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埃塞俄比亚 Ethiopia 埃及 Egypt 突尼斯 Tunisia 阿尔及利亚 Algeria 尼日利亚 Nigeria 塞内加尔 Senegal 南非 South Africa 安哥拉 Angola 贝宁 Benin 布基纳法索 Burkina Faso 布隆迪 Republic of Burundi 博茨瓦纳 Republic of Botswana 赤道几内亚 Equatorial Guinea 多哥 Togo 厄立特里亚 Eritrea 佛得角 Republic of Cape Verde 冈比亚 Gambia 刚果 Republic of the Congo 刚果民主共和国 Democratic Republic of Congo 吉布提 Djibouti 几内亚 Guinea 几内亚比绍 Guinea-Bissau 加纳 Republic of Ghana 加蓬 Gabon 津巴布韦 Zimbabwe 喀麦隆 Republic of Cameroon 科摩罗 Comoros 科特迪瓦 Ivory Coast 肯尼亚 Republic of Kenya 莱索托 Kingdom of Lesotho 利比亚 Libya 利比里亚 Republic of Liberia 卢旺达 Republic of Rwanda 马达加斯加 Madagascar 马拉维 Malawi 马里 Republic of Mali 毛里塔尼亚 Mauritania 毛里求斯 Republic of Mauritius 摩洛哥 Kingdom of Morocco 莫桑比克 the Republic of Mozambique 纳米比亚 The Republic of Namibia 尼日尔 Niger 塞拉利昂 the Republic of Sierra Leone 塞舌尔 Seychelles 斯威士兰 Swaziland 苏丹 Sudan 索马里 Somalia 圣多美和普林西比 Sao Tome and Principe 坦桑尼亚 Tanzania 乌干达 The Republic of Uganda 赞比亚 The Republic of Zambia 乍得 the Republic of Chad 中非共和国 The Central African Republic |
| sài nèi jiā 'ěr Senegal shǒudōu:dá kā 'ěr guógūdàimǎ: sn |
 塞内加尔【 rén kǒu】 1085 wàn（ 2005 nián）。 quán guó yòu 20 duō gè mín zú， zhù yào shì wò luò fū zú（ zhàn quán guó rén kǒu de 43%）， pō 'ěr zú（ 24%） hé xiè liè 'ěr zú（ 15%）。 guān fāng yǔ yán wéi fǎ yǔ， quán guó 80% de rén tōng yòng wò luò fū yǔ。 94% de jū mín xìn fèng yī sī lán jiào， 5% xìn fèng bài wù jiào， 1% xìn fèng tiān zhù jiào。 【 shǒu dū】 dá kā 'ěr（ Dakar）， rén kǒu 235.2 wàn（ 2005 nián）。 9 ～ 10 yuè qì wēn zuì gāo， píng jūn wéi 24～ 32 ℃， 1 yuè qì wēn zuì dī， píng jūn wéi 18～ 26℃。 【 guó jiā yuán shǒu】 xiàn rèn zǒng tǒng 'ā bǔ dù lā yé · wǎ dé（ AbdoulayeWade） ,2000 nián 3 yuè dāng xuǎn， 4 yuè 1 rì jiù zhí。 【 zhòng yào jié rì】 guó qìng jié： 4 yuè 4 rì。 【 jiǎn kuàng】 wèi yú fēi zhōu xī bù tū chū bù wèi de zuì xī duān。 běi jiē máo lǐ tǎ ní yà， dōng lín mǎ lǐ， nán jiē jǐ nèi yà hé jǐ nèi yà bǐ shào， xī bīn dà xī yáng。 hǎi 'àn xiàn cháng yuē 500 gōng lǐ。 shǔ rè dài cǎo yuán qì hòu， nián píng jūn qì wēn 29℃， zuì gāo qì wēn kě dá 45℃。 11 yuè zhì cì nián 6 yuè wéi hàn jì， 7～ 10 yuè wéi yǔ jì。 gōng yuán 10 shì jì， tú kù liè 'ěr rén jiàn lì tài kè lǔ wáng guó， 14 hé 16 shì jì xiān hòu bìng rù mǎ lǐ dì guó hé sāng hǎi dì guó。 1864 nián lún wéi fǎ guó zhí mín dì。 1909 nián huá rù fǎ shǔ xī fēi zhōu。 1958 nián 11 yuè gēn jù dài gāo lè xiàn fǎ chéng wéi “ fǎ lán xī gòng tóng tǐ ” nèi de“ zì zhì gòng hé guó”。 1959 nián 4 yuè yǔ sū dān ( jīn mǎ lǐ gòng hé guó ) jié chéng mǎ lǐ lián bāng。 1960 nián 4 yuè 4 rì， tóng fǎ guó qiān shǔ“ quán lì yí jiāo” xié dìng。 6 yuè 20 rì， mǎ lǐ lián bāng xuān gào dú lì。 8 yuè 20 rì， tuì chū lián bāng， chéng lì dú lì de gòng hé guó。 liè 'ào bō 'ěr dé · sài dá · sāng gē 'ěr wéi shǒu rèn zǒng tǒng。 1980 nián 12 yuè 31 rì， sāng gē 'ěr zǒng tǒng zì dòng yǐn tuì， ā bǔ dù · dí wū fū zǒng lǐ jiē rèn。 cǐ hòu， dí wū fū yú 1983、 1988 hé 1993 nián sān cì lián xuǎn lián rèn。 2000 nián 2 yuè， sài jǔ xíng zǒng tǒng xuǎn jǔ， mín zhù dǎng hòu xuǎn rén wǎ dé jī bài dí wū fū dāng xuǎn zǒng tǒng， jié shù shè huì dǎng cháng dá 40 nián de zhí zhèng lì shǐ。 【 zhèng zhì】 wǎ dé zǒng tǒng zhí zhèng hòu， dà lì tuī jìn mín zhù jìn chéng， duō cì tiáozhěng nèi gé， zhì lì yú gǒng gù zhèng quán。 2001 nián 3 yuè， wǎ dé rèn mìng mǎ mǔ · mǎ dí 'ào 'ěr · bó yé wéi zǒng lǐ。 4 yuè， sài jǔ xíng lì fǎ xuǎn jǔ， wǎ dé lǐng dǎo de mín zhù dǎng huò yā dǎo xìng shèng lì， yíng dé yì huì 120 xí zhōng de 89 xí。 2002 nián 11 yuè， wǎ dé rèn mìng yī dé lǐ sà · sài kè wéi xīn zǒng lǐ。 2004 nián 4 yuè， wǎ dé rèn mìng mài jī · sà lè wéi zǒng lǐ， zǔ chéng xīn zhèng fǔ。 cǐ hòu， wǎ dé yòu xiān hòu duō cì xiǎo fú tiáozhěng nèi gé。 sài nán bù kǎ sà máng sī dì qū zì sài dú lì yǐ lái yī zhí yòu lí xīn fēn liè qīng xiàng。 1982 nián， kǎ dì qū fēn liè zhù yì zǔ zhì kǎ sà máng sī mín zhù lì liàng yùn dòng（ jiǎn chēng kǎ mín yùn） yóu dì xià huó dòng zhuǎn wéi gōng kāi yǔ zhèng fǔ duì kàng， bìng yào qiú dú lì。 zhèng fǔ jūn yǔ kǎ mín yùn zhī jiān de wǔ zhuāng chōng tū bù duàn。 wǎ dé zhù zhāng tōng guò hé píng tán pàn jiě jué kǎ sà máng sī wèn tí。 2004 nián 12 yuè 30 rì， sài zhèng fǔ yǔ kǎ mín yùn zài kǎ sà máng sī shǒu fǔ jì jīn shuò 'ěr qiān shǔ hé píng xié dìng， kǎ mín yùn xuān bù fàng qì wǔ zhuāng dǒu zhēng。 【 xiàn fǎ】 xiàn xíng xiàn fǎ yú 1963 nián jīng gōng mín tóu piào tōng guò， hòu yú 1970 nián、 1976 nián、 1983 nián、 1984 nián、 1991 nián、 1993 nián、 1998 hé 2001 nián bā cì xiū gǎi。 xiàn fǎ guī dìng： zǒng tǒng shì guó jiā yuán shǒu、 zhèng fǔ shǒu nǎo hé wǔ zhuāng bù duì zuì gāo tǒng shuài， yóu zhí jiē pǔ xuǎn chǎn shēng， rèn qī 5 nián， zhǐ néng lián rèn yī cì。 zǒng tǒng quē wèi， yóu yì cháng dài lǐ， bìng zài sān gè yuè nèi jǔ xíng dà xuǎn。 zǒng lǐ zhí wèi zài 1970 nián xiū xiàn shí shè lì， 1983 nián chè xiāo， 1991 nián fù shè。 1998 nián 2 yuè xiū xiàn shí jué dìng zēng shè cān yì yuàn。 2001 nián 1 yuè xiū xiàn shí， cān yì yuàn chè xiāo。 【 yì huì】 guó mín yì huì yóu pǔ xuǎn chǎn shēng， rèn qī 5 nián。 běn jiè guó mín yì huì yú 2001 nián 5 yuè 18 rì chéng lì， gòng 120 gè xí wèi。 qí zhōng sài nèi jiā 'ěr mín zhù dǎng zhàn 89 xí， jìn bù lì liàng lián méng 11 xí， shè huì dǎng 10 xí， mín zhù fù xīng lián méng 3 xí， fēi zhōu zhēng qǔ mín zhù yǔ shè huì zhù yì dǎng 2 xí， qí yú gè xiǎo dǎng gòng 5 xí。 yì cháng pà pǔ · dí 'ào pǔ（ PapeDiop， mín zhù dǎng）， 2002 nián 6 yuè dāng xuǎn。 2005 nián 12 yuè， guó mín yì huì tōng guò yán cháng yì yuán rèn qī de fǎ 'àn， jiāng xià jiè lì fǎ xuǎn jǔ yǔ 2007 nián jìn xíng de zǒng tǒng xuǎn jǔ xián jiē。 【 zhèng fǔ】 běn jiè zhèng fǔ yú 2004 nián 4 yuè 22 rì zǔ chéng， hòu duō cì gǎi zǔ。 chéng yuán yòu： zǒng lǐ mài jī · sà lè（ MackySall）， wài jiāo guó wù bù cháng xiè hè · dì dí yà nèi · jiā dí 'ào（ CheikhTidianeGadio）， jīng jì hé cái zhèng guó wù bù cháng 'ā bǔ dù lā yé · dí 'ào pǔ（ AbdoulayeDiop）， zhǎng xǐ hé sī fǎ guó wù bù cháng xiè hè · dì dí yà nèi · xī（ CheikhTidianeSy）， hǎi shì jīng jì hé guó jì hǎi yùn guó wù bù cháng jí bó · lāi dì · kǎ（ DjiboLeïtyKâ）， jī chǔ shè shī、 zhuāng bèi、 lù lù hé nèi hǎi yùn shū guó wù bù cháng hā bǐ bǔ · xī（ HabibSy）， guó fáng bù cháng bèi kǎ yé · dí 'ào pǔ（ BécayeDiop）， nèi zhèng hé dì fāng xíng zhèng bù cháng 'ào sī màn · ēn gē mǔ（ OusmaneNgom）， jiào yù bù cháng mù sī tǎ fǎ · sū lǎng（ MoustaphaSourang）， lǚ yóu hé kōng zhōng yùn shū bù cháng 'ào sī màn · mǎ sài kè · ēn dí yà yé（ OusmaneMasseckNdiaye）， néng yuán hé kuàng chǎn bù cháng mǎ dí kè · ní 'áng（ MadickéNiang）， mào yì bù cháng mǎ mǎ dù · dí 'ào pǔ（ MamadouDiop）， wèi shēng hé yī liáo yù fáng bù cháng 'ā bǔ dù · fǎ lè（ AbdouFall）， nóng yè、 nóng cūn shuǐ lì hé shí pǐn 'ān quán bù cháng fǎ 'ěr bā · sāng gē 'ěr（ FarbaSenghor）， guó jì hé dì fāng hé zuò bù cháng lā míng · bā（ LamineBâ）， fù nǚ、 jiā tíng hé shè huì fā zhǎn bù cháng 'ài dá · mǔ bó jí nǚ shì（ AïdaMbodj）， wén huà hé lì shǐ yí chǎn bù cháng mǎ mǔ · bǐ lā méi · dí wū fū（ MameBirameDiouf）， gōng zhí、 láo dòng、 jiù yè hé zhí yè zǔ zhì bù cháng 'ā dá mǎ · sà lè（ AdamaSall）， tǐ yù bù cháng dá wū dá · fǎ yé（ ElHadjDaoudaFaye）， chéng shì guī huá hé lǐng tǔ zhěng zhì bù cháng 'ā sà nèi · dí yà niè（ AssaneDiagne）， jiàn zhù yí chǎn、 zhù fáng hé jiàn shè bù cháng 'ào mǎ 'ěr · sà 'ěr（ OumarSarr）， yóu zhèng、 diàn xìn hé xìn xī、 tōng xùn xīn jì shù bù cháng yuē sè fū · ēn dōng（ JosephNdong）， gōng yè hé shǒu gōng yè bù cháng bǐ nèi tǎ · bā · sāng bù nǚ shì（ BinetaBâSamb）， yù fáng、 gōng gòng fáng yì、 qīng jié hé chéng shì shuǐ lì bù cháng yī sà · mǔ bā yé · sāng bù（ IssaMbayeSamb）， huán jìng hé zì rán bǎo hù bù cháng dì 'āi nuò · luò（ ThiernoLô）， xìn xī bù cháng、 zhèng fǔ fā yán rén bā kǎ 'ěr · dí yà（ BacarDia）， fēi zhōu xīn huǒ bàn jìhuà、 fēi zhōu jīng jì yī tǐ huà hé liáng zhèng bù cháng 'ā bǔ dù · ā qí cí · suǒ wū（ AbdouAzizSow） shēng huó zhì liàng hé yú lè bù cháng mài mù nà · sū lǎng · ēn dí 'ěr nǚ shì（ MaïmounaSourangNdir）， zhōng xiǎo qǐ yè、 fù nǚ qǐ yè hé wēi guān jīn róng bù cháng mǎ lì － pí 'āi 'ěr · sà 'ěr · tè lā 'ào léi nǚ shì（ Marie-PierreSarrTraoré）， qīng nián bù cháng 'ā lì wū · suǒ wū（ AliouSow）， kē xué yán jiū bù cháng yà yé · kǎi nà · jiā sà mǎ · dí yà nǚ shì（ YayeKèneGassamaDia）， jìhuà hé chí xù fā zhǎn bù cháng mǎ mǎ dù · xī dí bèi（ MamadouSidibé）， hǎi wài qiáo mín bù cháng 'ā bǔ dù · mǎ lā lè · dí 'ào pǔ（ AbdouMalalDiop）， xùmù yè bù cháng wū mù · hā yī lǐ · gài yī · sài kè nǚ shì（ OumouKhaïryGuèyeSeck）， jì shù jiào yù hé zhí yè péi xùn bù cháng qiáo zhì · téng dēng（ GeorgesTendeng）， tóng jī gòu guān xì bù cháng 'ā wá · fǎ lè · dí 'ào pǔ nǚ shì（ AwaFallDiop）， zǒng lǐ fǔ fù zé dì fāng fā zhǎn de bù cháng jí dài biǎo suǒ hè nà · dù 'ěr · fǎ lè nǚ shì (SokhnaTouréFall)， jīng jì hé cái zhèng bù fù zé yù suàn de bù cháng jí dài biǎo xiè hè · hā jí bù · sū mǎ léi（ CheikhHadjibouSoumaré）， jiào yù bù fù zé jiào xué de bù cháng jí dài biǎo yì bǔ lā xī mǎ · fǎ lè（ IbrahimnFall）， jiào yù bù fù zé sǎo máng、 quán guó xìng yǔ yán hé fǎ yǔ guó jiā de bù cháng jí dài biǎo dí 'āi jiā nèi · sài nèi（ DiéganeSène）。 【 xíng zhèng qū huá】 quán guó fēn wéi 10 gè xíng zhèng qū， 30 gè shěng， 90 gè xiàn。 【 sī fǎ jī gòu】 sī fǎ quán yóu zuì gāo fǎ yuàn、 zuì gāo jiǎn chá yuàn、 shàng sù fǎ yuàn、 yù shěn fǎ tíng、 zhòng zuì fǎ yuàn hé zhì 'ān cái pàn suǒ děng gè jí fǎ yuàn xíng shǐ。 1992 nián， sài sī fǎ tǐ zhì gǎi gé， qǔ xiāo guó jiā 'ān quán fǎ tíng， chéng lì lì xiàn wěi yuán huì、 xíng zhèng fǎ yuàn。 xiàn rèn zuì gāo fǎ yuàn yuàn cháng jiǎ bù lǐ lè · kǎ mǎ lā（ GuibrilCamara）， zǒng jiǎn chá cháng 'ā bǔ dù lā yé · gài yī（ AbdoulayeGaye）。 【 zhèng dǎng】 xiàn yòu 65 gè hé fǎ zhèng dǎng， zhù yào yòu： （ 1） sài nèi jiā 'ěr mín zhù dǎng（ LePartiDémocratiqueSénégalais）： zhí zhèng dǎng。 1974 nián 7 yuè 31 rì chéng lì。 zōng zhǐ shì tōng guò mín zhù shǒu duàn jiàn lì yī gè mín zhù、 shè huì zhù yì hé quán miàn fā zhǎn de shè huì。 zǔ zhì jī gòu jiàn quán。 wǎ dé zǒng tǒng hé sà lè zǒng lǐ fēn rèn zǒng shū jì hé fù zǒng shū jì。 （ 2） sài nèi jiā 'ěr shè huì dǎng（ LePartiSocialisteduSénégal）： sài dú lì hòu céng cháng qī zhí zhèng， 2000 nián 3 yuè lún wéi zài yě dǎng。 zhù zhāng zài bǎo liú fēi zhōu tè xìng de tóng shí， jiàn lì yī gè kāi fàng、 mín zhù hé rén dào zhù yì de shè huì。 dǎng zhù xí wéi qián zǒng tǒng 'ā bǔ dù · dí wū fū（ AbdouDiouf）， dì yī shū jì wéi wū sī màn · tǎ nuò · dí 'áng（ OusmaneTanorDieng）。 ( ３ ) jìn bù lì liàng lián méng (AlliancedesForcesdeProgrès)： yóu bù fēn yuán shè huì dǎng chéng yuán yú 1999 nián 8 yuè zǔ jiàn， zhù zhāng jiàn lì mín zhù zhèng zhì， yǐ kào zhèng zhì fāng shì wéi hù shè huì wěn dìng。 zǒng shū jì wéi qián zhèng fǔ zǒng lǐ mù sī tǎ fǎ · ní yà sī（ MoustaphaNiasse）。 cǐ wài， hái yòu mín zhù fù xīng lián méng、 fēi zhōu zhēng qǔ mín zhù hé shè huì zhù yì dǎng、 sài nèi jiā 'ěr zì yóu dǎng、 jìn bù hé gōng mín dǎng、 jìn bù hé zhèng yì lián méng， quán guó mín zhù lián méng、 dú lì láo dòng dǎng、 mín zhù lián méng－ zhēng qǔ láo dòng dǎng yùn dòng、 sài nèi jiā 'ěr gòng hé yùn dòng、 fēi zhōu qún zhòng dú lì dǎng、 sài nèi jiā 'ěr mín zhù lián méng（ gé xīn pài）、 sài nèi jiā 'ěr gòng hé dǎng、 sài nèi jiā 'ěr fēi zhōu shēng tài xué zhě dǎng、 zhēng qǔ mín zhù hé lián bāng zhì lián méng děng。 【 zhòng yào rén wù】 ā bǔ dù lā yé · wǎ dé： zǒng tǒng。 1926 nián 5 yuè 29 rì shēng yú sài shèng lù yì shì。 zǎo nián liú xué fǎ guó， céng huò fǎ lǜ xué shì、 fǎ lǜ hé jīng jì xué bó shì děng xué wèi。 1959 nián qǐ zài sài cóng shì lǜ shī gōng zuò。 céng xiān hòu zài sài hé fǎ guó rèn jiào。 1970 nián fǎn sài rèn dá kā 'ěr dà xué fǎ lǜ hé jīng jì xué yuàn yuàn cháng。 1974 nián chuàng jiàn mín zhù dǎng bìng rèn zǒng shū jì zhì jīn。 1978 nián zhì 1983 nián rèn guó mín yì huì yì yuán。 1991 nián zhì 1992 nián rèn zhèng fǔ guó wù bù cháng， 1995 nián zhì 1998 nián rèn zǒng tǒng fǔ guó wù bù cháng。 2000 nián 3 yuè dāng xuǎn sài zǒng tǒng。 xì fēi zhōu jīng jì wèn tí zhuān jiā， zhù shù shèn fēng， zhù yào yòu《 xī fēi jīng jì： tǒng yī yǔ fā zhǎn》 hé《 fēi zhōu de mìng yùn》 děng。 yǐ hūn， yòu 1 zǐ 1 nǚ。 céng yú 2006 nián 6 yuè fǎng huá。 【 jīng jì】 nóng yè guó。 shì lián hé guó gōng bù de zuì bù fā dá guó jiā zhī yī。 jīng jì mén lèi jiào qí quán， jù bèi yī dìng de gōng yè jī chǔ， sān dà chǎn yè fā zhǎn jiào píng héng。 nóng yè yǐ zhòngzhí huā shēng、 mián huā、 xiǎo mǐ、 gāo liáng、 yù mǐ、 mù shǔ děng wéi zhù。 yú yè、 huā shēng、 lín suān yán chū kǒu yǐ jí lǚ yóu yè shì sài sì dà chuán tǒng chuàng huì chǎn yè。 1984 nián yǐ lái， sài zhèng fǔ tuī xíng xīn nóng yè hé gōng yè zhèng cè， jiǎn shǎo guó jiā gān yù， zhú bù shí xíng guó yíng qǐ yè sī yòu huà， gǔ lì qǐ yè jiān zì yóu jìng zhēng； qiáng diào yōu xiān fā zhǎn nóng yè， zhēng qǔ liáng shí zìjǐ； zhòng shì duì shēng chǎn xiàng mùdì tóu zī， tí gāo gōng yè shēng chǎn shuǐ píng， zēng qiáng chū kǒu chuàng huì néng lì； shè lì zì yóu gōng yè qū， yǐ yǐn jìn wài zī hé jì shù。 wǎ dé shàng tái hòu， bǎ zēng jiā jiù yè、 jiǎn pín zuò wéi jīng jì zhèng cè zhōng de shǒu yào mù biāo， tóng shí nǔ lì kuò dà shuì yuán， bǎo chí cái zhèng píng héng。 jìn nián lái， sài jīng jì wěn bù zēngzhǎng。 2006 nián chū， wǎ dé zǒng tǒng tí chū“ jiā sù zēngzhǎng zhàn lüè”， mù biāo shì jīn hòu 10 nián nèi nián jūn jīng jì zēngzhǎng 7-8%， shí xiàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí fān fān。 2005 nián zhù yào jīng jì shù jù： guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí： 83.18 yì měi yuán。 rén jūn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí： 715 měi yuán。 guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí zēngchánglǜ： 6.1%。 huò bì míng chēng： fēi zhōu jīn róng gòng tóng tǐ fǎ láng， jiǎn chēng fēi zhōu fǎ láng（ FCFA）。 nián jūn huì shuài： 1 měi yuán =497.7 fēi zhōu fǎ láng。 tōng huò péng zhàng shuài： 1.7%。 【 zī yuán】 kuàng chǎn zī yuán pín fá， zhù yào yòu lín suān yán、 tiě、 huáng jīn、 tóng、 zuàn shí、 tài děng。 lín suān gài chǔ liàng yuē 1 yì dūn。 lín suān lǚ chǔ liàng yuē 6000 wàn dūn。 2004 nián lín suān yán chǎn liàng 191 wàn dūn。 shuǐ lì zī yuán jiào fēng fù。 sài tóng mǎ lǐ、 máo lǐ tǎ ní yà chéng lì liǎo“ sài nèi jiā 'ěr hé kāi fā zǔ zhì”， tóng gāng bǐ yà、 jǐ nèi yà、 jǐ nèi yà bǐ shào chéng lì liǎo“ gāng bǐ yà hé kāi fā zǔ zhì”。 sēn lín miàn jī zhàn quán guó miàn jī de 32%， yuē 620.5 wàn gōng qǐng。 【 gōng yè】 2003 nián gōng yè shēng chǎn zǒng zhí yuē zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 20%。 quán guó yòu 500 duō jiā qǐ yè， zhù yào shì nóng chǎn pǐn jiā gōng、 shí pǐn、 huà gōng、 fǎng zhì、 pí gé、 liàn yóu、 qì chē zhuāng pèi、 jiàn cái gōng yè děng。 85% de gōng chǎng qǐ yè jí zhōng zài dá kā 'ěr。 jìn nián lái， chú lǚ yóu yè wài， yú yè、 huā shēng hé lín suān yán děng bù mén jūn bù jǐng qì， tè bié shì fēi zhōu fǎ láng biǎn zhí hòu dà duō shù guó yíng hé zhǔn guó yíng qǐ yè kāi gōng bù zú， dǎo bì xiàn xiàng yán zhòng， shī yè rén shù měng zēng。 【 nóng mù yú yè】 2003 nián nóng yè chǎn zhí yuē zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 20%。 nóng yè rén kǒu zhàn quán guó zǒng rén kǒu de 70%。 kě gēng dì 800 wàn gōng qǐng， yǐ gēng dì 260 wàn gōng qǐng。 zhù yào jīng jì zuò wù yòu huā shēng hé mián huā。 huā shēng zhòngzhí miàn jī 100 wàn gōng qǐng， mián huā zhòngzhí miàn jī 21000 gōng qǐng。 chú mǎn zú guó nèi xū yào wài， jué dà bù fēn huā shēng yòng yú chū kǒu， shì guó mín jīng jì zhòng yào zhī zhù zhī yī。 zhù yào nóng zuò wù yòu xiǎo mǐ、 gāo liáng、 yù mǐ， liáng shí bù néng zìjǐ， jǐn néng mǎn zú 40% de xū qiú。 1984 nián sài zhèng fǔ bān bù“ xīn nóng yè zhèng cè”： gǎi gé nóng cūn guǎn lǐ tǐ zhì hé jīng yíng fāng shì， jiǎn shǎo guó jiā cái zhèng bǔ tiē， tí gāo nóng chǎn pǐn shōu gòu jià gé， gǔ lì sī rén jīng yíng。 zhī hòu， zhèng fǔ yòu lù xù bān bù yī xì liè gǔ lì nóng yè fā zhǎn de yōu huì zhèng cè。 wǎ dé zǒng tǒng shàng tái hòu， zhòng shì fā zhǎn nóng yè， cǎi qǔ liǎo guī fàn nóng chǎn pǐn chǎn xiāo tǐ zhì， wěn dìng huā shēng、 mián huā děng zhù yào jīng jì zuò wù jià gé děng cuò shī。 2005 nián， suí zhe zhèng fǔ jiā dà duì nóng tián shuǐ lì shè shī tóu zī， kě gēng dì miàn jī kuò dà， shuǐ dào děng nóng zuò wù chǎn liàng yòu suǒ zēng jiā。 jìn nián zhù yào nóng zuò wù chǎn liàng rú xià（ dān wèi： wàn dūn）： 2003/20042004/20052005/2006 huā shēng 44.160.382.0 mián huā 5.54.04.7 xiǎo mǐ、 gāo liáng 81.845.084.0 dào gǔ 23.223.325.7 yù mǐ 40.140.142.0 xùmù yè yǐ sì yǎng niú、 yáng、 zhū、 mǎ、 jiā qín wéi zhù。 2004 nián jiā chù cún lán zǒng liàng wéi 1310 wàn， qí zhōng niú 310 wàn tóu， yáng 870 wàn zhǐ。 2003 nián， xùmù yè chǎn zhí zhàn guó mín shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 4.7 ％。 yú yè shì sài jīng jì zhù yào zhī zhù zhī yī， shì sài dì yī dà chuàng huì chǎn yè， quán guó jiù yè rén kǒu zhōng yuē yòu 15% cóng shì bǔ yú yè， shì dì 'èr dà jiù yè chǎn yè。 2002 nián 1 yuè， ōu méng hé sài zhèng fǔ qiān shǔ xié yì， yǐ kòng zhì 'ōu méng chuán zhǐ zài sài hǎi yù de bǔ yú liàng， bìng jiā dà 'ōu méng duì sài yú yè de tóu zī。 2005 nián sài bǔ yú liàng wéi 62.88 wàn dūn， yú chǎn pǐn chū kǒu zhàn dāng nián chū kǒu 'é de 18%。 【 lǚ yóu yè】 shì sài jīng jì de sì dà zhī zhù zhī yī， wéi sài dì 'èr dà chuàng huì chǎn yè。 2003 nián lǚ yóu shōu rù wéi 1.9 yì měi yuán， yóu kè rén shù 41.83 wàn， zhù yào lái zì fǎ guó、 bǐ lì shí、 ruì shì hé dé guó。 lǚ yóu diǎn zhù yào jí zhōng zài dá kā 'ěr、 jié sī、 jì jīn shuò 'ěr、 shèng lù yì dì qū。 12 yuè zhì cì nián 2 yuè wéi lǚ yóu wàng jì。 【 fēng tǔ rén qíng】 sài nèi jiā 'ěr rén rè qíng hàokè、 xǐ huān wǔ dǎo， tè bié shì shǒu gǔ wǔ。 tā men yī nián zhōng zuì zhòng dà de jié rì shì zǎi yáng jié。 àn zhào yī sī lán jiào lì， 5 yuè 25 rì shì yī sī lán jiào de zǎi yáng jié， míng tǎ bā sī jī。 jié rì lái dào shí， jiē tóu xiàng wěi chōng mǎn liǎo jié rì de qì fēn， qīng chén dá kā 'ěr yī piàn sòng jīng shēng， dāng shèng diǎn jié shù hòu， xǔ duō rén jiā yuàn zǐ lǐ kāi shǐ zǎi yáng。 rén men bǎ yáng ròu fēn zèng qīn yǒu， bǎ yáng xuè sǎ zài wā hǎo de tǔ kēng lǐ。 zōng jiào duì sài nèi jiā 'ěr rén de shēng huó xí sú yǐng xiǎng jiào dà， tā men duō shù dū jì huì shǐ yòng zhū pí hé zhū nèi zàng zuò de rì yòng pǐn， yě jì huì tán lùn yòu guān zhū de shì qíng。 tā men hái zūn fèng yī sī lán jiào guī， zài gōng gòng chǎng hé xià shì jìn zhǐ yǐn jiǔ de。 sài nèi jiā 'ěr rén de chuānzhuó yī bān dū bǐ jiào jiǎn dān， nán zǐ xí guàn chuān yī zhǒng bái sè de“ bù bù” dà páo， nǚ zǐ yī bān dū chuān yán sè xiān yàn de cháng qún， yòu de hái zài tóu shàng méng zhe yī tiáo wéi jīn。 yóu qí shì zài nóng cūn dì qū， hái yòu zhè yàng de fēng sú： yī bān de réndōu bǎ tóu tì dé guāng guāng de， zhǐ zài zuǒ 'ěr duǒ de shàng fāng liú xià yī kuài tóu fā。 zài sài nèi jiā 'ěr， ruò yòu guì bīn lái lín， tā men cháng yǐ kǎo quán lái rè qíng kuǎn dài。 yòng lái zuò kǎo quán dedōu shì xiǎo yáng gāo。 kǎo shú hòu， fàng zài jīn shǔ de dà pán zǐ lǐ duān shàng cān zhuō。 dài kè rén men xǐ shǒu hòu， yī bān xí guàn yòng yòu shǒu xiān cóng yáng de bèi bù、 xié bù kāi shǐ sī shí。 V sài nèi jiā 'ěr rén yī bān shì yǐ yù mǐ、 dà mǐ、 gāo liáng děng wéi zhù shí， qí fù shí yǐ niú yáng ròu wéi zhù， qí zhōng yóu yǐ yáng ròu jū duō。 tā men xí guàn chī dà kuài de niú、 yáng ròu， bù 'ài chī yǐ ròu piàn、 ròu dīng huò ròu sī pēng zhì de cài yáo。 tā men xǐ 'ài chī de cài yòu xī hóng shì、 luóbo、 hú luóbo hé gè zhǒng dòu lèi děng。 zài kǒu wèi shàng， xǐ chī xiāng 'ér xīn là de shí wù， bù pà yóu nì， ér qiě yī bān rén de fàn liàng yě bǐ jiào dà。 yòu de rén yě 'ài chī fǎ shì xī cài， zǎo cān yī bān xǐ huān chī miàn bāo、 huáng yóu、 nóng kā fēi。 yě 'àihào hē chá， yóu qí xǐ 'ài hē zhōng guó de lǜ chá。 tā men xí guàn zài fàn hòu， yī biān chá、 yī biān liáo tiān， yǐ bāng zhù xiāo huà。 sài nèi jiā 'ěr rén yī bān dū jì chī xiā、 jī máo cài、 mó gū děng jūn lèi yǐ jí qí tā xíng zhuàng gǔ guài de shí wù， rú： shàn yú、 jiá yú、 yóu yú děng。 tā men gèng jì shí zhū ròu。 sài nèi jiā 'ěr shèng chǎn huā shēng， měi dào huā shēng shōu huò jì jié，“ lěi huā shēng” bǐ sài biàn chéng liǎo dāng dì rén de yī xiàng tǐ yù huó dòng。 bǐ sài qián， yóu yī wèi gōng jiàng yòng shí huī zài dì shàng huà yī dào bái xiàn， guī dìng huā shēng dài duī fàng de wèi zhì。 bǐ sài yóu dāng dì qiú cháng zhù chí。 bǐ sài kāi shǐ， jìng sài zhě men jiān káng tóu dǐng， jiāng huā shēng dài fàng rù bái xiàn nèi。 suí zhe tā men lái huí bēn páo chuān suō， huā shēng dài yuè lěi yuè gāo， dāng huā shēng dài lěi dào“ jīn zì tǎ” xíng de zuì dǐng duān， zhǐ néng fàng zhì yī dài shí， jí suàn duī lěi wán bì。 zhè shí cān sài zhě xùn sù jiāng huā shēng duī sì zhōu qīng sǎo gān jìng， dài qiú cháng lái yàn shōu。 bǐ sài tōng cháng yǐ 50 rén wéi yī zǔ， huò shèng de zǔ měi rén dé dào yī dài huā shēng zuò wéi jiǎng shǎng。 zhè zhǒng bǐ sài shì nán nǚ qīng nián jìn xíng shè jiāo de chǎng hé。 měi cì bǐ sài jié shù hòu， dōuyòu xǔ duō nǚ qīng nián páo shàng qián qù xiàng huò shèng de nán qīng nián biǎo shì zhù hè， huò dì shàng yī kuài cā hàn de shǒu pà， huò dì shàng yī guàn qīng liáng de yǐn liào。 rú guǒ nán qīng nián duì nǚ qīng nián yě yòu yì， biàn zài sān tiān zhī nèi huí zèng yī kuài shǒu pà hé yī xiē fēng mì， biǎo shì yuàn yì tóng tā jié hé， xī wàng hūn hòu shēng huó rú mì yī bān tián měi。 【 jiāo tōng yùn shū】 guó nèi yùn shū zhù yào kào gōng lù hé tiě lù， yòu yǐ dá kā 'ěr qū wéi zhōng xīn de lián jié quán guó gè dì de lù lù jiāo tōng gànxiàn wǎng。 dá kā 'ěr shì fēi zhōu tōng wǎng 'ōu zhōu hé měi zhōu de hǎi shàng jiāo tōng yào dào， yě shì zhòng yào de guó jì háng kōng shū niǔ。 tiě lù： zǒng cháng 1300 gōng lǐ。 yòu yī tiáo dá kā 'ěr tōng wǎng mǎ lǐ bā mǎ kē de tiě lù xiàn， gāi tiě lù 2001 nián yùn sòng huò wù 26.26 wàn dūn。 2003 nián jiā ná dà gōng sī Canac－ Getma huò dé gāi xiàn lù 25 nián jīng yíng quán， huò wù yùn shū liàng dé dào dà fú tí gāo， 2004 nián yùn sòng huò wù 42 wàn dūn。 gōng lù： zǒng cháng 14576 gōng lǐ， qí zhōng bǎi yóu lù 4271 gōng lǐ。 1999 nián yòu gè zhǒng jī dòng chē 12 wàn liàng。 shuǐ yùn： sài nèi jiā 'ěr hé quán nián tōng háng jù lí wéi 220 gōng lǐ， xùn qī kě tōng háng 924 gōng lǐ。 dá kā 'ěr gǎng shì xī fēi dì 'èr dà gǎng， 2002 nián tūn tù liàng wéi 900 wàn dūn。 qí tā gǎng kǒu yòu shèng · lù yì gǎng hé jì jīn shuò 'ěr gǎng。 kōng yùn： dá kā 'ěr liè 'ào bō 'ěr dé · sài dá · sāng gē 'ěr jī chǎng wèiguó jì jī chǎng， nián jūn kè yùn liàng 120 wàn rén cì， huò yùn liàng chāo guò 3 wàn dūn。 zì 1998 nián qǐ， shèng · lù yì yòu bāo jī fēi wǎng fǎ guó。 lìng yòu 12 gè 'èr jí jī chǎng， qí zhōng jiào zhòng yào de yòu jì jīn shuò 'ěr jī chǎng。 1999 nián， sài háng kōng gōng sī jiāng qí 51% de gǔ fèn mài gěi mó luò gē huáng jiā háng kōng gōng sī， bìng yú 2001 nián zǔ chéng sài nèi jiā 'ěr guó jì háng kōng gōng sī。 2001 nián gāi gōng sī kè yùn liàng wéi 12.5 wàn rén cì， 2004 nián shàng shēng zhì 42 wàn rén cì。 2003 nián céng bèi píng wéi fēi zhōu zuì jiā háng kōng gōng sī。 sài jìhuà yú 2006 nián dǐ zhī qián zài jù dá kā 'ěr 50 gōng lǐ chù jiàn chéng yī gè xīn de guó jì jī chǎng， qí chéng yùn néng lì jiāng shì sāng gē 'ěr jī chǎng de liǎng bèi， zào jià yuē 2.94 yì měi yuán。 【 cái zhèng jīn róng】 cái zhèng shōu rù de zhù yào lái yuán shì gè zhǒng shuì shōu hé wài guó yuán zhù。 2001 nián zhì 2003 nián cái zhèng shōu zhī qíng kuàng rú xià（ dān wèi： yì fēi zhōu fǎ láng）： 200320042005 shōu rù 797786489590 zhī chū 8500965510060 chā 'é -523-1007-470 2004 nián wài huì chǔ bèi ( bù hán huáng jīn ) wéi 9.99 yì měi yuán， 2005 nián wài zhài zǒng 'é 36 yì měi yuán。 【 duì wài mào yì】 zhù yào chū kǒu yú yè chǎn pǐn、 lín suān yán、 huā shēng hé shí yóu chǎn pǐn， jìn kǒu chǎn pǐn zhù yào shì liáng shí、 yuán yóu、 jī diàn hé rì cháng xiāo fèi pǐn děng。 zhù yào mào yì huǒ bàn shì fǎ guó（ 2004 nián fēn bié zhàn sài jìn、 chū kǒu zǒng 'é de 25% hé 10.2%）、 yìn dù、 ní rì lì yà、 mǎ lǐ、 yì dà lì、 dé guó、 rì běn、 kē tè dí wǎ děng。 jìn nián jìn chū kǒu mào yì qíng kuàng rú xià（ dān wèi： yì fēi zhōu fǎ láng）： 200320042005 chū kǒu 'é ( lí 'àn jià )731067457309 jìn kǒu 'é ( lí 'àn jià )120101500816853 mào yì nì chā 470082639544 【 wài guó yuán zhù】 2003 nián， huò guān fāng fā zhǎn yuán zhù gòng 4.496 yì měi yuán（ huò bì dān wèi xià tóng）， qí zhōng shuāng biān yuán zhù 3.144 yì， duō biān yuán zhù 1.346 yì。 zài shuāng biān yuán zhù zhōng， fǎ guó tí gōng 1.195 yì， xī bān yá 0.347 yì， rì běn 0.287 yì， dé guó 0.205 yì， jiā ná dà 0.176 yì。 zài duō biān yuán zhù zhōng， guó jì kāi fā xié huì tí gōng 0.988 yì， ōu méng 0.379 yì， fēi zhōu fā zhǎn jī jīn 0.117 yì， shì jiè liáng shí jìhuà shǔ 0.035 yì。 【 rén mín shēng huó】 2002 nián pín kùn rén kǒu zhàn quán guó zǒng rén kǒu de 26.3%。 chéng shì shī yè shuài wéi 27.7%。 rén jūn shòu mìng wéi 52.7 suì， xīn shēng 'ér sǐ wáng shuài wéi 79 ‰， 22％ de rén kǒu bù néng xiǎng yòu jié jìng shuǐ， 30％ de rén kǒu quē fá wèi shēng shè shī。 40% de rén kǒu néng xiǎng yòu wèi shēng fú wù， 3/4 de yī hù rén yuán jí zhōng zài dá kā 'ěr hé jié sī。 2003 nián， sài yòu 4.4 wàn míng 'ài zī bìng xié dài zhě， chéng rén gǎn rǎn shuài wéi 0.8%。 2004 nián， quán guó yòu 24.5 wàn tiáo diàn huà xiàn。 2005 nián yí dòng diàn huà yòng hù yuē 180 wàn hù。 【 jūn shì】 1960 nián 8 yuè 22 rì jiàn jūn。 zǒng tǒng wéi wǔ zhuāng bù duì zuì gāo tǒng shuài， zuì gāo jūn shì jué cè jī gòu shì guó fáng wěi yuán huì。 zhèng fǔ shè guó fáng bù， jūn duì shè zǒng cān móu bù， xià xiá qī dà jūn qū。 shí xíng yì wù bīng yì zhì， fú yì qī liǎng nián。 2004 nián zǒng bīng lì 13620 rén。 lù jūn 11900 rén， biān yòu bù bīng bù、 gōng bīng yíng、 zǒng tǒng wèi duì、 pào bīng qún、 zhēn chá zhōng duì、 sǎn bīng lián děng bù duì； hǎi jūn 950 rén； kōng jūn 770 rén； zhǔn jūn shì bù duì 5000 rén。 xiàn rèn zǒng cān móu cháng 'ā bǔ dù lā yé · fǎ lè shàojiàng（ AbdoulayeFall）。 2005 nián， fǎ zài sài zhù jūn yòu 1130 rén。 sài jūn zhōng hái yòu shù bǎi míng fǎ guó gù wèn。 【 wén huà jiào yù】 jiào yù fā zhǎn jiào kuài。 2003 nián， xiǎo xué rù xué shuài wéi 85.1%。 chéng nián rén shí zì shuài wéi 40.2%。 4％ de shì líng rén kǒu jiē shòu gāo děng jiào yù。 quán guó yòu gāo děng yuàn xiào 10 suǒ， qí zhōng dá kā 'ěr dà xué chuàng lì yú 1957 nián（ qián shēn shì“ fǎ shǔ hēi fēi zhōu yán jiū yuàn”）， shì hēi fēi zhōu lì shǐ zuì yōu jiǔ de gāo děng xué fǔ zhī yī， shè yòu 5 gè xì hé yī xiē fù shǔ xué yuàn jí yán jiū suǒ。 zài guó wài de liú xué shēng hé yán jiū shēng yuē 5000 rén。 2004 nián jiào yù kāi zhī zhàn yù suàn zǒng zhī chū de 35%。 【 xīn wén chū bǎn】 quán guó rì bào hé zhōu bào yuē yòu 15 zhǒng。《 tài yáng bào》， 1970 nián chuàng kān， shì guó nèi zuì dà de yóu zhèng fǔ kòng zhì de fǎ wén rì bào , rì fā xíng liàng 6.5 wàn fèn。 cǐ wài， hái yòu fǎn yìng yī sī lán jiào pài guān diǎn de《 zhèn dàn》 zhōu kān， yǐ jí sī yíng bào zhǐ《 nán fāng rì bào》、《 jiě fàng de yā zǐ》、《 zhèng kè》、《 dá kā 'ěr wǎn bào》、《 jīng jì rì bào》 děng。 bào zhǐ hé zhōu kān jūn yòng fǎ wén chū bǎn。 sài nèi jiā 'ěr tōng xùn shè shì guó jiā tōng xùn shè， chéng lì yú 1957 nián。 guó nèi yòu 7 gè fēn shè， guó wài wú fēn shè。 tóng 20 gè wài guó tōng xùn shè qiān yòu xīn wén jiāo liú xié dìng。 1999 nián 8 yuè， dì yī jiā sī yíng tōng xùn shè AvaPresse chéng lì。 1973 nián jiàn lì guǎng bō diàn shì jú， 1992 nián gǎi wéi guó yíng gōng sī， míng wéi“ sài nèi jiā 'ěr guǎng bō diàn shì”， tǒng guǎn guǎng bō diàn shì gōng zuò。 cóng 1992 nián kāi shǐ， sài yǔ fǎ guó hé zuò kāi bàn tiáopín tái kě shōu tīng fǎ guó guó jì tái hé shè zài jiā péng de“ fēi zhōu dì yī tái” de guǎng bō。 guó jiā diàn shì tái de jié mù shàng bù néng fù gài quán guó， fù gài miàn jī wéi 80％。 zài dá kā 'ěr， tōng guò wèi xīng tiān xiàn， kě shōu dào měi guó CNN、 fǎ guó guó jì tái、 CanalHorizon hé TV ５ děng xī fāng diàn shì tái de jié mù。 2003 nián， sài quán guó gòng yòu 672 gè wǎng zhàn， 22.5 wàn wǎng mín， 21.7 wàn tái gè rén diàn nǎo。 【 duì wài guān xì】 fèng xíng quán fāng wèi hé bù jié méng zhèng cè。 rèn wéi guó jì guān xì mín zhù huà hé duō yuán huà shì shì jiè wěn dìng de zhòng yào yīn sù。 jī jí zhù zhāng wéi hù fēi zhōu tuán jié， tuī dòng fēi zhōu jīng jì yī tǐ huà jí nán běi duì huà、 nán nán hé zuò hé jiàn lì guó jì zhèng zhì jīng jì xīn zhì xù。 zhòng diǎn bǎo chí yǔ fǎ guó chuán tǒng“ tè shū guān xì”， tóng shí jī jí fā zhǎn tóng měi guó guān xì。 zhòng shì fā zhǎn tóng lín guó de guān xì， jī jí cānyù guó jì hé dì qū shì wù。 xiàn wéi lián hé guó、 shì jiè mào yì zǔ zhì、 bù jié méng yùn dòng、 fǎ yǔ guó jiā zǔ zhì、 yī sī lán huì yì zǔ zhì、 fēi zhōu lián méng、 xī fēi guó jiā jīng jì gòng tóng tǐ hé sà hè lè - sǎ hā lā guó jiā gòng tóng tǐ děng zǔ zhì chéng yuán guó。 tóng yuē 120 gè guó jiā jiàn lì liǎo wài jiāo guān xì。 【 tóng zhōng guó de guān xì】 1971 nián 12 yuè 7 rì zhōng sài jiàn jiāo。 1996 nián 1 yuè 3 rì， sài zhèng fǔ xuān bù yǔ tái wān“ fù jiāo”。 9 rì， wǒ xuān bù zhōng zhǐ tóng sài wài jiāo guān xì。 2005 nián 10 yuè 25 rì， zhōng guó wài jiāo bù cháng lǐ zhào xīng yǔ sài wài jiāo guó wù bù cháng xiè hè · dì dí yà nèi · jiā dí 'ào zài běi jīng qiān shǔ fù jiāo gōng bào， liǎng guó huī fù dà shǐ jí wài jiāo guān xì。 2005 nián , zhōng sài mào yì zǒng 'é wéi 1.41 yì měi yuán， qí zhōng zhōng fāng chū kǒu 1.33 yì měi yuán， jìn kǒu 800 wàn měi yuán。 zhōng guó zhù sài nèi jiā 'ěr dà shǐ： lú shā yě。 guǎn zhǐ： RUE18PROLONGEE， FANNRESIDENCE,DAKAR,REPUBLIQUEDUSENEGAL。 xìn xiāng： B.P.342。 guó jiā dì qū hào： 00221。 diàn huà： 8647775。 chuán zhēn： 8647780。 sài nèi jiā 'ěr zhù huá dà shǐ： pà pà · hā lì lú · fǎ lè（ PapaKhalilouFall）。 guǎn zhǐ： zàn wú。 【 tóng fǎ guó de guān xì】 1960 nián 6 yuè 19 rì jiàn jiāo。 liǎng guó bǎo chí zhe chuán tǒng de“ tè shū guān xì”。 fǎ shì sài zuì dà de tóu zī hé mào yì huǒ bàn， sài shì huò dé fǎ yuán zuì duō de fēi zhōu guó jiā zhī yī。 liǎng guó lǐng dǎo rén duō cì hù fǎng。 2003 nián 6 yuè， sài kè zǒng lǐ fǎng fǎ。 2004 nián 2 yuè hé 7 yuè， wǎ dé liǎng cì fǎng fǎ。 8 yuè， wǎ dé fù fǎ chū xí fǎ pǔ luó wàng sī dēng lù 60 zhōu nián qìng zhù huó dòng。 7 yuè， fǎ wài cháng bā ní yé fǎng sài。 tóng nián， fǎ miǎn chú sài 1620 yì fēi láng de zhài wù。 2005 nián 2 yuè， fǎ zǒng tǒng xī lā kè fǎng sài。 3 yuè hé 5 yuè， wǎ dé zǒng tǒng liǎng cì fǎng fǎ。 2006 nián 7 yuè， sà lè zǒng lǐ fǎng fǎ。 sài fǎ qiān yòu jūn shì xié dìng。 fǎ zài jué dìng jiǎn shǎo zài sài zhù jūn de tóng shí jiā dà duì sài jūn de jì shù yuán zhù， bìng duō cì yǔ bāo kuò sài zài nèi de fēi zhōu guó jiā huò dān dú yǔ sài jǔ xíng lián hé jūn shì yǎn xí。 【 tóng měi guó de guān xì】 1960 nián 6 yuè 20 rì jiàn jiāo。 jìn nián lái， sài měi guān xì yòu jiào dà fā zhǎn。 liǎng guó qiān yòu xiāng hù gǔ lì hé bǎo hù tóu zī xié dìng。 měi duì sài yuán zhù hé tóu zī zhú nián zēng jiā， yǐ chéng wéi sài zhù yào mào yì huǒ bàn zhī yī。 2003 nián 7 yuè， bù shí zǒng tǒng fǎng sài， biǎo shì jīn hòu 3 nián měi jiāng xiàng sài tí gōng 650 wàn měi yuán， yòng yú shuāng fāng zài xìn xī lǐng yù de hé zuò。 2004 nián 6 yuè， wǎ dé fǎng měi。 tóng yuè， měi xiàng sài tí gōng 160 yì fēi láng， yòng yú jì xù zī zhù sài 1998 zhì 2006 nián de jiǎn pín zhàn lüè huó dòng。 1998 zhì 2004 nián， měi duì sài yuán zhù zǒng 'é lěi jì dá 2.01 yì měi yuán。 jìn nián， měi guó jiā qiáng liǎo tóng sài de jūn shì hé zuò。 2003 nián， měi xiàng sài tí gōng liǎo 140 wàn měi yuán jūn shì yuán zhù。 【 tóng gāng bǐ yà de guān xì】 1965 nián 3 yuè 18 rì jiàn jiāo。 1982 nián 2 yuè， sài gāng tōng guò xié yì zhèng shì jié chéng bāng lián， liǎng guó zǒng tǒng dí wū fū hé jiǎ wǎ lā fēn bié rèn bāng lián zhèng fù zǒng tǒng。 1989 nián 9 yuè， bāng lián jiě tǐ。 1991 nián 5 yuè 25 rì， sài gāng liǎng guó wài cháng zài bān zhū 'ěr qiān shǔ liǎo“ sài gāng yǒu hǎo hé zuò tiáo yuē”。 1998 nián yǐ lái， gāng zǒng tǒng jiǎ méi jí qí zhèng fǔ yī zhí zài chū miàn tiáojiě kǎ sà máng sī wèn tí。 2002 nián， liǎng guó zǒng tǒng hù fǎng。 2004 nián 4 yuè， gāng zǒng tǒng fù sài chū xí sài dú lì rì qìng zhù huó dòng。 7 yuè， wǎ dé zǒng tǒng fǎng gāng。 10 yuè， gāng fù zǒng tǒng sài yì dí yǔ sài zǒng lǐ sà lè jǔ xíng sài gāng cuō shāng wěi yuán huì huì yì， shāng tán liǎng guó hé zuò shì yí。 2005 nián， yīn biān jìng shuì shōu wèn tí， liǎng guó guān xì yī dù jǐn zhāng。 10 yuè， jīng ní rì lì yà zǒng tǒng tiáojiě， gāng zǒng tǒng jiǎ méi fǎng sài， liǎng guó guān xì yòu suǒ huǎn hé。 11 yuè， jiā dí 'ào wài cháng fǎng gāng。 【 tóng jǐ nèi yà bǐ shào de guān xì】 1974 nián 9 yuè 24 rì jiàn jiāo。 liǎng guó cún zài zhí mín tǒng zhì shí qī yí liú xià lái de lǐng hǎi jiū fēn。 wèicǐ， shuāng fāng jìn xíng liǎo duō nián tán pàn。 1989 nián 7 yuè 31 rì， rì nèi wǎ zhòng cái fǎ tíng zuò chū yòu lì yú sài nèi jiā 'ěr de cái jué。 cǐ hòu， liǎng guó biān fáng bù duì zài zhēng yì dì qū duō cì fā shēng chōng tū。 1991 nián 11 yuè， hǎi yá guó jì fǎ tíng cái dìng rì nèi wǎ zhòng cái fǎ tíng de cái jué yòu xiào。 jǐ bǐ tóng sài nán bù yào qiú dú lì díkǎ sà máng sī dì qū jiē rǎng， céng shù cì pài rén chū xí yòu guān kǎ sà máng sī wèn tí de dì qū huì yì jí tán pàn， bìng cù chéng sài zhèng fǔ yǔ kǎ dì qū fǎn zhèng fǔ wǔ zhuāng kǎ sà máng sī mín zhù lì liàng yùn dòng dá chéng tíng huǒ xié yì。 shuāng fāng yòu biān jìng dìng qī jiē chù jī zhì。 1998 nián 6 yuè， jǐ bǐ fā shēng bīng biàn， sài yìng yāo chū bīng zhī yuán jǐ bǐ zhèng fǔ jūn。 1999 nián 1 yuè qǐ cóng jǐ bǐ chè jūn。 2003 nián 9 yuè hé 2004 nián 4 yuè， wǎ dé zǒng tǒng liǎng cì fǎng wèn jǐ bǐ。 2005 nián 7 yuè， jǐ bǐ guò dù zǒng tǒng luó sà fǎng sài。 8 yuè， jǐ bǐ dāng xuǎn zǒng tǒng wéi 'āi lā duì sài jìn xíng sī rén fǎng wèn。 【 tóng máo lǐ tǎ ní yà de guān xì】 1960 nián 11 yuè 28 rì jiàn jiāo。 1978 nián， liǎng guó dá chéng biān jiè xiāng hù liàng jiě xié yì。 1989 nián 4 yuè， liǎng guó yīn biān mín chōng tū niàng chéng dà guī mó xiāng hù qū gǎn qiáo mín shì jiàn。 8 yuè， liǎng guó duàn jué wài jiāo guān xì。 1992 nián 4 yuè， liǎng guó fù jiāo， guān xì zhú jiàn huī fù zhèng cháng。 1998 nián， liǎng guó zài dù fā shēng xiǎo guī mó biān jiè chōng tū。 2000 nián liǎng guó zài kāi fā、 lì yòng sài nèi jiā 'ěr hé shuǐ zī yuán wèn tí shàng chū xiàn fēn qí， guān xì yī dù qū yú jǐn zhāng。 6 yuè， wǎ dé zǒng tǒng fù máo tǎ jìn xíng fǎng wèn， liǎng guó guān xì zhú bù huǎn hé。 2003 nián 8 yuè， wǎ dé zǒng tǒng fǎng wèn máo tǎ。 2004 nián 6 yuè， máo tǎ tóng yì yǔ sài kāi zhǎn yú yè hé zuò， bìng yǔn xǔ sài yú mín zài qí lǐng hǎi bǔ yú。 7 yuè， máo tǎ、 sài yǔ mó luò gē jué dìng jiàn lì sān fāng dìng qī xié diào jī zhì， yǐ jiā qiáng sān guó hǎi yùn hé zuò。 2005 nián 2 yuè， máo tǎ zǒng tǒng tǎ yà fǎng sài， 8 yuè， máo tǎ zhèng quán gēngdié hòu， máo tǎ wài cháng 'ài hā mài dé fǎng sài bìng zhuǎn jiāo máo tǎ lǐng dǎo rén、 jūn wěi huì zhù xí wǎ 'ěr zhì wǎ dé zǒng tǒng de xìn。 10 yuè， máo tǎ zǒng lǐ bù bā kǎ 'ěr fǎng sài。 mù qián zhì liú zài sài jìng nèi de máo tǎ nànmín yuē yòu 6 wàn rén。 Archaeological findings throughout the area indicate that Senegal was inhabited in prehistoric times. Eastern Senegal was once part of the Empire of Ghana. It was founded by the Tukulor in the middle valley of the Senegal River. Islam, the dominant religion in Senegal, first came to the region in the 11th century. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the area came under the influence of the Mandingo empires to the east; the Jolof Empire of Senegal also was founded during this time. Various European powers—Portugal, the Netherlands, and Great Britain—competed for trade in the area from the 15th century onward, until in 1677, France ended up in possession of what had become an important slave trade departure point—the infamous island of Gorée next to modern Dakar. Millions of West African people were shipped from here. It was only in the 1850s that the French began to expand their foothold onto the Senegalese mainland, at the expense of native kingdoms such as Waalo, Cayor, Baol, and Jolof. In January 1959 Senegal and the French Sudan merged to form the Mali Federation, which became fully independent on June 20, 1960, as a result of the independence and the transfer of power agreement signed with France on April 4, 1960. Due to internal political difficulties, the Federation broke up on August 20. Senegal and Sudan (renamed the Republic of Mali) proclaimed independence. Léopold Senghor was elected Senegal's first president in September 1960. After the breakup of the Mali Federation, President Senghor and Prime Minister Mamadou Dia governed together under a parliamentary system. In December 1962 their political rivalry led to an attempted coup by Prime Minister Dia. Although this was put down without bloodshed, Dia was arrested and imprisoned, and Senegal adopted a new constitution that consolidated the president's power. In 1980 President Senghor decided to retire from politics, and he handed power over in 1981 to his handpicked successor, Abdou Diouf. Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal confederation of Senegambia on February 1 1982. However, the union was dissolved in 1989. Despite peace talks, a southern separatist group in the Casamance region has clashed sporadically with government forces since 1982. Senegal has a long history of participating in international peacekeeping. Abdou Diouf was president between 1981 and 2000. He encouraged broader political participation, reduced government involvement in the economy, and widened Senegal's diplomatic engagements, particularly with other developing nations. Domestic politics on occasion spilled over into street violence, border tensions, and a violent separatist movement in the southern region of the Casamance. Nevertheless, Senegal's commitment to democracy and human rights strengthened. Diouf served four terms as president. In the presidential election of 2000, opposition leader Abdoulaye Wade defeated Diouf in an election deemed free and fair by international observers. Senegal experienced its second peaceful transition of power, and its first from one political party to another. On December 30, 2004 President Abdoulaye Wade announced that he would sign a peace treaty with the separatist group in the Casamance region. This, however, has yet to be implemented. There was a round of talks in 2005, but the results did not yet yield a resolution. Politics Abdoulaye Wade, current president of Senegal.Main article: Politics of Senegal Senegal is a republic with a powerful presidency; the president is elected every seven years, amended in 2001 to every five years, by universal adult suffrage. The current president is Abdoulaye Wade, re-elected in March 2007. Senegal has more than 80 political parties. The unicameral National Assembly has 120 members elected separately from the president. An independent judiciary also exists in Senegal. The nation's highest courts that deal with business issues are the constitutional council and the court of justice, members of which are named by the president. Today Senegal has a democratic political culture, being one of the more successful post-colonial democratic transitions in Africa. Local administrators are appointed by, and responsible to, the president. The marabouts, religious leaders of the various Senegalese Muslim brotherhoods, also exercise a strong political influence in the country, most notably the leader of the Mouride brotherhood, Serigne Mouhamadou Lamine Bara Mbacke. Geography Senegal is located on the west of the African continent. The Senegalese landscape consists mainly of the rolling sandy plains of the western Sahel which rise to foothills in the southeast. Here is also found Senegal's highest point, an otherwise unnamed feature near Nepen Diakha at 584 m (1926 ft). The northern border is formed by the Senegal River, other rivers include the Gambia and Casamance Rivers. The capital Dakar lies on the Cap-Vert peninsula, the westernmost point of continental Africa. The local climate is tropical with well-defined dry and humid seasons that result from northeast winter winds and southwest summer winds. Dakar's annual rainfall of about 600 mm (24 in) occurs between June and October when maximum temperatures average 27 °C (81 °F); December to February minimum temperatures are about 17 °C (63°F). Interior temperatures can be substantially higher than along the coast, and rainfall increases substantially farther south, exceeding 1.5 m (59.1 in) annually in some areas. The far interior of the country, in the region of Tambacounda, particularly on the border or Mali, temperatures can reach as high as 130 °F (54 °C). The Cape Verde islands lie some 560 kilometers (348 mi) off the Senegalese coast, but Cap Vert ("Cape Green") is a maritime placemark, set at the foot of "Les Mammelles" , a 105-metre (344 ft) cliff resting at one end of the Cap Vert peninsula onto which is settled Senegal's capital Dakar, and 1 kilometre (1,100 yd) south of the "Pointe des Almadies", the western-most point in Africa. Population of major cities City Population Dakar 1,998,635 Touba 428,059 Thiès 240,152 Rufisque 187,203 Saint-Louis 178,782 Kaolack 173,782 M'Bour 170,699 Ziguinchor 130,750 Regions, departments, and arrondissements Regions of SenegalMain articles: Regions of Senegal, Departments of Senegal, and Arrondissements of Senegal Senegal is subdivided into 11 regions, each administered by a Conseil Régional (Regional Council) elected by population weight at the Arrondissement level. The country is further subdivided by 34 Départements, 103 Arrondissements (neither of which have administrative function) and by Collectivités Locales, which elect administrative officers. Regional capitals have the same name as their respective regions: Dakar Diourbel Fatick Kaolack Kolda Louga Matam Saint-Louis Tambacounda Thiès Ziguinchor Economy Grand Market in KaolackMain article: Economy of Senegal In January 1994 Senegal undertook a bold and ambitious economic reform programme with the support of the international donor community. This reform began with a 50 percent devaluation of Senegal's currency, the CFA franc, which was linked at a fixed rate to the former French franc and now to the euro. Government price controls and subsidies have been steadily dismantled. After seeing its economy contract by 2.1 percent in 1993, Senegal made an important turnaround, thanks to the reform programme, with real growth in GDP averaging 5 percent annually during the years 1995–2001. Annual inflation had been pushed down to less than 1 percent, but rose to an estimated 3.3 percent in 2001. Investment rose steadily from 13.8 percent of GDP in 1993 to 16.5 percent in 1997. The main industries include food processing, mining, cement, artificial fertilizer, chemicals, textiles, refining imported petroleum, and tourism. Exports include fish, chemicals, cotton, fabrics, groundnuts, and calcium phosphate, and the principal foreign market is India at 26.7 percent of exports (as of 1998). Other foreign markets include the US, Italy, and the UK. As a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), Senegal is working toward greater regional integration with a unified external tariff. Senegal also realized full Internet connectivity in 1996, creating a mini-boom in information technology-based services. Private activity now accounts for 82 percent of GDP. On the negative side, Senegal faces deep-seeded urban problems of chronic unemployment, socioeconomic disparity, juvenile delinquency, and drug addiction. Demographics Senegal has a population of over 11 million, about 70 percent of whom live in rural areas. Density in these areas varies from about 77 inhabitants per square kilometre (199/sq mi) in the west-central region to 2 inhabitants per square kilometre (5/sq mi) in the arid eastern section. According to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Senegal has a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 23,800 in 2007. The majority of this population (20,200) is from Mauritania. Refugees live in N'dioum, Dodel, and small settlements along the Senegal River valley. Ethnicity Senegal has a wide variety of ethnic groups and, as in most West African countries, several languages are widely spoken. The Wolof are the largest single ethnic group in Senegal at 43 percent; the Peul and Toucouleur (also known as Halpulaar, Fulbe or Fula) (24 percent) are the second biggest group, followed by others that include the Serer (15 percent), Lebou (10 percent), Jola (4 percent), Mandinka (3 percent), Maures or Naarkajors, Soninke, Bassari and many smaller communities (9 percent). (See also the Bedick ethnic group.) About 50,000 Europeans (1 percent) (mostly French) as well as smaller numbers of Mauritanians and Lebanese reside in Senegal, mainly in the cities. Also located primarily in urban settings are the minority Vietnamese communities. From the time of earliest contact between Europeans and Africans along the coast of Senegal, particularly after the establishment of coastal trading posts during the fifteenth century, communities of mixed African and European (mostly French and Portuguese) origin have thrived. Cape Verdeans living in urban areas and in the Casamance region represent another recognized community of mixed African and European background. French is the official language, used regularly by a minority of Senegalese educated in a system styled upon the colonial-era schools of French origin (Koranic schools are even more popular, but Arabic is not widely spoken outside of this context of recitation). Most people also speak their own ethnic language while, especially in Dakar, Wolof is the lingua franca. Pulaar is spoken by the Peuls and Toucouleur. Portuguese Creole is a prominent minority language in Ziguinchor, regional capital of the Casamance, where some residents speak Kriol, primarily spoken in Guinea-Bissau. Cape Verdeans speak their native creole, Cape Verdean Creole, and standard Portuguese. Religion The Mosquée de la Divinité in Ouakam Ritual in Kaolack (1967)Islam is the predominant religion, practiced by approximately 95 percent of the country's population; the Christian community, at 4 percent of the population, includes Roman Catholics and diverse Protestant denominations. There is also a 1 percent population who maintain animism in their beliefs, particularly in the southeastern region of the country. Islam Islamic communities are generally organized around one of several Islamic Sufi orders or brotherhoods, headed by a khalif (xaliifa in Wolof, from Arabic khalīfa), who is usually a direct descendant of the group’s founder. The two largest and most prominent Sufi orders in Senegal are the Tijaniyya, whose largest sub-groups are based in the cities of Tivaouane and Kaolack, and the Murīdiyya (Murid), based in the city of Touba. The Halpulaar, a widespread ethnic group found along the Sahel from Chad to Senegal, representing 20 percent of the Senegalese population, were the first to be converted to Islam. The Halpulaar, composed of various Fula people groups, named Peuls and Toucouleurs in Senegal. Many of the Toucouleurs, or sedentary Halpulaar of the Senegal River Valley in the north, converted to Islam around a millennium ago and later contributed to Islam's propagation throughout Senegal. Most communities south of the Senegal River Valley, however, were not thoroughly Islamized until the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. During the mid-19th century, Islam became a banner of resistance against the traditional aristocracies and French colonialism, and Tijānī leaders Al-Hajj Umar Tall and Màbba Jaxu Ba established short-lived but influential Islamic states but were both killed in battle and their empires than annexed by the French. The spread of formal Quranic school (called daara in Wolof) during the colonial period increased largely through the effort of the Tijaniyya. In Murid communities, which place more emphasis on the work ethic than on literary Quranic studies, the term daara often applies to work groups devoted to working for a religious leader. Other Islamic groups include the much older Qādiriyya order and the Senegalese Laayeen order, which is prominent among the coastal Lebu. Today, most Senegalese children study at daaras for several years, memorizing as much of the Qur'an as they can. Some of them continue their religious studies at informal Arabic schools (majlis) or at the growing number of private Arabic schools and publicly funded Franco-Arabic schools. Christianity Small Roman Catholic communities are mainly found in coastal Serer, Jola, Mankanya and Balant populations, and in eastern Senegal among the Bassari and Coniagui. In Dakar Catholic and Protestant rites are practiced by the Lebanese, Capeverdian, European, and American immigrant population, and among certain Africans of other countries. Although Islam is Senegal's majority religion, Senegal's first president, Léopold Sédar Senghor, was a Catholic Serer. Other religions Animism is the other main religion practiced. There are also small numbers of adherents of Judaism and Buddhism. Judaism is followed by members of several ethnic groups, while Buddhism is followed by a number of Vietnamese. Culture Senegal's musical heritage is better known than that of most African countries, due to the popularity of mbalax, which is a form of Wolof percussive music; it has been popularized by Youssou N'Dour. Sabar drumming is especially popular. |
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