù míng háo huá de yú lè chéng yě xǔ jiù bù cún zài liǎo。 tài yáng chéng shì nán fēi yì wàn fù wēng suō 'ěr · kē sī nà（ SolKerzner） de yī gè mèng xiǎng。 kē sī nà zài 70 nián dài zhōng qī， jiù kāi shǐ gòu sī shè zhì， xī wàng néng gòu zài fēi zhōu cóng lín nèi， jiàn zào yī gè rú měi guó lā sī wéi jiā sī bān de háo huá yú lè qū。 zài zhè lǐ， nǐ kě yǐ dào rén zào hǎi qù yóu yǒng。 bié xiǎo kàn tā zhǐ shì rén zào hǎi， hái kě zhì zào 2 gōng chǐ gāo de làng cháo chōng làng chí、 gōng yóu kè chōng làng。 hái yòu 5 tiáo gè zhǒng pō dù de huá shuǐ tī， yán shuǐ shì 'ér xià， ràng yóu kè xiǎng shòu cì jī de kuài gǎn， qí zhōng 2 tiáo cáng yú shān yán zhī jiān， wǎn ruò dì xià jí tuān shuǐ dào， huá xià qù de shí jiān shì dà yuē 3 miǎo， dǎn zǐ shāo xiǎo zhě， liàng yě bù gǎn wán。 rú guǒ nǐ bù xǐ huān yóu yǒng， nà yě bù yào jǐn， dà kě qù dǎ gāo 'ěr fū qiú， zài shì jiè jí de gāo 'ěr fū qiú chǎng， gǎn shòu yī xià yǔ shì jiè gāo shǒu tóng chǎng dǎ qiú de zī wèi； zài bù， yě kě yǐ wán shuǐ shàng huó dòng。 zǒng zhī， nǐ xiǎng dé chū de huó dòng， zhè lǐ dū huì yòu。 zuì cì jī de shì mò guò yú“ shí guāng zhī qiáo”（ BridgeofTime）， zhè shì yī zuò yuē 100 gōng chǐ cháng de rén xíng qiáo， tā měi gé 1 xiǎo shí lì huì fā chū“ hōng lóng hōng lóng” de jù xiǎng， gěi rén yī zhǒng shān bēng dì liè de kǒng bù dì zhèn huǒ shān bào fā de gǎn jué。 kē sī nà shè jì zhè zuò qiáo de mùdì， jiù xiǎng gào sù rén men： dāng nián měi lì de shī luò zhī chéng jiù shì bèi yīcháng dà dì zhèn， huǒ shān de yán jiāng yānmò diào。 rán 'ér tài yáng chéng zuì zhù míng de hái shì dǔ chéng， jìn rù dǔ chéng， shuídōu huì bèi tā nèi bù dǔ bó jī de bǎi fàng shù liàng zhī duō 'ér chī jīng。 rú guǒ nǐ yàn fán liǎo dǔ bó jī， zhè lǐ hái yòu zhǐ pái、 lún pán、 bā kè lā ( yī zhǒng zhǐ pái dǔ bó ) děng qí tā nèi róng。 tài yáng chéng (SunCity) shì nán fēi zuì háo huá， yě shì zhī míng dù zuì gāo de dù jiǎ cūn (Resort)。 jīhū shì suǒ yòu dào nán fēi lǚ yóu de guān guāng kè bù huì cuò guò de hǎo dì fāng。 zài nán fēi， tài yáng chéng jiù shì yú lè、 měi shí、 dǔ bó、 shū shì、 làng màn jiā shàng jīng qí de tóng yì zì， hěn shǎo rén néng bǎi tuō tā de mí rén mèi lì。 yóu qí shì tài yáng chéng nèi de shī luò chéng (LostCity)， shì gè hào zī 8 yì 3 qiān wàn lán dé suǒ dǎ zào chū lái de yú lè chéng， yòu chù lìng rén bǐngxī de rén zào sēn lín， hé dòng gǎn shí zú de rén gōng hǎi làng yóu yǒng chí， chéng nèi de huáng gōng fàn diàn (ThePalaceHotel)， yǐ jīn bì huī huáng hé zūn guì shū shì děng tè sè， míng liè shì jiè shí dà fàn diàn zhī liè。 huā yuán dà dào cóng mò sài 'ěr gǎng (MosselBay) dào sī tuō mǔ hé (StormsRiver) lián xù 255 gōng lǐ de yī jí hǎi bīn gōng lù bèi chēng wéi huā yuán dà dào， yě shì nán fēi zuì zhù míng de fēng jǐng zhī yī。 huā yuán dà dào yǔ húpō、 shān mài、 huáng jīn hǎi tān、 xuán yá qiào bì hé mào mì yuán shǐ sēn lín cóng shēng de hǎi 'àn xiàn píng xíng， yán tú kě jiàn qīng chè de hé liú zì 'ōu tǎn ní kē yǔ qí qí kǎ mǎ shān mài liú rù wèi lán de dà hǎi。 zài nèi lù bù fēn， yòu hǎi bá zài 1000-1700 mǐ de 'ào tè ní kuā、 qí qí kǎ mǎ shān mài héng kuà dōng xī。 yuè guò zhè gè shān mài， jiù shì 'ào cí hú 'ēn děng píng yuán dì dài liǎo， cóng tú zhōng de guān kǒu yào dào tiào wàng lián mián qún shān， jǐng sè shí fēn zhuàng měi。 mò sài 'ěr gǎng (MosselBay)、 qiáo zhì (George)、 měi lì de kè ní sī nà (Knysna) hé guó jiā gōng yuán zhī yī de yuán yě (Wilderness)、 pǔ lāi téng bèi gé wān (PlettenbersBay)、 qí qí kǎ mǎ hǎi 'àn guó jiā gōng yuán (TsitsikammaCoastNationalPark) shì zhù yào guān guāng jǐng diǎn。 kè ní sī nà (Knysna) yōng yòu lìng rén nán yǐ zhì xìn de hǎi yáng yǔ shān fēng měi jǐng， yòu yī gè níng jìng de jiāo hú－ nán fēi guó nèi zuì jiā fān chuán yóu tǐng、 yóu yǒng yǔ diào yú chǎng suǒ。 cǐ wài tiān rán shēng háo shì dāng dì de tè chǎn， zuì tiǎo tī de měi shí jiā yě rèn wéi kè ní sī nà (Knysna) de shēng háo wéi shì shàng zuì jiā měi wèi。 huā yuán dà dào dōng jì de píng jūn qì wēn zài 13℃ zuǒ yòu； xià jì wēn dù zài 25℃ yǐ shàng dídí shí jiān yě hěn shǎo， qì hòu wēn nuǎn。 yī nián dāng zhōng dōukě yǐ jìn xíng yóu yǒng、 sài tǐng、 fān chuán、 huá shuǐ、 chōng làng、 niǎo lèi guān chá， yǐ jí gāo 'ěr fū、 wǎng qiú、 qí chē lǚ xíng děng dà bù fēn lù shàng、 shuǐ shàng yùn dòng。 cǐ wài， yòu zhēng qì jī chē（ OutenoquaChoo-TJoeTrain） tōng guò zhè gè dì qū zuì měi de dì dài， yě shì huā yuán lù xiàn zhù yào guān guāng nèi róng zhī yī。 huā yuán lù xiàn shì nán fēi lǚ yóu kāi fā zuì fā dá de dì qū， cóng sì xīng jí fàn diàn dào zhàng péng chǎng， yòu gè zhǒng gè yàng de zhù sù、 yú lè shè shī。 1 yuè xià xún -5 yuè shì lǜ sè jì jié， jià gé shàng fú 30％ yǐ shàng； 12 yuè - cì nián 1 yuè hé fù huó jié de qī jiān， cóng 'ōu zhōu lái de bì hán yóu kè hěn duō， jià gé gāo dào píng shí de 2 bèi。 jí shǐ shì zhè yàng， kè fáng yě shì yù yuē quán mǎn， dào chù dōuhěn yōng jǐ。 xiāng fǎn， zài yǔ hé wù jiào duō de 8-10 yuè， dà duō shù dì fāng de zhù sù jià gé yě dà fú dù xià jiàng。 zài zhè gè shí jiān lái xiūjià， miàn duì bì hǎi qīng shān yōu xián dì cè 'ěr líng tīng niǎo hé dòng wù de jiào shēng， jiāng zì jǐ wán quán tóu rù dà zì rán de huái bào， shì bù kě duō dé de jīng lì。 jiāo tōng yùn shū yòu fēi zhōu zuì wán shàn de jiāo tōng yùn shū xì tǒng， duì běn guó yǐ jí lín guó de jīng jì fā huī zhuózhòng yào zuò yòng。 yǐ tiě lù、 gōng lù wéi zhù， kōng yùn fā zhǎn xùn sù。 jìn nián lái jiā qiáng liǎo chéng zhèn jí jīng jì kāi fā qū jiāo tōng jī chǔ shè shī jiàn shè， háng kōng、 gōng lù guó yíng gōng sī de sī yòu huà jìn chéng yǐ mài rù shí zhì xìng jiē duàn。 tiě lù： zǒng cháng yuē 3.41 wàn gōng lǐ， qí zhōng 1.82 wàn gōng lǐ wéi diàn qì huà tiě lù， yòu diàn qì jī chē 2000 duō liàng。 nián dù huò yùn liàng yuē 1.75 yì dūn。 yóu bǐ lè tuó lì yà shǐ wǎng kāi pǔ dūn de háo huá lán sè kè chē xiǎng yòu guó jì shēng yù。 gōng lù： zǒng cháng yuē 23.2 wàn gōng lǐ， fēn wéi guó jiā、 shěng jí dì fāng sān jí。 qí zhōng guó jiā jí gōng lù zhōng shuāng xiàng gāo sù gōng lù 1440 gōng lǐ， dān xiàng gāo sù gōng lù 292 gōng lǐ， dān xiàng dà dào 4401 gōng lǐ， shōu fèi gōng lù 1000 gōng lǐ。 nián kè yùn liàng yuē 450 wàn rén cì， huò yùn liàng 310 wàn liàng。 shuǐ yùn： hǎi yáng yùn shū yè fā dá， yǔ fēi zhōu yǐ wài guó jiā mào yì de 99％ yào kào hǎi yùn lái wán chéng。 zhù yào gǎng kǒu yòu kāi pǔ dūn、 dé bān、 dōng lún dūn、 yī lì suō bái gǎng、 lǐ chá cí、 sà 'ěr dá ní yà hé mò sè 'ěr bài。 yòu shāng chuán 990 sōu， zǒng dūn wèi 75.5 wàn dūn。 nián gǎng kǒu tūn tù liàng yuē wéi 12 yì dūn。 dé bān shì fēi zhōu zuì fán máng de gǎng kǒu jí zuì dà de jí zhuāng xiāng jí sàn dì， jí zhuāng xiāng rì chǔlǐ liàng dá 3500 gè。 kōng yùn： gòng yòu gè lèi háng yùn fēi jī 5900 duō jià， qí zhōng nán fēi háng kōng gōng sī yōng yòu bāo kuò 30 yú jià bō yīn fēi jī hé 15 jià kōng zhōng kè chē zài nèi de gè lèi mín háng jī gòng 48 jià， shì shì jiè zuì dà de 50 jiā háng kōng gōng sī zhī yī。 měi zhōu yòu 600 duō gè guó nèi háng bān hé 70 duō gè guó jì háng bān， yǔ fēi zhōu、 ōu zhōu、 yà zhōu jí zhōng dōng、 nán měi yī xiē guó jiā zhí jiē tōng háng。 zhù yào guó jì jī chǎng yòu yuē hàn nèi sī bǎo guó jì jī chǎng、 dé bān guó jì jī chǎng hé kāi pǔ dūn guó jì jī chǎng děng。 yuē hàn nèi sī bǎo guó jì jī chǎng shì fēi zhōu dà lù zuì wéi fán máng de jī chǎng， yù jì dào 2005 nián nián jiē dài lǚ kè liàng jiāng dá 1800 wàn rén cì。 guǎn dào yùn shū： shí yóu guǎn dào 931 gōng lǐ， qí tā shí huà chǎn pǐn guǎn dào 1748 gōng lǐ， tiān rán qì guǎn dào 322 gōng lǐ。 tōng xùn wǎng luò nán fēi tōng xùn hé wǎng luò jì shù chǎn yè fā zhǎn jiào kuài， shì shì jiè dì 20 dà xìn xī hé tōng xùn jì shù shì chǎng。 diàn huà xiàn 530 wàn tiáo， zhàn fēi zhōu de 40％， yí dòng diàn huà yòng hù 441 wàn， shì qí tā fēi zhōu guó jiā zǒng hé de 3 bèi。 gù dìng shàng wǎng rén kǒu 150 wàn， shì fēi zhōu qí tā guó jiā zǒng hé de 5 bèi。 nán fēi diàn xìn gōng sī TELKOM shì shì jiè dì 28 dà diàn xìn gōng sī； zuì dà de liǎng jiā xìn xī jì shù gōng sī DIDATA hé DATATEC yǐ zài yīng měi shì chǎng zhàn yòu yī xí zhī dì。 qí wèi xīng zhí bō hé wǎng luò jì shù shuǐ píng zài shì jiè shàng jìng zhēng lì jiào qiáng， nán fēi duō xuǎn gōng sī（ MIH） yǐ lǒng duàn liǎo sǎ hā lā yǐ nán fēi zhōu de jué dà bù fēn wèi xīng zhí bō yè wù。 ruǎn jiàn yè yě kāi shǐ zǒu xiàng guó jì shì chǎng。 cái zhèng jīn róng jìn nián lái cái zhèng shōu zhī qíng kuàng rú xià :( dān wèi : yì lán tè ) 2000/01 2001/02 shōu rù 1984.94 2155.92 zhī chū 2164.05 2339.44 chì zì huò yíng yú -179.11 -183.52 2002 nián， jīng cháng xiàng mù yíng yú 3.1 yì měi yuán， huáng jīn hé wài huì chǔ bèi 62 yì měi yuán。 wài zhài zǒng 'é 322 yì měi yuán。 nán fēi chǔ bèi yínháng (TheSouthAfricanReserveBank)， shì zhōng yāng yínháng， shǐ jiàn yú 1920 nián， wéi gǔ fèn yòu xiàn yínháng， chú xíng cháng yǔ fù xíng cháng yóu zhèng fǔ rèn mìng wài， xiǎng yòu hěn dà de dú lì jué cè quán。 zǒng bù shè zài bǐ lè tuó lì yà。 1999 nián zī chǎn 725.95 yì lán tè。 yòu 60 jiā shāng yè yínháng（ bāo kuò 13 jiā wài guó yínháng fēn xíng）， cǐ wài hái yòu 57 jiā wài guó yínháng zài nán fēi shè yòu dài biǎo chù。 jié zhì 1998 nián dǐ， 60 jiā yínháng gòng shè lì liǎo 3251 gè bàn gōng diǎn， gù yōng liǎo 124407 míng yuán gōng。 zuì dà de sì jiā yínháng shì： nán fēi hùn hé yínháng (AmalgamatedBanksofSouthAfricaLimited) shì nán fēi zuì dà de yínháng jí tuán， zǒng zī chǎn 287 yì měi yuán， chéng lì yú 1991 nián。 biāo zhǔn yínháng tóu zī yòu xiàn gōng sī（ StandardBankInvestmentCorporationLtd.)， zǒng zī chǎn 275 yì měi yuán， chéng lì yú 1969 nián。 nán bù fēi zhōu dì yī guó mín yínháng (FirstNationalBankofSouthernAfricaLtd.)， chéng lì yú 1971 nián， zǒng zī chǎn 198 yì měi yuán。 lāi lì yínháng (NedcorBankLtd)： zǒng zī chǎn 175 yì měi yuán。 yǐ shàng sì dà yínháng jí tuán zǒng zī chǎn zhàn nán fēi yínháng yè zǒng zī chǎn de 71％。 duì wài mào yì duì wài mào yì zǒng 'é yuē zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí 5%。 chū kǒu chǎn pǐn yòu： huáng jīn， jīn shǔ jí jīn shǔ zhì pǐn， zuàn shí， shí pǐn、 yǐn liào jí yān cǎo， jī xiè jí jiāo tōng yùn shū shè bèi děng zhì chéng pǐn。 zhù yào jìn kǒu jī xiè shè bèi， jiāo tōng yùn shū shè bèi， huà gōng chǎn pǐn， shí yóu děng。 mù qián hé shì jiè shàng jué dà duō shù guó jiā yòu mào yì guān xì。 ōu méng yǔ měi guó děng shì nán fēi chuán tǒng de mào yì huǒ bàn。 dàn jìn nián yǔ yà zhōu、 zhōng dōng děng dì qū de mào yì yě zài bù duàn zēngzhǎng。 2001 nián jiǔ dà zhù yào chū kǒu mùdì dì pái wèi yǐ cì wéi： měi guó、 yīng guó、 dé guó、 rì běn、 yì dà lì、 hé lán、 bǐ lì shí、 zhōng guó hé mò sāng bǐ kè。 jiǔ dà zhù yào jìn kǒu pǐn yuán chǎn dì pái wèi yǐ cì wéi : dé guó、 měi guó、 yīng guó、 rì běn、 shā tè 'ā lā bó、 fǎ guó、 zhōng guó、 yì dà lì hé yī lǎng。 wài guó zī běn zì 1994 nián dà xuǎn hòu， nán fēi yóu yuán xiān de zī běn jìng liú chū guó biàn wéi jìng liú rù guó。 2001 nián wài guó zhí jiē tóu zī 108 yì měi yuán， yòu jià zhèng quàn tóu zī -103 yì měi yuán， zī běn zhàng hù chì zì 320 wàn měi yuán。 2002 nián shàng bàn nián， gè lèi wài zī liú rù liàng yòu suǒ zēng jiā， qí zhōng yòu jià zhèng quàn tóu zī zēng jiā fú dù jiào dà， dì 'èr jì dù dá 144 yì lán tè。 wài guó zhí jiē tóu zī zhù yào lái zì xī 'ōu guó jiā， zhù yào yòu yīng guó、 dé guó、 fǎ guó、 ruì shì děng。 jìn nián lái měi guó hé mǎ lái xī yà děng yà zhōu guó jiā zài nán fēi de tóu zī jù zēng。 zài nán fēi yōng yòu zī chǎn de wài guó gōng sī tóu zī dà duō jí zhōng yú cǎi kuàng、 zhì zào、 jīn róng、 shí yóu jiā gōng hé xiāo shòu děng bù mén。 zhèng fǔ zhèng zài shí shī de guó qǐ zhòng zǔ jìhuà jiāng yòu zhù yú nán fēi zài jīn hòu xī yǐn gèng duō wài guó zhōng cháng qī zhí jiē tóu zī zī běn。 wài guó yuán zhù 1994 nián yǐ lái， gè guó zhèng fǔ、 guó jì zǔ zhì chéng nuò xiàng nán fēi zhèng fǔ tí gōng chāo guò 110 yì lán tè de yuán zhù， yòng yú zhī chí " chóngjiàn yǔ fā zhǎn jìhuà "。 zhù yào yuán zhù guó yòu měi guó hé 'ōu méng děng。 2000 nián nán fēi gòng jiē shòu gè lèi yuán zhù 4.875 yì měi yuán， qí zhōng wú cháng yuán zhù 4.434 yì měi yuán。 duō biān zǔ zhì rú shì jiè yínháng hé guó jì huò bì jī jīn zǔ zhì yědōu biǎo shì yuàn yì xiàng nán fēi tí gōng jiè dài yuán zhù。 2000 nián nán fēi zhèng fǔ biǎo shì jiāng xiàng shì jiè yínháng yào qiú 2 yì měi yuán de jiè dài yuán zhù， yòng yú gǎi shàn gōng gòng wèi shēng fú wù。 rén mín shēng huó nán fēi shǔ zhōng děng shōu rù guó jiā， dàn pín fù jí wéi xuán shū， zhǒng zú jiān shōu rù chā jù míng xiǎn。 quán guó 40％ de jiā tíng shōu rù zhǐ zhàn guó mín zǒng shōu rù 6％， ér zhàn zǒng rén kǒu 10％ de fù yù rén kǒu shōu rù zhàn guó mín shōu rù yī bàn yǐ shàng。 pín kùn rén kǒu（ jí měi rén měi rì shōu rù bù zú yī měi yuán） zhàn zǒng rén kǒu 11.5％， qí zhōng hēi rén zhàn 95％。 nán fēi zhèng fǔ 1994 nián tuī chū " chóngjiàn yǔ fā zhǎn jìhuà "， jìhuà zài wǔ nián nèi chóu cuò 375 yì lán tè， yòng yú jiàn zào zhù fáng、 shuǐ、 diàn děng shè shī hé tí gōng jī chǔ yī liáo bǎo jiàn fú wù。 1997 nián， zhì dìng " shè huì bǎo zhàng bái pí shū "， bǎ fú pín hé duì lǎo、 cán、 yòu de fú zhù liè wéi shè huì fú lì zhòng diǎn。 2001 nián， rén jūn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí 2549 měi yuán； píng jūn shòu mìng 52.1 suì； yīng 'ér sǐ wáng shuài 5.5％； měi 10 wàn rén yòu yī shēng 56 rén； yī liáo wèi shēng zhī chū zhàn yù suàn 3.3%。 ài zī bìng wèn tí shì mù qián nán fēi miàn lín de yán zhòng shè huì wèn tí zhī yī。 jù lián hé guó yòu guān bù mén gū jì， 2000 nián nán fēi 'ài zī bìng gǎn rǎn shuài wéi 20%。 sì、 zhòng yào rén wù tǎ bó · mǔ bèi jī zǒng tǒng， fēi guó dà zhù xí。 1942 nián shēng yú dōng kāi pǔ shěng。 1956 nián jiā rù fēi guó dà qīng nián tuán。 fēi guó dà huó dòng bèi jìn zhǐ hòu liú wáng guó wài。 hòu fù yīng guó xué xí， huò jīng jì xué shuò shì xué wèi。 1967 nián qǐ xiān hòu zài fēi guó dà zhù yīng guó、 bó cí wǎ nà、 sī wēi shì lán、 ní rì lì yà děng bàn shì chù hé zàn bǐ yà zǒng bù rèn zhí。 1975 nián qǐ lì rèn fēi guó dà quán guó zhí wěi， zhù xí bàn gōng shì zhèng zhì shū jì、 xīn wén bù zhù rèn、 guó jì bù zhù rèn。 1989 nián shuài fēi guó dà dài biǎo tuán tóng nán fēi zhèng fǔ jǔ xíng mì mì tán pàn。 1993 nián qǐ xiān hòu dān rèn fēi guó dà quán guó zhù xí、 fù zhù xí， 1997 nián dāng xuǎn wéi zhù xí， 2002 nián lián rèn。 1994 nián 5 yuè jiù rèn xīn nán fēi dì yī fù zǒng tǒng， 1999 nián 6 yuè jiù rèn zǒng tǒng。 1993 nián 5 yuè zuò wéi fēi guó dà guó jì bù zhù rèn fǎng huá。 1998 nián 4 yuè yǐ fù zǒng tǒng shēn fèn fǎng huá。 2001 nián 12 yuè duì zhōng guó jìn xíng guó shì fǎng wèn。 yǎ gè bù · zǔ mǎ fù zǒng tǒng， fēi guó dà fù zhù xí。 1942 nián shēng yú nán fēi kuā / nà shěng， zǔ lǔ zú。 1959 nián jiā rù fēi guó dà， 1963 nián bèi dāng jú yǐ yīn móu diān fù zhèng fǔ zuì pàn xíng shí nián。 chū yù hòu yú 1975 nián liú wáng guó wài， jìn rù fēi guó dà lǐng dǎo céng， xiān hòu zài sī wēi shì lán、 mò sāng bǐ kè、 zàn bǐ yà děng guó gōng zuò， fù zé fēi guó dà qíng bào shì wù。 90 nián dài chū cānyù nán fēi duō dǎng tán pàn。 1991 nián dāng xuǎn wéi fēi guó dà fù zǒng shū jì。 1994 nián quán guó dà xuǎn hòu rèn kuā / nà shěng zhèng fǔ jīng jì jí lǚ yóu shì wù tīng cháng。 tóng nián dǐ dāng xuǎn wéi fēi guó dà quán guó zhù xí jiān kuā / nà shěng zhù xí。 1997 nián dāng xuǎn fēi guó dà fù zhù xí。 2002 nián lián rèn。 1999 nián 6 yuè chū rèn fù zǒng tǒng。 1996 nián 11 yuè hé 1998 nián 3 yuè liǎng cì suí jīng mào dài biǎo tuán fǎng huá。 nà 'ěr xùn · màn dé lā nán fēi qián rèn zǒng tǒng， fēi guó dà qián rèn zhù xí， zhù míng hēi rén lǐng xiù。 1918 nián 7 yuè 18 rì shēng yú tè lán sī kǎi wū mǔ tǎ tǎ dì qū tǎn mǔ bù zú qiú cháng jiā tíng。 cóng qīng nián shí dài jiù tóu shēn yú hēi rén jiě fàng shì yè， bìng wéi cǐ fàng qì jì chéng qiú cháng dì wèi。 1944 nián cān jiā fēi guó dà， xiān hòu dān rèn fēi guó dà qīng nián lián méng quán guó shū jì、 quán guó zhù xí、 fēi guó dà fù zhù xí。 1961 nián cānyù chuàng jiàn fēi guó dà jūn shì zǔ zhì " mín zú zhī máo " bìng rèn zǒng sī lìng， lǐng dǎo kāi zhǎn fǎn duì nán fēi zhǒng zú zhù yì zhèng quán de wǔ zhuāng dǒu zhēng。 1962 nián 6 yuè bèi bǔ。 1963 nián 6 yuè yǐ " yīn móu diān fù zuì " bèi pàn chù zhōng shēn jiān jìn。 1990 nián 2 yuè 11 rì huò shì， 3 yuè 2 rì chóngxīn dāng xuǎn fēi guó dà fù zhù xí。 1991 nián 7 yuè dāng xuǎn zhù xí。 jī jí tuī dòng nán fēi wèn tí de zhèng zhì jiě jué。 1994 nián 5 yuè jiù rèn zǒng tǒng。 1997 nián 12 yuè， cí qù fēi guó dà zhù xí zhí wù。 1999 nián dà xuǎn hòu tuì xiū。 zhù yào zhù zuò yòu《 zǒu xiàng zì yóu zhī lù bù huì píng tǎn》、《 dǒu zhēng shì wǒ de shēng mìng》 děng。 1993 nián yǔ dāng shí de nán fēi zǒng tǒng dé kè lè kè fēn xiǎng nuò bèi 'ěr hé píng jiǎng。 1992 nián 10 yuè hé 1999 nián 5 yuè liǎng cì fǎng huá。 1998 nián 7 yuè yǔ qián mò sāng bǐ kè zǒng tǒng yí shuāng mǎ xiē 'ěr jié hūn。 wǔ、 jūn shì zǒng tǒng wéi wǔ zhuāng lì liàng zuì gāo tǒng shuài。 zuì gāo guó fáng jué cè jī gòu shì guó jiā 'ān quán wěi yuán huì， xià xiá guó fáng zī xún wěi yuán huì hé guó fáng bù。 guó fáng bù cháng dài biǎo zǒng tǒng chǔlǐ jūn duì rì cháng shì wù。 guó fáng jūn sī lìng zhù chí quán jūn de zuò zhàn、 zhǐ huī hé jūn shì xùn liàn děng shì wù， yóu zǒng tǒng rèn mìng， píng shí duì guó fáng bù cháng fù zé， zhàn shí yóu zǒng tǒng zhí jiē lǐng dǎo。 guó fáng jūn zǒng sī lìng xī fú wéi · ní yáng dá（ SiphiweNyanda） yú 1998 nián 6 yuè shàng rèn。 nán fēi guó jiā 'ān quán bù duì bāo kuò guó fáng jūn hé jǐng chá bù duì。 guó fáng jūn de lù、 hǎi、 kōng jūn fēn bié jiàn yú 1912、 1922 hé 1920 nián。 xīn nán fēi jiāng yuán zhǒng zú gé lí shí qī de guó fáng jūn tóng fēi guó dà、 fàn fēi dà wǔ zhuāng lì liàng jí qián hēi rén jiā yuán guó fáng jūn jìn xíng hé bìng zhěng biān， bìng què dìng qí rèn wù shì wéi hù guó jiā zhù quán hé lǐng tǔ wán zhěng， lǚ xíng guó jì yì wù， xié zhù wéi hù guó nèi zhì 'ān děng。 1997 nián， yì wù bīng yì zhì gǎi wéi zhì yuàn bīng yì zhì。 jìn nián bù duàn jīng bīng jiǎn yuán， guó fáng yù suàn chí xù yā suō。 xiàn nán fēi guó fáng jūn zǒng bīng lì 5.4 wàn rén， qí zhōng lù jūn yuē 4 wàn rén， hǎi jūn yuē 5000 rén， kōng jūn yuē 9000 rén。 guó fáng jūn zǒng sī lìng wéi xī fú wéi · ní yáng dá (SIPHIWENYANDA)。 jǐng chá bù duì 12.9 wàn rén。 jǐng chá zǒng jiān： jié jī · sài lāi bǐ（ JACKIESELEBI）。 2002 nián guó fáng yù suàn wéi 18 yì měi yuán , zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí 1.7%。 liù、 wén huà jiào yù yīn cháng qī shí xíng zhǒng zú gé lí de jiào yù zhì dù， hēi rén shòu jiào yù jī huì yuǎn yuǎn dī yú bái rén。 1991 nián quán guó wén máng shuài 50％， qí zhōng hēi rén wén máng shuài 68％， bái rén 7％。 1995 nián 1 yuè， nán fēi zhèng shì shí shī７ zhì１６ suì 'ér tóng miǎn fèi yì wù jiào yù， bìng fèi chú liǎo zhǒng zú gé lí shí dài de jiào kē shū。 zhèng fǔ bù duàn jiā dà duì jiào yù de tóu rù， zhuólì duì jiào xué kè chéng shè zhì、 jiào yù zī jīn chóu cuò tǐ xì hé gāo děng jiào yù tǐ zhì jìn xíng gǎi gé。 1998 nián nán fēi chéng rén shí zì shuài dá 84.6％， 6％ de rén kǒu jiē shòu liǎo gāo děng jiào yù。 2002 nián jiào yù yù suàn jīng fèi 598 yì lán tè， zhàn yù suàn zǒng zhī chū de 24％。 nán fēi yòu２１ suǒ dà xué hé１５ suǒ jì shù xué xiào。 zhù míng de dà xué yòu： jīn shān dà xué、 nán fēi dà xué、 kāi pǔ dūn dà xué、 zǔ lǔ lán dà xué、 bǐ lè tuó lì yà dà xué děng。 qī、 duì wài guān xì xīn nán fēi fèng xíng dú lì zì zhù de quán fāng wèi wài jiāo zhèng cè， zhù zhāng zài zūn zhòng zhù quán、 píng děng hù lì hé hù bù gān shè nèi zhèng de jī chǔ shàng tóng yī qiē guó jiā bǎo chí hé fā zhǎn shuāng biān yǒu hǎo guān xì。 qí wài jiāo zhèng cè liù dà zhī zhù shì： bǎo zhèng rén quán； zài quán shì jiè cù jìn zì yóu、 mín zhù； zūn zhòng gōng zhèng yuán zé jí guó jì fǎ； wéi hù shì jiè hé píng， cān jiā jiě jué chōng tū de guó jì jī zhì； zài guó jì wǔ tái shàng wéi hù fēi zhōu lì yì， cù jìn xiāng hù yǐ lài de shì jiè。 xīn nán fēi xùn sù chóngfǎn guó jì shè huì， duì wài jiāo wǎng rì yì huó yuè， guó jì dì wèi bù duàn tí gāo。 yǐ tóng 180 yú gè guó jiā jiàn lì wài jiāo guān xì。 nán fēi shì lián hé guó、 fēi zhōu tǒng yī zǔ zhì、 yīng lián bāng děng 70 duō gè guó jì zǔ zhì chéng yuán guó。 1998 nián， nán fēi jǔ bàn bù jié méng yùn dòng guó jiā dì 12 jiè shǒu nǎo huì yì bìng dān rèn gāi jiè yùn dòng zhù xí guó， rèn qī 3 nián。 1999 nián， nán fēi jǔ bàn yīng lián bāng shǒu nǎo huì yì（ 11 yuè）， mǔ bèi jī zǒng tǒng chū rèn xīn shè de yóu 11 guó shǒu nǎo zǔ chéng de yīng lián bāng gāo jí wěi yuán huì zhù xí。 nán fēi hái jī jí cān jiā lián hé guó rén quán、 cái jūn děng lǐng yù de huó dòng。 2000 nián nán fēi zhù bàn liǎo dì 13 jiè shì jiè 'ài zī bìng dà huì， dàn mǔ bèi jī zǒng tǒng duì 'ài zī bìng chéng yīn zhù liú guān diǎn de zhì yí yǐn fā guó jì zhēng yì。 2001 nián 10 yuè， zài fēi zhōu guó jiā 'ā bù jiǎ shǒu nǎo huì yì shàng， yǔ ní rì lì yà děng fēi zhōu guó jiā gòng tóng zhì dìng bìng tōng guò " fēi zhōu fā zhǎn xīn huǒ bàn jìhuà "（ NEPAD）。 2002 nián 7 yuè， zhù bàn fēi zhōu lián méng shǒu nǎo huì yì bìng dāng xuǎn wéi zhù xí guó。 9 yuè， zài yuē hàn nèi sī bǎo jǔ bàn shì jiè kě chí xù fā zhǎn shǒu nǎo huì yì。 duì dāng qián zhòng dà guó jì wèn tí de tài dù duì quán qiú huà qū shì de kàn fǎ： rèn wéi 21 shì jì zuì zhù yào de fā zhǎn qū shì shì quán qiú huà； quán qiú huà bāo kuò liǎng gè fāng miàn， jīng jì quán qiú huà hé zhèng zhì quán qiú huà。 rèn wéi quán qiú huà jìn chéng yǐ jiāng guó jiā zhù quán de gài niàn hé shí jiàn chóngxīn jiè dìng， zhù quán de biān jiè yǐ bèi hòu tuī。 quán qiú huà jìn chéng jī běn yóu fā dá guó jiā cāo zòng， duì fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā zhù quán hé shè huì jīng jì chǎn shēng fù miàn yǐng xiǎng。 pín fù chā jù rì yì kuò dà， qióng guó gèng nán gǎn shàng shì jiè fā zhǎn bù fá， cóng 'ér miàn lín yán jùn de tiǎo zhàn hé xiàn shí wēi xiǎn。 rèn wéi yī guó huò mǒu gè guó jiā jí tuán zhù zǎi shì jiè shì wù bù fú hé guó jì cháo liú fā zhǎn qū shì； guǎng dà fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā yìng jiā qiáng cuō shāng yǔ hé zuò， cǎi qǔ gòng tóng xíng dòng， yǐng xiǎng yú lùn hé shì jiè shì wù de jué cè， shǐ shì jiè de fā zhǎn fú hé duō shù guó jiā de lì yì。 guān yú nán běi guān xì jí zhài wù wèn tí : zhù zhāng nán běi duì huà hé jiàn lì huǒ bàn guān xì。 nán fāng guó jiā shǒu xiān yìng jiā qiáng tuán jié， cóng zhèng zhì、 jīng jì děng gè fāng miàn jiàn lì qiáng yòu lì、 quán fāng wèi de hé zuò guān xì。 rèn wéi fā dá guó jiā shì fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā jiě jué dāng qián zhòng yào guó jì wèn tí lí bù kāi de zhī chí lì liàng， jiā qiáng yǔ fā dá guó jiā guān xì zài fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā duì wài guān xì zhōng jù yòu tè shū zhòng yào xìng。 zhī chí fā dá guó jiā jiǎn miǎn zuì qióng guó zhài wù de chàng yì， bìng yào qiú qí jì xù xiàng fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā tí gōng fā zhǎn yuán zhù hé zī běn tóu rù， kuò dà fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā chǎn pǐn de shì chǎng zhǔn rù。 guān yú mín zhù、 rén quán wèn tí : nèi wài shī zhèng zhōng zhù zhòng zhuā mín zhù、 rén quán qí zhì， jī jí cānyù guó jì rén quán wài jiāo。 1994 nián yǐ lái gòng qiān shǔ liǎo 15 gè guó jì rén quán tiáo yuē， tuī dòng jiàn lì fēi zhōu rén quán fǎ yuàn。 rèn wéi rèn hé guó jiā de rén quán wèn tí dōukě yǐ tǎo lùn， dàn fǎn duì jiāng rén quán wèn tí zhèng zhì huà hé gǎo shuāngchóng biāo zhǔn， fǎn duì lì yòng rén quán wèn tí gǎo duì kàng。 hūyù lián hé guó zài lǚ xíng qí cù jìn hé píng zhí néng shí， gèng duō guān zhù rén quán wèn tí。 yóu qí dāng chōng tū zài yī guó lǐng tǔ nèi fā shēng shí， gāi guó zhù quán yìng ràng wèi yú zuì jī běn de rén quán。 qiáng diào gè guó jiān yìng yǐ rén quán wéi biāo zhǔn， xiāng hù zhì yuē， yǐ fáng zhǐ lèi sì bā 'ěr gān、 dōng dì mén jí fēi zhōu dì qū nèi luàn de màn yán。 tóng shí qiáng diào yī qiē fáng zhǐ chōng tū de shǒu duàn dū xū jīng lián hé guó shòu quán， bìng fú hé《 shì jiè rén quán xuān yán》 de jīng shén。 guān yú lián hé guó gǎi gé : zhòng shì lián hé guó zuò yòng， rèn wéi lián hé guó réng rán shì guó jì shè huì fáng zhǐ hé jiě jué chōng tū、 wéi hù shì jiè chí jiǔ hé píng zuì quán wēi de jī gòu。 zhù zhāng 'ān lǐ huì de gǎi gé yǔ kuò dà yìng tǐ xiàn dì yù píng děng hé tòu míng yuán zé， shǐ 'ān lǐ huì gèng jù dài biǎo xìng hé gèng mín zhù。 rèn wéi xiàn wǔ cháng fǒu jué quán zhì dù yòu bèi zhù quán píng děng yuán zé， yìng zhú bù qǔ xiāo。 zhī chí fēi tǒng guān yú fēi zhōu zài 'ān lǐ huì zhōng zhì shǎo yìng yōng yòu liǎng gè cháng rèn lǐ shì guó xí wèi、 xīn cháng rèn lǐ shì guó yìng tóng yàng xiǎng yòu fǒu jué quán de lì chǎng， tóng shí rèn wéi xīn cháng rèn lǐ shì guó tóng fēi zhōu gè cì qū yù lún rèn zhǐ huì " zào chéng hùn luàn "； fǎn duì tōng guò " kuài sù jiě jué " fāng 'àn xiān xíng jiě jué gè bié guó jiā cháng rèn lǐ shì guó xí wèi 'ér gē zhì tā guó de zuò fǎ。 guān yú jūn kòng wèn tí : yǐ " zhǎng wò hé néng lì 'ér zì yuàn fàng qì fā zhǎn hé wǔ qì " wéi zī běn， zài hé cái jūn lǐng yù shí fēn huó yuè。 zhù zhāng suǒ yòu guó jiā cái jūn， chè dǐ xiāo huǐ hé wǔ qì hé dà guī mó shā shāng xìng wǔ qì， qiǎn zé rèn hé hé kuò sàn xíng dòng， dūn cù wǔ hé guó lǚ xíng hé cái jūn chéng nuò děng。 zhù zhāng chè dǐ xiāo huǐ shā shāng xìng dì léi， chēng yǐ quán bù xiāo huǐ bìng bù zài shēng chǎn dì léi。 yǔ zhōng guó de guān xì zhōng guó yǔ nán fēi yú１９９８ nián１ yuè１ rì jiàn lì wài jiāo guān xì。 jiàn jiāo yǐ lái， liǎng guó guān xì quán miàn、 kuài sù fā zhǎn。２０００ nián４ yuè， zhōng guó guó jiā zhù xí jiāng zé mín yìng yāo duì nán fēi jìn xíng guó shì fǎng wèn， liǎng guó qiān shǔ《 zhōng nán guān yú huǒ bàn guān xì de bǐ lè tuó lì yà xuān yán》。２００１ nián１２ yuè， nán fēi zǒng tǒng mǔ bèi jī duì zhōng guó jìn xíng guó shì fǎng wèn。２００４ nián， liǎng guó què lì liǎo píng děng hù lì、 gòng tóng fā zhǎn de zhàn lüè huǒ bàn guān xì， shǐ liǎng guó zài zhèng zhì、 jīng jì、 wén huà děng lǐng yù nèi de yǒu hǎo hé zuò bù duàn shēn huà。２００６ nián６ yuè， wēn jiā bǎo zǒng lǐ duì nán fēi jìn xíng zhèng shì fǎng wèn， liǎng guó qiān shǔ liǎo《 zhōng guó hé nán fēi guān yú shēn huà zhàn lüè huǒ bàn guān xì de hé zuò gāng yào》。２００６ nián１１ yuè mǔ bèi jī zǒng tǒng duì zhōng guó jìn xíng guó shì fǎng wèn。２００７ nián２ yuè， hú jǐn tāo zhù xí duì nán fēi jìn xíng guó shì fǎng wèn， liǎng guó fā biǎo lián hé gōng bào。２００７ nián９ yuè， nán fēi fù zǒng tǒng mǔ lán bó－ nǔ kǎ lái huá fǎng wèn。 zhōng guó nán fēi guān xì kuài sù quán miàn fā zhǎn nán fēi shì zhōng guó zài fēi zhōu de dì yī dà mào yì huǒ bàn， zhōng guó shì nán fēi shí dà mào yì huǒ bàn zhī yī， liǎng guó jīng jì hù bǔ xìng hěn qiáng。 jù zhōng guó hǎi guān tǒng jì，２００６ nián liǎng guó mào yì 'é dá dào９８ ．５６ yì měi yuán， bǐ shàng nián zēngzhǎng３６％。 zhōng guó chéng wéi nán fēi dì wǔ dà chū kǒu mùdì dì guó zhōng guó yǔ nán fēi mào yì 'é 2007 nián jiāng dà fú zēng zhì 140 yì měi yuán bā、 nán fēi shǒu dū nán fēi xíng zhèng shǒu dū bǐ lè tuó lì yà bǐ lè tuó lì yà（ PROTERIA） shì nán fēi xíng zhèng shǒu dū， wèi yú dōng běi bù gāo yuán de mǎ jiā lāi sī bǎo shān gǔ dì， kuà lín bō bō hé zhī liú 'ā pí sī hé liǎng 'àn。 hǎi bá 1300 mǐ yǐ shàng。 nián píng jūn qì wēn wéi 17℃。 jiàn yú 1855 nián， yǐ bù 'ěr rén lǐng xiù bǐ lè tuó lì wū sī míng zì mìng míng， qí zǐ mǎ 'ěr xī láo sī shì bǐ lè tuó lì yà chéng de chuàng jiàn zhě， shì nèi lì yòu tā men fù zǐ de sù xiàng。 1860 nián， tā shì bù 'ěr rén jiàn lì de dé lán shì wǎ gòng hé guó de shǒu dū。 1900 nián， bèi yīng guó zhàn lǐng。 1910 nián qǐ， chéng wéi bái rén zhǒng zú zhù yì zhě tǒng zhì de nán fēi lián bāng（ 1961 nián gǎi wéi nán fēi gòng hé guó） de xíng zhèng shǒu fǔ。 fēng guāng xiù měi， yòu” huā yuán chéng” zhī chēng， jiē dào liǎng bàng zhòngzhí zǐ wēi， yòu chēng” zǐ wēi chéng”。 shì zhōng xīn de jiào táng guǎng chǎng shàng sǒng lì zhe bǎo luó kè lǔ gé de diāo xiàng， tā shì dé lán shì wǎ（ nán fēi） gòng hé guó de shǒu rèn zǒng tǒng， qí jiù jū yǐ gǎi wéi guó jiā jì niàn guǎn。 guǎng chǎng yī cè de yì huì dà shà， yuán wéi dé lán shì wǎ zhōu yì huì， xiàn wéi shěng zhèng fǔ suǒ zài dì。 zhù míng de jiào táng dà jiē quán cháng 18． 64 gōng lǐ， wéi shì jiè zuì cháng de jiē dào zhī yī， liǎng cè mó tiān gāo lóu lín lì。 lián bāng dà shà wéi zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ suǒ zài dì， wèi yú fǔ kàn quán chéng de xiǎo shān shàng。 zuò luò zài bǎo luó kè lǔ gé dà jiē shàng de dé lán shì wǎ bó wù guǎn nèi shōu cáng zhe zì shí qì shí dài yǐ lái de gè zhǒng dì zhì、 kǎo gǔ wén wù hé biāo běn， cǐ wài hái yòu guó lì lì shǐ wén huà bó wù guǎn、 lù tiān bó wù guǎn děng。 shì nèi gōng yuán zhòng duō， miàn jī gòng dá 1700 gōng qǐng yǐ shàng， qí zhōng yǐ guó jiā dòng wù yuán hé wén níng gōng yuán zuì wéi yòu míng。 jiàn yú 1949 nián， zào jià 34 wàn yīng bàng de xiān qū zhě jì niàn bēi sǒng lì zài nán jiāo de xiǎo shān shàng， zhè shì wéi jì niàn nán fēi lì shǐ shàng zhù míng de“ niú chē dà xíng jìn” de mín zú dà qiān xǐ 'ér jiàn。 shí jiǔ shì jì sān shí nián dài， bù 'ěr rén zài yīng guó zhí mín zhě pái jǐ xià， chéng qún jié duì， cóng nán fēi nán bù de kāi pǔ shěng yī dài， xiàng běi zhuǎn yí， lái dào zhè lǐ， qiān tú lì shí 3 nián zhī jiǔ。 shì jiāo de pēn quán shān gǔ、 wàng dé bù mǔ zì rán bǎo hù qū hé yě shēng dòng wù bǎo hù qū yědōu shì lǚ yóu shèng dì。 bǐ lè tuó lì yà wéi kuàng yè chéng shì， jìn jiāo wéi jīn gāng shí、 bái jīn、 huáng jīn、 xī、 tiě、 gè、 méi děng kuàng de kāi cǎi zhōng xīn。 nán fēi lì fǎ shǒu dū kāi pǔ dūn kāi pǔ dūn（ CapeTown） shì nán fēi lì fǎ shǒu dū， zhòng yào gǎng kǒu， hǎo wàng jiǎo shěng shǒu fǔ。 wèi yú hǎo wàng jiǎo běi duān de xiá cháng dì dài， bīn dà xī yáng tè bù 'ěr wān。 shǐ jiàn yú 1652 nián， yuán wéi dōng yìn dù gōng sī gōng yìng zhàn zhù dì， shì xī 'ōu zhí mín zhě zuì zǎo zài nán bù fēi zhōu jiàn lì de jù diǎn， gù yòu“ nán fēi zhū chéng zhī mǔ” zhī chēng， cháng qī shì hé lán、 yīng guó zhí mín zhě xiàng fēi zhōu nèi lù kuò zhāng de jī dì。 xiàn wéi lì fǎ jī guān suǒ zài dì。 chéng shì bèi shān miàn hǎi yí lǐ zhǎn kāi， xī jiāo bīn dà xī yáng， nán jiāo chā rù yìn dù yáng， jū liǎng yáng zhī huì。 shì nèi duō zhí mín shí dài de gǔ lǎo jiàn zhù， wèi yú dà guǎng chǎng fù jìn， jiàn yú 1666 nián de kāi pǔ dūn chéng bǎo shì shì nèi zuì gǔ lǎo de jiàn zhù。 dāng nián qí jiàn zhù cái liào duō lái zì hé lán， hòu yòng zuò zǒng dū guān dǐ hé zhèng fǔ bàn gōng chù。 nán fēi sī fǎ shǒu dū bù lóng fāng dān nán fēi de sī fǎ shǒu dū bù lóng fāng dān（ Bloemfontein） shì nán fēi de sī fǎ shǒu dū， wèi yú zhōng bù gāo yuán， wéi quán guó de dì lǐ zhōng xīn， sì zhōu yòu xiǎo qiū huán rào， xià rè， dōng hán yòu shuāng。 tā zuì chū wéi yī bǎo lěi， 1846 nián zhèng shì jiàn chéng。 xiàn wéi zhòng yào jiāo tōng shū niǔ。 bù lóng fāng dān yī cí， yuán yì wéi“ huā zhī gēn yuán”。 shì nèi qiū líng qǐ fú， fēng jǐng xiù lì。 tā shì nán fēi zuì gāo sī fǎ jī guān suǒ zài dì， zhù yào jiàn zhù wù yòu： shì zhèng tīng、 shàng sù fǎ yuàn、 guó jiā jì niàn guǎn、 tǐ yù chǎng hé dà jiào táng děng。 guó jiā bó wù guǎn nèi yòu zhù míng de kǒng lóng huà shí。 jiàn yú 1848 nián de gǔ bǎo shì shì nèi zuì gǔ jiàn zhù。 1849 nián suǒ jiàn de jiù shěng yì huì， zhǐ yòu yī gè fáng jiān， xiàn zài shì quán guó xìng de jì niàn jiàn zhù wù。 guó jiā jì niàn bēi shì wéi jì niàn zài dì 'èr cì nán fēi zhàn zhēng zhōng sǐ qù de fù nǚ hé 'ér tóng 'ér jiàn， bēi xià wéi nán fēi lì shǐ zhù míng rén wù mái zàng dì。 shì nèi yòu 'ào lán zhì zì yóu bāng dà xué， jiàn yú 1855 nián。 jiǔ、 qí tā dì shí jiǔ jiè shì jiè bēi zú qiú sài jiāng yú 2010 nián zài nán fēi jǔ bàn。 Modern human beings have inhabited South Africa for more than 100,000 years. However, with the discovery of the Cape Sea Route, the Dutch East India Company founded a refreshment station at what would become Cape Town in 1652. Cape Town became a British colony in 1806. European settlement expanded during the 1820s as the Boers (original Dutch settlers) and the British 1820 Settlers claimed land in the north and east of the country. Conflicts arose between the original inhabitants of the land, the Xhosa and Zulu, and the new European settlers. However, the discovery of diamonds and later gold triggered the conflict known as the Anglo-Boer War as the Boers and the British fought for the control of South Africa's mineral wealth. Although the Boers were defeated, limited independence was given to South Africa in 1910 as a British dominion. Anti-British policies focused on ultimate independence which was achieved in 1961 when South Africa was declared a republic. The leading National Party legislated segregation known as apartheid despite opposition both in and outside of the country. In 1990 the then president F.W. de Klerk began to dismantle this legislation, and in 1994 the first democratic election was held in South Africa. This election brought Nelson Mandela and the current ruling party, the African National Congress to power. South Africa is known for its diversity, and eleven official languages are recognised in its constitution. English is the most commonly spoken language in official and commercial public life, however it is only the fifth most spoken home language. South Africa is ethnically diverse, with the largest Caucasian, Indian, and racially mixed communities in Africa. Although 79.5% of South Africa's population is Black, this category is neither culturally nor linguistically homogenous, as they speak a number of different Bantu languages, nine of which have official status. In 2006, South Africa's population was estimated at 47.4 million people. South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological sites in Africa. Extensive fossil remains at the Sterkfontein, Kromdraai and Makapansgat caves suggest that various australopithecines existed in South Africa from about three million years ago . These were succeeded by various species of Homo, including Homo habilis, Homo erectus and modern man, Homo sapiens. Settlements of Bantu-speaking peoples, who were iron-using agriculturists and herdsmen, were already present south of the Limpopo River by the fourth or fifth century (see Bantu expansion) displacing and absorbing the original KhoiSan speakers. They slowly moved south and the earliest ironworks in modern-day KwaZulu-Natal Province are believed to date from around 1050. The southernmost group was the Xhosa people, whose language incorporates certain linguistic traits from the earlier KhoiSan people, reaching the Fish River, in today's Eastern Cape Province. These Iron Age populations displaced earlier people, who often had hunter-gatherer societies, as they migrated European colonisation Painting of an account of the arrival of Jan van Riebeeck, the first European to settle in South Africa, with Devil's Peak in the backgroundIn 1487, the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias became the first European to reach the southernmost tip of Africa. The King of Portugal, John II, named it the Cabo da Boa Esperança or Cape of Good Hope as it led to the riches of India. In 1652 a refreshment station was established at the Cape of Good Hope by Jan van Riebeeck on behalf of the Dutch East India Company. Slaves were brought from Indonesia, Madagascar, and India as a labour source for the Dutch immigrants in Cape Town. As they expanded east, the Dutch settlers eventually met the south-westerly expanding Xhosa people in the region of the Fish River. A series of wars, called the Cape Frontier Wars, ensued, mainly caused by conflicting land and livestock interests. Flag of the Dutch East Indies Company (Amsterdam Logo)Great Britain took over the Cape of Good Hope area in 1795 ostensibly to stop it falling into the hands of the Revolutionary French, but also seeking to use Cape Town in particular as a stop on the route to Australia and India. It was later returned to the Dutch in 1803, but soon afterwards the Dutch East India Company declared bankruptcy, and the British annexed the Cape Colony in 1806. The British continued the frontier wars against the Xhosa, pushing the eastern frontier eastward through a line of forts established along the Fish River and consolidating it by encouraging British settlement. Due to pressure of abolitionist societies in Britain, the British parliament first stopped its global slave trade in 1807, then abolished slavery in all its colonies in 1833. During the 1830s, approximately 12 000 Boers (later known as Voortrekkers), departed from the Cape Colony, where they were subjected to British control, to the future Natal, Orange Free State and Transvaal regions. The Boers founded the Boer Republics - the South African Republic (Gauteng) and the Orange Free State (Free State). The discovery of diamonds in 1867 and gold in 1884 in the interior encouraged economic growth and immigration, intensifying the subjugation of the indigenous peoples. The Boer Republics successfully resisted British encroachments during the First Boer War (1880–1881) using guerrilla warfare tactics, much better suited to local conditions. However, the British returned in greater numbers without their red jackets in the Second Boer War (1899–1902). The Boers' attempt to ally themselves with German South-West Africa provided the British with yet another excuse to take control of the Boer Republics. Boers in combat (1881). Independence After four years of negotiating, the Union of South Africa was created from the Cape and Natal colonies, as well as the republics of Orange Free State and Transvaal, on May 31, 1910, exactly eight years after the end of the Second Boer War. The newly-created Union of South Africa was a dominion. The Natives' Land Act of 1913 severely restricted the ownership of land by 'blacks', at that stage to a mere 7% of the country, although this amount was eventually increased marginally. The union was effectively granted independence from the United Kingdom with the passage of the Statute of Westminster, which morphed the British king's position within South Africa into that of the distinct King of South Africa. In 1934, the South African Party and National Party merged to form the United Party, seeking reconciliation between Afrikaners and English-speaking "Whites", but split in 1939 over the Union's entry into World War II as an ally of the United Kingdom, a move which the National Party strongly opposed. In 1948, the National Party was elected to power, and began implementing a series of harsh segregationist laws that would become known collectively as apartheid. Not surprisingly, this segregation also applied to the wealth acquired during rapid industrialisation of the 1950s, '60s, and '70s. While the White minority enjoyed the highest standard of living in all of Africa, often comparable to "First World" western nations, the Black majority remained disadvantaged by almost every standard, including income, education, housing, and life expectancy. However, the average income and life expectancy of a black, Indian or "Coloured" South African compared favourably to many other African states, such as Ghana and Tanzania as education and health were provided, though selectively. On 31 May 1961, following a whites-only referendum, the country became a republic and left the Commonwealth. The office of Governor-General was abolished and replaced with the position of State President. South Africa's national flag, "Prinsevlag", 1928-1994Apartheid became increasingly controversial, leading to widespread sanctions and divestment abroad and growing unrest and oppression within South Africa. (See also the article on the History of South Africa in the apartheid era.) A long period of harsh suppression by the government, and at times violent resistance, strikes, marches, protests, and sabotage by bombing and other means, by various anti-apartheid movements, most notably the African National Congress (ANC), followed. In the late 1970s, South Africa began a program of nuclear weapons, and in the following decade it produced six deliverable nuclear weapons. The rationale for the nuclear arsenal is disputed, but it is believed that Vorster and P.W. Botha wanted to be able to catalyse American intervention in the event of a war between South Africa and the Cuban-supported MPLA government of Angola. Democracy In 1990 the National Party government took the first step towards negotiating itself out of power when it lifted the ban on the African National Congress and other left-wing political organisations, and released Nelson Mandela from prison after twenty-seven years' incarceration on a sabotage sentence. Apartheid legislation was gradually removed from the statute books, and South Africa also destroyed its nuclear arsenal and acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The first multi-racial elections were held in 1994, which the ANC won by an overwhelming majority. It has been in power ever since. Despite the end of apartheid, millions of South Africans, mostly black, continued to live in poverty. This is partly attributed to the legacy of the apartheid system and, increasingly, as what many see as the failure of the current government to tackle social issues, coupled with the monetary and fiscal discipline of the current government to ensure both redistribution of wealth and economic growth. Since the ANC government took power, South Africa's United Nations Human Development Index has fallen dramatically, while it was steadily rising until the mid-1990s. Much of this could be attributed to the AIDS pandemic and the government's failure to take steps to address it. However, the ANC's social housing policy has produced some improvement in living conditions in many areas by redirecting fiscal spending and improving the efficiency of the tax collection system. Government and politics The Union Buildings in Pretoria is the home of the South African executive.South Africa is the only country with three capital cities: Cape Town, the largest of the three, is the legislative capital; Pretoria is the administrative capital; and Bloemfontein is the judicial capital. South Africa has a bicameral parliament: the National Council of Provinces (the upper house) has 90 members, while the National Assembly (the lower house) has 400 members. Members of the lower house are elected on a population basis by proportional representation: half of the members are elected from national lists and the other half are elected from provincial lists. Ten members are elected to represent each province in the National Council of Provinces, regardless of the population of the province. Elections for both chambers are held every five years. The government is formed in the lower house, and the leader of the majority party in the National Assembly is the President. Current South African politics are dominated by the African National Congress (ANC), which received 69.7% of the vote during the last 2004 general election and 66.3% of the vote in the 2006 municipal election. The current (2004-2009 term) President of South Africa is Thabo Mbeki, who succeeded former President Nelson Mandela. The main challenger to ANC's rule is the Democratic Alliance party, which received 12.4% of the vote in the 2004 election and 14.8% in the 2006 election. The party's leader is Helen Zille (elected 6 May 2007), and the previous leader was Tony Leon. The formerly dominant New National Party, which introduced apartheid through its predecessor, the National Party, chose to merge with ANC on 9 April 2005. Other major political parties represented in Parliament are the Inkatha Freedom Party, which mainly represents Zulu voters, and the Independent Democrats, who took 6.97% and 1.7% of the vote respectively, in the 2004 election. Since 2004, the country has had many thousands of popular protests, some violent, making it, according to one academic, the "most protest-rich country in the world". Many of these protests have been organised from the growing shanty towns that surround South African cities. Military South Africa's armed forces, known as the South African National Defence Force (SANDF), was created in 1994 . Previously known as the South African Defence Force (SADF), the new force is an all volunteer army and consists of the forces of the old SADF, as well as the forces of the African nationalist groups, namely Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA), and the former Bantustan defence forces. The SANDF is subdivided into four branches, the South African Army, the South African Air Force, the South African Navy, and the South African Military Health Services. In recent years, the SANDF has become a major peacekeeping force in Africa , and has been involved in operations in Lesotho, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Burundi, amongst others. It has also participated as a part of multi-national UN peacekeeping forces. South Africa undertook a nuclear weapons program in the 1970s and may have conducted a nuclear test over the Atlantic in 1979 . It is the only African country to have successfully developed nuclear weapons. It has become the first country (followed by the Ukraine) with nuclear capability to voluntarily renounce and dismantle its program and in the process signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1991 . Law The primary sources of South Africa law were Roman-Dutch mercantile law and personal law with English Common law, as imports of Dutch settlements and British colonialism. The first European based law in South Africa was brought by the Dutch East India Company and is called Roman-Dutch law. It was imported before the codification of European law into the Napoleonic Code and is comparable in many ways to Scots law. This was followed in the 19th century by English law, both common and statutory. Starting in 1910 with unification, South Africa had its own parliament which passed laws specific for South Africa, building on those previously passed for the individual member colonies. Provinces, districts and municipalities Map showing the provinces and districts (numbered) of South Africa. Northern Cape North West Gauteng Limpopo Mpumalanga KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Free State Western Cape When apartheid ended in 1994, the South African government had to integrate the formerly independent and semi-independent Bantustans into the political structure of South Africa. To this end, it abolished the four former provinces of South Africa (Cape Province, Natal, Orange Free State, and Transvaal) and replaced them with nine fully integrated provinces. The new provinces are usually much smaller than the former provinces, which theoretically gives local governments more resources to distribute over smaller areas. The nine provinces are further subdivided into 52 districts: 6 metropolitan and 46 district municipalities. The 46 district municipalities are further subdivided into 231 local municipalities. The district municipalities also contain 20 district management areas (mostly game parks) that are directly governed by the district municipalities. The six metropolitan municipalities perform the functions of both district and local municipalities. The new provinces are: Province Former homelands and provinces Capital Area (km²) Area (sq mi) Population (2001) Eastern Cape Cape Province, Transkei, Ciskei Bhisho 169,580 65,475 6,436,761 Free State Orange Free State, QwaQwa Bloemfontein 129,480 49,992 2,706,776 Gauteng Transvaal Johannesburg 17,010 6,568 8,837,172 KwaZulu-Natal Natal, KwaZulu Pietermaritzburg 92,100 35,560 9,426,018 Limpopo Transvaal, Venda, Lebowa, Gazankulu Polokwane 123,900 47,838 5,273,637 Mpumalanga Transvaal, KwaNdebele, KaNgwane, Bophuthatswana, Lebowa Nelspruit 79,490 30,691 3,122,994 Northern Cape Cape Province Kimberley 361,830 139,703 822,726 North West Transvaal, Cape Province, Bophuthatswana Mafikeng 116,320 44,911 3,669,349 Western Cape Cape Province Cape Town 129,370 49,950 4,524,335 Total 1,219,080 470,688 44,819,768 Geography Map of South AfricaSouth Africa is located at the southernmost region of Africa, with a long coastline that stretches more than 2,500 kilometres (1,550 mi) and across two oceans (the Atlantic and the Indian). At 470,979 sq mi (1,219,912 km²), South Africa is the world's 25th-largest country (after Mali). It is comparable in size to Colombia. Njesuthi in the Drakensberg at 3,408 m (11,424 ft) is the highest peak in South Africa. South Africa has a generally temperate climate, due in part to it being surrounded by the Atlantic and Indian Oceans on three sides, by its location in the climatically milder southern hemisphere and due to the average elevation rising steadily towards the north (towards the equator) and further inland. Due to this varied topography and oceanic influence, a great variety of climatic zones exist. The climatic zones vary, from the extreme desert of the southern Namib in the farthest northwest to the lush subtropical climate in the east along the Mozambique border and the Indian ocean. From the east, the land quickly rises over a mountainous escarpment towards the interior plateau known as the Highveld. Even though South Africa is classified as semi-arid, there is considerable variation in climate as well as topography. The interior of South Africa is a vast, rather flat, and sparsely populated scrubland, Karoo, which is drier towards the northwest along the Namib desert. In contrast, the eastern coastline is lush and well-watered, which produces a climate similar to the tropics. The extreme southwest has a climate remarkably similar to that of the Mediterranean with wet winters and hot, dry summers, hosting the famous Fynbos Biome. This area also produces much of South Africa's wine. This region is also particularly known for its wind, which blows intermittently almost all year. The severity of this wind made passing around the Cape of Good Hope particularly treacherous for sailors, causing many shipwrecks. Further east on the country's south coast, rainfall is distributed more evenly throughout the year, producing a green landscape. This area is popularly known as the Garden Route. Satellite picture of South AfricaThe Free State is particularly flat due to the fact that it lies centrally on the high plateau. North of the Vaal River, the Highveld becomes better watered and does not experience subtropical extremes of heat. Johannesburg, in the centre of the Highveld, is at 1,740 metres (5,709 ft) and receives an annual rainfall of 760 millimetres (30 in). Winters in this region are cold, although snow is rare. To the north of Johannesburg, the altitude drops beyond the Highveld's escarpment, and turns into the lower lying Bushveld, an area of mixed dry forest and an abundance of wildlife. East of the Highveld, beyond the eastern escarpment, the Lowveld stretches towards the Indian ocean. It has particularly high temperatures, and is also the location of extended subtropical agriculture. The mountains of the Barberton Greenstone belt in the lowveld are the oldest mountains on Earth, dating back 3.5 Billion years. The earliest reliable proof of life (dated 3.2–3.5 Billion years old) has been found in these mountains. The high Drakensberg mountains, which form the south-eastern escarpment of the Highveld, offer limited skiing opportunities in winter.The coldest place in South Africa is Sutherland in the western Roggeveld Mountains, where midwinter temperatures can reach as low as −15 degrees Celsius (5 °F). The deep interior has the hottest temperatures: A temperature of 51.7 °C (125 °F) was recorded in 1948 in the Northern Cape Kalahari near Upington. South Africa also has one possession, the small sub-Antarctic archipelago of the Prince Edward Islands, consisting of Marion Island (290 km²/112 sq mi) and Prince Edward Island (45 km²/17.3 sq mi) (not to be confused with the Canadian province of the same name). Flora and fauna Fynbos, a floral kingdom unique to South Africa, is found near Cape TownSouth Africa is one of only 17 countries worldwide considered Megadiverse. It has more than 20,000 different plants, or about 10% of all the known species of plants on Earth, making it particularly rich in plant biodiversity. South Africa is the third most biodiverse country in the world, after Brazil and Indonesia and has greater biodiversity than any country of equal or smaller size (Brazil being roughly seven times South Africa's size, and Indonesia more than 50% larger). South Africa's most prevalent biome is grassland, particularly on the Highveld, where the plant cover is dominated by different grasses, low shrubs, and acacia trees, mainly camel-thorn and whitethorn. Vegetation becomes even more sparse towards the northwest due to low rainfall. There are several species of water-storing succulents like aloes and euphorbias in the very hot and dry Namaqualand area. The grass and thorn savannah turns slowly into a bush savannah towards the north-east of the country, with more dense growth. There are significant numbers of baobab trees in this area, near the northern end of Kruger National Park. The Fynbos Biome, which makes up the majority of the area and plant life in the Cape floristic region, one of the six floral kingdoms, is located in a small region of the Western Cape and contains more than 9,000 of those species, making it among the richest regions on earth in terms of floral biodiversity. The majority of the plants are evergreen hard-leaf plants with fine, needle-like leaves, such as the sclerophyllous plants. Another uniquely South African plant is the protea genus of flowering plants. There are around 130 different species of protea in South Africa. While South Africa has a great wealth of flowering plants, it has few forests. Only 1% of South Africa is forest, almost exclusively in the humid coastal plain along the Indian Ocean in KwaZulu-Natal (see KwaZulu-Cape coastal forest mosaic). There are even smaller reserves of forests that are out of the reach of fire, known as montane forests (see Knysna-Amatole montane forests). Plantations of imported tree species are predominant, particularly the non-native eucalyptus and pine. South Africa has lost a large area of natural habitat in the last four decades, primarily due to overpopulation, sprawling development patterns and deforestation during the nineteenth century. South Africa is one of the worst affected countries in the world when it comes to invasion by alien species with many (e.g. Black Wattle, Port Jackson, Hakea, Lantana and Jacaranda) posing a significant threat to the native biodiversity and the already scarce water resources. The original temperate forest that met the first European settlers to South Africa was exploited ruthlessly until only small patches remained. Currently, South African hardwood trees like Real Yellowwood (Podocarpus latifolius), stinkwood (Ocotea bullata), and South African Black Ironwood (Olea laurifolia) are under government protection. Numerous mammals are found in the bushveld habitats including lions, leopards, white rhinos, blue wildebeest, kudus, impalas, hyenas, hippopotamus, and giraffes. A significant extent of the bushveld habitat exists in the north-east including Kruger National Park and the Mala Mala Reserve, as well as in the far north in the Waterberg Biosphere. Climate change is expected to bring considerable warming and drying to much of this already semi-arid region, with greater frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as heatwaves, flooding and drought. According to computer generated climate modelling produced by the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) (along with many of its partner institutions), parts of southern Africa will see an increase in temperature by about one degree Celsius along the coast to more than four degrees Celsius in the already hot hinterland such as the Northern Cape in late spring and summertime by 2050. The Cape Floral Kingdom has been identified as one of the global biodiversity hotspots since it will be hit very hard by climate change and has such a great diversity of life. Drought, increased intensity and frequency of fire and climbing temperatures are expected to push many of these rare species towards extinction. The book Scorched : South Africa's changing climate takes much of the modelling produced by SANBI and presents it in an accessible travelogue-style collection of essays. South Africa houses many endemic species, among them the critically endangered Riverine Rabbit (Bunolagus monticullaris) in the Karoo. Economy The Victoria & Alfred Waterfront in Cape Town with Table Mountain in the background. Cape Town has become an important retail and tourism centre for the country, and attracts the largest number of foreign visitors in South AfricaBy UN classification South Africa is a middle-income country with an abundant supply of resources, well-developed financial, legal, communications, energy, and transport sectors, a stock exchange (the JSE Limited), that ranks among the top twenty in the world, and a modern infrastructure supporting an efficient distribution of goods to major urban centres throughout the entire region. South Africa is ranked 20th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) as of 2007. Advanced development is significantly localised around four areas: Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Durban, and Pretoria/Johannesburg. Beyond these four economic centres, development is marginal and poverty is still prevalent despite government efforts. Consequently the vast majority of South Africans are poor. However, key marginal areas have experienced rapid growth recently. Such areas include: Mossel Bay to Plettenberg Bay; Rustenburg area; Nelspruit area; Bloemfontein; Cape West Coast; and KwaZulu-Natal's North Coast amongst others. Even though South Africa has the fourth highest per capita income in Africa, only behind Seychelles, Botswana and the European possessions located in Africa, it suffers from large income gaps and a dual economy marking it as a developing country. South Africa has one of the highest rates of income inequality in the world. A decade of continual economic growth has helped to lower unemployment, but daunting economic and social problems remain. The average South African household income decreased considerably between 1995 and 2000. As for racial inequality, Statistics South Africa reported that in 1995 the average white household earned four times as much as the average black household. In 2000 the average white household was earning 6 times the average black household. The implementation of affirmative action policies have seen a rise in black economic wealth and an emerging black middle class. Other problems are crime, corruption, and HIV/AIDS. At the start of 2000, President Thabo Mbeki vowed to promote economic growth and foreign investment by relaxing restrictive labour laws, stepping up the pace of privatisation, and cutting unneeded governmental spending. His policies face strong opposition from organised labour. South Africa is also the continent's largest energy producer and consumer. The South African rand (ZAR), the world's most actively-traded emerging market currency, has joined an elite club of fifteen currencies, the Continuous linked settlement (CLS), where forex transactions are settled immediately, lowering the risks of transacting across time zones. The rand was the best-performing currency against the United States dollar (USD) between 2002 and 2005, according to the Bloomberg Currency Scorecard. The volatility of the rand has affected economic activity, falling sharply during 2001 and hitting a historic low of 13.85 ZAR to the USD, raising fears of inflation, and causing the Reserve Bank to increase interest rates. The rand has since recovered, trading at 7.13 ZAR to the dollar as of January 2008. However, as exporters are put under considerable pressure from a stronger domestic currency, many call for government intervention to help soften the rand. Refugees from poorer neighbouring countries include many immigrants from the DRC, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Malawi and others, representing a large portion of the informal sector. With high unemployment levels amongst poorer South Africans, xenophobia is prevalent and many people born in South Africa feel resentful of immigrants who are seen to be depriving the native population of jobs, a feeling which has been given credibility by the fact that many South African employers have employed migrants from other countries for lower pay than South African citizens, especially in the construction, tourism, agriculture and domestic service industries. Illegal immigrants are also heavily involved in informal trading. However, many immigrants to South Africa continue to live in poor conditions, and the South African immigration policy has become increasingly restrictive since 1994. South Africa's principal international trading partners—besides other African countries—include Germany, Japan, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Chief exports include corn, diamonds, fruits, gold, metals and minerals, sugar, and wool. Machinery and transportation equipment make up more than one-third of the value of the country’s imports. Other imports include chemicals, manufactured goods, and petroleum. Electricity crisis After unsuccessful attempts by the government to encourage private construction of electricity generation capacity, in 2007 the state-owned electricity supplier (Eskom) started experiencing a lack of capacity in the electrical generating and reticulation infrastructure. This led to an inability to meet the routine demands of industry and consumers, resulting in countrywide rolling blackouts. Initially the lack of capacity was triggered by a failure at Koeberg nuclear power station, but since then a general lack of capacity became evident. The supplier has been widely criticised for failing to adequately plan for and construct sufficient electrical generating capacity, although ultimately the government has admitted that it's at fault for refusing to approve funding for investment in infrastructure. Agriculture Workers planting on a farm in the central area of Mpumalanga. Farm workers.South Africa has a large agricultural sector and is a net exporter of farming products. There are almost a thousand agricultural cooperatives and agribusinesses throughout the country, and agricultural exports have constituted 8% of South Africa's total exports for the past five years. The agricultural industry contributes around 10% of formal employment, relatively low compared to other parts of Africa, as well as providing work for casual labourers and contributing around 2.6% of GDP for the nation. However, due to the aridity of the land, only 13.5% can be used for crop production, and only 3% is considered high potential land. Although the commercial farming sector is relatively well developed, people in some rural areas still survive on subsistence agriculture. It is the eighth largest wine producer in the world, and the eleventh largest producer of sunflower seed. South Africa is a net exporter of agricultural products and foodstuffs, the largest number of exported items being sugar, grapes, citrus, nectarines, wine and deciduous fruit. The largest locally produced crop is maize (corn), and it has been estimated that 9 million tons are produced every year, with 7.4 million tons being consumed. Livestock are also popular on South African farms, with the country producing 85% of all meat consumed. The dairy industry consists of around 4,300 milk producers providing employment for 60,000 farm workers and contributing to the livelihoods of around 40,000 others. In recent years, the agricultural sector has introduced several reforms, some of which are controversial, such as land reform and the deregulation of the market for agricultural products. Land reform has been criticised both by farmers' groups and by landless workers, the latter alleging that the pace of change has not been fast enough, and the former alleging racist treatment and expressing concerns that a similar situation to Zimbabwe's land reform policy may develop, a fear exacerbated by comments made by the country's deputy president. The sector continues to face problems, with increased foreign competition and crime being two of the major challenges for the industry. The government has been accused of not devoting enough time and money to tackle the problem of farm attacks as opposed to other forms of violent crime. Another issue which affects South African agriculture is environmental damage caused by misuse of the land and global climate change. South Africa is unusually vulnerable to climate change and resultant diminution of surface waters. Some predictions show surface water supply could decrease by 60% by the year 2070 in parts of the Western Cape. To reverse the damage caused by land mismanagement, the government has supported a scheme which promotes sustainable development and the use of natural resources. Tourism South Africa is a popular tourist destination, and a substantial amount of revenue comes from tourism. Among the main attractions are the diverse and picturesque culture, the game reserves and the highly regarded local wines. Demographics Historical populations Census Pop. %± 1900 5014000 — 1910 5842000 16.5% 1920 6953000 19.0% 1930 8580000 23.4% 1940 10341000 20.5% 1950 13310000 28.7% 1960 16385000 23.1% 1970 21794000 33.0% 1980 24261000 11.3% 1990 37944000 56.4% 2000 43686000 15.1% 2008 (est.) 43786115 0.2% * Source: "South Africa", Population Statistics Population density by municipality. Large areas of South Africa are sparsely populated.South Africa is a nation of more than 43 million people of diverse origins, cultures, languages, and religions. The last census was held in 2001 and the next will be in 2011. Statistics South Africa provided five racial categories by which people could classify themselves, the last of which, "unspecified/other" drew negligible responses, and these results were omitted. The 2006 midyear estimated figures for the other categories were Black African at 79.5%, White at 9.2%, Coloured at 8.9%, and Indian or Asian at 2.5%. Even though South Africa's population has increased in the past decade (primarily due to immigration), the country had an annual population growth rate of −0.501% in 2008(CIA est.). South Africa is home to an estimated 5 million illegal immigrants, including some 3 million Zimbabweans. A series of anti-immigrant riots occurred in South Africa beginning on May 11, 2008. By far the major part of the population classified itself as African or black, but it is not culturally or linguistically homogeneous. Major ethnic groups include the Zulu, Xhosa, Basotho (South Sotho), Bapedi (North Sotho), Venda, Tswana, Tsonga, Swazi and Ndebele, all of which speak Bantu languages (see Bantu peoples of South Africa). Some, such as the Zulu, Xhosa, Bapedi and Venda groups, are unique to South Africa. Other groups are distributed across the borders with South Africa's neighbours: The Basotho group is also the major ethnic group in Lesotho. The Tswana ethnic group constitute the majority of the population of Botswana. The Swazi ethnic group is the major ethnic group in Swaziland. The Ndebele ethnic group is also found in Matabeleland in Zimbabwe, where they are known as the Matabele. These Ndebele people are the descendants of a Zulu faction under the warrior Mzilikazi that escaped persecution from Shaka by migrating to their current territory. The Tsonga ethnic group is also found in southern Mozambique, where they are known as the Shangaan. The white population is not ethnically homogenous and descend from many ethnic groups: Dutch, Portuguese, German, French Huguenot, English, Irish, Scottish and Welsh. Culturally and linguistically, they are divided into the Afrikaners, who speak Afrikaans, and English-speaking groups, many of whom are descended from British and Irish immigrants (see Anglo-African). Many small communities that have immigrated over the last century retain the use of other languages. The white population is on the decrease due to a low birth rate and emigration; as a factor in their decision to emigrate, many cite the high crime rate and the government's affirmative action policies. Since 1994, over 1 000 000 white South Africans have permanently emigrated. Despite high emigration levels, a high level of non-South African white immigrants have settled in the country, in particular from countries such as Britain and Zimbabwe. For example, by 2005, an estimated 212 000 British citizens were residing in South Africa. Since 2003, the numbers of British expats coming to South Africa has rose by 50%. An estimated 20 000 British expats moved to South Africa in 2007. The reasons cited by many expats are South Africa's family values, the weather and a better quality of life. South Africa recently overtook New Zealand as the 6th most popular destination amongst the British expat community. There have also been a significant number of white Zimbabwean arrivals, fleeing their home country in light of the economic and political problems currently facing the country. As well as recent arrivals, a significant number of white Zimbabweans emigrated to South Africa in the wake of independence in Zimbabwe in 1980. Some of the more nostalgic members of the community are known in popular culture as "Whenwes", because of their nostalgia for their lives in Rhodesia "when we were in Rhodesia" The term "Coloured" is still largely used for the people of mixed race descended from slaves brought in from East and Central Africa, the indigenous Khoisan who lived in the Cape at the time, indigenous African Blacks, Whites (mostly the Dutch/Afrikaner and British settlers) as well as an admixture of Javanese, Malay, Indian, Malagasy and other European (such as Portuguese) and Asian blood (such as Burmese). The majority speak Afrikaans. Khoisan is a term used to describe two separate groups, physically similar in that they were light-skinned and small in stature. The Khoikhoi, who were called Hottentots by the Europeans, were pastoralists and were effectively annihilated; the San, called Bushmen by the Europeans, were hunter-gatherers. Within what is known as the Coloured community, more recent immigrants will also be found: Coloureds from the former Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Namibia and immigrants of mixed descent from India and Burma (Anglo-Indians/Anglo-Burmese) who were welcomed to the Cape when India and Burma received their Independence. The major part of the Asian population of the country is Indian in origin (see Indian South Africans), many of them descended from indentured workers brought in the nineteenth century to work on the sugar plantations of the eastern coastal area then known as Natal. There is also a significant group of Chinese South Africans (approximately 100,000 individuals) and Vietnamese South Africans (approximately 50,000 individuals). In 2008, the Pretoria High Court has ruled that Chinese South Africans are to be reclassified as black people. As a result of this ruling, ethnically Chinese citizens will be able to benefit from government BEE policies. South Africa hosts a sizeable refugee and asylum seeker population. According to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, this population numbered approximately 144,700 in 2007. Groups of refugees and asylum seekers numbering over 10,000 included persons from Zimbabwe (48,400), The Democratic Republic of the Congo (24,800), and Somalia (12,900). These populations mainly lived in Johannesburg, Pretoria, Durban, Cape Town, and Port Elizabeth. Society and culture Prison Buildings on Robben Island, the holding place of several anti-apartheid fighters including Nelson Mandela, who was imprisoned there for eighteen years. Robben Island is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site Decorated houses, Drakensberg MountainsIt may be argued that there is no "single" culture in South Africa because of its ethnic diversity. Today, the diversity in foods from many cultures is enjoyed by all and especially marketed to tourists who wish to sample the large variety of South African cuisine. In addition to food, music and dance feature prominently. South African cuisine is heavily meat-based and has spawned the distinctively South African social gathering known as a braai, or barbecue. South Africa has also developed into a major wine producer, with some of the best vineyards lying in valleys around Stellenbosch, Franschoek, Paarl and Barrydale. There is great diversity in music from South Africa. Many black musicians who sang in Afrikaans or English during apartheid have since begun to sing in traditional African languages, and have developed a unique style called Kwaito. Of note is Brenda Fassie, who launched to fame with her song "Weekend Special", which was sung in English. More famous traditional musicians include Ladysmith Black Mambazo, while the Soweto String Quartet performs classic music with an African flavour. White and Coloured South African singers are historically influenced by European musical styles including such western metal bands such as Seether (formerly Saron Gas). South Africa has produced world-famous jazz musicians, notably Hugh Masekela, Jonas Gwangwa, Abdullah Ibrahim, Miriam Makeba, Jonathan Butler, Chris McGregor, and Sathima Bea Benjamin. Afrikaans music covers multiple genres, such as the contemporary Steve Hofmeyr and the punk rock band Fokofpolisiekar. Crossover artists such as Johnny Clegg and his bands Juluka and Savuka have enjoyed various success underground, publicly, and abroad. The country's black majority still has a substantial number of rural inhabitants who lead largely impoverished lives. It is among these people, however, that cultural traditions survive most strongly; as blacks have become increasingly urbanised and westernised, aspects of traditional culture have declined. Urban blacks usually speak English or Afrikaans in addition to their native tongue. There are smaller but still significant groups of speakers of Khoisan languages which are not included in the eleven official languages, but are one of the eight other officially recognised languages. There are small groups of speakers of endangered languages, most of which are from the Khoi-San family, that receive no official status; however, some groups within South Africa are attempting to promote their use and revival. The middle class lifestyle, predominantly of the white minority but with growing numbers of Black, Coloured and Indian people, is similar in many respects to that of people found in Western Europe, North America and Australasia. Members of the middle class often study and work abroad for greater exposure to the world's markets. Asians, predominantly of Indian origin, preserve their own cultural heritage, languages and religious beliefs, being either Christian, Hindu or Sunni Muslim and speaking English, with Indian languages like Hindi, Telugu, Tamil or Gujarati being spoken less frequently, but the majority of Indians being able to understand their mother tongue. The first Indians arrived on the famous Truro ship as indentured labourers in Natal to work the Sugar Cane Fields. There is a much smaller Chinese community in South Africa, although its numbers have increased due to immigration from Republic of China (Taiwan). South Africa has also had a large influence in the Scouting movement, with many Scouting traditions and ceremonies coming from the experiences of Robert Baden-Powell (the founder of Scouting) during his time in South Africa as a military officer in the 1890s. The South African Scout Association was one of the first youth organisations to open its doors to youth and adults of all races in South Africa. This happened on 2 July 1977 at a conference known as Quo Vadis. The South African music scene consists of Kwaito, a new music genre that had developed in the mid 80's and has since developed to become the most popular social economical form of representation among the populous. Though some may argue that the political aspects of Kwaito has since diminished after Apartheid, and the relative interest in politics has become a minor aspect of daily life. Some argue that in a sense, Kwaito is in fact a political force that shows activism in its apolitical actions. Today, major corporations like Sony, BMG, and EMI have appeared on the South African scene to produce and distribute Kwaito music. Due to its overwhelming popularity, as well as the general influence of DJs, who are among the top 5 most influential types of people within the country, Kwaito has taken over radio, television, and magazines. Kwaito, much like most hip-hop has its own local flavor and originality. However, unlike when hip-hop first burst on the scene as a politically-driven and rebellious underground movement, South Africans wanted to create a happier vibe. As the post-apartheid fog cleared, South African youth found their "own voice in a style of music known as kwaito, spawning a new (and profitable) industry". According to TIMEeurope magazine, "The kwaito sound now regularly incorporates traditional African music, jazz, gospel, and even rock guitar, most notably on Mandoza's 2000 hit Nkalakatha, one of the few kwaito records to cross over onto traditionally white radio" . In the kwaito, the samples from old school Jamaican dancehall, European house, etc., tempos are changed, beats are added, and urban street slang is also incorporated. This local flavor of music more recently has been attacked for its lack of ingenuity and its betrayal of its roots. The melodies and the incorporation of sex and dance have since become very similar to the American standard. In addition Kwaito has been criticised for its absence of influential lyrical content. As Kwaito is still a developing genre, and since the South African population is only around 40 million, sales of only 25,000 CDs are required for "gold" certification in South Africa. Religion According to the latest 2001 national census, Christians accounted for 79.7% of the population. This includes Zion Christian 11.1%, Pentecostal (Charismatic) 8.2%, Roman Catholic 7.1%, Methodist 6.8%, Dutch Reformed 6.7%, Anglican 3.8%, and other Christian 36%. Islam accounted for 1.5% of the population, Hinduism about 1.3%. 15.1% had no religious affiliation, 2.3% were other and 1.4% were unspecified. African Indigenous Churches were the largest of the Christian groups. It was believed that many of these persons who claimed no affiliation with any organised religion adhered to traditional indigenous religions. Many peoples have syncretic religious practices combining Christian and indigenous influences. Islam in South Africa itself is not known to pre-date the colonial period, despite the fact that neighbouring Mozambique had isolated contact with Arab and East African traders. There is no evidence that Islam was known to the Zulu, Swazi, or Xhosa of the east coast prior to the colonial era. Many South African Muslims are described as Coloureds, notably in the Western Cape, especially those whose ancestors came as slaves from the Indonesian archipelago (the Cape Malays). Others are described as Indians, notably in KwaZulu-Natal, including those whose ancestors came as traders from South Asia; they have been joined by others from other parts of Africa as well as white or black South African converts. It is estimated that Islam is the fastest growing religion of conversion in the country, with the number of black Muslims growing sixfold, from 12,000 in 1991 to 74,700 in 2004. Hinduism dates back to British Colonial period primarily but later waves of continuous immigrants from India have contributed to a sizable Hindu population. Most Hindus are ethnically South Asian but there are many who come from mixed racial stock and many are converts with the efforts of Hindu missionaries such as ISKCON. Other religions in smaller numbers are Sikhism, Jainism and Bahá'í Faith. Languages Map showing principal South African languages by municipality. Lighter shades indicate a non-majority plurality. Afrikaans Northern Sotho Southern Sotho Swati Tsonga Tswana Venda Xhosa Zulu South Africa has eleven official languages: Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa and isiZulu. In this regard it is second only to India in number. While each language is technically equal to every other, some languages are spoken more than others. According to the 2001 National Census, the three most spoken first home languages are Zulu (23.8%), Xhosa (17.6%) and Afrikaans (13.3%). Despite the fact that English is recognised as the language of commerce and science, it was spoken by only 8.2% of South Africans at home in 2001, an even lower percentage than in 1996 (8.6%). There are eleven official names for South Africa, one in each of the official national languages. The country also recognises eight non-official languages: Fanagalo, Khoe, Lobedu, Nama, Northern Ndebele, Phuthi, San and South African Sign Language. These non-official languages may be used in certain official uses in limited areas where it has been determined that these languages are prevalent. Nevertheless, their populations are not such that they require nationwide recognition. Many of the "unofficial languages" of the San and Khoikhoi people contain regional dialects stretching northward into Namibia and Botswana, and elsewhere. These people, who are a physically distinct population from other Africans, have their own cultural identity based on their hunter-gatherer societies. They have been marginalised to a great extent, and many of their languages are in danger of becoming extinct. Many white South Africans also speak other European languages, such as Portuguese (also spoken by Angolan and Mozambican blacks), German, and Greek, while some Asians and Indians in South Africa speak South Asian languages, such as Telugu, Hindi, Gujarati and Tamil. Sports The main sports in South Africa are soccer, rugby, cricket and boxing. Other sports with significant support are swimming, golf and netball. Basketball, surfing and skateboarding are popular among the youth. Famous boxing personalities include Baby Jake Jacob Matlala, Vuyani Bungu, Welcome Ncita, "the rose of Soweto" Dingaan Thobela, Gerrie Coetzee and Brian Mitchell. Football players who have excelled in international clubs include Lucas Radebe of Leeds United and Quinton Fortune, formerly of Manchester United, Benni McCarthy of Blackburn Rovers and Steven Pienaar of Everton. South Africa produced Formula 1 motor racing's 1979 world champion Jody Scheckter. South Africa hosted and won the 1995 Rugby World Cup at their first attempt and again won the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France, beating reigning champions England in the final. South Africa was only allowed to participate from 1995 since the end of Apartheid. It followed the 1995 Rugby World Cup final by hosting and winning the 1996 African Cup of Nations football tournament. It also hosted the 2003 Cricket World Cup and the Twenty20 Cricket World Cup in 2007. South Africa will be the host nation for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, which will be the first time the tournament is held on the African continent. As the 2010 World Cup Host country the South African national soccer team (Bafana Bafana) will automatically qualify to play in the 2010 World Cup finals. The South African National Soccer team will be coached by Brazilian Coach Joel Santana. In 2004, the team of Roland Schoeman, Lyndon Ferns, Darian Townsend and Ryk Neethling won the gold medal at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, simultaneously breaking the world record in the 4x100 freestyle relay. Schoeman, Ferns, and Neethling trained at the University of Arizona. Previously Penny Heyns won Olympic Gold in the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games. Several other swimmers have participated and won in international swimming events. In golf, Gary Player is generally regarded as one of the greatest golfers of all time, having won the Career Grand Slam, one of five golfers to have done so. Other South African golfers to have successfully won a major tournament include Bobby Locke, Ernie Els, Retief Goosen and Trevor Immelman, who won the Masters in 2008. Current issues HIV/AIDS The spread of AIDS (acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome) is an alarming problem in South Africa with up to 31% of pregnant women found to be HIV infected in 2005 and the infection rate among adults estimated at 20%. The link between HIV, a virus spread primarily by sexual contact, and AIDS has long been denied by the president and the health minister, who have insisted that the many deaths in the country are due to malnutrition, and hence poverty, and not HIV. Recently, in 2007, the government made efforts to fight AIDS. AIDS affects mainly those who are sexually active and is far more prevalent in the black population. Most deaths are people who are also economically active, resulting in many families losing their primary wage earners. This has resulted in many 'AIDS orphans' who in many cases depend on the state for care and financial support. It is estimated that there are 1,200,000 orphans in South Africa. Many elderly people also lose the support from lost younger members of their family. Roughly 5 million people are infected with the disease. Crime According to a survey for the period 1998–2000 compiled by the United Nations, South Africa was ranked second for assault and murder (by all means) per capita, in addition to being ranked first for rapes per capita. Total crime per capita is tenth (10th) out of the sixty (60) countries in the data set. Crime has had a pronounced effect on society: many middle-class South Africans moved into gated communities, abandoning the central business districts of some cities for the relative security of suburbs. This effect is most pronounced in Johannesburg, although the trend is noticeable in other cities as well. Many emigrants from South Africa also state that crime was a big motivator for them to leave. Crime against the farming community has continued to be a major problem. |
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