| bā xī Brazil shǒudōu:bā xī lì yà guógūdàimǎ: br |
 巴西（ TheFederativeRepublicofBrazil， RepúblicaFederativadoBrasil) yī ．【 bā xī gài kuàng】 bā xī zuò wéi pú táo yá de zhí mín dì cháng dá 300 nián . bā xī , pú táo yá yǔ yì wéi " hóng mù ".16 shì jì . zhí mín zhě dēng shàng bā xī shí , fā xiàn zhè lǐ yòu yī zhǒng míng guì de shù mù , cóng zhōng kě tí qǔ 'ōu zhōu nán dé de hóng sè rǎn liào , suì jiāng cǐ mù chēng wéi " hóng mù " hòu yǎn biàn chéng guó míng . dì lǐ wèi zhì bā xī lián bāng gòng hé guó（ TheFederativeRepublicofBrazil;RepúblicaFederativadoBrasil）， miàn jī 8,547,403 píng fāng gōng lǐ， wèi yú nán měi zhōu dōng nán bù， tóng chú zhì lì hé 'è guā duō 'ěr yǐ wài de suǒ yòu nán měi zhōu guó jiā jiē rǎng。 běi lín fǎ shǔ guī yà nà、 sū lǐ nán、 guī yà nà、 wěi nèi ruì lā hé gē lún bǐ yà， xī lián bìlǔ、 bō lì wéi yà， nán jiē bā lā guī、 ā gēn tíng hé wū lā guī， dōng bīn dà xī yáng。 guó tǔ miàn jī yuē zhàn nán měi zhōu zǒng miàn jī de 46%， jǐn cì yú 'é luó sī、 jiā ná dà、 zhōng guó hé měi guó， wéi shì jiè dì wǔ dà guó。 quán jìng dì xíng fēn wéi yà mǎ xùn píng yuán、 bā lā guī pén dì、 bā xī gāo yuán hé guī yà nà gāo yuán， qí zhōng yà mǎ xùn píng yuán yuē zhàn quán guó miàn jī de 1/3。 yòu yà mǎ xùn、 bā lā nà hé shèng fú lǎng xī sī kē sān dà hé xì。 yà mǎ xùn hé quán cháng 6751 gōng lǐ， héng guàn bā xī xī běi bù， zài bā liú yù miàn jī dá 390 wàn píng fāng gōng lǐ； bā lā nà hé xì bāo kuò bā lā nà hé hé bā lā guī hé， liú jīng xī nán bù， duō jī liú hé pù bù， yòu fēng fù de shuǐ lì zī yuán； shèng fú lǎng xī sī kē hé xì quán cháng 2900 gōng lǐ， liú jīng gān hàn de dōng běi bù， shì gāi dì qū zhù yào de guàn gài shuǐ yuán。 hǎi 'àn xiàn cháng 7400 duō gōng lǐ， lǐng hǎi kuān dù wéi 12 hǎi lǐ， lǐng hǎi wài zhuān shǔ jīng jì qū 188 hǎi lǐ。 qí zhōng， yà mǎ sūn píng yuán shì shì jiè shàng zuì dà de píng yuán， yà mǎ sūn hé shì shì jiè shàng zuì dà de hé liú。 shèng bǎo luó shì nán bàn qiú zuì dà de chéng shì。 bā xī shì nán měi zhōu zuì dà de guó jiā。 qì hòu tè diǎn dà bù fēn dì qū shǔ rè dài qì hòu， nán bù bù fēn dì qū wéi yà rè dài qì hòu。 yà mǎ xùn píng yuán nián píng jūn qì wēn 25 ～ 27 dù， nán bù dì qū nián píng jūn qì wēn 16～ 19 dù。 rén kǒu 2000 nián rén kǒu 1.69799 yì， jū lā měi shǒu wèi， shì jiè dì wǔ wèi。 chéng shì rén kǒu zhàn 81.25%， nóng cūn rén kǒu zhàn 18.75%， píng jūn shòu mìng 68.8 suì，。 bái zhǒng rén zhàn 54.38%， hēi bái hùn xuè zhǒng rén zhàn 39.88%， hēi zhǒng rén zhàn 5.21%， huáng zhǒng rén zhàn 0.39%， yìn dì 'ān rén yuē zhàn 0.14%。 yìn dì 'ān rén shì bā xī tǔ zhù mín zú， gòng yòu 35 wàn rén， fēn shǔ 227 gè zú， jiǎng 175 zhǒng bù tóng de yǔ yán， shēng huó zài guó jiā shè lì de 561 gè yìn dì 'ān rén bǎo hù qū nèi。 rén kǒu dōng nán duō， xī nán shǎo。 lì shǐ yǔ yǔ yán bā xī céng shòu pú táo yá tǒng zhì， yǐ pú táo yá yǔ wéi guān fāng yǔ yán。 rán 'ér， bā xī de pú táo yá yǔ shēn shòu yìn dì 'ān jí fēi zhōu yǔ yán de yǐng xiǎng， shèn zhì yòu xiē dì míng、 dòng zhí wù míng chēng， dōushì yán yòng fēi zhōu fāng yán。 suǒ yǐ， pú táo yá wén zì diǎn zài bā xī bù shì hěn hǎo yòng， yīn wéi pú táo yá yǔ zài bā xī， yǐ jīng hé fā yuán dì yòu hěn dà de chā yì。 bā xī rén tōng cháng dū tīng dé dǒng jī běn de xī bān yá yǔ， zhì yú yīng wén， jiù bù tài pǔ biàn liǎo。 tóng běi jīng shí chā： -11.00 guó jì diàn huà mǎ： 55 huò bì： kè lǔ sài luó léi yà 'ěr guó qí guó huā yǔ guó gē guó qí wéi lǜ sè cháng fāng xíng zhōng yāng wéi huáng sè líng xíng， líng xíng zhōng yāng shì kā fēi sè yuán xíng。 yuán xíng wéi tiān qiú yí， bái sè shòu dài shàng shū yǐ pú táo yá wén “ zhì xù yǔ jìn bù ”。 tiān qiú yí shàng yòu bái sè wǔ sè xīng， xiàng zhēng guó jiā de 26 gè xíng zhèng qū。 lǜ sè hé huáng sè shì bā xī de guó sè， lǜ sè xiàng zhēng sēn lín， huáng sè xiàng zhēng kuàng cáng hé zī yuán。 guó huī de zhōng xīn tú 'àn shì wǔ jiǎo xīng。 wǔ jiǎo xīng zhōng yāng yòu liǎng gè tóng xīn yuán， xiǎo yuán zhōng yāng yòu wǔ kē wǔ jiǎo xīng， xiàng zhēng nán shí zì xīng zuò。 dà yuán zhōu wéi yòu 22 kē wǔ jiǎo xīng， xiàng zhēng gè zhōu hé lián bāng qū。 wài yán shì kā fēi yè hé yān cǎo yè gòu chéng de yuán xíng。 xià fāng zhōng yāng shì yī bǎ jiàn。 zuì xià duān shì shòu dài， shū yǐ pú táo yá wén“ bā xī lián bāng gòng hé guó 1889 nián 11 yuè 15 rì”。 rì qī shì gòng hé guó chéng lì de rì zǐ。 guó huā wéi máo xiè zhǎo lán。 guó gē bā xī dú lì hòu de dì yī shǒu guó gē， shì yóu pō yòu yīnyuè cái huá de pèi dé luó yī shì qīn zì chuàng zuò de。 zài 1822 nián 9 yuè 7 rì xuān gào bā xī dú lì de dāng tiān， tā chuàng zuò liǎo《 ā zǔ guó， ā huáng dì， ā rén mín》 de gēqǔ， bìng qīn zì zài dāng wǎn shèng bǎo luó de 'ài guó jí huì shàng yǎn chàng， yóu hé chàng duì bàn chàng， zhè shǒu gē chéng wéi bā xī de dì yī shǒu guó gē。 pèi dé luó yī shì tuì wèi hòu， lǐ yuē rè nèi lú guó lì yīnyuè xué yuàn de chuàng bàn zhě， zhù míng yīnyuè jiā fú lǎng xī sī kē dá xí 'ěr wǎ pǔ xiě chū yī shǒu hòu lái chéng wéi bā xī guó gē de gēqǔ。 1909 nián zhù míng shī rén 'ào lǐ suǒ dù kè āi sī tè lā dá chóngxīn tián cí， jīng zhuān jiā wěi yuán huì shěn chá， 1922 nián bèi dìng wéi bā xī guó gē。 guó gē《 tīng yī pí lán jiā de hū shēng》 huí gù liǎo 1822 nián 9 yuè 7 rì pèi dé luó yī shì zài shèng bǎo luó jiāo wài yī pí lán jiā hé pàn fā chū“ bù dú lì， wú níng sǐ！” hū shēng de qíng jǐng， gē sòng zǔ guó huò dé liǎo dú lì， chōng mǎn zhe bā xī rén mín duì zǔ guó de 'ài liàn zhī qíng。 zhèng zhì yǔ jīng jì 1500 nián 4 yuè 22 rì， pú táo yá háng hǎi jiā pèi dé luó kǎ bù lā 'ěr dǐ dá bā xī。 tā jiāng zhè piàn tǔ dì mìng míng wéi“ shèng shí zì jià”， bìng xuān bù guī pú táo yá suǒ yòu。 yóu yú pú zhí mín zhě de lüè duó shì cóng kǎn fá bā xī hóng mù kāi shǐ de，“ hóng mù”（ Brasil） yī cí zhú jiàn dài tì liǎo“ shèng shí zì jià”， chéng wéi bā xī guó míng， bìng yán yòng zhì jīn， qí zhōng wén yīn yì wéi“ bā xī”。 16 shì jì 30 nián dài pú pài yuǎn zhēng duì zài bā jiàn lì zhí mín dì， 1549 nián rèn mìng zǒng dū。 1807 nián ná pò lún rù qīn pú táo yá， pú wáng shì qiān wǎng bā xī。 1820 nián pú wáng shì qiān huí lǐ sī běn， wáng zǐ pèi dé luó liú bā rèn shè zhèng wáng。 1822 nián 9 yuè 7 rì xuān bù wán quán tuō lí pú táo yá dú lì， jiàn lì bā xī dì guó。 1889 nián 11 yuè 15 rì fēng sài kǎ jiāng jūn fā dòng zhèng biàn， tuī fān dì zhì， chéng lì bā xī hé zhòng guó。 1964 nián bā jūn rén zhèng biàn shàng tái， 1967 nián gǎi guó míng wéi bā xī lián bāng gòng hé guó。 1985 nián 3 yuè jūn zhèng fǔ hái zhèng yú mín。 1989 nián 11 yuè 15 rì， bā jǔ xíng liǎo jìn 30 nián lái dì yī cì quán mín zhí jiē xuǎn jǔ， fèi 'ěr nán duō kē luò 'ěr dāng xuǎn zǒng tǒng。 1992 nián 12 yuè 29 rì， kē luò 'ěr zǒng tǒng yīn shè xián shòu huì bèi pò xuān bù cí zhí， fù zǒng tǒng yī tǎ mǎ 'ěr fó lǎng gē jí rì jiē rèn zǒng tǒng。 1994 nián 10 yuè 3 rì， fèi 'ěr nán duō ēn lǐ kè kǎ duō zuǒ zài quán guó dà xuǎn zhōng huò shèng， 1995 nián 1 yuè 1 rì jiù rèn bā xī dì 38 rèn zǒng tǒng。 1998 nián 10 yuè 4 rì， kǎ duō zuǒ zài cì dāng xuǎn。 1999 nián 1 yuè 1 rì， kǎ jiù rèn bā dì 39 rèn zǒng tǒng， rèn qī zhì 2002 nián 12 yuè 31 rì。 bā lì shǐ shàng céng yòu guò jǐ cì dà de yí mín làng cháo， jǐn 1884 zhì 1962 nián jiān qiān jū bā xī de yí mín jí dá 497 wàn duō rén， zhù yào lái zì pú táo yá、 xī bān yá、 yì dà lì、 dé guó、 fǎ guó、 bō lán hé 'ā lā bó guó jiā。 huáng zhǒng rén duō lái zì rì běn、 cháo xiān hé zhōng guó。 bā yòu 130 wàn rì běn rén， 25 wàn huá rén， zhù yào jí zhōng zài shèng bǎo luó hé lǐ yuē rè nèi lú。 quán guó gòng fēn wéi 26 gè zhōu hé 1 gè lián bāng qū（ bā xī lì yà lián bāng qū）。 zhōu zhī xià shè shì， quán guó gòng yòu 5507 gè shì， 15 wàn rén kǒu yǐ shàng de yòu 79 gè， 100 wàn yǐ shàng de yòu 12 gè（ 1999 nián）。 gè zhōu de míng chēng rú xià： ā kè lǐ， ā lā gē yà sī， yà mǎ xùn， ā mǎ pà， bā yī yà， sài 'ā là， shèng 'āi sī pí lǐ tuō， gē yà sī， mǎ là ní 'áng， mǎ tuō gé luó suǒ， nán mǎ tuō gé luó suǒ， mǐ nà sī jí lā sī， bā lā， pà lā yī bā， bā lā nà， bó nán bù gē， pí 'ào yī， běi lǐ yuē gé lǎng dé， nán lǐ yuē gé lǎng dé， lǐ yuē rè nèi lú， lǎng duō ní yà， luó lài mǎ， shèng kǎ tǎ lín nà， shèng bǎo luó， sài 'ěr xī péi， tuō kǎn tíng sī。 bā xī yōng yòu lā měi zuì wéi wán shàn de chǎn yè tǐ xì， jīng jì shí lì jū lā měi shǒu wèi。 lì shǐ shàng bā céng jīng yī dù shì dān yī nóng yè jīng jì guó jiā， zhè táng、 kā fēi děng wéi qí zhù yào jīng jì zuò wù。 20 shì jì chū， bā xī kāi shǐ gōng yè huà jìn chéng。 cóng wǔ shí nián dài qǐ， bā xī tuī xíng“ jìn kǒu tì dài” jīng jì mó shì， bìng yǐ kào dà liàng jǔ jiè wài zhài huò dé liǎo jīng jì téng fēi， qí zhōng 1967 － 1974 nián jīng jì nián jūn zēngzhǎng sù dù dá dào 10.1%， chuàng zào liǎo“ bā xī qí jì”， bìng chū bù jiàn lì qǐ liǎo jiào wéi wán zhěng de gōng yè tǐ xì。 qí hòu jìn 20 nián de shí jiān lǐ， bā yī zhí wéi wài zhài hé tōng huò péng zhàng suǒ kùn rǎo， jīng jì fā zhǎn xiàn yú tíng dùn。 1994 nián 7 yuè bā xī tuī chū“ léi yà 'ěr jìhuà”， chéng gōng kòng zhì liǎo 'è xìng tōng péng， shǐ jīng jì chū xiàn liǎo wěn dìng zēngzhǎng。 dàn cái zhèng hé jīng cháng xiàng mù shuāng chì zì wèn tí què rì yì yán zhòng， duì wài zī yǐ lài jí jù jiā shēn。 zài dōng nán yà hé 'é luó sī jīn róng wēi jī chōng jī xià， bā bèi pò yú 1999 nián chū xuān bù cǎi qǔ fú dòng huì shuài zhì。 léi yà 'ěr duì měi yuán dà fú biǎn zhí。 yóu yú bā zhèng fǔ zhí xíng liǎo yán lì de cái zhèng tiáozhěng cuò shī， zēng shōu jié zhī， bā jīng jì xùn sù zǒu shàng huī fù zhī lù， 2000 nián jīng jì zēng cháng dá 4.46%， tōng péng yě jī běn dé dào liǎo kòng zhì。 2001 nián， shòu quán qiú jīng jì bù jǐng qì、 ā gēn tíng jīng jì wēi jī hé guó nèi diàn lì wēi jī yǐng xiǎng， bā jīng jì zēng fú xià jiàng zhì 2－ 2.5% zuǒ yòu。 yǔ zhōng guó de jīng jì jiāo wǎng zhōng guó yǔ bā xī zǎo zài yī bǎi duō nián qián jiù kāi shǐ liǎo jiāo wǎng， jiàn zài lǐ yuē rè nèi lú dì rú kǎ guó jiā gōng yuán de zhōng guó tíng shì duì yú １ ８１ ２ nián lái cǐ chuán yì de zhōng guó chá nóng yǒng jiǔ de jì niàn。１ ９ ７ ４ nián８ yuè１ ５ rì liǎng guó jiàn jiāo yǐ lái， zhèng zhì、 jīng jì、 mào yì、 wén huà、 kē jì hé zuò shùn lì fā zhǎn。 liǎng guó gāo céng hù fǎng pín fán。 jiāng zé mín zhù xí yú１９９ ３ nián１１ yuè hé２ ００１ nián４ yuè fǎng wèn guò bā xī。１９９５ nián１２ yuè， bā xī zǒng tǒng kǎ duō zuǒ duì zhōng guó jìn xíng guó shì fǎng wèn。２００４ nián５ yuè， lú lā zǒng tǒng duì zhōng guó jìn xíng guó shì fǎng wèn， shuāng fāng qiān shǔ lián hé gōng bào。２００４ nián１１ yuè， hú jǐn tāo zhù xí duì bā xī jìn xíng guó shì fǎng wèn。 liǎng guó zhèng fǔ wéi jiàn lì cháng qī、 wěn dìng、 hù lì de zhàn lüè huǒ bàn guān xì zuò chū liǎo bù xiè nǔ lì。１９９９ nián zhōng bā lián hé yán zhì de dì yī kē dì qiú zī yuán wèi xīng fā shè chéng gōng。２００４ nián７ yuè， zhōng bā hé zuò shēng chǎn de zhī xiàn fēi jī shǒu cì jìn rù wǒ guó guó nèi háng kōng shì chǎng。 mù qián， bā xī shì zhōng guó zài lā měi zuì dà de mào yì huǒ bàn， zhōng guó shì bā xī de dì 'èr dà jìn kǒu lái yuán guó hé dì 'èr dà chū kǒu shì chǎng。２００７ nián zhōng guó hé bā xī shuāng biān mào yì 'é dá dào２３３． ６７ yì měi yuán。１９８６ nián１１ yuè２４ rì， běi jīng tóng lǐ yuē rè nèi lú jié wéi zǐ mèi chéng。 bā xī yǔ zhōng guó mào yì zǒng 'é jì xù bǎo chí gāo sù zēngzhǎng hàn yǔ jìn rù bā xī chū zū chē guó qí： chéng cháng fāng xíng， cháng yǔ kuān zhī bǐ wéi１０ ∶７。 qí dì wéi lǜ sè， zhōng jiān shì yī gè huáng sè líng xíng， qí sì gè dǐng diǎn yǔ qí biān de jù lí jūn xiāng děng。 líng xíng zhōng jiān shì yī gè lán sè tiān qiú yí， qí shàng yòu yī tiáo gǒng xíng bái dài。 lǜ、 huáng sè shì bā xī de guó sè。 lǜ sè xiàng zhēng gāi guó guǎng kuò de cóng lín， huáng sè dài biǎo fēng fù de kuàng cáng hé zī yuán。 tiān qiú yí shàng de gǒng xíng bái dài jiāng qiú miàn fēn wéi shàng xià liǎng bù fēn， xià bàn bù xiàng zhēng nán bàn qiú xīng kōng， qí shàng dà xiǎo bù tóng de bái sè wǔ jiǎo xīng dài biǎo bā xī de２６ gè zhōu hé yī gè lián bāng qū。 bái dài shàng yòng pú táo yá wén xiě zhe“ zhì xù hé jìn bù”。 guó huī： tú 'àn zhōng jiān tū chū yī kē dà wǔ jiǎo xīng， xiàng zhēng guó jiā de dú lì hé tuán jié。 dà wǔ jiǎo xīng nèi de lán sè yuán miàn shàng yòu wǔ gè xiǎo wǔ jiǎo xīng， dài biǎo nán shí zì xīng zuò； yuán huán zhōng yòu２２ gè xiǎo wǔ jiǎo xīng， dài biǎo bā xī gè zhōu hé lián bāng qū。 dà wǔ jiǎo xīng zhōu wéi huán rào zhe yòng kā fēi yè hé yān cǎo yè biān zhì de huā huán， bèi hòu shù lì yī bǎ jiàn， jiàn bǐng zài wǔ jiǎo xīng xià duān。 shòu dài shàng yòng pú táo yá wén xiě zhe“ bā xī lián bāng gòng hé guó”，“１８８９ nián１１ yuè１５ rì”（ gòng hé guó chéng lì rì）。 zhòng yào jié rì： dú lì rì：９ yuè７ rì（１８２２ nián）； guó qìng rì：９ yuè７ rì（１８２２ nián）； yìn dì 'ān rén rì：４ yuè１９ rì； jí bǔ sài rén rì：５ yuè２４ rì。 guó jiā zhèng yào： zǒng tǒng lú lā · dá xí 'ěr wǎ (LuladaSilva)，２００２ nián１０ yuè dāng xuǎn，２００３ nián１ yuè１ rì rèn zhí；２００６ nián１０ yuè zài cì dāng xuǎn，２００７ nián１ yuè１ rì zhèng shì xuān shì jiù zhí。 zì rán dì lǐ：８５１．４２ wàn píng fāng gōng lǐ（ zī liào lái yuán《 bā xī sì yuè nián jiàn》）， shì lā dīng měi zhōu miàn jī zuì dà de guó jiā。 wèi yú nán měi zhōu dōng nán bù。 běi lín fǎ shǔ guī yà nà、 sū lǐ nán、 guī yà nà、 wěi nèi ruì lā hé gē lún bǐ yà， xī lín bìlǔ、 bō lì wéi yà、 nán jiē bā lā guī、 ā gēn tíng hé wū lā guī， dōng bīn dà xī yáng。 hǎi 'àn xiàn cháng７４００ duō gōng lǐ， lǐng hǎi kuān dù１２ hǎi lǐ， lǐng hǎi wài zhuān shǔ jīng jì qū１８８ hǎi lǐ。 guó tǔ８０ ％ wèi yú rè dài dì qū， zuì nán duān shǔ yà rè dài qì hòu。 běi bù yà mǎ sūn píng yuán shǔ chì dào qì hòu， nián píng jūn qì wēn２７－２９ ℃。 zhōng bù gāo yuán shǔ rè dài cǎo yuán qì hòu， fēn hàn、 yǔ jì。 nán bù dì qū píng jūn qì wēn１６－１９℃。 rén kǒu：１ .８１６ yì（２００４ nián）， zhàn shì jiè rén kǒu de２．８％， jū lā měi shǒu wèi。 qí zhōng bái zhǒng rén zhàn５４ .０３％， hēi bái hùn xuè zhǒng rén zhàn３９ .９４％， hēi zhǒng rén zhàn５ .３９％， huáng zhǒng rén zhàn０ .４６ %， yìn dì 'ān rén yuē zhàn０ .１６％。 pú táo yá yǔ wéi guān fāng yǔ yán。７１％ de jū mín xìn fèng tiān zhù jiào。 bā xī“ yìn dì 'ān rén rì” shǒu dū： bā xī lì yà（ Brasilia）， rén kǒu２０５．１ wàn rén（２０００ nián）， róng huì liǎo shì jiè gǔ jīn jiàn zhù yì shù de jīng huá， yòu“ shì jiè jiàn zhù bó lǎn huì” zhī chēng。 chéng shì jiàn zào zài rén gōng hú bàng， yǐ sān quán guǎng chǎng wéi hé xīn， xíng zhuàng xiàng yī jià tóu cháo dōng fāng de jù xíng fēi jī。１９８７ nián， lián hé guó jiào kē wén zǔ zhì xuān bù jiāng bā xī lì yà chéng liè wéi“ rén lèi wén huà cái fù”。 xíng zhèng qū huá： quán guó gòng fēn wéi２６ gè zhōu hé１ gè lián bāng qū（ bā xī lì yà lián bāng qū）， zhōu xià shè shì， quán guó gòng yòu５５６２ gè shì。 gè zhōu míng chēng rú xià： ā kè lǐ、 ā lā gē sī、 yà mǎ sūn、 ā mǎ pà、 bā yī yà、 sài 'ā lā、 shèng 'āi sī pí lǐ tú、 gē yà sī、 mǎ lā ní 'áng、 mǎ tuō gé luó suǒ、 nán mǎ tuō gé luó suǒ、 mǐ nà sī jí lā sī、 pà lā、 pà lā yī bā、 bā lā nà、 bó nán bù gē、 pí 'ào yī、 běi lǐ 'ào gé lán dé、 nán lǐ 'ào gé lán dé、 lǐ yuē rè nèi lú、 lǎng duō ní yà、 luó lài mǎ、 shèng kǎ tǎ lín、 shèng bǎo luó、 sài 'ěr xī péi、 tuō kǎn tíng sī。 jiǎn shǐ： gǔ dài bā xī wéi yìn dì 'ān rén jū zhù dì。１５００ nián４ yuè２２ rì pú táo yá háng hǎi jiā kǎ bù lā 'ěr dào dá bā xī。１６ shì jì lún wéi pú táo yá zhí mín dì。１８０７ nián ná pò lún rù qīn pú táo yá， pú wáng shì táo dào bā xī hòu， bā xī shí jì shàng chéng liǎo pú de dì guó zhōng xīn。１８２１ nián pú wáng shì qiān huí lǐ sī běn， wáng zǐ pèi dé luó liú bā xī rèn shè zhèng wáng。１８２２ nián９ yuè７ rì huò dé dú lì， jiàn lì bā xī dì guó。１８８８ nián５ yuè fèi chú nú lì zhì dù。１８８９ nián１１ yuè１５ rì fēng sài kǎ jiāng jūn fā dòng zhèng biàn fèi chú dì zhì， chéng lì gòng hé guó。１８９１ nián２ yuè２４ rì tōng guò dì yī bù gòng hé guó xiàn fǎ， dìng guó míng wéi bā xī hé zhòng guó。１９６０ nián jiāng shǒu dū yóu lǐ yuē rè nèi lú qiān wǎng bā xī lì yà。１９６４ nián３ yuè３１ rì， jūn rén zhèng biàn shàng tái， shí xíng dú cái tǒng zhì，１９６７ nián gǎi guó míng wéi bā xī lián bāng gòng hé guó zhèng zhì：１９８８ nián１０ yuè５ rì bān bù de xīn xiàn fǎ guī dìng， zǒng tǒng yóu zhí jiē xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng， qǔ xiāo zǒng tǒng zhí jiē bān bù fǎ lìng de quán lì。 zǒng tǒng shì guó jiā yuán shǒu hé zhèng fǔ shǒu nǎo jiān wǔ zhuāng bù duì zǒng sī lìng。１９９４ nián hé１９９７ nián yì huì tōng guò xiàn fǎ xiū zhèng 'àn， fēn bié guī dìng jiāng zǒng tǒng rèn qī suō duǎn wéi sì nián， zǒng tǒng hé gè zhōu、 shì cháng jūn kě lián xuǎn lián rèn。 guó mín yì huì yóu cān yì yuàn hé zhòng yì yuàn zǔ chéng， xíng shǐ lì fǎ quán， wèiguó jiā zuì gāo quán lì jī gòu。 zhù yào zhí néng shì zhì dìng yī qiē lián bāng fǎ lǜ； què dìng hé píng shí qī wǔ zhuāng lì liàng biān zhì jí bīng lì； zhì dìng quán guó hé dì qū xìng de fā zhǎn jìhuà； xuān bù dà shè lìng； shòu quán zǒng tǒng xuān bù zhàn zhēng huò hé píng； pī zhǔn zǒng tǒng hé fù zǒng tǒng chū fǎng； pī zhǔn huò chè xiāo zǒng tǒng qiān shǔ de lín shí xìng fǎ lìng、 lián bāng gān yù huò jiè yán lìng； shěn chá zǒng tǒng jí zhèng fǔ xíng zhèng kāi zhī； pī zhǔn zǒng tǒng qiān shǔ guó jì tiáo yuē； jué dìng lín shí qiān dū děng。 nèi gé wéi zhèng fǔ xíng zhèng jī gòu， nèi gé chéng yuán yóu zǒng tǒng rèn mìng。 jīng jì： bā xī jīng jì shí lì jū lā měi shǒu wèi。 1992 nián bā xī guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí 4305 yì měi yuán。 1994 nián 7 yuè 1 rì fèi chú yuán huò bì míng chēng kè lǔ sài luó léi yà 'ěr ( fèi chú shí 1 měi yuán duì 2750 kè lǔ sài luó léi yà 'ěr )， tóng shí mìng míng xīn huò bì míng chēng wéi léi yà 'ěr（ 1 měi yuán duì 1 léi yà 'ěr）。 1995 nián 2 yuè 3 rì huì shuài 1 měi yuán duì 0.8394 léi yà 'ěr。 bā xī kuàng chǎn zī yuán fēng fù， yǐ tàn míng tiě kuàng shā chǔ liàng 650 yì dūn， chǎn liàng hé chū kǒu liàng jū shì jiè dì 'èr wèi。 yóu kuàng、 lǚ fán tǔ、 měng kuàng chǔ liàng jū shì jiè dì sān wèi。 cǐ wài hái yòu jiào fēng fù de gè kuàng、 niè kuàng hé huáng jīn kuàng。 méi kuàng chǔ liàng 230 yì dūn， dàn pǐn wèi dī。 shí yóu chǔ liàng yuē 36 yì tǒng， lìng yòu xiāng dāng yú 15 yì tǒng shí yóu de yóu yè yán， tiān rán qì chǔ liàng 1330 yì lì fāng mǐ。 shuǐ lì zī yuán fēng fù。 sēn lín fù gài shuài wéi 52.2％。 gōng yè jū lā měi zhī shǒu。 70 nián dài jiàn chéng liǎo bǐ jiào wán zhěng de gōng yè tǐ xì， zhù yào gōng yè bù mén yòu gāng tiě、 qì chē、 zào chuán、 shí yóu、 shuǐ ní、 huà gōng、 yě jīn、 diàn lì、 fǎng zhì、 jiàn zhù děng。 hé diàn、 tōng xùn、 diàn zǐ、 fēi jī zhì zào、 jūn gōng děng yǐ kuà rù shì jiè xiān jìn guó jiā de hángliè。 kā fēi、 zhè táng、 gān jú shēng chǎn jū shì jiè dì yī wèi， kě kě、 dà dòu wéi dì 'èr wèi， yù mǐ jū dì sān。 liáng shí jī běn zìjǐ， dàn xū jìn kǒu yī xiǎo bù fēn xiǎo mài。 xùmù yè fā dá。 zhù yào lǚ yóu diǎn yòu lǐ yuē rè nèi lú、 shèng bǎo luó、 sà 'ěr wǎ duō de jiào táng hé gǔ lǎo jiàn zhù、 bā xī lì yà、 yī guā sū pù bù、 yī tài pǔ shuǐ diàn zhàn、 mǎ nǎo sī zì yóu gǎng、 hēi jīn chéng、 bā lā nà shí lín děng。 bā xī gōng lù yùn shū zhàn quán guó yùn shū zǒng liàng de 70％， tiě lù zhàn 17％， shuǐ lù bù zú 10％。 gōng lù zǒng cháng 150 wàn qiān mǐ， tiě lù zǒng cháng 3.03 wàn qiān mǐ。 zhù yào gǎng kǒu yòu wéi duō lì yà、 sāng duō sī、 lǐ yuē rè nèi lú děng。 quán guó yòu 3 jiā háng kōng gōng sī。 zhù yào mào yì duì xiàng wéi měi guó、 ōu gòng tǐ、 rì běn、 zhōng dōng jí lā měi lín guó。 zhù yào jìn kǒu shí yóu、 huà gōng yuán liào、 guāng xué yí qì、 xiǎo mài děng。 chū kǒu gāng cái、 jiāo tōng yùn shū shè bèi、 tiě kuàng shā、 zhǐ jiāng、 pí xié、 kā fēi、 táng、 dà dòu、 chéng zhī děng。 wén huà jiào yù： zhōng xiǎo xué shí xíng liǎng jí zhì， dì yī jí xiǎo xué、 chū zhōng gòng 8 nián， dì 'èr jí gāo zhōng ( bāo kuò jì xiào、 zhōng zhuān )3 nián。 dà xué yī bān 4～ 5 nián。 gāo děng yuàn xiào yòu shèng bǎo luó dà xué、 lǐ yuē rè nèi lú lián bāng dà xué、 shèng bǎo luó tiān zhù jiào dà xué、 bā xī lì yà dà xué děng。 zhù yào bào zhǐ yòu：《 shèng bǎo luó zhī yè bào》、《 huán qiú bào》、《 shèng bǎo luó zhōu bào》 hé《 bā xī rì bào》。 zhù yào zá zhì yòu《 biāo tí》、《 qǐng kàn》、《 zhè jiù shì xiān shēng》 hé《 shì jiè》 děng zhōu kān。 yòu diàn shì tái 7 jiā。 zhèng fǔ guǎn lǐ de yòu liǎng jiā guó jiā diàn shì tái hé jiào yù diàn shì tái。 duì wài guān xì： bā xī fèng xíng dú lì zì zhù、 rén mín zì jué、 zūn zhòng zhù quán、 bù gān shè yuán zé、 hé píng jiě jué chōng tū hé yǒu hǎo gòng chù de duì wài zhèng cè。 què dìng duì wài guān xì de zhòng diǎn wéi měi guó、 xī 'ōu、 rì běn hé lā měi guó jiā děng。 bā xī yǔ zhōng guó yú 1974 nián 8 yuè 15 rì jiàn jiāo， cǐ hòu， liǎng guó zài zhèng zhì、 jīng mào、 kē jì、 wén huà děng lǐng yù de jiāo liú bù duàn fā zhǎn。 bā xī bǎ fā zhǎn yǔ měi guó de guān xì fàng zài yōu xiān wèi zhì， shuāng fāng zhèng zhì、 mào yì guān xì mìqiè。 měi guó shì bā xī zhù yào de mào yì duì xiàng、 zuì dà de zhài quán guó hé tóu zī guó， tóu zī 'é zhàn wài guó zài bā xī zǒng tóu zī 'é de 1 ／ 3。 1991 nián liǎng guó mào yì zǒng 'é jìn bǎi yì měi yuán。 dàn liǎng guó zài hé néng、 huán bǎo、 wài zhài、 mào yì děng lǐng yù cún zài fēn qí yǔ mó cā。 bā xī tóng xī 'ōu guó jiā yòu zhe chuán tǒng de mìqiè guān xì。 xī 'ōu shì bā xī zhù yào de chū kǒu shì chǎng hé zī jīn、 jì shù de lái yuán dì。 xī 'ōu gè guó zài bā xī de tóu zī 'é yuē zhàn tóng qī wài guó zài bā xī tóu zī de 50％。 1991 nián bā xī xiàng 'ōu zhōu gòng tóng tǐ chū kǒu 'é wéi 97.7 yì měi yuán。 rì běn shì bā xī fā zhǎn yǔ yà tài dì qū guó jiā guān xì de zhòng diǎn， shì bā xī zài yà zhōu de zuì dà mào yì duì xiàng hé yuán cái liào shì chǎng。 rì běn zài bā xī zhí jiē tóu zī zhàn quán bù wài guó tóu zī de 9.7％， jǐn cì yú měi guó hé dé guó。 zhōng dōng dì qū shì bā xī shí yóu zhù yào lái yuán hé zhòng yào mào yì shì chǎng， 1991 nián mào yì 'é dá 28 yì měi yuán。 zhù yào chéng shì gài kuàng： èr、 shèng bǎo luó gài kuàng（ SãoPaulo） shèng bǎo luó jiàn shì yú 1554 nián， shì bā xī yě shì nán měi zuì dà de chéng shì， shèng bǎo luó zhōu shǒu fǔ， wèi yú gāi zhōu dōng nán bù。 hǎi bá 760 mǐ， miàn jī chāo guò 1500 píng fāng qiān mǐ， shì bā lí de sān bèi， rén kǒu chāo yī qiān liù bǎi wàn。 shèng bǎo luó shì qì hòu yí rén， yī nián zhī zhōng qì hòu、 wēn dù biàn huà bù tài dà， ér zǎo wǎn wēn chā jiào dà， yòu“ yī nián zhī zhōng wú sì jì， yī rì zhī zhōng yòu sì jì” zhī shuō。 bā xī jì jié yǔ guó nèi xiāng fǎn， měi nián 12 yuè zhì cì nián 2 yuè shì shèng bǎo luó de xià jì， duō yǔ， bù guò zuì gāo wēn dù yě jiù shì zài 30 dù zuǒ yòu； měi nián 6-8 yuè shì shèng bǎo luó de dōng tiān， píng jūn qì wēn yě zài 16-20 dù shàng xià； shèng bǎo luó shì quán guó zuì dà de gōng yè zhōng xīn， jīn róng zhōng xīn， wén huà zhōng xīn。 zài zhè lǐ jí zhōng liǎo quán guó gōng yè shēng chǎn mén lèi de yī bàn zuǒ yòu， gōng yè chǎn zhí yě yuē zhàn quán guó chǎn zhí de yī bàn， quán guó 500 jiā zuì dà gōng sī yòu 3/5 de zǒng bù shè lì zài zhè lǐ。 shèng bǎo luó yōng yòu 3000 jiā jīn róng jī gòu， 1300 duō jiā yínháng， sāng tuō sī shì shì jiè shàng zuì dà kā fēi shū chū gǎng。 zhè lǐ tóng shí yōng yòu bāo kuò zhù míng de shèng bǎo luó dà xué、 yī kē dà xué zài nèi de shù shí suǒ gāo děng yuàn xiào、 6 jiā diàn shì tái hé 270 duō jiā bào kān shè hé cáng shū jǐ bǎi wàn cè de guó jiā tú shū guǎn。 shèng bǎo luó měi nián chuàng zào de cái fù gāo yú shì jiè shàng 1/4 de guó jiā nián guó mín shēng chǎn zǒng zhí。 shèng bǎo luó shì yī zuò xiàn dài huà de chéng shì， 400 duō nián lái yǐ lìng rén yǎn huā liáo luàn de sù dù bù duàn biàn huà hé gēngxīn。 zhòng duō lì jiāo qiáo， duō tiáo dì tiě xiàn lù， huán chéng gāo sù gōng lù yǐ jí zhí shēng fēi jī gōng sī dū shǐ dé jiāo tōng shí fēn biàn lì。 shèng bǎo luó de shāng yè qū zhù yào jí zhōng zài bǎo lì sī tǎ dà jiē (Paulista) hé gòng hé guǎng chǎng（ PraçadeRepública） yī dài。 zhù yào chū shòu yī xiē shǒu gōng yì pǐn， bǎo shí， gǔ dǒng。 zài dōng fāng jiē（ Liberdade） suí chù kě jiàn zhōng wén zhāo pái， zhōng cān guǎn hé chū shòu zhōng guó shāng pǐn de shāng diàn。 shèng bǎo luó zhù yào lǚ yóu jǐng diǎn： 1． tiān zhù jiào dà jiào táng（ CatedralMetropolitana） : nán měi zhōu zuì dà jiào táng， luò chéng yú 1954 nián， gāo sǒng de gē tè shì jiàn zhù， qì shì hóng wěi， zhōu wéi shì bù xíng guǎng chǎng， gòu wù qū zhī yī。 2． yī bǐ lā pǔ 'āi lā gōng yuán（ IbirapueraPark） : wèi yú shèng bǎo luó nán jiāo， zhàn dì 160 wàn píng fāng mǐ， nèi yòu rén gōng hú， qún diāo， zhòng duō bó wù guǎn， shì shì jiè shàng yòu míng de dà gōng yuán zhī yī。 3． dōng fāng jiē（ Liberdade） : zhòng duō rì běn zhōng guó cháo xiān qiáo mín jū zhù de dì fāng， lǐ miàn jù yòu xiān míng de dōng fāng wén huà fēn wéi， yòu zhòng duō zhōng guó rén jīng yíng de cān guǎn， shāng diàn， lǚ xíng shè。 sān、 bā xī lì yà gài kuàng（ Brasília） bā xī lì yà dì chù bā xī gāo yuán zhōng bù， qì hòu fēn wéi gān shī liǎng jì， shī jì cóng 9 yuè zhì 4 yuè， gān jì cóng měi nián 5 yuè zhì 8 yuè。 gān shī liǎng jì fēn bié míng xiǎn， zǎo wǎn wēn chā yě jiào dà， nián píng jūn qì wēn 19 dù。 rén kǒu 210 wàn。 bā xī lì yà shì běn shì jì 50 nián dài mò zài bā xī nèi dì gē yà sī zhōu jìng nèi hǎi bá 1000 duō mǐ de gāo yuán shàng xīng jiàn de。 1960 nián， shǒu dū zhèng shì yóu jiù dū lǐ yuē rè nèi lú qiān yí zhì cǐ。 chéng shì 'àn zhào bā xī zhù míng jiàn zhù shī lú xī 'ào kē sī péi de“ fēi jī xíng zǒng tǐ guī huá tú” jiàn shè。 tōng guò lán hé zhù bà， jiàn chéng yī gè rén gōng hú， ér zhěng gè chéng shì wǎn ruò yī jià 'áng shǒu dài fēi de jù xíng pēn qì shì fēi jī， yù yì bā xī zhèng yíng zhe cháo yáng zhǎn chì fēi xiáng。 “ jī tóu” wéi sān quán guǎng chǎng， jí yì huì、 fǎ yuàn hé zǒng tǒng fǔ de suǒ zài dì； jī shēn shì yī tiáo 8 gōng lǐ cháng、 250 kuān de dōng xī xiàng zhùgàn dà dào， qí zhōng“ qián cāng” zhèng fǔ gè bù guǎng chǎng， liǎng cè pái liè zhè gè bù bàn gōng lóu，“ hòu cāng” shì wén jiào qū、 tǐ yù chéng、 guó jiā jù yuàn、 diàn shì tǎ děng jiàn zhù；“ jī wěi” shì wéi shǒu dū fú wù de gōng yè qū；“ jī yì” shì yán rén gōng hú zhǎn kāi de lì jiāo dào hé jū mín zhù zhái jiē qū。 sān quán guǎng chǎng shì bā xī shǒu dū de hé xīn。 qí yì huì dà shà yóu liǎng zuò bìng jiān 'ér lì de 28 céng dà lóu zǔ chéng， yòu yī guò dào xiāng lián， chéng“ H" xíng， shì pú táo yá wén“ rén” de dì yī gè zì mǔ， yù yì“ yī qiē wèile rén” de lì fǎ zōng zhǐ。 dà lóu liǎng cè de píng tái shàng yòu liǎng zhǐ jù wǎn xíng de qí tè jiàn zhù， yòu biān zhòng yì yuàn dà lóu cè shì gè yǎng tiān de“ dà wǎn”， xiàng zhēng“ guǎng nà mín yì”； zuǒ biān cān yì yuàn dà lóu cè shì gè dǎo kòu de“ dà wǎn”， xiàng zhēng“ jí zhōng mín yì”。“ wǎn” xià cè shì liǎng yuàn huì yì dà tīng， yǐ jí cān tīng、 shāng diàn、 chē kù děng fù shǔ jiàn zhù。 bā xī lì yà zhù yào lǚ yóu jǐng diǎn： 1） sān quán guǎng chǎng： bā xī biāo zhì xìng jiàn zhù zhī yī， yě shì bā xī lǚ yóu bì dào jǐng diǎn zhī yī。 guǎng chǎng zhōu wéi huán rào zhòng yì huì， cān yì huì， guó jiā dà fǎ yuàn， zǒng tǒng fǔ， wài jiāo bù， guó jiā mín zú dú lì jì niàn guǎn， láo dòng zhě jì niàn bēi děng zhòng duō jiàn zhù。 měi liǎng zhōu yī cì de shēng jiàng guó qí yí shì yě cháng cháng xī yǐn zhòng duō yóu kè。 2） zǒng tǒng jì niàn táng： wèi yú“ fēi jī” zhōng bù， JK zǒng tǒng sù xiàng miàn xiàng yì huì dà lóu， jì niàn táng nèi chén liè liǎo zǒng tǒng jì niàn líng jiù， hé bā xī lì yà jiàn shè shí qī liú xià de gè zhǒng lì shǐ wén wù。 3） bā xī lì yà dà jiào táng： gāi jiào táng wéi shuāng qū xiàn xíng de tòu míng jiàn zhù， nèi dǐng xuán guà jù xíng tiān shǐ sù xiàng。 zài cǐ guó jiā yuán shǒu jīng cháng jǔ xíng yī xiē zhòng dà huó dòng， jiào huáng pèi dé luó 'èr shì fǎng wèn bā xī shí céng zài zhè lǐ xuān jiǎng。 sì、 lǐ yuē rè nèi lú bàn shì chù gài kuàng（ RiodeJaneiro） wèi yú bā xī guó tǔ de dōng nán bù , zài xiàng běi shēn rù de guā nà bā lā wān xī 'àn , yòu cháng dá 14 gōng lǐ de kuà wān gōng lù dà qiáo yǔ dōng 'àn de ní tài luó yī shì xiāng lián .1502 nián 1 yuè , pú táo yá zhí mín zhě lái dào hǎi wān , wù yǐ wéi zhè lǐ shì yī tiáo dà hé de rù hǎi kǒu , suí kǒu qǐ míng " yī yuè de hé ", yì yīn biàn shì " lǐ yuē rè nèi lú ". bàn gè shì jì hòu diàn jī de chéng shì jiù yǐ cǐ wéi míng . jīng guò 400 duō nián de fā zhǎn , lǐ yuē rè nèi lú yǐ jīng chéng wéi jǐn cì yú shèng bǎo luó de tè dà chéng shì hé gōng shāng yè、 jīn róng zhōng xīn， yǔ sāng tuō sī gǎng bìng liè de zuì dà wài mào gǎng kǒu， bìng qiě jí zhōng liǎo bā xī zuì zhù míng de bó wù guǎn， yōng yòu lā dīng měi zhōu zuì dà de tú shū guǎn、 shì jiè zuì dà de zú qiú chǎng， yǐ jí quán guó zuì dà de gōng yuán、 zhí wù yuán děng。 sǒng lì zài guā nà bā lā wān nán kǒu de liǎng zuò zhuàng rú miàn bāo de shān fēng（ ào kù kǎ shān） shì lǐ yuē rè nèi lú de biāo zhì。 chéng diàn lǎn chē dēng shàng hǎi bá 395 mǐ de shān dǐng， jǔ mù yuǎn tiào， měi lì de lǐ yuē rè nèi lú chéng jìn shōu yǎn dǐ： guā nà bā lā wān bō guāng lín lín， bái fān diǎn diǎn； wān pàn mián yán de hǎi tān shàng yín shā yào mù， yóu rén rú yǐ， tài yáng sǎn rú duǒ duǒ xiān huā shèng kāi； kuān kuò de hǎi bīn dà dào yī zhí shēn xiàng kàn bù jiàn de jìn tóu， lái wǎng qì chē chuān suō bù jué， miàn hǎi 'ér lì de xiàn dài huà lóu qún mì mì má má ...... shì jiè shàng xǔ duō xìn fèng jī dū jiào de guó jiādōu yòu kuáng huān jié， dàn lùn guī mó zhī dà， cān jiā zhě zhī zhòng， nèi róng zhī fēng fù， qì fēn zhī rè liè， yào shǒu tuī bā xī， ér zài bā xī gè dà chéng shì zhōng， yòu shù lǐ yuē rè nèi lú wéi zuì。 měi nián de 'èr yuè zhōng xià xún， bā xī jǔ guó huān téng sān tiān sān yè。 jiè shí， lǐ yuē rè nèi lú de dà jiē xiǎo xiàng zhāng dēng jié cǎi， cǎi qí fēi yáng， dào chù pī liǎo jié rì de shèng zhuāng。 rén men qīng chéng chū dòng， cháo shuǐ bān yǒng shàng jiē tóu， nán nǚ lǎoshào gè gè nóng zhuāng yàn mǒ， jìn qíng dì niǔ dòng yāo zhī， huī dòng shuāng shǒu， dà tiào tè tiào sāng bā wǔ . fǎng fó yào bǎ yī nián lái jī yā zài xīn tóu de yōu lǜ hé xīn láo quán bù fā xiè chū qù。 gè zhǒng yīnyuè、 wǔ dǎo、 xì jù yǎn chū hé bǐ sài cǐ qǐ bǐ fú。 shèng dà de huà zhuāng yóu xíng bā jié rì huān qìng huó dòng tuī xiàng gāo cháo， dà xíng cǎi chē cù yōng zhe xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng de“ guó wáng”、“ wáng hòu” lǐng xiān kāi lù， hào hào dàng dàng de duì wǔ zhōng， mó guǐ、 tiān shǐ、 měi nǚ、 yāo xiān、 wǔ shì、 dá guān、 guì rén、 hēi nú děng gè zhǒng qí xíng guài zhuàng de dǎ bàn lìng rén yǎn huā liáo luàn， mù bù xiá jiē； guān zhòng wéi zì jǐ xǐ 'ài de rén wù hècǎi jiào hǎo， tóu qù xiān huā hé cǎi dài。 yī nián yī dù de kuáng huān jié， lín lí jìn zhì de biǎo xiàn chū bā xī rén rè qíng bēn fàng de mín zú xìng gé。 lǐ yuē rè nèi lú zhù yào lǚ yóu jǐng diǎn： 1） yé sū shān ( kē 'ěr duō wǎ shān )， yīn shān dǐng jiàn yòu gāo 38 mǐ、 zhòng 1200 dūn de yé sū diāo xiàng 'ér dé míng， tā yǐ chéng wéi bā xī guó jiā de xiàng zhēng。 2） lǐ yuē hǎi tān： cóng běi zhì nán xiān hòu mián yán shù shí gōng lǐ de hǎi tān， yǐ jīng chéng wéi shì jiè gè dì lǚ yóu zhě xiàng wǎng de mùdì dì zhī yī， qí zhōng yòu yǐ COPACAPANA hé IPANEMA zuì wéi zhù míng。 wǔ、 bā xī dǎ diàn huà guī zé： yóu yú bā xī shì běn dì cháng tú fēn kāi yùn yíng， suǒ yǐ yào zì jǐ xuǎn zé cháng tú diàn huà gōng yìng shāng。 1． guó nèi cháng tú， shǒu xiān bō yùn yíng shāng jiē rù dài mǎ， (15 shì Telefonica， 21 shì Embratel， 41 shì TIM)， rán hòu shì guó nèi qū hào hé diàn huà hào mǎ bǐ rú zài shèng bǎo luó bō lǐ yuē bàn gōng shì de diàn huà hào mǎ： 015-21-22957286， 015 dài biǎo shì shǐ yòng Telefonica de bā xī guó nèi cháng tú， 21 shì lǐ yuē de qū hào， 22967286 shì lǐ yuē bàn gōng shì hào mǎ。（ shèng bǎo luó 11， lǐ yuē 21， bā xī lì yà 61， wéi duō lì yà 27） 2． guó jì cháng tú shǒu xiān bō yùn yíng shāng jiē rù dài mǎ， rán hòu shì guó jiā nèi dài mǎ hé diàn huà hào mǎ， bǐ rú bō guó nèi diàn huà： 0015-86-755-267706220015 shì shǐ yòng Telefonica de guó jì cháng tú 3、 jǐn jí diàn huà jǐn jí hū jiào :190 huǒ jǐng :193 fěi jǐng :190 jiù hù chē :192 4、 rú hé dǎ miǎn fèi diàn huà： běn dì bō 9090+ duì fāng hào mǎ jí kě， cháng tú bō 90+ yùn yíng shāng jiē rù hào 0015 huò 0021+ chéng shì dài mǎ + diàn huà hào mǎ（ jiē tōng hòu huì yòu yī duàn pú táo yá yǔ tí shì yīn， qǐng děng dài） 7． shǒu jī shǐ yòng xìn xī： bā xī quán jìng 1800MHZGSM wǎng luò shǒu jī kě yǐ shǐ yòng， zhǐ xū gòu mǎi TIM yù fù fèi kǎ（ meuplano）， yǐ jí chōng zhí kǎ jí kě。 chōng zhí shí diǎn jī STK mù lù cài dān， yī zhí xuǎn zé zhì RECARGA cài dān， shū rù chōng zhí kǎ mì mǎ， diǎn jī què dìng， fā sòng duǎn xìn， shōu dào huí fù， jí wán chéng chōng zhí。 liù． háng bān jí chū xíng xìn xī yóu guó nèi zhì bā xī kě xuǎn zé háng xiàn jiào duō， cháng jiàn háng xiàn yòu： jīng 'ōu zhōu kě xuǎn fǎ háng， hàn shā， hé lán háng kōng děng， jīng yuē hàn nèi sī bǎo kě yǐ xuǎn zé nán fēi háng kōng gōng sī， jīng měi guó kě yǐ xuǎn zé měi lián háng de bān jī， dàn xū yào zhǔn bèi měi guó qiān zhèng； qí zhōng 'ōu zhōu zhuǎn jī shí jiān jiào cháng， jī chǎng huā fèi jiào gāo， qǐng gè wèi tí qián zuò hǎo zhǔn bèi； bā xī jìng nèi háng kōng gōng sī zhù yào wéi TAM yǔ VARIG liǎng jiā suǒ bāo lǎn。 qí zhōng TAM yǔ fǎ háng wéi tóng méng huǒ bàn， kě yǐ yòng fǎ háng SKYTEAM kǎ VARIG shǔ yú shì jiè zuì dà de STARALLIENCE háng kōng jí tuán， yǔ bāo kuò hàn shā， nán fēi， měi lián háng děng 15 jiā háng kōng gōng sī gòng xiǎng lǐ chéng jī fēn。 qián wǎng bā xī de qí tā zhù yì shì xiàng： 1. guān yú xìn yòng kǎ： VISAMASTER xìn yòng kǎ zài bā xī tōng yòng， rú xū yào qǔ xiàn qǐng tí qián shēn qǐng qǔ kuǎn mì mǎ。 2. guān yú xíng lǐ tuō yùn： qièwù zài tuō yùn xíng lǐ zhōng jiā dài xiàn jīn jí guì zhòng wù pǐn！ yīn fǎ háng duì xié dài xíng lǐ xiàn zhòng 20Kg， jiàn yì xū xié dài jiào duō xíng lǐ de tóng shì xuǎn zé dé háng（ zhǔn dài 40Kg xíng lǐ）； 3. qǐng bǎo liú hǎo rù jìng dān（ rù jìng shí tián xiě de yī zhāng lǜ sè zhǐ tiáo）， bàn lǐ yán qiān shí yào yòng； 4. bā xī huò bì， mù qián huì shuài yī měi yuán yuē duì huàn 2.1 hǎi 'ào zuǒ yòu， 5. bā xī dāng dì diàn yuán diàn yā yī bān wéi 110V， 220V diàn yuán hěn shǎo jiàn， gè wèi rú guǒ xié dài diàn qì， qǐng zhù yì yī xià diàn 6. guó nèi GSM shǒu jī（ 900M/1.8G shuāng pín） kě yǐ zài bā xī shǐ yòng， qǐng zì bèi， dào dá bā xī hòu gòu mǎi SIM kǎ jí kě shǐ yòng； 7. zuì hǎo cóng guó nèi xié dài tuō xié， dāng dì tuō xié zhì liàng chā qiě guì； qí tā rì cháng yòng pǐn dāng dì dōunéng gòu dào， jià gé yě bù suàn tài guì。 bā xī zú qiú sāng bā zhī wáng héng héng bā xī zú qiú duì bā xī zú xié chéng lì yú 1914 nián， 1923 nián jiā rù guó jì zú lián。 zhì 2002 nián bā xī yǐ jīng shì dì 17 cì jìn rù shì jiè bēi jué sài juàn。 bā xī shì shì jiè shàng wéi yī cān jiā liǎo lì cì shì jiè bēi jué sài jiē duàn bǐ sài de qiú duì。 zì cóng 1930 nián shì jiè bēi jǔ xíng yǐ lái， bā xī rén méi yòu quē xí guò yī jiè shì jiè bēi shèng huì， zhè zài shì jiè zú tán shì dú yī wú 'èr de jì lù。“ qiú wáng” bèi lì shuō， méi yòu bā xī duì cān jiā de shì jiè bēi jiāng shì bù kě xiǎng xiàng de。 bā xī duì hái shì shì jiè shàng wéi yī yī zhī 5 cì huò dé shì jiè bēi guànjūn de qiú duì。 cǐ wài， bā xī duì hái huò 'èr cì yà jūn， 2 cì dì sān， 1 cì dì sì， shì shì jiè bēi lì shǐ shàng chéng jì zuì hǎo de qiú duì。 zhì 2002 nián， bā xī duì gòng 7 cì dǎ rù shì jiè bēi jué sài， yǔ dé guó duì chí píng。 1950 nián， bā xī duì shǒu cì jǔ bàn shì jiè bēi， zhè shì bā xī jǔ bàn de wéi yī yī jiè。 zài zhè jiè bǐ sài zhōng， bā xī duì yī lù shùn fēng dǎ rù jué sài， dàn zài jué sài zhōng què yì wài dì yǐ 1： 2 fù yú wū lā guī duì。 1958 nián， bā xī zài ruì diǎn shǒu cì dé shì jiè bēi， dāng shí nián jǐn 17 suì de bèi lì yǐ jí jiā lín chá wéi bā xī duì duóguàn lì xià liǎo hàn mǎ gōng láo。 1962 nián， zài zhì lì jǔ bàn de shì jiè bēi shàng， bā xī duì wèi miǎn chéng gōng。 1970 nián， bā xī duì zài mò xī gē dì 3 cì duóguàn。 qiú yuán dí dí、 wǎ wǎ、 jiā lín chá、 yà yī xīn ní 'ào hé bèi lì yǐ jīng chéng wéi chuán qí shì de rén wù。 1994 nián shì jiè bēi zài měi guó jǔ xíng， bā xī zài jī bài yì dà lì hòu dì 4 cì duóguàn， chéng wéi dì yī gè 4 cì duó dé shì jiè bēi de guó jiā。 bā xī hái huò dé zhè jiè shì jiè bēi de gōng píng jìng sài jiǎng hé shǎng xīn yuè mù jiǎng。 zì cóng yǐ wù shí fēng gé zhù chēng de sī kē lā lǐ chū rèn bā xī guó jiā duì zhù jiào liàn hòu， bā xī duì zhěng tǐ shàng yǐ jīng hěn nán kàn jiàn nán měi zú qiú qīng líng piāo yì de fēng gé。 chú liǎo gè bié qiú yuán zài lín chǎng fā huī shàng 'ǒu yòu shǎng xīn yuè mùdì biǎo xiàn， rú jīn de bā xī duì zhěng tǐ shuǐ píng sì hū yòu suǒ xià jiàng。 sī kē lā lǐ de zú qiú sī xiǎng shì wèile shèng lì， kě yǐ bù duàn dì fàn guī。 zhǐ yào qiú， nǎ pà tī dé zài nán kàn yě wú suǒ wèi。 xǐ 'ài bā xī zú qiú de qiú mí zài shì jiè bēi shàng kě néng huì gǎn dào shī wàng， yīn wéi tā men shú xī de bā xī duì yǐ jīng yī qù bù fǎn。 bā xī duì shì jì shù xíng dǎ fǎ de dài biǎo， duì yuán gè rén jì shù hǎo， dān bīng zuò zhàn néng lì qiáng。 bā xī duì lì shǐ shàng de míng jiāng yòu：“ qiú wáng” bèi lì、 jiā lín chá、 dí dí、 wǎ wǎ、 jì kē、 fǎ 'ěr kǎo、 sū gé lā dǐ、 luó mǎ lǐ 'ào、 bèi bèi tuō、 luó nà 'ěr duō。 qí zhōng， bèi lì shì yòu shǐ yǐ lái wú kě zhēng yì de zuì wěi dà de qiú yuán。 chuán tǒng duì fú : dài lǜ sè tiáo wén de huáng sè shàng yī , lán sè duǎn kù , bái dǐ lǜ tiáo wén de qiú wà。 bā xī chéng jì tǒng jì： shì jiè bēi cān sài jì lù： gòng 17 cì rù wéi shì jiè bēi jué sài juàn（ 1930， 34， 38， 50， 54， 58， 62， 66， 70， 74， 78， 82， 86， 90， 94， 98） shì jiè bēi zú qiú sài guànjūn： 5 cì， 1958、 1962、 1970、 1994、 2002。 měi zhōu bēi zú qiú sài guànjūn： 6 cì， 1919、 1922、 1949、 1989、 1997、 2007 bā xī duì 7 cì cān jiā jué sài de chéng jì： 1950 nián（ bā xī）： bā xī duì yǐ 1： 2 fù yú wū lā guī duì， huò dé yà jūn。 1958 nián（ ruì diǎn）： bā xī duì yǐ 5： 2 shèng ruì diǎn duì， huò dé guànjūn。 1962 nián（ zhì lì）： bā xī duì yǐ 3： 1 shèng jié kè sī luò fá kè duì， huò dé guànjūn。 1970 nián（ mò xī gē）： bā xī duì yǐ 4： 1 shèng yì dà lì duì， huò dé guànjūn。 1994 nián（ měi guó）： bā xī duì diǎn qiú 3： 2 zhàn shèng yì dà lì， huò dé guànjūn， 120 fēn zhōng 0： 0 zhàn píng。 1998 nián（ fǎ guó）： bā xī duì yǐ 0： 3 fù yú fǎ guó duì， huò dé yà jūn。 2002 nián（ rì běn hán guó）： bā xī duì yǐ 2： 0 shèng dé guó duì， huò dé guànjūn shì jiè bēi lì shǐ 1930- shǒu lún bèi táo tài 1934- shǒu lún bèi táo tài 1938- huò dé dì sān míng 1950- bàn jué sài bèi táo tài 1954- sì fēn zhī yī jué sài bèi táo tài 1958- huò guànjūn 1962- huò guànjūn 1966- shǒu lún bèi táo tài 1970- huò guànjūn 1974- dì sì míng 1978- dì sān míng 1982- dì 'èr jiē duàn bèi táo tài 1986- sì fēn zhī yī jué sài bèi táo tài 1990- dì 'èr lún bèi táo tài 1994- huò guànjūn 1998- yà jūn 2002- huò guànjūn 2006- sì fēn zhī yī jué sài bèi táo tài shì jiè bēi shù jù tǒng jì： cān jiā shì jiè bēi zǒng chǎng cì 80 chǎng shèng 53 chǎng píng 14 chǎng fù 13 chǎng jìn qiú 78 gè shì jiè bēi zǒng jī fēn 120 fēn qiú duì cān jiā shì jiè bēi jì lù： bǐ fēn zuì xuán shū de shèng lì： 1950 nián yǐ 7： 1 shèng ruì diǎn bǐ fēn zuì xuán shū de shī bài： 1998 nián yǐ 0： 3 fù yú fǎ guó duì shì jiè bēi zuì jiā shè shǒu： luó nà 'ěr duō， gōng rù 15 qiú。 cān shì jiè bēi sài chǎng cì zuì duō de qiú yuán： dèng jiā hé tǎ fǎ léi 'ěr， gòng cān jiā 18 chǎng bǐ sài。 jǔ bàn guò de shì jiè bēi： 1950 nián zú tán míng xīng： bèi lì、 jiā lín shā、 kǎ léi kǎ、 sū gé lā dǐ、 fǎ 'ěr kǎo、 jì kē、 dèng jiā、 luó mǎ lǐ 'ào、 bèi bèi tuō、 luó nà 'ěr duō、 luó nà 'ěr dí ní 'ào、 lǐ wǎ 'ěr duō děng “ kā fēi wáng guó” héng héng bā xī lā měi dà guó bā xī yǐ kā fēi zhì yōu、 wèi nóng 'ér chí míng quán qiú， shì shì jiè shàng zuì dà de kā fēi shēng chǎn guó hé chū kǒu guó， sù yòu“ kā fēi wáng guó” zhī chēng。 kā fēi yuán chǎn yú fēi zhōu de 'āi sài 'é bǐ yà，１７２７ nián chuán rù bā xī。 bā xī wèi yú nán měi zhōu dōng nán， dì chù rè dài hé yà rè dài， dú tè de dì lǐ hé qì hòu tiáo jiàn hěn shì hé zhòngzhí kā fēi， jiā zhī láo dòng lì lián jià， kā fēi zhòngzhí yè xùn sù xīng qǐ。１９ shì jì， bā xī de kā fēi zhòngzhí jīhū biàn jí quán guó， suí hòu yòu xíng chéng chí xù jìn yī gè shì jì zhī jiǔ de“ kā fēi fán róng qī”。 kā fēi dà miàn jī zhòngzhí， gěi bā xī dài lái liǎo cái fù hé fán róng。２０ shì jì chū， bā xī de kā fēi chǎn liàng zhàn shì jiè zǒng chǎn liàng de bǎi fēn zhī qī shí wǔ yǐ shàng， cóng 'ér yíng dé liǎo“ kā fēi wáng guó” de měi chēng。 kā fēi shì bā xī guó mín jīng jì de zhòng yào zhī zhù zhī yī。 quán guó yòu dà dà xiǎo xiǎo de kā fēi zhòngzhí yuán５０ wàn gè， zhòngzhí miàn jī yuē２２０ wàn gōng qǐng， cóng yè rén kǒu dá６００ duō wàn， nián chǎn kā fēi２００ wàn dūn zuǒ yòu， nián chū kǒu chuàng huì jìn２０ yì měi yuán。 jìn nián lái， yóu yú chū kǒu jié gòu de biàn huà hé guó jì kā fēi shì chǎng bù jǐng qì， bā xī kā fēi shēng chǎn hé chū kǒu liàng yòu suǒ xià jiàng。 bā xī rén kù 'ài kā fēi。６０ nián dài， bā xī rén jūn nián kā fēi xiāo fèi liàng dá５ ·８ gōng jīn。 jìn 'èr shí nián lái， suí zhe qí tā yǐn liào de chū xiàn， bā xī rén jūn kā fēi xiāo fèi liàng réng chāo guò３ gōng jīn。 zài bā xī， wú lùn zài chéng shì hái shì xiāng cūn， gè shì gè yàng de kā fēi wū suí chù kě jiàn。 rén men jīhū suí shí suí dì dōukě yǐ hē dào nóng yù fāng xiāng de rè kā fēi。 2. tóng míng diàn yǐng zhōng wén míng chēng： bā xī / bā xī zài nǎ lǐ / miào xiǎng tiān kāi yīng wén míng chēng： Brazil dǎo yǎn： tè lǐ · jí liè mǔ TerryGilliam zhù yǎn： luó bó tè · dé ní luó RobertDeNiro tè lǐ · jí liè mǔ TerryGilliam yī 'ēn · huò mǔ IanHolm qiáo nà sēn · pǔ léi xī JonathanPryce jí mǔ · bù lán dé běn tè JimBroadbent kǎi sè lín · hè 'ěr méng dé KatherineHelmond luó bó · hā sī jīn sī BobHoskins mài kè 'ěr · pèi lín MichaelPalin shàng yìng： 1985 nián 02 yuè 20 rì ( fǎ guó ) dì qū： yīng guó ( pāi shè dì ) duì bái： yīng yǔ yán sè： cǎi sè shēng yīn： Dolby shí cháng： 142 fēn zhōng bǐ yī bān bǎn běn duō 11 fēn zhōng lèi xíng： kē huàn xǐ jù qí huàn fēn jí： ruì diǎn： 15 yīng guó： 15 ào dà lì yà： M fēn lán： K-16 nuó wēi： 16 ā gēn tíng： 16 zhì lì： 18 jiā ná dà： 14A jù qíng jiǎn jiè： rén lèi de shè huì xíng tài wèi lái yào xiàng hé chù qù， duì yú zhè gè wèn tí chú liǎo kē huàn tóng huà gù shì lǐ miàn huì yòu měi mǎn jié jú yǐ wài， jīhū jìn dài de měi yī gè yán sù de sī xiǎng jiādōu zuò chū liǎo bēi guān de jié lùn。 yě xǔ shì xiǎng xiàng bù gòu dà dǎn， yě xǔ shì xiàn dài shè huì de xǔ duō bì bìng wú fǎ gēn chú， wèi lái zǒng shì zài sī xiǎng jiā dà nǎo lǐ zuì hēi 'àn de bù fēn。 bù zhī dào shì bù shì huì yòu wù zhì jí dà fēng fù， rén mín wéi suǒ yù wéi de yī tiān， dàn jiù réng jiù wú fǎ bǎi tuō wù zhì shù fù de wèi lái lái shuō， yīn 'àn de kǒng bù zī wèi réng rán shì wú fǎ bì miǎn de。 shuō liǎo zhè me duō guān yú wèi lái de shì， qí shí《 miào xiǎng tiān kāi》 yě bù néng suàn shì guān yú wèi lái de kē huàn yǐngpiān， ér shì yī zhǒng guān yú shè huì xíng tài de“ shè huàn” yǐngpiān。 zhè bù hēi sè xǐ jù sè cǎi de huàn xiǎng zuò pǐn， shì tè lǐ · jí lián mǔ zǎo qī míng zuò zhī yī， yǐngpiān rú tóng míng zhù《 1984》 yī yàng， yíng zào chū yī gè huāng dàn bù jīng dàn yòu lìng rén bù hán 'ér lì de wèi lái shì jiè。 zhè gè kàn sì zhì xù wú bǐ de shì jiè， kàn sì wú yōu wú lǜ de shì jiè， qí shí shì yī gè gāo dù jí quán gāo dù kè bǎn gāo dù 'ě shā rén xìng de shì jiè。 shuō tā shì wèi lái de shì jiè， qí shí zhǐ shì yīn wéi wǒ men dì qiú shàng méi yòu zhè yàng yī gè guó jiā、 méi yòu zhè yàng yī zhǒng zhì dù、 méi yòu zhè yàng yī gè shè huì。 dàn zhè jué bù biǎo shì wǒ men yǔ zhè gè shè huì háo wú guān xì， yǐngpiān zhōng de zhǒng zhǒng jì xiàng biǎo míng， yě xǔ zhè jiù shì wǒ men de shè huì， yě xǔ zhè gè shè huì hé wǒ men de shè huì bù tài yī yàng， dàn nǐ huì fā xiàn tā men cóng běn zhì shàng dōushì yī zhǒng zhuàng tài héng héng yī gè xí guàn yú jí quán、 xí guàn yú guān liáo、 xí guàn yú háo wú huàn xiǎng de sǐ bǎn shè huì。 shè huì zhǐ shì rén lèi jí tǐ shēng huó huán jìng de yī gè kuān fàn de míng cí， tā jì guǎng fàn dì bāo hán liǎo wǒ men guàn cháng zhēng lùn de guó jiā zhì dù、 yì shí xíng tài、 zhèng fǔ tǐ zhì， yòu hé zhè xiē míng cí gài niàn yòu zhe xiǎn zhù de qū bié。 zài yǐngpiān zhōng de shè huì héng héng yě xǔ jiù shì wǒ men de shè huì， rén men shēng huó zài jí quán hé zhì xù zhī zhōng， ruǎn ruò de gè tǐ bù gǎn yǔ guó jiā jī qì duì kàng。 qí shí， yǐngpiān zhōng mào sì qiáng dà de guó jiā jī qì bù kān qīng qīng yī jī， yǐngpiān kāi shǐ jiù shì yī zhǐ jiá chóng fēi jìn dǎ zì jī， yī zōng yuān 'àn yú shì chǎn shēng liǎo； dàn nǚ zhù rén gōng jí 'ěr zài zī xún guǎn lǐ jú qīng qīng yī huī shǒu， jiù bǎ sōu chá yí qì dǎ dé zhǎo bù dào běi； fēi xiá yī bān de dá tuō zhǐ yòng yī gè xiǎo xiǎo de dài yòng pǐn jiù jiě jué liǎo zhōng yāng fú wù shè bǎi bān tuī wěi de wéi xiū gōng zuò； láo yī zhǐ yòng yī gēn pí guǎn zǐ jiù bǎ zī xún zǒng jú de wén jiàn chuán dì xì tǒng gǎo kuǎ， zhěng gè guó jiā jī qì qí shí cuì ruò dào liǎo nán yǐ wéi chí de dì bù。 suī rán zhěng gè xì tǒng rú cǐ cuì ruò， dàn hái shì néng diào dòng guó jiā jī qì de zhǎo yá háo wú zǔ dǎng dì xiāo miè yī gè yòu yī gè“ ān shàn liáng mín” héng héng yuè shì liáng mín yuè róng yì bèi xiāo miè， zhà dàn héng fēi de kǒng bù fènzǐ què zài yǐngpiān zhōng lián miàn dōubù lù， yě xǔ zhè xiē míng yì shàng de kǒng bù fènzǐ zhǐ shì zhèng fǔ yòng lái zhuǎn yí zhù yì lì hé jiā qiáng guó jiā tǒng zhì de yī gè yān mù。 zhù rén gōng shān mǔ， suī rán shì zhèng fǔ gōng wù rén yuán， yòu yòu shàng liú shè huì bèi jǐng， zuì zhōng hái shì yīn wéi duì 'ài qíng de zhuī qiú hé duì zhì dù de fǎn pàn 'ér zuì zhōng sàng mìng。 suī rán méi yòu《 1984》 zhōng de lǎo dà gē， dàn zài yǐngpiān zhōng， zhè gè shā rén zhì dù de dài biǎo， shàng yòu zǒng jú zhǎngguān huò fū màn， zhōng yòu zǒng jú guān yuán jié kè hé huá lún， xià yòu zhōng yāng fú wù shè de liǎng gè lěng qì xiū lǐ gōng， tā men wú bù shì zhè gè shā rén zhì dù de bāng xiōng。 zhè gè kàn sì yán mì de zhì dù， qí shí lòu dòng bǎi chū， yī zhǐ zhāng láng zú yǐ ràng yī gè wú gū zhī rén yuàn sǐ yù zhōng， zú yǐ huǐ diào yī gè pǔ tōng jiā tíng。 suī rán méi yòu míng què zhǐ chū， dàn yǐngpiān zhōng chù chù kě jiàn de guān liáo zuò fēng zhèng shì zhè gè zhì dù xià bì rán de chǎn wù， yě shì zhè gè zhì dù bì jiāng tān tā de zhēng zhào。 tóng yàng bù yán zì míng， zī xùn zǒng jú hé zī xùn guǎn lǐ jú， ràng wǒ men zì rán 'ér rán dì lián xiǎng qǐ chòu míng zhāo zhù de zhōng yāng qíng bào jú hé kè gé bó， yǐ jí zhòng duō de qíng bào jī guān。 yǐngpiān bìng méi yòu duì shè huì xíng tài yòu tài duō de zhǐ shè， dàn tā duì guó jiā jí quán zhuàng tài de jiē shì hé pī pàn què shì jù yòu pǔ biàn yì yì de。 wèile yíng zào zhè gè gāo dù zhì xù de shè huì， dǎo yǎn 'ān pái liǎo gè zhǒng xì jié， jì bù shī hēi sè yōu mò de qù wèi xìng， yòu qiáng liè dì 'àn shì liǎo zhè gè shè huì de sǐ bǎn fǔ xiǔ。 zài cān tīng lǐ， suǒ yòu kè réndōu shì 'àn zhào hào mǎ lái diǎn cān de， ér bù guǎn nǐ diǎn de shì jǐ hào， duān shàng lái de yǒng yuǎn shì tóng yī zhǒng dōng xī， zhǐ bù guò shì yán sè de chā bié 'ér yǐ。 ér duì zhōng yāng fú wù shè 'ào màn de wéi xiū gōng， jìn kě yǐ yòng“ B-6” biǎo gé ràng tā men hún shēn chàn dǒu miàn wú rén sè。 yī zhāng zhī piào wú fǎ tóu dì， jìng rán ràng zī xún guǎn lǐ jú de tóu tóu yòu mò rì lái lín de gǎn jué。 zài láo yī zuì hòu de mèng jìng zhōng， dá tuō wèile jiě jiù tā tuō xiǎn， lǐng zhe duì yuán yǔ jǐng chá xuè zhàn， ér sì zhōu de qīng jié gōng jū rán bàng ruò wú rén dì hái zài dǎ sǎo dà tīng， shí zài shì hēi sè yōu mò zhī jí。 shān mǔ， yī fāng miàn hái néng bǎo chí jī běn de dú lì xìng， yī fāng miàn yòu chén nì yú fēi xiáng hé zhěng jiù de huàn xiǎng。 mèng jìng yú tā， hé zhēn zhèng de xiàn shí shēng huó tóng yàng zhòng yào， shèn zhì hái yóu yòu guò zhī。 mèng jìng lǐ， zhì shǎo tā hái yòu 'ài qíng， hái yòu fēi xiáng de kuài gǎn， shèn zhì hái yòu 'è mó hé jù rén kě yǐ wéi dí， xiàn shí shēng huó de cāng bái kè bǎn zài mèng jìng de huá lì fēng fù miàn qián yù jiā tū xiǎn。 zài láo yī zuì hòu de huàn xiǎng lǐ， mèng jìng yǔ xiàn shí zhí jiē xiāng jiāo， dá tuō cóng tiān 'ér jiàng， bǎ tā jiù chū sǐ wáng。 dàn xiàn shí shì bēi jù de， tā hé jí 'ěr táo lí shè huì de huàn xiǎng shì tiān zhēn de， zhè gè“ zhèng zhì kǒng bù” de shè huì bù yǔn xǔ yī gè rén tuō lí zì jǐ de wèi zhì。 nǐ kě yǐ sǐ wáng， dàn bù néng lí kāi。 yǎn yuán biǎo： luó bó tè · dé ní luó RobertDeNiro....Archibald'Harry'Tuttle tè lǐ · jí liè mǔ TerryGilliam....SmokingmanatShang-riLaTowers(uncredited) yī 'ēn · huò mǔ IanHolm....Mr.M.Kurtzmann qiáo nà sēn · pǔ léi xī JonathanPryce....SamLowry jí mǔ · bù lán dé běn tè JimBroadbent....Dr.Jaffe kǎi sè lín · hè 'ěr méng dé KatherineHelmond....Mrs.IdaLowry luó bó · hā sī jīn sī BobHoskins....Spoor mài kè 'ěr · pèi lín MichaelPalin....JackLint KimGreist....JillLayton luó jié · ā sī dùn · gé lǐ fěi sī RogerAshton-Griffiths....Priest yī 'ēn · lǐ chá sēn IanRichardson....Mr.Warrenn TerenceBayler....T.VCommercialPresente AnthonyBrown....Porter-InformationRetrieval PatrickConnor....CellGuard RayCooper....Technician 【 shǒu dū】 bā xī ní yà shì bā xī de shǒu dū， shì zuò xīn xīng de xiàn dài huà chéng shì。 yú bā xī zhōng bù gē yà sī zhōu gāo yuán， dì chù mǎ lā ní wēng hé hé wéi 'ěr dé hé huì hé chù de sān jiǎo dì dài。 bā xī ní yà chéng qū rén kǒu 41.1 wàn， lián tóng zhōu wéi 8 gè wèi xīng chéng zǔ chéng de lián bāng qū， miàn jī 5814 píng fāng gōng lǐ， rén kǒu 120 wàn。 bā xī ní yà bèi chēng wéi chāo jí xiàn dài huà dedōu shì， yóu lú xī 'ào kē sī dá hé 'ào sī kǎ ní méi yé 'ěr liǎng rén shè jì de。 shì qū de jiàn zhù fēng gé xīn yíng dú tè， duō zī duō cǎi， róng huì shì jiè gǔ jīn jiàn zhù yì shù de jīng huá， yòu " shì jiè jiàn shè bó lǎn huì " zhī chēng。 bā xī ní yà jiàn zài bā xī ní yà rén gōng hú bàng， yǐ sān quán guǎng chǎng wéi hé xīn， xíng tóng yī jià pēn qì shì fēi jī。 zǒng tǒng fǔ、 guó huì、 zuì gāo fǎ yuàn hé zhèng fǔ gè bù dà lóu jiàn zài jī tóu bù mén， jī shēn shì chéng shì de jiāo tōng zhù zhóu， qí liǎng bàng shì jiàn zhù guī gé huàyī de gāo lóu qún； jī liǎng yì shì shāng yè qū、 zhù zhái qū、 lǚ guǎn qū； jī cāng hòu bù shì wéi shǒu dū fú wù de gōng yè qū hé yìn shuà chū bǎn qū。 dōng bù de pǔ lā nà 'ěr tuō gōng shì zǒng tǒng fǔ suǒ zài dì。 zǒng tǒng guān dǐ jiào shǔ guāng gōng。 wài jiāo bù zài yī tǎ mǎ lā dì gōng， gāi jiàn zhù wèi yú hú zhōng de dǎo shàng， sì zhōu bō lí qiáng huī yìng zhe hú guāng shuǐ sè， yòu " shuǐ jīng gōng " zhī chēng。 guó jiā jù yuàn de wài xíng xiàng 'āi jí de jīn zì tǎ。 bā xī ní yà dà jiào táng rú tóng luó mǎ jiào huáng de yuán xíng mào。 zhè lǐ hái kě yǐ kàn dào xī bān yá de gǔ chéng bǎo hé 'ōu zhōu bā luó kè shì jiàn zhù。 yǔ shàng shù jiàn zhù qún xiāng jiāo chā de shì cóng běi xiàng xī nán yán zhe sān tiáo dà jiē pái liè zhe de yī zǔ zǔ zhù zhái jiàn zhù qún， wēi yí 10 gōng lǐ zuǒ yòu。 zhè xiē jiàn zhù jiē yǔ hú 'àn qū xiàn xiāng píng xíng pái liè， hěn xiàng yī wān xīn yuè。 zhù zhái qū jiàn zhù fēng gé gè yì， duō zī duō cǎi： yòu de lín cì zhì bǐ， jǐn xiāng lián jiē； yòu de xiāng duì jí zhōng， xíng chéng sì fāng xíng de qún tǐ。 Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until its independence in 1822. Initially independent as the Brazilian Empire, the country has been a republic since 1889, although the bicameral legislature; now called Congress, dates back to 1824, when the first constitution was ratified. Its current Constitution defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities. Brazil is the world's tenth largest economy at market exchange rates and the ninth largest in purchasing power. Economic reforms have transformed it into an emerging great power; founding member of the United Nations and the Union of South American Nations. A Roman Catholic, Portuguese-speaking, and multiethnic society, Brazil is also home to a diversity of wildlife, natural environments, and extensive natural resources in a variety of protected habitats. Within Brazil's current borders, most native tribes who were living in the land by the year 1500 are thought to have descended from the first wave of migrants from North Asia (Siberia), who are believed to have crossed the Bering Land Bridge at the end of the last Ice Age, around 9000 BC. At the time of European discovery, the territory of modern Brazil had as many as 2,000 nations and tribes, an estimated total population of nearly 3 million Amerindians. A somewhat dated linguistic survey found 188 living indigenous languages with 155,000 total speakers. On 18 January 2007, Fundação Nacional do Índio reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition, Brazil is now confirmed as having the largest number of uncontacted peoples in the world, even more than the island of New Guinea. When the Portuguese arrived in 1500, the Amerindians were mostly semi-nomadic tribes, living mainly on the coast and along the banks of major rivers. Unlike Christopher Columbus who thought he had reached the East Indies, the Portuguese, most notably by Vasco da Gama, had already reached India via the Indian Ocean route when they reached Brazil. Nevertheless, the word índios ("Indians") was by then established to designate the peoples of the New World and stuck being used today in the Portuguese language, while the people of India are called indianos in order to distinguish the two peoples. Initially, the Europeans saw the natives as noble savages, and miscegenation of the population began right away. Tribal warfare, cannibalism, and the pursuit of brazilwood for its treasured red dye convinced the Portuguese that they should civilize the Amerindians. Colonization Map of Brazil issued by the Portuguese explorers in 1519.Initially Portugal had little interest in Brazil, mainly because of high profits gained through commerce with Indochina. After 1530, the Portuguese Crown devised the Hereditary Captaincies system to effectively occupy its new colony, and later took direct control of the failed captaincies. Although temporary trading posts were established earlier to collect brazilwood, used as a dye, with permanent settlement came the establishment of the sugar cane industry and its intensive labor. Several early settlements were founded across the coast, among them the colonial capital, Salvador, established in 1549 at the Bay of All Saints in the north, and the city of Rio de Janeiro on March 1567, in the south. The Portuguese colonists adopted an economy based on the production of agricultural goods that were exported to Europe. Sugar became by far the most important Brazilian colonial product until the early 18th century. Even though Brazilian sugar was reputed as being of high quality, the industry faced a crisis during the 17th and 18th centuries when the Dutch and the French started producing sugar in the Antilles, located much closer to Europe, causing sugar prices to fall. During the 18th century, private explorers who called themselves the Bandeirantes found gold and diamond deposits in the state of Minas Gerais. The exploration of these mines were mostly used to finance the Portuguese Royal Court's expenditure with both the preservation of its Global Empire and the support of its luxury lifestyle at mainland. The way in which such deposits were exploited by the Portuguese Crown and the powerful local elites, however, burdened colonial Brazil with excessive taxes. Some popular movements supporting independence came about against the taxes established by the colonial government, such as the Tiradentes in 1789, but the secessionist movements were often dismissed by the authorities of the ruling colonial regime. Gold production declined towards the end of the 18th century, starting a period of relative stagnation of the Brazilian hinterland. Both Amerindian and African slaves' man power were largely used in Brazil's colonial economy. In contrast to the neighbouring Spanish possessions in South America, the Portuguese colony of Brazil kept its territorial, political and linguistic integrity due to the action of the Portuguese administrative effort. Although the colony was threatened by other nations across the era of Portuguese rule, in particular by Dutch and French powers, the authorities and the people ultimately managed to protect its borders from foreign attacks. Portugal even had to send bullion to Brazil, a spectacular reversal of the colonial trend, in order to protect the integrity of the colony. Empire Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil in 1873.In 1808, the Portuguese court, fleeing from Napoleon’s troops who had invaded Portugal, established themselves in the city of Rio de Janeiro, which thus became the seat of government of Portugal and the entire Portuguese Empire, even though being located outside of Europe. Rio de Janeiro was the capital of the Portuguese empire from 1808 to 1815. After then the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1815-1825) was created with Lisbon as its capital. After João VI returned to Portugal in 1821, his heir-apparent Pedro became regent of the Kingdom of Brazil, within the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Following a series of political incidents and disputes, Brazil achieved its independence from Portugal on September 7, 1822. On October 12, 1822, Dom Pedro became the first Emperor of Brazil, being crowned on December 1, 1822. Portugal would recognize Brazil as an independent country in 1825. In 1824, Pedro closed the Constituent Assembly, stating that the body was "endangering liberty". Pedro then produced a constitution modeled on that of Portugal (1822) and France (1814). It specified indirect elections and created the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government; however, it also added a fourth branch, the "moderating power", to be held by the Emperor. Pedro's government was considered economically and administratively inefficient. Political pressures eventually made the Emperor step down on April 7, 1831. He returned to Portugal leaving behind his five-year-old son Pedro II. Until Pedro II reached maturity, Brazil was governed by regents from 1831 to 1840. The regency period was turbulent and marked by numerous local revolts including the Male Revolt, the largest urban slave rebellion in the Americas, which took place in Bahia in 1835. On July 23, 1840, Pedro II was crowned Emperor. His government was marked by a substantial rise in coffee exports, the War of the Triple Alliance, and the end of slave trade from Africa in 1865, although slavery in Brazilian territory would only be abolished in 1888. Brazil stopped trading slaves from Africa in 1850, with the Eusébio de Queirós law, and abandoned slavery altogether in 1888, thus becoming the last country of the Americas to ban slavery. When slavery was finally abolished, a large influx of European immigrants took place. By the 1870s, the Emperor's control of domestic politics had started to deteriorate in face of crises with the Catholic Church, the Army and the slaveholders. The Republican movement slowly gained strength. In the end, the empire fell due to a military coup d'etat and because the dominant classes no longer needed it to protect their interests and deeply resented the abolition of slavery. Indeed, imperial centralization ran counter to their desire for local autonomy. By 1889 Pedro II had stepped down and the Republican system had been adopted to Brazil. Republic The Chamber of Deputies of Brazil the lower house of the National Congress.Pedro II was deposed on November 15, 1889 by a Republican military coup led by general Deodoro da Fonseca, who became the country’s first de facto president through military ascension. The country’s name became the Republic of the United States of Brazil. From 1889 to 1930, the dominant states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais alternated control of the presidency. A military junta took control in 1930. Getúlio Vargas took office soon after, and would remain as dictatorial ruler (with a brief democratic period in between), until 1945. He was re-elected in 1951 and stayed in office until his suicide in 1954. After 1930, successive governments continued industrial and agricultural growth and the development of the vast interior of Brazil. Juscelino Kubitschek's office years (1956-1961) were marked by the political campaign motto of plunging "50 anos em 5" (English: fifty years of development in five). The military took office in Brazil in a coup d'état in 1964, and remained in power until March 1985, when it fell from grace because of political struggles between the regime and the Brazilian elites. In 1967 the name of the country was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil. Just as the Brazilian regime changes of 1889, 1930, and 1945 unleashed competing political forces and caused divisions within the military, so too did the 1964 regime change. Democracy was re-established in 1988 when the current Federal Constitution was enacted. Fernando Collor de Mello was the first president truly elected by popular vote after the military regime. Collor took office in March 1990. In September 1992, the National Congress voted for Collor's impeachment after a sequence of scandals were uncovered by the media. The vice-president, Itamar Franco, assumed the presidency. Assisted by the Minister of Finance at that time, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Itamar Franco's administration implemented the Plano Real economic package, which included a new currency temporarily pegged to the U.S. dollar, the real. In the elections held on October 3, 1994, Fernando Henrique Cardoso ran for president and won, being reelected in 1998. Brazil's current president is Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, elected in 2002 and reelected in 2006. Government and politics The National Congress in Brasília, the capital of Brazil.The Brazilian Federation is based on the union of three autonomous political entities: the States, the Municipalities and the Federal District. A fourth entity originated in the aforementioned association: the Union. There is no hierarchy among the political entities. The Federation is set on six fundamental principles: sovereignty, citizenship, dignity of the people, social value of labor, freedom of enterprise, and political pluralism. The classic tripartite branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial under the checks and balances system), is formally established by the Constitution. The executive and legislative are organized independently in all four political entities, while the judiciary is organized only in the federal and state levels. All members of the executive and legislative branches are directly-elected. Judges and other judicial officials are appointed after passing entry exams. Voting is compulsory for those aged 18 or older. Four political parties stand out among several small ones: Workers' Party (PT), Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), and Democrats (formerly Liberal Front Party - PFL). Practically all governmental and administrative functions are exercised by authorities and agencies affiliated to the Executive. The form of government is that of a democratic republic, with a presidential system. The president is both head of state and head of government of the Union and is elected for a four-year term, with the possibility of re-election for a second successive term. The current president is Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. He was elected on October 27, 2002, and re-elected on October 29, 2006. The President appoints the Ministers of State, who assist in governing. Legislative houses in each political entity are the main source of laws in Brazil. The National Congress is the Federation’s bicameral legislature, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate. Judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively. Law The finance minister, Guido Mantega, and the former president of the Supreme Federal Court, Ellen Gracie Northfleet.Brazilian Law is based on Roman-Germanic traditions. Thus, civil law concepts prevail over common law practices. Most of Brazilian law is codified, although non-codified statutes also represent a substantial part of the system, playing a complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretive guidelines; however, they are not binding on other specific cases except in a few situations. Doctrinal works and the works of academic jurists have strong influence in law creation and in law cases. The legal system is based on the Federal Constitution, which was promulgated on October 5, 1988, and is the fundamental law of Brazil. All other legislation and court decisions must conform to its rules. As of April 2007, it has been through 53 Amendments. States adopt their own Constitutions, but they must also not contradict the Federal Constitution. Municipalities and the Federal District do not have their own Constitutions; instead, they adopt "organic laws" (leis orgânicas). Legislative entities are the main source of statutes, although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may enact legal norms. Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities, although in rare situations the Federal Constitution allows the Federal Senate to pass on legal judgments. There are also specialized military, labor, and electoral courts. The highest court is the Supreme Federal Tribunal. This system has been criticised over the last decades due to the slow pace at which final decisions are issued. Lawsuits on appeal may take several years to resolve, and in some cases more than a decade to see definitive rulings. Foreign relations and the military Brazilian Army troops before boarding for MINUSTAH peacekeeping mission in Haiti.Brazil is a political and economic leader in Latin America. However, social and economic problems prevent it from becoming an effective global power. Between World War II and 1990, both democratic and military governments sought to expand Brazil's influence in the world by pursuing a state-led industrial policy and an independent foreign policy. More recently, the country has aimed to strengthen ties with other South American countries, engage in multilateral diplomacy through the United Nations and the Organization of American States. Brazil's current foreign policy is based on the country's position as a regional power in Latin America, a leader among developing countries, and an emerging world power. Brazilian foreign policy has generally reflected multilateralism, peaceful dispute settlement, and nonintervention in the affairs of other countries. The Brazilian Constitution also determines the country shall seek the economic, political, social and cultural integration of the nations of Latin America. The Armed forces of Brazil comprise the Brazilian Army, the Brazilian Navy, and the Brazilian Air Force. The Military Police (States' Military Police) is described as an ancillary force of the Army by constitution, but under the control of each state's governor. The Brazilian armed forces are the largest in Latin America. The Brazilian Air Force is the aerial warfare branch of the Brazilian armed forces, being the largest air force in Latin America, with about 700 manned aircraft in service. The Brazilian Navy is responsible for naval operations and for guarding Brazilian territorial waters. It is the oldest of the Brazilian Armed forces and the only navy in Latin America that operates an aircraft carrier, the NAeL São Paulo (formerly FS Foch of the French Navy). Finally, the Brazilian Army is responsible for land-based military operations, with a strength of approximately 190,000 soldiers. Subdivisions Atlantic OceanPacific OceanNorth RegionNortheast RegionCentral-West RegionSoutheast RegionSouth RegionAcreAmazonasParáRoraimaAmapáRondôniaTocantinsMaranhãoBahiaPiauíCearáRio Grande do NorteParaíbaPernambucoAlagoasSergipeMato GrossoMato Grosso do SulFederal DistrictGoiásMinas GeraisSão PauloRio de JaneiroEspírito SantoParanáSanta CatarinaRio Grande do SulArgentinaBoliviaChileColombiaFrench GuianaGuyanaParaguayPeruSurinameUruguayVenezuela Politically, Brazil is a federation of 26 states (estados) and one federal district (Distrito Federal) which contains the capital city, Brasília. The states are subdivided into municipalities. States are based on historical, conventional borders and have developed throughout the centuries; though some boundaries are arbitrary. The federal district is not a state on its right, but shares some characteristics of a state and some of a municipality. The national territory was divided in 1969 by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), for demographic and statistical purposes, into five main regions: North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and South. In 1943, with the entrance of Brazil into the Second World War, the Vargas regime detached seven strategic territories from the border of the country in order to administrate them directly: Amapá, Rio Branco, Acre, Guaporé, Ponta Porã, Iguaçu and the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha. After the war, the first three territories were retained as states, with Rio Branco and Guaporé being renamed Roraima and Rondônia, respectively. Ponta Porã and Iguaçu resorted to territorial status. In 1988, Fernando de Noronha became part of Pernambuco. In 1960, the square-shaped Distrito Federal was carved out of Goiás in preparation for the new capital, Brasília. The previous federal district became the state of Guanabara until in 1975 it was merged with the state of Rio de Janeiro, becoming the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. In 1977, Mato Grosso was split into two states. The northern area retained the name Mato Grosso while the southern area became the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, with Campo Grande as its capital. The new Mato Grosso do Sul incorporated the territory of Ponta Porã and the northern part of Iguaçu. Central Iguaçu went to Paraná, and southern Iguaçu went to Santa Catarina. In 1988, the northern portion of Goiás became the state of Tocantins, with Palmas as its capital. Regions The five regions of Brazil.The North region covers 45.27% of the land area of Brazil, and has the lowest number of inhabitants. With the exception of Manaus, which hosts a tax-free industrial zone, and Belém, the biggest metropolitan area of the region, it is fairly unindustrialized and undeveloped. It accommodates most of the rainforest vegetation of the world and many indigenous tribes. The Northeast region is inhabited by about 30% of Brazil's population. It is culturally diverse, with roots set in the Portuguese colonial period, and in Amerindian and Afro-Brazilian elements. It is also the poorest region of Brazil, and suffers from long periods of dry climate. The Central-West region has low demographic density when compared to the other regions, mostly because a part of its territory is covered by the world's largest marshlands area, the Pantanal as well as a small part of the Amazon Rainforest in the northwest. However, much of the region is also covered by Cerrado, the largest savanna in the world. The central-west region contributes significantly towards agriculture. The Southeast region is the richest and most densely populated. It has more inhabitants than any other South American country, and hosts one of the largest megalopolises of the world, and has the country's two largest cities; São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The region is very diverse, including the major business center of São Paulo, the historical cities of Minas Gerais and its capital Belo Horizonte, the third-largest metropolitan area in Brazil, the beaches of Rio de Janeiro, and the coast of Espírito Santo. The South region is the wealthiest by GDP per capita, and has the highest standard of living in the country. It is also the coldest region of Brazil, with occasional occurrences of frost and snow in some of the higher altitude areas. It has been settled mainly by European immigrants, mostly of Italian, German and Portuguese ancestry, being clearly influenced by these cultures. States The twenty-six states and the Federal District of Brazil.The Equatorial line cuts through the state of Amapá in the north, and the Tropic of Capricorn line cuts through the state of São Paulo. The southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sul is further to the south than the entire European continent is to the north. Acre is in the far west side of the country, covered by the Amazon forest; Paraíba is the easternmost state of Brazil; Cabo Branco, in the city of João Pessoa, is the easternmost point of Brazil and the Americas. The states of Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina all have a temperate climate. São Paulo is the economic center of Brazil. Agriculture, industry, commerce, and services are the most diversified of Brazil. Although a large proportion is exported to other states and other countries, the consumer market of the state is also the biggest in the country. Different from other states, where settlement started in the coast and moved inwards, in São Paulo the center of the economy was in a non-coastal city. Rio de Janeiro, the most well known Brazilian city and with many famous landmarks, is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro. Older books may still reference the state of Guanabara: after the Federal District (capital of the Republic) was moved to Brasília in 1960, the city of Rio de Janeiro was elevated to the condition of state of Guanabara (name of the large bay which washes the city or Rio); however, in 1975, Guanabara was incorporated to the state of Rio and returned to the condition of municipality, with the old name of city of Rio de Janeiro. Geography The Amazon Rainforest comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world.Brazil occupies an immense area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior region, sharing land borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana and the overseas department of French Guiana to the north; stretching from the North to the Southern Hemisphere. The factors of size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse. Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world—after Russia, Canada, the People's Republic of China and the United States—and third largest on the Americas; with a total area of 8,511,965 kilometers (5,289,090 mi), include 55,455 kilometers (34,458 mi) of water. It spans three time zones; from UTC-4, in the North (except Pará) and UTC-4, in the central states; to UTC-3, in the eastern states, the official time of Brazil, and UTC-2, in the Atlantic islands. Brazilian topography is also diverse, including hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of Brazil lies between 200 metres (660 ft) and 800 metres (2,600 ft) in elevation. The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country. The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills. The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft). These ranges include the Mantiqueira Mountains, the Espinhaço Mountains, and the Serra do Mar. In north, the Guiana Highlands form a major drainage divide, separating rivers that flow south into the Amazon Basin from rivers that empty into the Orinoco river system, in Venezuela, to the north. The highest point in Brazil is the Pico da Neblina with 3,014 metres (9,890 ft), and the lowest point is the Atlantic Ocean with 0 metres (0 ft). Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers, one of the world's most extensive, with eight major drainage basins, all of which drain into the Atlantic Ocean. Major rivers include the Amazon, the largest river in terms of volume of water, and the second-longest in the world; the Paraná and its major tributary, the Iguaçu River, where the Iguaçu Falls are located; the Negro, São Francisco, Xingu, Madeira and the Tapajós rivers. Climate Cyclone Catarina, the first tropical cyclone in the South Atlantic Ocean, formed in 2004.The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large geographic scale and varied topography, but the largest part of the country is tropical and covered by the Amazon Rainforest. Analysed according to the Köppen system, Brazil hosts five major climatic subtypes: equatorial, tropical, semiarid, highland tropical, and temperate; ranging from equatorial rainforests in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to temperate coniferous forests in the south and tropical savannas in central Brazil. Many regions have starkly different microclimates. A equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real dry season but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls. Temperatures average 25 °C (77 °F), with more significant temperature variations between night and day than between seasons. Over central Brazil rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate. This region is as large and extensive as the Amazon basin but, lying farther south and being at a moderate altitude, it has a very different climate. In the interior Northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme. The semiarid climate region receives less than 800 millimetres (31 in) of rain, which falls in a period of two or three months. From the south of Bahía, near São Paulo, the distribution of rainfall changes, here some appreciable rainfall occurs in all months. The South has temperate conditions, with average temperatures below 18 °C (64 °F) and cool winters, frosts are quite common, with occasional snowfalls in the higher areas. Wildlife The Macaw is a typical animal of Brazil. The country has one of the world's most diverse populations of birds and amphibians.Brazil's large territory comprises different ecosystems, such as the Amazon Rainforest, recognized as having the greatest biological diversity in the world; the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado, which together sustain some of the world's greatest biodiversity. In the South, the Araucaria pine forest grows under temperate conditions. The rich wildlife of Brazil reflects the variety of natural habitats; however, remains largely unknown, and new species are found on nearly a daily basis. Scientists estimate that the total number of plant and animal species in Brazil could approach two million. Larger mammals include pumas, jaguars, ocelots, rare bush dogs, and foxes. Peccaries, tapirs, anteaters, sloths, opossums, and armadillos are abundant. Deer are plentiful in the south, and monkeys of many species abound in the northern rain forests. Concern for the environment in Brazil has grown in response to global interest in environmental issues. It's natural heritage is extremely threatened due to cattle ranching and agriculture, logging, mining, resettlement, oil and gas extraction, over-fishing, expansion of urban centres, wildlife trade, fire, climate change, dams and infrastructure, water contamination, and invasive species. In many areas of the country, the natural environment is threatened by development. Construction of highways has opened up previously remote areas for agriculture and settlement; dams have flooded valleys and inundated wildlife habitats; and mines have scarred and polluted the landscape. Economy São Paulo, the wealthiest and largest city in South America.Brazil is the largest national economy in Latin America, the world's tenth largest economy at market exchange rates and the ninth largest in purchasing power parity (PPP), according to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank; with large and developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service sectors, as well as a large labor pool. The country has been expanding its presence in international financial and commodities markets, and is regarded as one of the group of four emerging economies called BRIC. Brazilian exports are booming, creating a new generation of tycoons. Major export products include aircraft, coffee, automobiles, soybean, iron ore, orange juice, steel, ethanol, textiles, footwear, corned beef and electrical equipment. The biggest investment boom in history is under way; in 2007, Brazil launched a four-year plan to spend $300 billion to modernise its road network, power plants and ports. Brazil's booming economy is shifting into overdrive, with biofuels and deep-water oil providing energy independence and the government collecting enough cash to irrigate the desert and pave highways across the Amazon Rainforest. Brazil had pegged its currency, the real, to the U.S. dollar in 1994. However, after the East Asian financial crisis, the Russian default in 1998 and the series of adverse financial events that followed it, the Brazilian central bank temporarily changed its monetary policy to a managed-float scheme while undergoing a currency crisis, until definitively changing the exchange regime to free-float in January 1999. Brazil received an International Monetary Fund rescue package in mid-2002 in the amount of $30.4 billion, a record sum at that time. The IMF loan was paid off early by Brazil's central bank in 2005 (the due date was scheduled for 2006). One of the issues the Brazilian central bank is currently dealing with is the excess of speculative short-term capital inflows to the country in the past few months, which might explain in part the recent downfall of the U.S. dollar against the real in the period. Nonetheless, foreign direct investment (FDI), related to long-term, less speculative investment in production, is estimated to be $193.8 billion for 2007. Inflation monitoring and control currently plays a major role in Brazil's Central Bank activity in setting out short-term interest rates as a monetary policy measure. Components Itaipu Dam, the world's largest hydroelectric plant by energy generation.Brazil's "investment grade" economy is diverse, encompassing agriculture, industry, and a multitude of services. Brazil is finally punching its weight with a booming economy and stronger global leadership. The recent economic strength has been due in part to a global boom in commodities prices with exports from beef to soybeans soaring. Its prospects have been helped by huge oil and gas discoveries. A global power in agriculture and natural resources, Brazil unleash the greatest burst of prosperity has witnessed in three decades. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 5.1% of the gross domestic product in 2007. A performance that puts agribusiness in a position of distinction in terms of Brazil's trade balance, in spite of trade barriers and subsidizing policies adopted by the developed countries. The industry; from automobiles, steel and petrochemicals to computers, aircraft, and consumer durables; accounted for 30.8% of the gross domestic product. Industry is highly concentrated geographically, with the leading concentrations in metropolitan São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Campinas, Porto Alegre, and Belo Horizonte. Technologically advanced industries are also highly concentrated in these locations. Brazil is the world's tenth largest energy consumer. It's energy comes from renewable sources, particularly hydroelectricity and ethanol; and nonrenewable sources, mainly oil and natural gas. Brazil will become an oil superpower, with massive oil discoveries in recent times. Science and technology An Embraer E-175 jet airliner, developed in Brazil and used by airlines around the world.Brazilian science effectively began in the first decades of the 19th century, when the Portuguese Royal Family, headed by John VI, arrived in Rio de Janeiro, escaping from the Napoleon's army invasion of Portugal in 1807. Until then, Brazil was a Portuguese colony, without universities, and a lack of cultural and scientific organizations, in stark contrast to the former American colonies of the Spanish Empire, which although having a largely illiterate population like Brazil and Portugal, had, however, a number of universities since the 16th century. Technological research in Brazil is largely carried out in public universities and research institutes. Nonetheless, more than 73% of funding for basic research still comes from government sources. Some of Brazil's most notables technological hubs are the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, the Butantan Institute, the Air Force's Aerospace Technical Center, the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation and the INPE. Brazil has the most advanced space program in Latin America, with significant capabilities to launch vehicles, launch sites and satellite manufacturing. On October 14, 1997, the Brazilian Space Agency signed an agreement with NASA to provide parts for the ISS. Uranium is enriched at the Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory to fuel the country's energy demands. Plans are on the way to build the country's first nuclear submarine. Brazil is one of the three countries in Latin America with an operational Synchrotron Laboratory, a research facility on physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences. Demographics Boa Viagem beach in Recife. Much of Brazil's population is concentrated across the coastline.Brazil's population comes from many racial and ethnic groups. The last National Research for Sample of Domiciles (PNAD) census revealed the following: 49.7% of the population are White, about 93 million; 42.6% are Pardo (mixed), about 80 million; 6.9% are Black, about 13 million; 0.5% are Asian, about 1 million; and 0.4% are Amerindian, about 519,000. Most Brazilians can trace their ancestry to the country's Indigenous peoples, Portuguese colonists, and African slaves. Since 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, miscegenation between these three groups took place. Over three centuries of Portuguese colonization, Brazil received more than 700,000 Portuguese settlers and 4 million African slaves. Starting in the late 19th century, Brazil opened its doors to immigration: people of over 60 nationalities immigrated to Brazil. About 5 million European and Asian immigrants arrived from 1870 to 1953, most of them from Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Germany. In the early 20th century, people from Japan and the Middle-East also arrived. The immigrants and their descendants had an important impact in the ethnic composition of the Brazilian population, and many diasporas are present in the country. Brazil has the largest population of Italian origin outside of Italy, with over 25 million Italian Brazilians, the largest Japanese population outside of Japan, with 1.6 million Japanese Brazilians, as well the second largest German population outside of Germany, with 12 million German Brazilians. A characteristic of Brazil is the race mixing. Genetically, most Brazilians have some degree of European, African, and Amerindian ancestry. The entire population can be considered a single "Brazilian" ethnic group, with highly varied racial types and backgrounds, but without clear ethnic sub-divisions. The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte, respectively with 19.7, 11.4, and 5.4 million inhabitants. Almost all the capitals are the largest city in their corresponding state, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, the capital of Santa Catarina. There are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo (Campinas, Santos and the Paraíba Valley), Minas Gerais (Steel Valley), Rio Grande do Sul (Sinos Valley), and Santa Catarina (Itajaí Valley). Largest cities of Brazil Municipality Federative unit Population Municipality Federative unit Population São Paulo Rio de Janeiro 1 São Paulo 1 São Paulo 11,016,703 11 Belém Pará 1,428,368 2 Rio de Janeiro 2 Rio de Janeiro 6,136,652 12 Guarulhos 1 São Paulo 1,283,253 3 Salvador Bahia 2,714,119 13 Goiânia Goiás 1,220,412 4 Fortaleza Ceará 2,416,920 14 Campinas São Paulo 1,059,420 5 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais 2,399,920 15 São Luís Maranhão 922,458 6 Brasília Distrito Federal 2,383,784 16 São Gonçalo 2 Rio de Janeiro 973,372 7 Curitiba Paraná 1,788,559 17 Maceió Alagoas 922,458 8 Manaus Amazonas 1,644,690 18 D. de Caxias 2 Rio de Janeiro 855,010 9 Recife Pernambuco 1,515,052 19 Nova Iguaçu 2 Rio de Janeiro 844,583 10 Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul 1,440,939 20 Teresina Piauí 813,992 Source: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (2007 Demographic Census) ^1 Metropolitan region of São Paulo (São Paulo and Guarulhos) ^2 Metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, São Gonçalo, Duque de Caxias and Nova Iguaçu) Education and health Federal University of Paraná, in Curitiba, is regarded as the oldest Brazilian university.The Federal Constitution and the 1996 General Law of Education in Brazil (LDB) determine how the Federal Government, States, Federal District, and Municipalities will manage and organize their respective education systems. Each of these public educational systems is responsible for its own maintenance, which manages funds as well as mechanisms and sources for financial resources. The new Constitution reserves 25% of state and municipal taxes and 18% of federal taxes for education. Private school programs are available to complement the public school system. In 2003, the literacy rate was 88% of the population, and the youth literacy rate (ages 15–19) was 93.2%. Illiteracy is highest in the Northeast, around 27%, which has a high proportion of rural poor. Although at same year, Brazil's education had low levels of efficiency by 15-year-old students, particularly in the public school network. Higher education starts with undergraduate or sequential courses, which may offer different specialist choices such as academic or vocational paths. Depending on choice, students may improve their educational background with Stricto Sensu or Lato Sensu postgraduate courses. The public health system is managed and provided by all levels of government, whilst private healthcare fulfills a complementary role. There are several problems in the Brazilian health system. In 2006, these were infant mortality, child mortality, maternal mortality, mortality by non-transmissible illness and mortality caused by external causes: transportation, violence and suicide. Language Museum of the Portuguese Language in São Paulo, the first language museum in the world.Portuguese is the only official language of Brazil. It is spoken by nearly the entire population and is virtually the only language used in newspapers, radio, television, and for all business and administrative purposes. Moreover, Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity and giving it a national culture distinct from its Spanish-speaking neighbors. Brazilian Portuguese has had its own development, influenced by the Amerindian and African languages. Due to this, the language is somewhat different from that spoken in Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries, mainly for phonological and orthographic differences. These differences are somewhat greater than those of American and British English. Portugal may have to recognize the inevitable by bowing to the economic and cultural supremacy of Brazil, its former colony; it is considering reforming its own language to accommodate linguistic developments in the Brazilian Portuguese since the two languages diverged. Minority languages are spoken throughout the vast national territory. Some of these are spoken by indigenous peoples: 180 Amerindian languages are spoken in remote areas. Others are spoken by immigrants and their descendants. There are important communities of speakers of German (mostly the Hunsrückisch, part of the High German languages) and Italian (mostly the Talian dialect, of Venetian origin) in the south of the country, both largely influenced by the Portuguese language. Culture Brazilian Carnival parade in Rio de Janeiro, considered one of the greatest shows on Earth.A wide variety of elements create a society with considerable ethnic complexity. Brazilian culture has historically been influenced by European, African, and Indigenous cultures and traditions. Its major early influence derived from Portuguese culture because of strong colonial ties with the Portuguese empire. Among other inheritances, the Portuguese introduced the Portuguese language, the Catholic religion, and the colonial architectural styles. Other aspects of Brazilian culture are contributions of Italian, German, and other European immigrants who came in large numbers, and their influences are felt closer to the South and Southeast of Brazil. Amerindian peoples influenced Brazil's language and cuisine; and the Africans, brought to Brazil as slaves, influenced language, cuisine, music, dance, and religion. Literature in Brazil dates back to the 16th century, to the writings of the first Portuguese explorers in Brazil, such as Pêro Vaz de Caminha, writer of the fleet of navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral. Cuisine varies greatly by region and reflects the country's mix of native and immigrants. This has created a national cooking style marked by the preservation of regional differences. Brazil's cultural tradition extends to its music styles which include samba, bossa nova, forró, frevo, pagode, and many others. Brazil has also contributed to classical music, which can be seen in the works of many composers. In arts, important modern artists Anita Malfatti and Tarsila do Amaral were both early pioneers in Brazilian art. The Cinema has a long tradition, reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century, and gained a new level of international acclaim in recent years. The festival of Carnival (Portuguese: Carnaval), with its spectacular street parades and vibrant music, has become one of the most potent images of Brazil; an annual celebration held forty days before Easter and marks the beginning of Lent. Carnival is celebrated throughout Brazil with distinct regional characteristics, but the most spectacular celebrations outside Rio de Janeiro take place in Salvador, Recife, and Olinda, although the nature of the events varies. Other regional festivals include the Boi Bumbá and Festa Junina (June Festivals). Religion Christ the Redeemer, one of the Seven Wonders of the World and symbol of Brazilian Christianity.Religion is very diversified in Brazil; the constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the government generally respects this right in practice. The Roman Catholic Church is dominant, making Brazil the largest Catholic nation in the world. The formal link between the state and the Roman Catholicism was severed in the late 19th century; however, the Catholic Church has continued to exert an influence on national affairs. Adepts of Protestantism are rising in number. Until 1970, the majority of Brazilian Protestants were members of "traditional churches", mostly Lutherans, Presbyterians and Baptists. Since then, numbers of Pentecostal and Neopentecostal members have increased significantly. Traditional African beliefs, brought by slaves, have blended with Catholicism to create Afro-Brazilian religions such as Macumba, Candomblé, and Umbanda. Amerindians practice a wide variety of indigenous religions that vary from group to group. According to the 2000 Demographic Census, 73.9% of the population is Roman Catholic; 15.4% is Protestant; 0.91% from other Christian denominations; 1.33% follows Kardecist spiritism; 0.31% follows African traditional religions; 0.01% follows Amerindian traditions; 7.35% consider themselves agnostics, atheists or without a religion; and 0.81% are members of other religions such as Buddhism, Judaism, Islam, and some practice a mixture of different religions. Sport Maracanã Stadium, at the Brazilian Championship, highest division of Brazilian football.Football (Portuguese: futebol) is the most popular sport in Brazil. The Brazilian national football team (Seleção) is currently ranked second in the world according to the FIFA World Rankings. They have been victorious in the World Cup tournament a record five times, in 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994 and 2002. Basketball, volleyball, auto racing, and martial arts also attract large audiences. Though not as regularly followed or practiced as the previously mentioned sports, tennis, team handball, swimming, and gymnastics have found a growing number of enthusiasts over the last decades. Some sport variations have their origins in Brazil. Beach football, futsal (official version of indoor football) and footvolley emerged in the country as variations of football. In martial arts, Brazilians have developed Capoeira, Vale tudo, and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. In auto racing, Brazilian drivers have won the Formula 1 world championship eight times: Emerson Fittipaldi in 1972 and 1974; Nelson Piquet in 1981, 1983 and 1987; and Ayrton Senna in 1988, 1990 and 1991. Brazil has undertaken the organization of large-scale sporting events: the country organized and hosted the 1950 FIFA World Cup and is chosen to host the 2014 FIFA World Cup event. The circuit located in São Paulo, Autódromo José Carlos Pace, hosts the annual Grand Prix of Brazil. São Paulo organized the IV Pan American Games in 1963, and Rio de Janeiro hosted the XV Pan American Games in 2007. Brazil also tried for the fourth time to host the Summer Olympics with Rio de Janeiro candidature in 2016. |
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