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埃塞俄比亚 Ethiopia 埃及 Egypt 突尼斯 Tunisia 阿尔及利亚 Algeria 尼日利亚 Nigeria 塞内加尔 Senegal 南非 South Africa 安哥拉 Angola 贝宁 Benin 布基纳法索 Burkina Faso 布隆迪 Republic of Burundi 博茨瓦纳 Republic of Botswana 赤道几内亚 Equatorial Guinea 多哥 Togo 厄立特里亚 Eritrea 佛得角 Republic of Cape Verde 冈比亚 Gambia 刚果 Republic of the Congo 刚果民主共和国 Democratic Republic of Congo 吉布提 Djibouti 几内亚 Guinea 几内亚比绍 Guinea-Bissau 加纳 Republic of Ghana 加蓬 Gabon 津巴布韦 Zimbabwe 喀麦隆 Republic of Cameroon 科摩罗 Comoros 科特迪瓦 Ivory Coast 肯尼亚 Republic of Kenya 莱索托 Kingdom of Lesotho 利比亚 Libya 利比里亚 Republic of Liberia 卢旺达 Republic of Rwanda 马达加斯加 Madagascar 马拉维 Malawi 马里 Republic of Mali 毛里塔尼亚 Mauritania 毛里求斯 Republic of Mauritius 摩洛哥 Kingdom of Morocco 莫桑比克 the Republic of Mozambique 纳米比亚 The Republic of Namibia 尼日尔 Niger 塞拉利昂 the Republic of Sierra Leone 塞舌尔 Seychelles 斯威士兰 Swaziland 苏丹 Sudan 索马里 Somalia 圣多美和普林西比 Sao Tome and Principe 坦桑尼亚 Tanzania 乌干达 The Republic of Uganda 赞比亚 The Republic of Zambia 乍得 the Republic of Chad 中非共和国 The Central African Republic |
| āi sài 'é bǐ yà Ethiopia shǒudōu:yà de sī yà bèi bā guógūdàimǎ: et |
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āi sài 'é bǐ yà lián bāng mín zhù gòng hé guó（ jiù chēng “ ā bǐ xī ní yà ”（ Abyssinia） shì yī gè wèi yú fēi zhōu dōng běi de guó jiā。 hé yī bān fēi zhōu guó jiā bù tóng， āi sài 'é bǐ yà zài dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn bèi yì dà lì rù qīn（ 1936-1941 nián） zhī qián， yī zhí wéi chí qí gǔ lǎo de jūn zhù hé zhì dù， bìng wèi yòu shòu dào zhí mín zhù yì làng cháo de tūn shì。 1974 nián， yī cì jūn shì liúxiě zhèng biàn jiāng 1930 nián dài yǐ lái yī zhí tǒng zhì 'āi sài 'é bǐ yà de huáng dì hǎi 'ěr · sài lā xī yī shì（ HaileSelassieI） tuī fān yǐ hòu， āi sài 'é bǐ yà gǎi wéi fèng xíng shè huì zhù yì。
āi sài 'é bǐ yà zài 1980 nián dài zài cì chéng wéi shì jiè de jiāo diǎn。 yóu yú xīn zhèng fǔ de jīng jì zhèng cè duì guó jiā zào chéng yán zhòng de sǔn hài， āi sài 'é bǐ yà chū xiàn qián suǒ wèi yòu de jī huāng。 gè guó wèile shū jiě dāng dì zāi qíng 'ér jǔ bàn liǎo yī gè chāo dà xíng yǎn chàng huì， bìng wéi dà huì zuò liǎo yī shǒu zhù tí qū“ Wearetheworld”。 āi sài 'é bǐ yà wèn tí shǐ shì jiè guān zhù dào dì sān shì jiè wǔ qì fàn làn， yǐ jí fù yù guó jiā de yā bī zào chéng de jīng jì shī héng， yǐn zhì 1980 nián dài de lǜ sè yùn dòng sī cháo。 dì lǐ āi sài 'é bǐ yà miàn jī dá 109.7 wàn píng fāng gōng lǐ， wèi yú fēi zhōu dōng bù guǎng kuò de 'āi sài 'é bǐ yà gāo yuán， 1993 nián 5 yuè 'è lì tè lǐ yà shěng dú lì jiàn guó zhī hòu， chéng wéi yī gè nèi lù guó， lín guó yòu jí bù tí、 è lì tè lǐ yà、 sū dān、 kěn ní yà hé suǒ mǎ lǐ。 shǒu dū zài yà de sī yà bèi bā。 rén kǒu yǔ rén zhǒng āi sài 'é bǐ yà de rén kǒu yòu 7740 wàn。 quán guó yuē yòu 80 duō gè mín zú， qí zhōng 'ào luó mò zú rén zhàn 54%， ā mǔ hā lā zú 24%， tí gé léi zú 5%。 qí tā hái yòu 'ā fǎ 'ěr zú、 suǒ mǎ lǐ zú、 gǔ lā gé zú、 xī dá mò zú hé wò lāi tǎ zú děng。 ā mǔ hā lā yǔ wéi lián bāng gōng zuò yǔ yán， tōng yòng yīng yǔ， zhù yào mín zú yǔ yán yòu 'ào luó mò yǔ、 tí gé léi yǔ。 jū mín 35 ％ xìn fèng yī sī lán jiào， 40% xìn yǎng 'āi sài 'é bǐ yà zhèng jiào， shǎo shù rén xìn fèng xīn jiào、 tiān zhù jiào hé yuán shǐ zōng jiào。 lì shǐ āi sài 'é bǐ yà shì yī gè gǔ lǎo de guó jiā， jiù chēng 'ā bǐ xī ní yà， céng jīng shì dōng fēi yī dà qiáng guó， lǐng tǔ dá zhì xiàn jīn de sū dān hé suǒ mǎ lǐ。 jiù yuē shèng jīng yě jìzǎi guò 'āi sài 'é bǐ yà céng jīng chū guò yī wèi měi yàn de nǚ wáng， míng jiào shì bā nǚ wáng， céng shàng yé lù sǎ lěng xiàng suǒ luó mén wáng wèn zhì huì， chuán shuō liǎng rén fā shēng guān xì， dàn xià yī zǐ， xiàn jīn 'āi sài 'é bǐ yà de suǒ luó mén wáng cháo de guó wáng hé guì zú， xuān chēng yōng yòu shì bā nǚ wáng hé suǒ luó mén wáng de xuè tǒng。 xiàn zài， hái yòu yī xiǎo bù fèn de yóu tài rén hái dài zhe fēi zhōu xuè tǒng， yòu zhe yǒu hēi de pí fū， ér 'āi sài 'é bǐ yà de yǔ yán yě hé jiù yuē shèng jīng hòu qī shǐ yòng de wén zì hěn jiē jìn。 xiàn jīn gāi guó de dà bù fèn rén kǒu dōushì jī dū tú， shǐ gāi guó zài lín jìn de yī sī lán guó jiā dāng zhōng xiǎn dé hěn tū chū， bìng bù shí chéng wéi chōng tū de yuán tóu。 cóng 'āi sài 'é bǐ yà dú lì chū qù de 'è lì tè lǐ yà， qí zhù yào rén kǒu jiù shì yī sī lán jiào tú。 cǐ wài， āi sài 'é bǐ yà wéi fēi zhōu zuì wǎn shòu zhí mín zhù yì qīn rǎo zhī guó jiā， zài fēi zhōu duì kàng zhí mín dà guó de zhàn zhēng hé fǎn kàng yòu zhī chí de zuò yòng， yǐ xià shì tā duì 'ōu lù guó jiā de yī xiē zhàn shì： 1885 nián： dì yī cì yì dà lì héng 'āi sài 'é bǐ yà zhàn zhēng， cǐ zhàn lìng 'è lì tè lǐ yà tuō lí 'āi sài 'é bǐ yà， gāi dì chéng wéi yì dà lì de zhí mín dì。 1895 nián： dì 'èr cì yì dà lì héng 'āi sài 'é bǐ yà zhàn zhēng， cǐ zhàn shì yì dà lì rén de yán zhòng shī bài， bù dàn shǐ 'āi sài 'é bǐ yà tuō lí zhí mín zhě de mó zhǎng， gèng lìng yì dà lì péi cháng yī qiān wàn lǐ lā gěi 'āi sài 'é bǐ yà。 qí zhōng 1895 nián de dì 'èr cì yì dà lì héng 'āi sài 'é bǐ yà zhàn zhēng shì 'āi sài 'é bǐ yà zài wǎng hòu shù shí nián jiān yuǎn lí dì guó zhù yì de yī zhàn。 yǔ yán guān fāng yǔ yán： ā mǔ hā lā yǔ qí tā yǔ yán： tí gé léi yǔ、 ā lā bó yǔ、 yīng yǔ zhèng zhì 1994 nián 12 yuè， zhì xiàn huì yì tōng guò《 āi sài 'é bǐ yà lián bāng mín zhù gòng hé guó xiàn fǎ》， jué dìng gǎi guó tǐ wéi lián bāng zhì； shí xíng sān quán fēn lì hé yì huì（ nèi gé） zhì， zhèng jiào fēn lí。 zǒng tǒng wèiguó jiā yuán shǒu， yóu rén mín dài biǎo yuàn tí míng， jīng lián bāng yuàn hé rén mín dài biǎo yuàn sān fēn zhī 'èr duō shù tóng yì hòu tōng guò， rèn qī wéi ６ nián， zuì duō kě lián rèn liǎng jiè。 zǒng lǐ hé nèi gé yōng yòu zuì gāo zhí xíng quán lì， yóu duō shù dǎng huò duō dǎng lián hé zǔ gé， jí tǐ xiàng rén mín dài biǎo yuàn fù zé。 lián bāng yì huì yóu rén mín dài biǎo yuàn hé lián bāng yuàn zǔ chéng。 rén mín dài biǎo yuàn xì lián bāng lì fǎ hé zuì gāo quán lì jī gòu， yóu xuǎn mín zhí xuǎn chǎn shēng de 547 míng yì yuán zǔ chéng， shǎo shù mín zú zhì shǎo zhàn 20 xí， rèn qī wǔ nián。 lián bāng yuàn yōng yòu xiàn fǎ jiě shì quán， yǐ jí cái jué mín zú zì jué huò fēn lí、 gè zhōu jiān jiū fēn děng quán lì， yóu dà yuē 117 míng gè mín zú dài biǎo zǔ chéng， měi gè mín zú zhì shǎo yòu yī wèi dài biǎo， cǐ wài měi bǎi wàn rén kǒu kě zēng xuǎn yī míng dài biǎo， yóu gè zhōu yì huì tuī xuǎn huò rén mín zhí xuǎn chǎn shēng， rèn qī wǔ nián。 āi gé zhèn zhí zhèng yǐ lái， chuàng jiàn yǐ mín zú qū yù zì zhì wéi jī chǔ de lián bāng zhèng tǐ， yǐ fā zhǎn jīng jì wéi zhòng diǎn， zhù zhòng xié diào wěn dìng、 fā zhǎn hé mín zú tuán jié sān zhě jiān guān xì。 2001 nián 'āi gé zhèn“ sì dà” tōng guò xīn dǎng zhāng、 dǎng gāng， què lì liǎo gè mín zú píng děng cānyù guó jiā shì wù de“ gé mìng mín zhù” hé“ zī běn zhù yì zì yóu shì chǎng jīng jì” de zhèng jīng fā zhǎn fāng xiàng。 2005 nián 5 yuè， āi sài jǔ xíng dì sān cì yì huì xuǎn jǔ。 āi gé zhèn suī rán jì xù yíng dé zhèng fǔ zǔ gé quán， dàn yì huì xí wèi liú shī jìn sān fēn zhī yī。 fǎn duì dǎng yǐ dà xuǎn cún zài wǔ bì wéi yóu jù bù chéng rèn xuǎn jǔ jiēguǒ， zài shǒu dū děng zhù yào chéng shì shān dòng bào lì huó dòng， dàn 'āi sài zhèng fǔ kòng zhì jú shì néng lì jiào qiáng， guó nèi xíng shì zǒng tǐ wěn dìng。 xīn zhèng fǔ chéng lì hòu， jī jí yǔ fǎn duì dǎng jiē chù、 duì huà， zhì lì yú zhèng zhì hé jiě， zhì dìng hé shí shī dì 'èr gè wǔ nián fā zhǎn jìhuà， zhí zhèng dì wèi dé dào gǒng gù。 zài 2006 nián 9 yuè jǔ xíng de 'āi gé zhèn dì liù cì quán guó dài biǎo dà huì shàng， méi lāi sī zài cì dāng xuǎn zhù xí。 2007 nián yǐ lái， zhèng fǔ nǔ lì tuī dòng zhèng zhì yǔ shè huì hé xié， cù jìn nèi bù wěn dìng， dà shè fǎn duì dǎng lǐng dǎo rén， jī běn shí xiàn zhèng dǎng hé jiě； shēn huà gè xiàng gǎi gé， jiā qiáng néng lì hé liáng zhì jiàn shè， qǔ dé yī dìng chéng xiào。 mù qián， āi sài zhèng jú zǒng tǐ bǎo chí wěn dìng， dàn fǎn zhèng fǔ wǔ zhuāng zài biān yuǎn dì qū zhì zào kǒng bù xí jī shì jiàn， jú bù 'ān quán jiǎo shì yòu suǒ 'è huà。 jīng jì jīng jì luò hòu。 nóng mù yè rén kǒu zhàn quán guó rén kǒu de bǎi fēn zhī bā shí。 āi sài 'é bǐ yà shì kā fēi de yuán chǎn dì， kā fēi zhì jīn réng shì zhòng yào de jīng jì zuò wù， nián chǎn liàng yī bān zài 20 wàn dūn zuǒ yòu， qí tā jīng jì zuò wù yòu yóu cài zǐ、 dòu lèi、 xiǎo mài、 yù mǐ、 gāo liáng děng。 liáng shí jī běn zìjǐ。 xùmù yè bǐ jiào fā dá， shēng chù cún lán liàng jū fēi zhōu shǒu wèi。 gōng yè yòu fǎng zhì、 jiàn zhù fá mù、 shuǐ ní hé nóng chù chǎn pǐn jiā gōng， xīn jiàn yòu liàn gāng、 shí yóu tí liàn děng。 zhù yào mào yì duì xiàng yòu měi guó、 rì běn、 é luó sī、 yì dà lì， chū kǒu kā fēi、 niú yáng pí、 yóu cài zǐ děng。 tiě lù zǒng cháng 781 gōng lǐ， gōng lù 24,000 gōng lǐ， qí zhōng yuē 9,000 gōng lǐ kě quán nián tōng xíng。 quán guó tóng gōng diào chá de jiēguǒ biǎo shì， guó jiā de zǒng 'ér tóng rén kǒu nián líng zǔ de 5-17 shì 18,197,783。 zài cǐ wài miàn， 9,483,611 gè hái zǐ cānyù yòu shēng chǎn lì de huó dòng， bāo kuò de 52.1% zài tè dìng nián líng tóng gōng de 'ér tóng rén kǒu zài 'āi sài 'é bǐ yà 10 xiǎo zǔ。 yóu hái zǐ de jiào yù zhuàng tài de fèi zhǐ chā bié dài yù de shù jù nián suì 5-17 nián biǎo míng 43.9% chū xí liǎo zhèng guī jiào yù， 12.2% chū xí liǎo bù jū xíng shì de jiào yù， 56.1% cóng wèi shàng xué。 dāng qián shàng xué xiào de， 87.8% chū xí liǎo zhèng guī jiào yù。 chū xí zhèng guī jiào yù de hái zǐ de duō shù wán chéng liǎo jǐn chū jí jiào yù。 hái zǐ de dāng qián xué xiào zhuàng tài biàn lǎo 5-17 nián biǎo míng duō shù rén， dà yuē 61.7%， bù shì zài xué xiào yě yóu yú duō zhǒng yuán yīn wèi xià， xiào wài gēn jù guān yú 'āi sài 'é bǐ yà de yī gè UNICEF bào gào (2000)， yóu 18 nián jué dìng de nián líng de hái zǐ bāo kuò 50% guó jiā de rén kǒu hé 20% tā men huó zài jí duān kùn nán qíng kuàng。 tā men bèi bào lù zài hěn duō wēi xiǎn、 jí bìng hé kāi fā。 zhè xiē hái zǐ bāo kuò gū 'ér wǔ lì chōng tū de shòu hài zhě， bèi nüè dài de hé bèi hū lüè de 'ér tóng gōng zuò zhě， qióng kùn hái zǐ yòu huò méi yòu jiā tíng， jiē dào hái zǐ、 jì nǚ hé shàonián fàn。 zài hái zǐ yòu cè， suī rán 'āi sài 'é bǐ yà de zhèng fǔ pī zhǔn liǎo lián hé guó tiáo yuē， quán lì， bìng qiě hái zǐ yòu zī gé， lì rú bǎo hù、 fā zhǎn hé cānyù fú lì shì yè de fú wù shì zuì xiǎo de。 UNICEF gū jì jǐn pín qióng de hái zǐ de bǎi fēn zhī liù zài yà de sī yà bèi bā yòu jī huì dé dào gēn běn fú wù。 shěng fèn āi sài 'é bǐ yà xíng zhèng qū huá āi sài 'é bǐ yà huàfēn wéi 9 gè zhōu hé 2 gè shì： 1. yà de sī yà bèi bā shì (AddisAbaba) 2. ā fǎ 'ěr zhōu (Afar) 3. ā mǔ hā lā zhōu (Amhara) 4. gān bèi lā gè zú zhōu (Gambela) 5. dé léi dá wǎ shì (Diredawa) 6. bīn xiāng gǔ 'ěr zhōu (Bemshenagul) 7. hā lè lǐ mín zú zhōu (Harari) 8. ào luó mò zhōu (Oromo) 9. suǒ mǎ lǐ zhōu (Somali) 10. nán fāng gè zú zhōu (SNNP) 11. tí gé léi zhōu (Tigray) jūn shì * suǒ mǎ lǐ zhàn shì (2006 nián zhì jīn ) Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in the world and Africa's second-most populous nation. Ethiopia has yielded some of humanity's oldest traces, making the area a primary factor in the origin and developmental history of humanity, with recent studies claiming the vicinity of present-day Addis Ababa as the point from which human beings migrated around the world. Ethiopian dynastic history traditionally began with the reign of Emperor Menelik I in 1000 BC. The roots of the Ethiopian state are similarly deep, dating with unbroken continuity to at least the Aksumite Empire (which officially used the name "Ethiopia" in the 4th century) and its predecessor state, D`mt (with early 1st millennium BC roots). After a period of decentralized power in the 18th and early 19th centuries known as the Zemene Mesafint ("Era of the Judges/Princes"), the country was reunited in 1855 by Kassa Hailu, who became Emperor Tewodros II, beginning Ethiopia's modern history. Ethiopia's borders underwent significant territorial reduction in the north and expansion in the south, toward its modern borders for the rest of the century owing to several migrations and commercial integration as well as conquests, especially by Emperor Menelik II and Ras Gobena, culminating in its victory over the Italians at the Battle of Adwa in 1896, ensuring its sovereignty and freedom from colonization. It was brutally occupied by Benito Mussolini's Italy from 1936 to 1941, ending with its liberation by British Commonwealth and Ethiopian patriot forces. Historically, people in Ethiopia practiced some of the oldest democratic systems in the world, including the ancient Gada system. Ethiopia has the largest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa and the country is famous for its Olympic distance athletes, rock-hewn churches and as the origin of the coffee bean. Having converted during the fourth century AD, it was one of the earliest countries to officially adopt Christianity, after Armenia. Ethiopia also has a considerable Muslim community, dating from the earliest days of Islam – being the site of the first Hijra in Islamic history, the earliest ninth-century Sultanates, the oldest Muslim settlement in Africa at Negash and home to the holy Muslim city of Harar. The country has been secular since 1974. Historically a relatively isolated mountain country, Ethiopia by the mid 20th century became a crossroads of global international cooperation under the leadership of Emperor Haile Selassie I. It became a member of the League of Nations in 1923, signed the Declaration by United Nations in 1942, and was one of the fifty-one original members of the United Nations (UN). The headquarters of United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) is in Addis Ababa, often labeled Africa's "Diplomatic Capital," as is the headquarters of the African Union (formerly the Organisation of African Unity), of which Ethiopia was the principal founder. When several African countries gained independence, they adopted Ethiopia's national flag colors of green, yellow and red, often labeled as Pan-African colours. There are about forty-five Ethiopian embassies and consulates around the world. In the Human Development Index Ethiopia is placed 169th out of 177. |
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