| wěi nèi ruì lā Venezuela shǒudōu:jiā lā jiā sī guógūdàimǎ: ve |
 委内瑞拉（ BolivarianRepublicofVenezuela） dú lì rì： 7 yuè 5 rì（ １ ８１１ nián） guó qìng rì： ７ yuè ５ rì（１８１１ nián） guó qí： chéng cháng fāng xíng， cháng yǔ kuān zhī bǐ wéi ３： ２。 zì shàng 'ér xià yóu huáng、 lán、 hóng sān gè píng xíng xiāng děng de héng cháng fāng xíng xiāng lián 'ér chéng。 qí miàn zhōng yāng yòu qī kē bái sè wǔ jiǎo xīng， chéng hú xíng pái liè； zuǒ shàng jiǎo huì yòu guó huī tú 'àn。 huáng、 lán、 hóng sān sè lái zì yuán dà gē lún bǐ yà gòng hé guó guó qí yán sè。 qī kē wǔ jiǎo xīng dài biǎo１８１１ nián wěi nèi ruì lā lián bāng de qī gè shěng。 zhèng fǔ jī gòu shǐ yòng dài guó huī de guó qí， mín jiān shǐ yòng liǎo bù dài guó huī de guó qí。 zài chá wéi sī zǒng tǒng de tuī dòng xià， 2006 nián３ yuè７ rì， wěi nèi ruì lā guó mín yì huì tōng guò liǎo duì guó qí hé guó huī de xiū gǎi yì jiàn， jué dìng bǎ guó qí shàng７ kē xīng zēng jiā wéi８ kē。 xīn zēng jiā de yī kē xīng dài biǎo１８１７ nián bǎi tuō xī bān yá tǒng zhì、 bìng rù wěi nèi ruì lā de guī yà nà shěng。 guó huī： zhōng xīn tú 'àn wéi dùn huī。 dùn miàn zuǒ shàng fāng wéi yī kǔn jǐn shù de２ ０ suì mài suì， xiàng zhēng gāi guó２０ gè zhōu de tuán jié hé guó jiā de cái fù； yòu shàng fāng wéi liǎng miàn guó qí hé wǔ qì， xiàng zhēng jūn shì shàng de shèng lì； xià fāng wéi lán tiān lǜ dì zhōng yī pǐ bái sè jùn mǎ， xiàng zhēng dú lì hé zì yóu。 dùn huī shàng duān wéi lǜ yè， shuǐ guǒ hé liǎng zhǐ yáng jiǎo， xiàng zhēng fēng ráo； liǎng cè yóu zōng lǘ yè hé gǎn lǎn zhī huán rào。 xià duān wéi sān sè shòu dài， zuǒ biān yòng xī bān yá wén xiě zhe “１８１０ nián ４ yuè１ ９ rì dú lì ”， wéi jì niàn wěi nèi ruì lā chéng lì zhèng fǔ； yòu biān xiě zhe“１８５９ nián２ yuè２０ rì lián bāng”， yì zài jì niàn lián bāng gòng hé guó gé mìng dǎ xiǎng dì yī pào； zhōng jiān xiě zhe“ wěi nèi ruì lā gòng hé guó”。 guó gē：《 yīng yǒng rén mín de guāng róng》《 GloriaalBravoPueblo》 guó jiā gé yán： Comovayaviniendovamosviendo guó shù： měi lì huáng zhōng huā shù， mù zhì jiān yìng， kāi huáng huā， shēngzhǎng zài gān hàn dì qū。 guó niǎo： tù pí yà 'ěr niǎo， huáng sè， bèi bù yòu hēi sè huā wén， kě xùn yǎng。 guó huā： wǔ yuè lán miàn jī： 916,490 píng fāng gōng lǐ rén kǒu： 2520 wàn（ 2002 nián）， qí zhōng zhù yào wéi yìn 'ōu hùn xuè zhǒng rén（ 60 ％ zuǒ yòu）， cǐ wài， yě yòu bái rén、 hēi rén hé yìn dì 'ān rén。 rén kǒu nián zēngchánglǜ wéi 2.5％， píng jūn shòu mìng 70 suì。 chéng shì rén kǒu zhàn 77％。 mín zú： mín zú gòu chéng fù zá， yìn 'ōu hùn xuè zhǒng rén zhàn rén kǒu de yī bàn yǐ shàng， yú wéi bái rén、 hēi rén hé yìn dì 'ān rén děng yǔ yán： guān fāng yǔ yán wéi xī bān yá yǔ。 zōng jiào： 78％ de jū mín xìn fèng tiān zhù jiào， 15％ de rén xìn fèng jī dū jiào xīn jiào。 shǒu dū： jiā lā jiā sī（ Caracas） dú lì rì： 7 yuè 5 rì（ 1811 nián） yǔ běi jīng de shí chā :--12:30 guó jiā dài mǎ :58 huò bì： bō lì wǎ 'ěr（ Bolivar) yǔ wǒ guó guān xì： 1974 nián 6 yuè 28 rì yǔ wǒ guó jiàn jiāo wěi nèi ruì lā zhù huá dà shǐ guǎn dì zhǐ： běi jīng cháo yáng qū sān lǐ tún lù 14 hào zì rán dì lǐ：９１ ６７００ píng fāng gōng lǐ。 wèi yú nán měi zhōu běi bù。 dōng yǔ guī yà nà jiāo jiè， nán yǔ bā xī jiē rǎng， xī yǔ gē lún bǐ yà wéi lín， běi lín jiā lè bǐ hǎi。 quán jìng cóng běi xiàng nán fēn chéng sān dà dì xíng qū： xī běi hé běi bù wéi 'ān dì sī shān mài hé mǎ lā kāi bō dī dì， zhōng bù shì 'ào lǐ nuò kē chōng jī píng yuán， nán bù wéi guī yà nà gāo yuán。 quán jìng chǔyú rè dài。 chú shān dì wài dà bù fēn dì qū shǔ rè dài cǎo yuán qì hòu， nián píng jūn qì wēn 24 héng 27 ℃， nián jiàng shuǐ liàng 1， 400 háo mǐ， yòu míng xiǎn de gān jì hé yǔ jì。 běi bù yán hǎi nián jiàng shuǐ liàng bù zú 800 háo mǐ， wéi gān hàn、 bàn gān hàn qì hòu； guī yà nà gāo yuán nán bù、 mǎ lā kāi bō dī dì hé 'ā mǎ kù luó sān jiǎo zhōu nián jiàng shuǐ liàng zài 2， 000 háo mǐ yǐ shàng， wéi rè dài yǔ lín qì hòu。 zhù yào hé liú shì 'ào lǐ nuò kē hé。 shí yóu hé tiān rán qì chǔ liàng zhàn nán měi zhōu shǒu wèi， tiě kuàng yùn cáng liàng 20 duō yì dūn， hái yòu jīn gāng shí、 jīn、 tóng、 lǚ tǔ、 méi děng kuàng cáng。 sēn lín zhàn guó tǔ miàn jī de 52％。 shuǐ lì zī yuán fēng fù。 nèi hé hé yán hǎi fù shuǐ chǎn。 quán jìng chú shān dì wài jī běn shàng shǔ rè dài cǎo yuán qì hòu。 jìng nèi yōng yòu shì jiè shàng luò chā zuì dà de 'ān hè 'ěr pù bù， shì zhù míng de yóu lǎn shèng dì。 mǎ lā kāi bō hú shì lā měi zuì dà de húpō， wèi yú xī běi bù， miàn jī１ ．４３ wàn píng fāng gōng lǐ， yǔ wěi nèi ruì lā hǎi wān xiāng lián。 hú qū zhōu wéi de zhǎo zé dì wéi shì jiè zhù míng de shí yóu chǎn qū。 shì jiè wén huà hé zì rán yí chǎn： ◆ kē luó jí gǎng kǒu◆ kǎ nài mǎ guó jiā gōng yuán◆ jiā lā jiā sī de dà xué chéng jīng jì： shí yóu gōng yè shì jīng jì fā zhǎn zhī zhù。 1983 nián yuán yóu shēng chǎn yuē 1.5 yì dūn， wéi shì jiè zhù yào shí yóu shēng chǎn guó hé chū kǒu guó zhī yī。 qīng gōng yè jiào fā dá， qī shí nián dài yǐ lái zhòng diǎn fā zhǎn liǎo gāng tiě、 shí yóu huà gōng、 liàn lǚ děng gōng yè。 gēng dì miàn jī zhǐ zhàn kě gēng dì miàn jī de 7.1％， zhù chǎn yù mǐ、 dào mǐ、 kā fēi、 kě kě、 gān zhè、 mián huā děng， xùmù yè yǐ yǎng niú wéi zhù， nóng mù chǎn pǐn bù néng zìjǐ。 yuán yóu jí qí chǎn pǐn zhàn chū kǒu zǒng zhí de 90％ yǐ shàng， qí cì wéi tiě kuàng shā、 lǚ cái、 kā fēi、 kě kě děng； jìn kǒu jī qì shè bèi、 yuán cái liào、 liáng shí、 rì yòng pǐn děng。 guó nèi jiāo tōng yǐ gōng lù yùn shū wéi zhù， zhù yào fēn bù yú xī běi bù hé běi bù； kōng yùn fā dá。 rén kǒu：２３７０ wàn（１９９８ nián）。 yìn 'ōu hùn xuè zhǒng rén zhàn５８％， bái rén zhàn２９％， hēi rén zhàn１１％， yìn dì 'ān rén zhàn２％。 guān fāng yǔ yán wéi xī bān yá yǔ。９８％ de jū mín xìn fèng tiān zhù jiào，１．５％ de jū mín xìn fèng jī dū jiào xīn jiào。 shǒu dū： jiā lā jiā sī（ Caracas） zhù yào chéng shì： jiā lā jiā sī（ Caracas） mǎ lā kāi bō（ Maracaibo） wǎ lún xī yà（ Valencia） bā sài lóng nà（ Barcelona） lā guā yī lā（ LaGuaira） lā kè lǔ sī gǎng（ PuertoLaCruz） kù mǎ nà（ Cumana） méi lǐ dá（ Merida） kē luó（ Coro） bā jī xī méi tuō（ Barquisimeto） shèng kè lǐ sī tuō wǎ 'ěr（ SanCristobal） méi sài dé sī（ LaMercedes） tí gé léi（ ElTigre） mǎ tú lín（ Maturin） tú kù pí tǎ（ Tucupita） bō lì wǎ 'ěr chéng（ CiudadBolivar） ā yà kù qí gǎng（ PuertoAyacucho） shèng fèi 'ěr nán duō · ā tǎ bā bō（ SanFernandoAtabapo） jiǎn shǐ： yuán wéi yìn dì 'ān rén 'ā lā wǎ zú hé jiā lè bǐ zú jū zhù dì。１５６７ nián lún wéi xī bān yá zhí mín dì。１８１１ nián７ yuè５ rì xuān bù dú lì， hòu zài nán měi jiě fàng zhě xī méng · bō lì wǎ 'ěr de lǐng dǎo xià， yú１８２１ nián６ yuè chè dǐ bǎi tuō xī bān yá zhí mín tǒng zhì。１８２２ nián tóng gē lún bǐ yà、 è guā duō 'ěr hé bā ná mǎ zǔ chéng dà gē lún bǐ yà gòng hé guó。１８２９ nián tuì chū。１８３０ nián jiàn lì wěi nèi ruì lā lián bāng gòng hé guó。１８６４ nián gǎi míng wéi wěi nèi ruì lā hé zhòng guó。１９５３ nián chóngxīn dìng guó míng wéi wěi nèi ruì lā gòng hé guó。１９５８ nián shí xíng xiàn zhèng， jiàn lì wén rén zhèng quán。 gēn jù１９９９ nián１２ yuè shēng xiào de xiàn fǎ， guó míng gǎi wéi“ wěi nèi ruì lā bō lì wǎ 'ěr gòng hé guó”。 xiàn fǎ：１９９９ nián１２ yuè３０ rì shēng xiào， gòng fēn９ zhāng３５０ kuǎn。 xiàn fǎ guī dìng jiāng guó míng gēnggǎi wéi“ wěi nèi ruì lā bō lì wǎ 'ěr gòng hé guó”； liǎng yuàn zhì guó huì bèi yī yuàn zhì de“ guó huì yì huì” qǔ dài； zǒng tǒng rèn qī yóu５ nián yán zhì６ nián， yǔn xǔ lián xuǎn lián rèn； zēng shè fù zǒng tǒng yī zhí bìng guī dìng zǒng tǒng yòu quán jiě sàn“ guó mín yì huì”。 wài jiāo： fèng xíng dú lì zì zhù hé mín zú zhù yì de wài jiāo zhèng cè。 qiáng diào wéi hù zhù quán hé lǐng tǔ wán zhěng， fǎn duì wài lái gān shè， zhù zhāng guó yǔ guó zhī jiān hé píng gòng chù。 jī jí fā zhǎn tóng lā měi、 jiā lè bǐ dì qū gè guó de guān xì， zhù zhāng jiā kuài lā měi quán guó yī quán huà jìn chéng。 jiā qiáng tóng 'ōu méng de zhèng jīng guān xì， zēng jìn yǔ fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā lián xì， shí xiàn wài jiāo duō yuán huà。１９７４ nián６ yuè２８ rì， wěi nèi ruì lā tóng zhōng guó jiàn jiāo。 xiàn rèn zǒng tǒng： chá wéi sī． xiàn yǐ lián rèn liǎng cì， jī jí fā zhǎn jīng jì， shòu dào liǎo qióng rén de zhī chí 2006 nián 3 yuè 7 rì， wěi nèi ruì lā guó mín yì huì tōng guò liǎo duì guó qí hé guó huī de xiū gǎi yì jiàn， jué dìng bǎ guó qí shàng 7 kē xīng zēng jiā wéi 8 kē， bìng jiāng guó huī shàng jùn mǎ fēi bēn de fāng xiàng yóu xiàng yòu gǎi wéi xiàng zuǒ。 tǐ yù : bàng qiú shì wěi nèi ruì lā zuì liú xíng de tǐ yù yùn dòng xiàng mù zhī yī， dāng dì yòu bù shǎo rén qián wǎng měi guó zhí bàng dà lián méng fā zhǎn， wéi měi guó zhí bàng dà lián méng dì 'èr dà de hǎi wài qiú yuán lái yuán dì（ jǐn cì yú duō míng ní jiā gòng hé guó， duō yú bō duō lí gè）。 wěi nèi ruì lā yě yōng yòu zhí yè bàng qiú lián méng。 2006 nián， yǐ liù shèng líng bài de jiā jì huò dé jiā lè bǐ hǎi dà sài de guànjūn。 xiāng jiào yú qí tā nán měi zhōu guó jiā， zú qiú zài wěi nèi ruì lā jiào bù shèng xíng， shì nán měi zhōu zú qiú xié huì zhōng zuì ruò de yī guó， cóng wèi tī jìn shì jiè bēi jué sài zhōu， dàn zuì jìn jìn bù shén sù， qí míng xīng qiú yuán hú 'ān · ā lǎng gē mù qián xiào lì yú xī jiá huáng jiā mǎ luò kǎ jù lè bù。 2007 nián měi zhōu guó jiā bēi zài wěi nèi ruì lā jǔ xíng。 【 xíng zhèng qū huá】 quán guó huàfēn wéi 22 gè zhōu、 1 gè lián bāng qū hé 1 gè lián bāng shǔ dì（ yóu 72 gè dǎo yǔ zǔ chéng）。 shǒu dū jiā lā jiā sī。 【 mín zú jié rì】 jié rì rì qī xīn nián 1 yuè 1 rì zhù xiǎn jié 1 yuè 6 rì kuáng huān jié 2 yuè 19-20 rì lā guā yī lā rì 3 yuè 10 rì shèng yuē sè rì 3 yuè 19 rì fù huó jié 4 yuè 5-8 rì dú lì xuān yán rì 4 yuè 19 rì láo dòng jié 5 yuè 1 rì kǎ lā wò wò zhàn yì rì 6 yuè 24 rì shèng bǐ dé hé shèng bǎo luó rì 6 yuè 29 rì dú lì rì 7 yuè 5 rì guó qìng rì xī méng . bō lì wǎ 'ěr dàn shēng rì 7 yuè 24 rì yě shì mǎ lā kāi bō hú zhàn yì rì shèng mǔ shēng tiān jié 8 yuè 15 rì měi zhōu fā xiàn rì 10 yuè 12 rì mǎ lā kāi bō rì 10 yuè 24 rì wàn shèng jié 11 yuè 1 rì shèng mǔ huái yùn rì 12 yuè 8 rì shèng dàn jié 12.24-25 chú xī 12 yuè 31 rì 【 jīng jì wén huà】 gāi guó shǔ lā dīng měi zhōu dì qū jīng jì jiào wéi fā dá de guó jiā zhī yī， shì shì jiè shàng zhòng yào de shí yóu shēng chǎn guó hé chū kǒu guó。 shí yóu gōng yè zài jīng jì zhōng jù yòu jí qí zhòng yào de dì wèi， qí shōu rù zhàn cái zhèng zǒng shōu rù de 70% yǐ shàng， yuán yóu chǎn liàng jū nán měi zhōu de qián liè。 cǐ wài hái kāi cǎi tiě shā、 jīn、 jīn gāng shí、 méi děng。 qí tā gōng yè yòu shí yóu huà gōng、 gāng tiě、 zhì lǚ、 diàn lì、 huà xué zhì pǐn、 jiàn cái、 fǎng zhì、 shí pǐn jiā gōng、 yān cǎo、 xiàng jiāo、 mù cái děng。 nóng yè zài jīng jì zhōng suǒ zhàn bǐ zhòng jiào xiǎo， zhù yào nóng chǎn pǐn yòu gān zhè、 mián huā、 dà mǐ、 gāo liáng、 kā fēi、 kě kě děng。 zhù yào sì yǎng niú、 zhū děng shēng chù。 lǚ yóu yè shōu rù zài jīng jì zhōng zhàn zhòng yào dì wèi， zhù yào lǚ yóu dì qū shì 'ān hè 'ěr pù bù hé mǎ gé lì tǎ dǎo děng。 zhù yào chū kǒu shí yóu jí qí fù chǎn pǐn、 tiě shā děng， zhù yào jìn kǒu jī qì、 gōng yè yuán liào、 yùn shū shè bèi、 huà gōng chǎn pǐn、 shí wù děng。 zhù yào mào yì duì xiàng shì měi guó、 gē lún bǐ yà、 dé guó、 rì běn、 jiā ná dà děng。 gōng lù zǒng cháng yuē 95663 qiān mǐ； tiě lù cháng 439 qiān mǐ。 háng kōng shì yè xiāng dāng fā dá， yòu 7 gè guó jì jī chǎng。 yuán yóu yùn shū guǎn dào 6370 qiān mǐ。 tiān rán qì guǎn dào 3690 qiān mǐ。 quán guó tǒng yī jiào cái hé kè chéng。 duì 6 héng 15 suì 'ér tóng shí xíng yì wù jiào yù。 yòu 100 duō zhǒng bào kān hé zá zhì， zhù yào bào kān zá zhì shì《 guó mín bào》、《 yǔ zhòu bào》、《 sài tǎ》 děng。 wěi nèi ruì lā tōng xùn shè wèiguó yíng tōng xùn shè。 yòu 400 duō jiā diàn tái hé 27 jiā diàn shì tái， duō wéi sī yíng hé shāng yè tái。 【 lǚ yóu zhǐ nán】 mǎ lā kāi bō： quán guó dì 'èr dà chéng shì， shì shì jiè shàng zhù míng de shí yóu chǎn qū zhōng xīn hé shí yóu、 kā fēi shū chū gǎng。 yuán yóu shū chū liàng zhàn quán guó yī bàn， yòu shí yóu huà gōng、 shuǐ ní、 mù cái jiā gōng、 shí pǐn děng gōng yè bù mén。 yòu guó jì jī chǎng。 yuán wéi méi lǐ dá shān qū de kā fēi shū chū gǎng， 1918 nián suí mǎ lā kāi bō hú shí yóu de kāi fā 'ér dà lì fā zhǎn qǐ lái。 jiù chéng qū bǎo liú zhe zhí mín shí qī de jiàn zhù， chéng shì fēng gé gǔ pǔ、 diǎn yǎ。 xīn chéng qū de miàn mào chéng xiàn dài huà chéng shì de fēng mào， jiē dào kuān kuò， shāng yè fā dá。 bā lún xī yà： zhòng yào de gōng yè chéng shì， wèi yú xī zhōng bù hǎi 'àn shān mài nán lù de bā lún xī yà gǔ dì， hǎi bá bù dào 500 mǐ。 chéng shì shǐ jiàn yú 1555 nián。 yòu qì chē zhuāng pèi、 huà gōng、 shuǐ ní、 zào zhǐ、 mù cái jiā gōng děng gōng yè bù mén， hé lín jìn de mǎ lā kǎi shì gòng tóng gòu chéng gōng yè zǐ mèi chéng shì。 sì zhōu guǎng zhòngmiánhuā hé gān zhè děng jīng jì zuò wù， shì quán guó zuì fù shù de nóng yè qū yù。 lǎo chéng nèi bǎo liú zhe xī bān yá zhí mín shí qī de jiàn zhù， yòu gǔ lǎo de dà jiào táng、 lì shǐ bó wù guǎn děng。 zhè lǐ de dǒu niú chǎng shì nán měi zhōu zuì dà de dǒu niú chǎng， jīng cháng jǔ xíng shèng dà de dǒu niú huó dòng。 méi lǐ dá： wèi yú xī bù， shì méi lǐ dá zhōu shǒu fǔ。 chéng shì jiàn zhù zài xuán yá qiào bì zhī shàng， yòu“ wěi nèi ruì lā wū jǐ” zhī chēng。 zhè lǐ shì 'ān dì sī shān qū yǐn rén zhù mùdì chéng shì， shì zōng jiào hé jiào yù de zhōng xīn。 yòu xiǎo qiǎo jīng zhì de xī bān yá yì shù bó wù guǎn、 zhù míng de bō lì wǎ 'ěr guǎng chǎng、 1785 nián jiàn lì de 'ān dì sī dà xué、 gǔ lǎo de xī bān yá jiào táng hé sì yuàn děng。 fù jìn shān fēng shì huá xuě、 dēng shān shèng dì， ā lāi luó cūn shì 'àn zhào 30 nián dài 'ān dì sī shān qū de nóng cūn xiū jiàn 'ér chéng de。 mǎ lā kāi bō hú： wèi yú jìng nèi de xī běi bù， nán běi cháng 155 qiān mǐ， dōng xī kuān 95 qiān mǐ， shì shì jiè shàng chǎn liàng zuì gāo、 kāi cǎi zuì yōu jiǔ de“ shí yóu hú”。 hú qū chǔ yóu liàng yuē 50 yì tǒng。 yóu yú chǔ liàng dà， yuán yóu yuán yuán bù duàn cóng hú pàn de lièfèng zhōng yì chū， fú zài shuǐ miàn shàng。 cóng hú de dōng xī liǎng 'àn tiào wàng hú miàn， zhǐ jiàn jǐng jià lín lì、 yóu guǎn mì bù、 yóu tǎ chéng qún， jǐng sè shí fēn zhuàng guān。 hú shàng dà qiáo shì nán měi zhōu kuà dù zuì dà de qiáo liáng zhī yī。 hú pàn jiàn yòu xǔ duō shí yóu chéng zhèn。 ān hè 'ěr pù bù： shì jiè zuì gāo、 luò chā zuì dà de pù bù。 wèi yú dōng nán bù de qiū lún hé shàng， dāng dì yìn dì 'ān rén guǎn tā jiào“ chū lóng”。 1935 nián shǒu cì bèi fā xiàn， 1937 nián měi guó tàn xiǎn jiā 'ān hè 'ěr jìn xíng kōng zhōng kǎo chá shí fā xiàn qí wéi duō jí pù bù， gù pù bù shì yǐ tā de míng zì mìng míng de。 ān hè 'ěr pù bù yǐn cáng zài gāo shān mì lín lǐ， zuì gāo luò chā 979 mǐ， zuì gāo yī jí cháng 807 mǐ、 kuān 150 mǐ。 zhǐ yòu chéng fēi jī cái néng kàn dào tā nà quán bù de xióng zī， chéng fēi jī tōng guò pù bù de shàng kōng， kě dé dào“ yǒng gǎn de tàn xiǎn zhě” zhèng shū。 yóu rén kě chéng chuán nì liú 'ér shàng guān kàn pù bù。 pù bù xià yóu dì qū shì zhù míng de shì jiè zì rán yí chǎn“ kǎ nài mǎ guó jiā gōng yuán”， zhè lǐ yòu bù shǎo zī tài měi lì de pù bù， hái yòu yìn dì 'ān rén de máo shè。 hǎi yáng gōng yuán： zì rán bǎo hù qū， shì jiè zhù míng de hǎi yáng gōng yuán zhī yī。 wèi yú jiā lè bǐ hǎi nán bù， jù dà lù běi bù hǎi 'àn yuē 120 qiān mǐ。 yóu hǎi dǐ shān mài lù chū hǎi miàn xíng chéng de 300 duō gè xiǎo dǎo hé fù jìn hǎi yù zǔ chéng。 zhè lǐ yú xiā fù ráo， shuǐ niǎo chéng qún。 zhù dǎo shàng yòu 700 duō rén jū zhù。 The country comprises a continental mainland and numerous islands located off the Venezuelan coastline in the Caribbean Sea. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela possesses borders with Guyana to the east, Brazil to the south, and Colombia to the west. Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, St. Lucia, Barbados, Curaçao, Bonaire, Aruba, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and the Leeward Antilles lie just north, off the Venezuelan coast. Falling within the tropics, Venezuela sits close to the equator, in the Northern Hemisphere. A former Spanish colony, which has been an independent republic since 1821, Venezuela holds territorial disputes with Guyana, largely concerning the Essequibo area, and with Colombia concerning the Gulf of Venezuela. In 1895, after the dispute over the Guyana border flared up, it was submitted to a neutral commission, which in 1899 decided it mostly in Guyana's favour. Today, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela is known widely for its petroleum industry, the environmental diversity of its territory, and its natural features. Venezuela is considered to be among the world's 17 most biodiverse countries. Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north, especially in the capital Caracas which is also the largest city. Other major cities include Maracaibo, Valencia, Maracay, Barquisimeto, Ciudad Guayana and the popular tourist city of Mérida. Venezuela is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name "Venezuela" is believed to have originated from the cartographer Amerigo Vespucci who, along with Alonso de Ojeda, led a 1499 naval expedition along the northwestern coast's Gulf of Venezuela. On reaching the Guajira Peninsula, the crew observed villages (palafitos) that the people had built over the water. This reminded Vespucci of the city of Venice (Italian: Venezia), so he named the region "Venezuola", meaning "little Venice" in Italian. In Spanish, the suffix -zuela is used as a diminutive term (e.g., plaza / plazuela, cazo / cazuela); thus, the term's original sense would have been that of a "little Venice". Martín Fernández de Enciso, a member of the Vespucci and Ojeda's crew, states in his work Summa de Geografía that the indigenous population they found were called "Veneciuela", suggesting that the name "Venezuela" may have evolved from a native word. The Vespucci story, however, remains the most popular and accepted version of the origin of the country's name. In English, the word Venezuela is pronounced as IPA: /ˌvɛnɨzˈweɪlə/. The Venezuelan Spanish is IPA: [beneˈswela]. History Human habitation of Venezuela is estimated to have commenced at least 15,000 years ago from which period leaf-shaped flake tools, together with chopping and plano-convex scraping implements, have been found exposed on the high riverine terraces of the Rio Pedregal in western Venezuela. Late Pleistocene hunting artifacts, including spear tips, have been found at a similar series of sites in northwestern Venezuela known as "El Jobo"; according to radiocarbon dating, these date from 13,000 to 7,000 BC. In the 16th century, when the Spanish colonization of Venezuela began, indigenous peoples such as the Mariches, themselves descendants of the Caribs, were systematically killed. Indian caciques (leaders) such as Guaicaipuro and Tamanaco attempted to resist Spanish incursions, but were ultimately subdued; Tamanaco himself, by order of Caracas' founder Diego de Losada, was also put to death. Detail of Martín Tovar y Tovar's La Batalla de CaraboboVenezuela was first colonized by Spain in 1522, when it hosted the Spanish Empire's first permanent South American settlement[citation needed] in what is now Cumaná. These portions of eastern Venezuela were incorporated into New Andalusia. Administered by the Audiencia of Santo Domingo since the early 16th century, most of Venezuela became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in the early 18th century, and was then reorganized as an autonomous Captaincy General starting in 1776. After a series of unsuccessful uprisings, Venezuela—under the leadership of Francisco de Miranda, a Venezuelan marshal involved in the French Revolution—declared independence on 5 July 1811. This began the Venezuelan War of Independence. However, a devastating earthquake that struck Caracas in 1812, together with the rebellion of the Venezuelan llaneros, helped bring down the first Venezuelan republic. A second Venezuelan republic, proclaimed on 7 August 1813, lasted several months before being crushed as well. Sovereignty was only attained after Simón Bolívar, known as El Libertador ("The Liberator") and aided by Alexandre Petion of Haiti,José Antonio Páez and Antonio José de Sucre, won the Battle of Carabobo on 24 June 1821. José Prudencio Padilla and Rafael Urdaneta's victory in the Battle of Lake Maracaibo on 24 July 1823 helped seal Venezuelan independence. New Granada's congress gave Bolívar control of the Granadian army; leading it, he liberated several countries and founded Gran Colombia. Sucre, who won many battles for Bolívar, went on to liberate Ecuador, and later become the second president of Bolivia. Venezuela remained part of Gran Colombia until 1830, when a rebellion led by Páez allowed the proclamation of a new Republic of Venezuela; Páez became its first president. Much of Venezuela's nineteenth century history was characterized by political turmoil and dictatorial rule. During first half of the 20th century, caudillos (military strongmen) continued to dominate, though they generally allowed for mild social reforms and promoted economic growth. Following the death of Juan Vicente Gómez in 1935 and the demise of caudillismo (authoritarian rule), pro-democracy movements eventually forced the military to withdraw from direct involvement in national politics in 1958. Since that year, Venezuela has had a series of democratically elected governments. The discovery of massive oil deposits, totaling some 400 million barrels,[citation needed] during World War I prompted an economic boom that lasted into the 1980s; by 1935, Venezuela's per capita GDP was Latin America's highest,. After WWII the globalization and heavy immigration from Southern Europe (mainly from Spain, Italy, Portugal) and poorer Latin American countries markedly diversified Venezuelan society. The huge public spending and accumulation of internal and external debts by the government and private sector during the Petrodollar years of the 1970s and early 80s, followed by the collapse of oil prices during the 1980s, crippled the Venezuelan economy. As the government devalued the currency in order to face its mounting local and non-local financial obligations, Venezuelans' real standard of living fell dramatically. A number of failed economic policies and increasing corruption in government and society at large, has led to rising poverty and crime and worsening social indicators and increasing political instability,[opinion needs balancing] resulting in two major coup attempts in 1992. In the February 1992 coup, Hugo Chávez, a former paratrooper, attempted to overthrow the government of President Carlos Andrés Pérez as anger grew against the President's economic austerity measures. Chávez was unsuccessful and landed in jail. In November of that year, another unsuccessful coup attempt occurred, organized by other revolutionary groups in the Venezuelan Armed Forces and those that remained from Chávez’s previous attempt. In 1998, Hugo Chávez (who led the first unsuccessful coup in 1992) was elected president as a reaction against the established political parties and the corruption and inequalities their policies created. He remains president today. Since coming to power, Chávez has attracted some controversy through his reforms of the Constitution, the implementation of his "Bolivarian Revolution", and in 2002 (though now a democratically elected president) Chávez was temporarily ousted from power by right-wing elements in the army and the business sector. Government The National Assembly, CaracasThe Venezuelan president is elected by a vote with direct and universal suffrage, and functions as both head of state and head of government. The term of office is six years, and a president may be re-elected to a single consecutive term. The president appoints the vice-president and decides the size and composition of the cabinet and makes appointments to it with the involvement of the legislature. The president can ask the legislature to reconsider portions of laws he finds objectionable, but a simple parliamentary majority can diminish these objections. The unicameral Venezuelan parliament is the National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional. Its 167 deputies, of which three are reserved for indigenous people, serve five-year terms and may be re-elected for a maximum of two additional terms. They are elected by popular vote through a combination of party lists and single member constituencies. The highest judicial body is the Supreme Tribunal of Justice or Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, whose magistrates are elected by parliament for a single twelve-year term. The National Electoral Council (Consejo Nacional Electoral, or CNE) is in charge of electoral processes; it is formed by five main directors elected by the National Assembly. Politics There are currently two major blocs of political parties in Venezuela: the incumbent leftist bloc United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) and its major allies Fatherland for All (PPT), and the Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV); and the opposition bloc lead by A New Era (UNT) together with its allied parties Project Venezuela, Justice First, Movement for Socialism (Venezuela) and others. Following the fall of Marcos Pérez Jiménez in 1958, Venezuelan politics was dominated by the center-right Christian democratic COPEI and the center-left social democratic Democratic Action (AD) parties; this two-party system was formalized by the puntofijismo arrangement. However, this system has been sidelined following the initial 1998 election of current president Hugo Chávez, which started the Bolivarian Revolution. The voting age in Venezuela is 18 and older. Voting is not compulsory. Most of the political opposition boycotted the 2005 parliamentary election. Consequently, the MVR-led bloc secured all 167 seats in the National Assembly. Then, the MVR voted to dissolve itself in favor of joining the proposed United Socialist Party of Venezuela, while Chávez requested that MVR-allied parties merge themselves into it as well. The National Assembly has twice voted to grant Chávez the ability rule by decree in several broadly defined areas, once in 2000 and again in 2007. This power has been granted to previous administrations as well. Chavez has also established aliance with Bolivias recently elected president Evo Morales. Public health See also: Water supply and sanitation in Venezuela Infant mortality in Venezuela stood at 16 deaths per 1,000 births in 2004, much lower than the South American average (by comparison, the U.S. stands at 5 deaths per 1,000 births in 2006). Child malnutrition (defined as stunting or wasting in children under age five) stands at 17%; Delta Amacuro and Amazonas have the nation's highest rates. According to the United Nations, 32% of Venezuelans lack adequate sanitation, primarily those living in rural areas. Diseases ranging from typhoid, yellow fever, cholera, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis D are present in the country. Only 3% of sewage is treated; most major cities lack treatment facilities. 17% of Venezuelans lack access to potable water. Travelers to Venezuela are advised to obtain vaccinations for a variety of diseases including typhoid, yellow fever, cholera, hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis D. In a cholera epidemic of contemporary times in the Orinoco Delta, Venezuela's political leaders were accused of racial profiling of their own indigenous people to deflect blame from the country's institutions, thereby aggravating the epidemic. As had previous administrations, the government is attempting to create a national universal health care system that is free of charge. The current vehicle for this idea is Misión Barrio Adentro. Foreign relations Soil from Venezuela and four other countries—Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru—liberated by the Venezuelan leader Simón Bolívar is buried at the Parque de las Cinco Repúblicas in Mérida.Throughout most of the 20th century, Venezuela maintained friendly relations with most Latin American and Western nations. Relations between Venezuela and the United States worsened in 2002, when the U.S. government helped to instigate the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt and recognized the short-lived unconstitutional regime of Pedro Carmona. Correspondingly, ties to various leftist-led Latin American and Middle Eastern countries not allied to the U.S. have strengthened. Venezuela seeks alternative hemispheric integration via such proposals as the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas trade proposal and the newly launched pan-Latin American television network teleSUR. Venezuela was a proponent of OAS's decision to adopt its Anti-Corruption Convention, and is actively working in the Mercosur trade bloc to push increased trade and energy integration. Globally, it seeks a "multi-polar" world based on strengthened ties among Third World countries. Military Venezuela's national armed forces include roughly 100,000 personnel spread through four service branches: the Ground Forces, the Navy (including the Marine Corps), the Air Force, and the Armed Forces of Cooperation (FAC), commonly known as the National Guard. As of 2008, a further 600,000 soldiers were incorporated into a new branch, known as the Armed Reserve; these troops bear more resemblance to a militia than the older branches[original research?]. The President of Venezuela is the commander-in-chief of the national armed forces. Subdivisions Venezuela is divided into twenty-three states (Estados), a capital district (distrito capital) corresponding to the city of Caracas, the Federal Dependencies (Dependencias Federales, a special territory), and Guayana Esequiba (claimed in a border dispute with Guyana). Venezuela is further subdivided into 335 municipalities (municipios); these are subdivided into over one thousand parishes (parroquias). The states are grouped into nine administrative regions. (regiones administrativas), which were established by presidential decree. Historically, Venezuela has also claimed all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River; this 159,500 square kilometres (61,583 sq mi) tract was dubbed Guayana Esequiba or the Zona en Reclamación (the "zone to be reclaimed"). States Name Capital 1 Amazonas Puerto Ayacucho 2 Anzoátegui Barcelona 3 Apure San Fernando de Apure 4 Aragua Maracay 5 Barinas Barinas 6 Bolívar Ciudad Bolívar 7 Carabobo Valencia 8 Cojedes San Carlos 9 Delta Amacuro Tucupita 10 Falcón Coro 11 Guárico San Juan De Los Morros 12 Lara Barquisimeto Name Capital 13 Mérida Mérida 14 Miranda Los Teques 15 Monagas Maturín 16 Nueva Esparta La Asunción 17 Portuguesa Guanare 18 Sucre Cumaná 19 Táchira San Cristóbal 20 Trujillo Trujillo 21 Vargas La Guaira 22 Yaracuy San Felipe 23 Zulia Maracaibo Dependencies Name Capital • Federal Dependencies (none) Administrative regions Name Subregions Andean Barinas, Mérida, Táchira, Trujillo, Páez Municipality of Apure Capital Miranda, Vargas, Capital District Central Aragua, Carabobo, Cojedes Central-Western Falcón, Lara, Portuguesa, Yaracuy Guayana Bolívar, Amazonas, Delta Amacuro Insular Nueva Esparta, Federal Dependencies Llanos Apure (excluding Paez Municipality), Guárico North-Eastern Anzoátegui, Monagas, Sucre Zulian Zulia Geography Monte Roraima, a tepui in Canaima National Park in southeastern Venezuela. The park lies atop the Guiana Shield; its Precambrian geological formations rank among the world's oldest.Venezuela's mainland rests on the South American Plate; With 2,800 kilometres (1,740 mi) of coastline, Venezuela is home to a wide variety of landscapes. The extreme northeastern extensions of the Andes reach into Venezuela's northwest and continue along the northern Caribbean coast. Pico Bolívar, the nation's highest point at 4,979 metres (16,335 ft), lies in this region. The country's center is characterized by the llanos, extensive plains that stretch from the Colombian border in the far west to the Orinoco River delta in the east. To the south, the dissected Guiana Highlands is home to the northern fringes of the Amazon Basin and Angel Falls, the world's highest waterfall. The Orinoco, with its rich alluvial soils, binds the largest and most important river system of the country; it originates in one of the largest watersheds in Latin America. The Caroní and the Apure are other major rivers. Pico Bolívar in the northwestern state of Mérida.The country can be further divided into ten geographical areas, some corresponding to climatic and biogeographical regions. In the north are the Venezuelan Andes and the Coro region, a mountainous tract in the northwest, is home to several sierras and valleys. East of it are lowlands abutting Lake Maracaibo and the Gulf of Venezuela. The Central Range runs parallel to the coast and includes the hills surrounding Caracas; the Eastern Range, separated from the Central Range by the Gulf of Cariaco, covers all of Sucre and northern Monagas. The Llanos region comprises a third of the country's area north of the Orinoco River. South of it lies the Guiana Shield, a massive two billion year old Precambrian geological formation featuring tepuis, mysterious table-like mountains. The Insular Region includes all of Venezuela's island possessions: Nueva Esparta and the various Federal Dependencies. The Deltaic System, which forms a triangle covering Delta Amacuro, projects northeast into the Atlantic Ocean. Though Venezuela is entirely situated in the tropics, its climate varies substantially; it varies from that of humid low-elevation plains, where average annual temperatures range as high as 28 °C (82 °F), to glaciers and highlands (the páramos) with an average yearly temperature of 8 °C (46 °F). Annual rainfall varies between 430 millimetres (17 in) in the semiarid portions of the northwest to 1,000 millimetres (39 in) in the Orinoco Delta of the far east. Most precipitation falls between June and October (the rainy season or "winter"); the drier and hotter remainder of the year is known as "summer", though temperature variation throughout the year is not as pronounced as at temperate latitudes. Flora and fauna The araguaney (Tabebuia chrysantha), Venezuela's national tree.Venezuela lies within the Neotropic ecozone; large portions of the country were originally covered by moist broadleaf forests. One of seventeen megadiverse countries and among the top twenty countries in terms of endemism, some 38% of the over 21,000 plant species are unique to the country; 23% of reptilian and 50% of amphibian species are also endemic. Venezuela hosts significant biodiversity across habitats ranging from xeric scrublands in the extreme northwest to coastal mangrove forests in the northeast. Its cloud forests and lowland rainforests are particularly rich, for example hosting over 25,000 species of orchids. These include the flor de mayo orchid (Cattleya mossiae), the national flower. The golden silk orb-weaver is among the more common of Venezuela's arthropods.Venezuela's national tree is the araguaney, whose characteristic lushness after the rainy season led novelist Rómulo Gallegos to name it «[l]a primavera de oro de los araguaneyes» ("the golden spring of the araguaneyes"). Notable mammals include the giant anteater, jaguar, and the capybara, the world's largest rodent. More than half of Venezuelan avian and mammalian species are found in the Amazonian forests south of the Orinoco. Manatees, Boto river dolphins, and Orinoco crocodiles, which reach up to 7 metres (23 ft) in length, are notable aquatic species. Venezuela also hosts a huge number of bird species, a total of 1,417, 48 of which are endemic. Important birds include ibises, ospreys, kingfishers, and the yellow-orange turpial, the national bird. In recent decades, logging, mining, shifting cultivation, development, and other human activities have posed a major threat to Venezuela's wildlife; between 1990 and 2000, 0.40% of forest cover was cleared annually. In response, federal protections for critical habitat were implemented; for example, 20% to 33% of forested land is protected. Venezuela is currently home to a biosphere reserve that is part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves; five wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention. In 2003, 70% of the nation's land was under conservation management in over 200 protected areas, including 43 national parks. Economy The 20 Venezuelan bolívar fuerte banknote featuring a portrait of Luisa Cáceres de Arismendi.The petroleum sector dominates Venezuela's mixed economy, accounting for roughly a third of GDP, around 80% of exports, and more than half of government revenues. Venezuela contains some of the largest oil and natural gas reserves in the world. It consistently ranks among the top ten crude oil producers in the world. The country's main petroleum deposits are located around and beneath Lake Maracaibo, the Gulf of Venezuela, and in the Orinoco River basin, where the country's largest reserve is located. Venezuela is currently trying to diversify its economy to be less dependent on its petroleum industry.[citation needed] Venezuela has the least expensive petrol in the world, due to high government subsidies. Like most South American countries, Venezuela depends upon hydroelectricity for the bulk of its electricity needs. Demographics Maracaibo, 5 de Julio AreaSince 1926, Venezuelan Census does not contain information about ethnicity so only rough estimates are available. Some 70% of the population are Mestizo, defined as a mixture of any other races; another 20% are unmixed caucasians, mostly of Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and German descent. Other important groups include Afro-Venezuelans, though their numbers are unclear due to poor census data. Asians, predominantly Lebanese, Arab , Chinese and Turkish descent, make up a small percentage of the population. Only about 5% of Venezuelans are Indigenous. These groups were joined by sponsored migrants from throughout Europe and neighboring parts of South America by the mid-20th century economic boom. According to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Venezuela hosted a population of refugee and asylum seekers from Colombia numbering 252,200 in 2007. 10,600 new asylum seekers entered Venezuela in 2007. About 85% of the population live in urban areas in northern Venezuela; 73% live less than 100 kilometres (62 mi) from the coastline. Though almost half of Venezuela's land area lies south of the Orinoco, only 5% of Venezuelans live there. The national and official language is Spanish; 31 indigenous languages are also spoken, including Guajibo, Pemon, Warao, Wayuu, and the various Yanomaman languages. 83% of the population belongs to the Roman Catholic Church. Culture Basílica de La Chinita, Our Lady of Rosario of Chiquinquirá Basilica, MaracaiboVenezuela's heritage, art, and culture have been heavily influenced by its Latin American context. These elements extend to its historic buildings, architecture, art, landscape, boundaries, and monuments. Venezuelan culture has been shaped by indigenous, Spanish and African influences. Before this period, indigenous culture was expressed in art (petroglyphs), crafts, architecture (shabonos), and social organization. Aboriginal culture was subsequently assimilated by Spaniards; over the years, the hybrid culture had diversified by region. Venezuelan art was initially dominated by religious motifs, but began emphasizing historical and heroic representations in the late 19th century, a move led by Martín Tovar y Tovar. Modernism took over in the 20th century. Notable Venezuelan artists include Arturo Michelena, Cristóbal Rojas, Armando Reverón, Manuel Cabré, the kinetic artists Jesús-Rafael Soto and Carlos Cruz-Diez. Venezuelan literature originated soon after the Spanish conquest of the mostly pre-literate indigenous societies; it was dominated by Spanish influences. Following the rise of political literature during the War of Independence, Venezuelan Romanticism, notably expounded by Juan Vicente González, emerged as the first important genre in the region. Although mainly focused on narrative writing, Venezuelan literature was advanced by poets such as Andrés Eloy Blanco and Fermín Toro. Major writers and novelists include Rómulo Gallegos, Teresa de la Parra, Arturo Uslar Pietri, Adriano González León, Miguel Otero Silva, and Mariano Picón Salas. The great poet and humanist Andrés Bello was also an educator and intellectual. Others, such as Laureano Vallenilla Lanz and José Gil Fortoul, contributed to Venezuelan Positivism. The Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex in Caracas. The joropo, as depicted in a 1912 drawing by Eloy Palacios.Carlos Raúl Villanueva was the most important Venezuelan architect of the modern era; he designed the Central University of Venezuela, (a World Heritage Site) and its Aula Magna. Other notable architectural works include the Capitol, the Baralt Theatre, the Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex, and the General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge. Indigenous musical styles of Venezuela are exemplified by the groups Un Solo Pueblo and Serenata Guayanesa. The national musical instrument is the cuatro. Typical musical styles and pieces mainly emerged in and around the llanos region, including Alma Llanera (by Pedro Elías Gutiérrez and Rafael Bolivar Coronado), Florentino y el Diablo (by Alberto Arvelo Torrealba), Concierto en la Llanura by Juan Vicente Torrealba, and Caballo Viejo (by Simón Díaz). The Zulian gaita is also a popular style, generally performed during Christmas. The national dance is the joropo. Teresa Carreño was a world-famous 19th century piano virtuosa. In the last years, Classical Music has had great performances. The Simon Bolivar Youth Orchestra has realized excellent presentations in many European concert halls, notably at the 2007 Proms, and has received honors of the public. Baseball is Venezuela's most popular sport, although football (soccer), spearheaded by the Venezuela national football team, is gaining influence. Famous Venezuelan baseball players include Luis Aparicio (inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame), David (Dave) Concepción, Oswaldo (Ozzie) Guillén (current White Sox manager, World Series champion in 2005), Cubs Ace Carlos Zambrano, Freddy Garcia, Andrés Galarraga, Omar Vizquel (an eleven-time Gold Glove winner), Luis Sojo, Miguel Cabrera, Bobby Abreu, Félix Hernández, Magglio Ordóñez, Ugueth Urbina, Víctor Martínez, Rafael Betancourt, and Johan Santana (a two-time unanimously selected Cy Young Award winner). The World Values Survey has consistently shown Venezuelans to be among the happiest people in the world, with 55% of those questioned saying they were "very happy". |
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