| ā gēn tíng Argentina shǒudōu:bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī guógūdàimǎ: ar |
 阿根廷jiǎn jiè guó míng： ā gēn tíng gòng hé guó RepublicofArgentina 'ā gēn tíng shǒu dū shì bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī guó míng yóu lái： zài xī bān yá yǔ zhōng， “ ā gēn tíng ” yǔ“ lā pǔ lā tǎ” liǎng cí yì yì xiāng tóng， jūn wéi“ bái yín”。 1527 nián， xī bān yá tàn xiǎn jiā sài wǎ sī dì 'ān · kǎ wò tuō shuài lǐng yī zhī yuǎn zhēng duì dào dá nán měi dà lù hòu， cóng yī gè kuān kuò de hé kǒu sù liú 'ér shàng， shēn rù dào nèi dì。 tàn xiǎn jiā men fā xiàn dāng dì yìn dì 'ān rén pèi dài zhe hěn duō yín zhì de shì wù， yǐ wéi dāng dì shèng chǎn bái yín， biàn jiāng zhè tiáo hé mìng míng wéi lā pǔ lā tǎ hé， bǎ zhè yī dì qū chēng wéi lā pǔ lā tǎ qū。 xī bān yá zhí mín tǒng zhì zhě hòu lái yòu jiāng lā pǔ lā tǎ qū gǎi wéi shěng。 1816 nián 7 yuè 9 rì， lā pǔ lā tǎ shěng xuān bù dú lì， bìng jiāng guó míng zhèng shì dìng wéi 'ā gēn tíng。 ā gēn tíng yī cí yuán yú lā dīng wén， bù jǐn shì zhǐ jù tǐ yì yì shàng de bái yín， tóng shí yù yì“ huò bì”、“ cái fù”。 zhè kuài guǎng mào de tǔ dì shàng suī bù chǎn bái yín， dàn yòu zhe féi wò de tǔ rǎng， fēng mào de cǎo yuán， liáng hǎo de qì hòu， zhè shǐ 'ā gēn tíng chéng liǎo“ shì jiè de liáng cāng hé ròu kù”， cái fù gǔn gǔn 'ér lái。 yīn cǐ， bǎ zhè gè guó jiā chēng zhī wéi“ ā gēn tíng”， zhēn shì zài qiàrúqífèn bù guò liǎo。 rén kǒu： 3780 duō wàn。 zhù yào mín zú shì 'ōu zhōu rén hé yìn dì 'ān rén， qí zhōng bái zhǒng rén zhàn 97 ％， duō zhǔyì dà lì hé xī bān yá hòu yì。 shì nán měi zhōu gè guó bái zhǒng rén bǐlǜ zuì gāo de guó jiā。 chéng shì rén kǒu zhàn wǔ fēn zhī sì。 hùn xuè zhǒng rén， yìn dì 'ān rén jí qí tā rén zhǒng zhàn 3％。 guān fāng yǔ yán wéi xī bān yá yǔ。 jū mín 87％ xìn fèng tiān zhù jiào， qí yú de xìn fèng xīn jiào jí qí tā zōng jiào。 shǒu dū： bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī BuenosAires shì lā měi zuì fán huá dedōu shì zhī yī， xī bān yá yǔ yì wéi“ hǎo kōng qì”。 gāi shì wèi yú lā pǔ lā tǎ hé xī 'àn， fēng jǐng xiù měi， qì hòu yí rén， yòu“ nán měi bā lí” zhī chēng。 shì nèi yǐ jiē xīn gōng yuán、 guǎng chǎng hé jì niàn bēi zhòng duō 'ér zhù míng。 chéng shì jiàn zhù duō shòu 'ōu zhōu wén huà yǐng xiǎng， zhì jīn hái bǎo liú yòu jǐ gè shì jì qián de xī bān yá hé yì dà lì fēng gé de gǔ dài jiàn zhù。 yòu rén kǒu 278 wàn（ 2001 nián）， bāo kuò jìn jiāo 19 gè qū de dà bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī shì gòng 1383 wàn rén (2001 nián )。 guó qí： ā gēn tíng guó qí chéng cháng fāng xíng， cháng yǔ kuān zhī bǐ yuē wéi 5： 3。 zì shàng 'ér xià yóu qiǎn lán、 bái、 qiǎn lán sān gè píng xíng xiāng děng de héng cháng fāng xíng zǔ chéng， bái sè cháng fāng xíng zhōng jiān shì yī lún“ wǔ yuè de tài yáng”。 tài yáng běn tǐ kù sì yī zhāng rén liǎn， shì 'ā gēn tíng fā xíng de dì yī méi yìng bì de tú 'àn， yán tài yáng běn tǐ yuán zhōu děng jù lí fēn bù zhe 32 gēn wān zhí xiāngjiàn de guāng máng xiàn。 qiǎn lán sè xiàng zhēng zhèng yì， bái sè xiàng zhēng xìn niàn、 chún jié、 zhèng zhí hé gāo shàng；“ wǔ yuè de tài yáng” xiàng zhēng zì yóu hé lí míng。 měi nián 6 yuè 20 rì wèiguó qí rì héng héng 1810 nián， ā gēn tíng bào fā liǎo zhù míng de wǔ yuè gé mìng， tuī fān liǎo xī bān yá zǒng dū， kāi shǐ liǎo wěi dà de dú lì zhàn zhēng。 wèile gǔ wǔ shì qì， zhǐ yǐn bù duì zuò zhàn， lǐng dǎo dú lì zhàn zhēng de bèi 'ěr gé lā nuò jiāng jūn qīn zì shè jì bìng zhǐ dǎo zhì zuò liǎo yī miàn qiǎn lán sè hé bái sè xiāngjiàn de qí zhì。 zhè liǎng zhǒng yán sè fēn bié xiàng zhēng zhe chún jié hé qián chéng。 1916 nián 9 yuè 9 rì， ā gēn tíng gòng hé guó xuān bù chéng lì shí， shēng qǐ de jiù shì zhè miàn qí zhì。 cóng cǐ， tā bèi zhèng shì què dìng wéi 'ā gēn tíng guó qí。 huò bì： bǐ suǒ guó huī： ā gēn tíng guó huī wéi tuǒ yuán xíng。 tuǒ yuán miàn shàng lán xià bái， wèiguó qí sè， shàng duān yòu yī lún“ wǔ yuè de tài yáng”， yù yì tóng guó qí。 tuǒ yuán xíng zhōng yòu liǎng zhǐ jǐn wò zhe de shǒu， xiàng zhēng tuán jié； shǒu zhōng wò yòu“ zì yóu zhī gān”， xiàng zhēng quán lì、 fǎ lìng、 zūn yán hé zhù quán； gān dǐng wéi hóng sè de“ zì yóu zhī mào”。 tuǒ yuán xíng tú 'àn yóu lǜ sè de yuè guì shù yè huán rào， lǜ sè xiàng zhēng zhōng chéng hé yǒu yì， yuè guì shù yè xiàng zhēng shèng lì hé guāng róng。 guó gē： ā gēn tíng de《 zǔ guó jìn xíng qū》 , shì lā dīng měi zhōu de dì yī shǒu guó gē。 1813 nián 5 yuè 11 rì， ā gēn tíng guó huì tōng guò jué yì què dìng yóu bǐ sēn tè · luò pèi sī · yī pǔ lán nèi sī（ VicenteLópezyPlanes,1785-1856） zuò cí、 bù lā sī · pà léi lā pǔ（ BlasParera， 1777-1820） pǔ qū de《 zǔ guó jìn xíng qū》（ MarchaPatriótica） wéi 'ā gēn tíng guó gē。 1900 nián， hú lǐ 'ào · luó kǎ（ JulioArgentinoRoca1843-1914。 1880-1886 hé 1898-1904 nián wéi 'ā gēn tíng zǒng tǒng） zǒng tǒng bān bù fǎ lìng guī dìng měi féng zài fǎ dìng jié rì， xué xiào jǔ xíng de yí shì shàng xū hé chàng guó gē de dì yī hé zuì hòu yī xiǎo jié。 gē cí dà yì： dà dì de shēng mín！ tīng shén shèng de hū shēng： zì yóu， zì yóu， zì yóu！ nú lì de jiā suǒ bèi dǎ pò， bèi dǎ pò； zì yóu dēng shàng bǎo zuò。 chōng mǎn zūn róng de bǎo zuò yǐ jīng jiàn chéng， shèng lì guī nán fāng gè shěng lián méng！ quán shì jiè zì yóu rén mín qí huān hū： zhù fú wěi dà guó jiā 'ā gēn tíng！ zhù fú wěi dà guó jiā 'ā gēn tíng！ xīn shēng de yīng xióng men jīng shén dǒu sǒu， hǎo xiàng wǔ shén yī yàng xióng jiū jiū。 tā men xiōng huái lǐ chōng mǎn háo qíng， kuò bù qián jìn shǐ dà dì fā dǒu。 yìn jiā rén zhèng cóng fén mù lǐ sū xǐng， chóngxīn rán shāo qǐ mǎn qiāng rè qíng， gǔ lì tā men de 'ér nǚ qù zhòng jiàn wǎng xī zǔ guó de hè hè lìng míng， wǎng xī zǔ guó de hè hè lìng míng！ shān yá bēng liè， chéng qiáng dǎo tān， hōng lóng lóng dì xiǎng shēng zhèn tiān； fù chóu hé zhàn zhēng de hū shēng sì qǐ， dào chù yī piàn kuáng lán。 xiōng 'è de bào jūn bāo cáng zhe dù jì xīn， tù chū dú yè lái 'è chòu nán wén， shǒu hào huī wǔ zhe rǎn xuè de jūn qí， tiǎo qǐ zhàn zhēng， cán kù wú rén xìng， tiǎo qǐ zhàn zhēng， cán kù wú rén xìng！ ā gēn tíng rén， qīn lüè zhě xiàng nǐ men tiǎo zhàn， tā men bēi bǐ 'ér yòu 'ào màn， kuáng gē níng xiào， jiàn tà wǒ men de tǔ dì， zhōng jiāng shī bài， zhù dìng wú yí。 yī tóng kāng kǎi dì xuān shì de yǒng shì， wèile zì yóu 'ér bēn fù zhàn chǎng tòng dǎ zhè yī qún shì xuè de hǔ láng， yì zhì jiān qiáng rú tiě bì tóng qiáng， yì zhì jiān qiáng rú tiě bì tóng qiáng！ yǒng gǎn de 'ā gēn tíng rén bēn fù jiāng chǎng， jīng shén bǎo mǎn， dǒu zhì 'áng yáng； zhàn dǒu de hào jiǎo suí zhe pào shēng lóng lóng， xiǎng chè nán fāng de zhàn chǎng shàng。 bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī shì kàng zhàn de xiān fēng， dài lǐng zhù míng de lián méng chéng shì， tā men jiāng huī qǐ qiáng zhuàng de shǒu bì， jiǎo sǐ 'ào màn de yī bó lì yà zhī shī， jiǎo sǐ 'ào màn de yī bó lì yà zhī shī！ shèng lì zhī shén zhǎn kāi guāng huī de shuāng chì， bì hù 'ā gēn tíng yǒng shì。 bào jūn kàn jiàn liǎo pì gǔn niào liú， lián máng jiā zhe wěi bā táo zǒu。 tā jiāo chū jūn qí hé wǔ qì lái tóu jiàng， yíng dé zhàn lì pǐn， guī gōng zì yóu。 rén mín gǔ wǔ zhe guāng róng de cǎi yì， qì gài háo mài， yáng méi 'áng shǒu， qì gài háo mài， yáng méi 'áng shǒu！ cóng nán jí dào qī běi jí xiǎng chè hào shēng， chuán sòng hè hè shēng míng， tā yòng měi zhōu de míng yì xiàng rén men fǎn fù hū huàn， shēng mín， qǐng tīng： chōng mǎn zūn róng de bǎo zuò yǐ jīng jiàn chéng， shèng lì guī nán fāng gè shěng lián méng！ quán shì jiè zì yóu rén mín qí huān hū： zhù fú wěi dà guó jiā 'ā gēn tíng！ zhù fú wěi dà guó jiā 'ā gēn tíng！ jì zhù guì guān zěn yàng dé lái， ràng tā yǒng yuǎn cún zài！ wǒ men shēng dé yòu guāng cǎi， sǐ yě yào sǐde yòu guāng cǎi。 guó shù： sài bō shù guó huā： càn ruò hóng xiá de sài bō huā。 sài bō shù shǔ mù běn dòu jiá kē zhí wù， zhù yào fēn bù zài zhōng nán měi dì qū。 zài xī bān yá zhí mín tǒng zhì shí qī， lā pǔ lā tǎ dì qū de yìn dì 'ān rén bù duàn fèn qǐ fǎn kàng。 chuán shuō， zài yī cì zhàn dǒu zhōng， yī wèi yìn dì 'ān bù luò qiú cháng bù xìng zhèn wáng， tā de nǚ 'ér 'ā nà yǐ tǐng shēn 'ér chū， zhǐ huī zhàn dǒu， yǔ xī bān yá zhí mín zhě yù xuè sǐ zhàn， zuì hòu tā yě bèi fú。 xī bān yá zhí mín zhě jiāng 'ā nà yǐ bǎng zài yī kē sài bō shù shàng， yào yòng huǒ shāo sǐ tā。 ā nà yǐ zài xióng xióng de dà huǒ zhōng kāng kǎi jiù yì。 cǐ shí， huā qī wèi dào de shù shàng tū rán shèng kāi chū mǎn zhī lěi chuàn de、 rú huǒ rú xuè de hóng huā。 1942 nián， ā gēn tíng tōng guò yī xiàng fǎ lìng， zhèng shì què dìng sài bō huā wéi 'ā gēn tíng de guó huā。 guó niǎo： zōng zào niǎo dú lì rì： 7 yuè 9 rì（ 1816 nián） guó qìng rì： 5 yuè 25 rì（ 1910 nián） mǎ dǎo zhàn zhēng lǎo zhàn shì rì： 4 yuè 2 rì（ 1982 nián） guó jiā zhèng yào： zǒng tǒng nèi sī tuō 'ěr · kǎ luò sī · jī shí nèi 'ěr（ NestorKirchner）， 2003 nián 5 yuè rèn zhí。 2007 nián 10 yuè， ā gēn tíng zhí zhèng lián méng hòu xuǎn rén、 dì yī fū rén kè lǐ sī dì nà · fèi 'ěr nán dé sī zài 28 rì de zǒng tǒng xuǎn jǔ zhōng huò shèng， shùn lì dāng xuǎn wéi zǒng tǒng， tā jiāng chéng wéi 'ā gēn tíng lì shǐ shàng shǒu wèi xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng de nǚ zǒng tǒng。 12 yuè 10 rì， kè lǐ sī dì nà jiāng zhèng shì jiē tì zhàng fū jī shí nèi 'ěr dān rèn 'ā gēn tíng zǒng tǒng。 dì lǐ miàn jī 278 wàn píng fāng gōng lǐ， wéi lā měi dì 'èr dà guó， jǐn cì yú bā xī。 wèi yú nán měi zhōu dōng nán bù、 dōng bīn dà xī yáng， nán yǔ nán jí zhōu gé hǎi xiāng wàng， xī tóng zhì lì jiē rǎng， běi jiè bō lì wéi yà、 bā lā guī， dōng běi bù yǔ bā xī hé wū lā guī wéi lín。 dì shì yóu xī xiàng dōng zhú jiàn dī píng。 xī bù shì yǐ mài mián yán qǐ fú、 wēi 'é zhuàng lì 'ān dì sī shān wéi zhù tǐ de shān dì， zòng guàn nán běi 3， 000 yú gōng lǐ， yuē zhàn quán guó miàn jī de 30％； dōng bù hé zhōng bù de pān pà sī cǎo yuán shì zhù míng de nóng mù qū； běi bù zhù yào shì gé lán chá kē píng yuán， duō zhǎo zé、 sēn lín； nán bù shì bā tǎ gē ní yà gāo yuán。 zhù yào shān mài yòu 'ào huò sī · dé sà lā duō shān、 méi xī kǎ nà shān， hǎi bá 6964 mǐ de 'ā kōng jiā guā shān， wéi nán měi zhōu wàn fēng zhī guān。 bā lā nà hé quán cháng 4700 gōng lǐ， wéi nán měi dì 'èr dà hé。 zhù yào húpō yòu qí jī tǎ hú、 ā gēn tíng hú hé bié dé mǎ hú。 běi bù shǔ rè dài qì hòu， zhōng bù shǔ yà rè dài qì hòu， nán bù wéi wēn dài qì hòu， dà bù fēn dì qū nián píng jūn wēn dù zài 16-23 ℃ zhī jiān。 dōng běi bù jiàng shuǐ fēng pèi， zài 1， 000 háo mǐ zuǒ yòu， xī běi bù hé nán bù wéi 250 háo mǐ； xià jì yǔ shuǐ jiào duō。 bā lā nà - lā pǔ lā tǎ hé quán cháng 5， 580 gōng lǐ， wéi nán měi dì 'èr dà shuǐ xì， zhù yào zhī liú yòu bā lā guī hé、 wū lā guī hé děng guó jì jiè hé， nán bù 'ān dì sī shān qū duō bīng shí hú。 zhù míng de wū mǎ wǎ kǎ xiá gǔ， céng shì gǔ lǎo de yìn jiā wén huà chuán dào 'ā gēn tíng de tōng dào， bèi chēng wéi“ yìn jiā zhī lù”。 ā gēn tíng kuàng chǎn zī yuán fēng fù， zhù yào yòu shí yóu、 tiān rán qì、 méi tàn、 tiě hé yín děng。 shuǐ lì zī yuán bǐ jiào fēng fù。 sēn lín miàn jī zhàn quán guó miàn jī 22％。 yán hǎi yú yè zī yuán fēng fù。 qū huá quán guó huàfēn wéi 24 gè xíng zhèng dān wèi。 yóu 22 gè shěng、 1 gè dì qū（ huǒ dì dǎo xíng zhèng qū） hé lián bāng shǒu dū（ bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī） zǔ chéng。 gè shěng míng chēng rú xià： bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī、 shèng fěi、 kē 'ěr duō wǎ、 mén duō sà、 tú kù màn、 ēn tè léi lǐ 'ào sī、 chá kē、 kē lián tè sī、 sà 'ěr tǎ、 shèng dì yà gē dé 'āi sī tè luó、 mǐ xī 'ào nèi sī、 shèng hú 'ān、 hú hú yī、 lǐ 'ào nèi gé luó、 fú mò sà、 qiū bù tè、 shèng lù yì sī、 nèi wū kěn、 lā pān pà、 kǎ tǎ mǎ kǎ、 lā lǐ 'ào hā hé shèng kè lǔ sī。 jiǎn shǐ 16 shì jì qián jū zhù zhe yìn dì 'ān rén。 1535 nián xī bān yá zài lā pǔ lā tǎ jiàn lì zhí mín jù diǎn。 1776 nián xī bān yá shè lì yǐ bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī wéi shǒu fǔ de lā pǔ lā tǎ zǒng dū qū。 1810 nián 5 yuè 25 rì bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī rén mín xiān qǐ fǎn duì xī bān yá tǒng zhì de“ wǔ yuè gé mìng”， chéng lì liǎo dì yī gè zhèng fǔ wěi yuán huì。 1812 nián qǐ， ā gēn tíng rén mín zài mín zú yīng xióng shèng mǎ dīng de lǐng dǎo xià， kāi zhǎn liǎo fǎn duì xī bān yá zhí mín jūn de dà guī mó wǔ zhuāng dǒu zhēng， zhōng yú zài 1816 nián 7 yuè 9 rì xuān gào dú lì。 1853 nián zhì dìng dì yī bù xiàn fǎ， jiàn lì liǎo lián bāng gòng hé guó， wū 'ěr jī sà dāng xuǎn wéi dì yī rèn zǒng tǒng。 1862 nián bā tuō luò méi · mǐ tè léi dān rèn zǒng tǒng， jié shù liǎo dú lì hòu cháng qī de fēn liè hé dòng luàn。 zì 20 shì jì 30 nián dài qǐ chū xiàn jūn rén yǔ wén rén jiāo tì zhí zhèng de jú miàn。 1983 nián， ā fāng xīn mín xuǎn zhèng fǔ shàng tái， huī fù xiàn zhì， dà lì tuī jìn mín zhù huà jìn chéng。 1982 nián 4 yuè 2 rì 'ā gēn tíng hé yīng guó yīn mǎ 'ěr wéi nà sī qún dǎo zhù quán guī shǔ wèn tí， bào fā liǎo mǎ dǎo zhàn zhēng， tóng nián 6 yuè 14 rì， yīng jūn jī bài liǎo 'ā jūn， jì xù zhàn lǐng mǎ dǎo。 zhèng zhì 1853 nián zhì dìng dì yī bù quán guó tǒng yī xiàn fǎ。 1994 nián 8 yuè 22 rì， xiàn fǎ jīng dì sì cì xiū gǎi hòu shí shī。 xiū gǎi hòu de xiàn fǎ guī dìng， ā gēn tíng wéi lián bāng zhì guó jiā， shí xíng dài yì zhì mín zhù， nèi gé shì zhèng fǔ zhí xíng jī gòu。 zǒng tǒng、 fù zǒng tǒng yóu pǔ xuǎn chǎn shēng， zǒng tǒng shì guó jiā yuán shǒu、 zhèng fǔ shǒu nǎo hé wǔ zhuāng bù duì zǒng sī lìng， zhí zhǎng guó jiā zuì gāo xíng zhèng quán， rèn qī sì nián， kě lián xuǎn lián rèn yī cì； fù zǒng tǒng jiān rèn cān yì yuàn yì cháng。 xiàn fǎ hái guī dìng shè nèi gé zǒng lǐ yī zhí。 zǒng lǐ、 bù cháng hé zǒng tǒng fǔ gè guó wù mì shū jūn yóu zǒng tǒng rèn mìng。 yì huì shì guó jiā zuì gāo lì fǎ jī gòu， guó huì fēn cān、 zhòng liǎng yuàn， yōng yòu lián bāng lì fǎ quán， cān、 zhòng yì yuán jūn yóu zhí xuǎn chǎn shēng， kě lián xuǎn lián rèn。 jīng jì ā gēn tíng wù chǎn fù ráo， qì hòu shì yí， tǔ dì féi wò , shì zōng hé guó lì jiào qiáng de lā měi guó jiā。 gōng yè mén lèi jiào qí quán， zhù yào yòu gāng tiě、 diàn lì、 qì chē、 shí yóu、 huà gōng、 fǎng zhì、 jī xiè、 shí pǐn děng。 gōng yè chǎn zhí zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 1 ／ 3。 hé gōng yè fā zhǎn shuǐ píng jū lā měi qián liè， xiàn yōng yòu 3 zuò hé diàn zhàn。 gāng chǎn liàng jū lā měi qián liè。 jī qì zhì zào yè jù yòu xiāng dāng shuǐ píng， qí shēng chǎn de fēi jī yǐ dǎ rù guó jì shì chǎng。 shí pǐn jiā gōng yè jiào xiān jìn， zhù yào yòu ròu lèi jiā gōng、 rǔ zhì pǐn、 liáng shí jiā gōng、 shuǐ guǒ jiā gōng hé niàng jiǔ děng hángyè。 ā shì shì jiè pú táo jiǔ zhù yào shēng chǎn guó zhī yī， nián chǎn liàng 30 yì gōng shēng。 kuàng chǎn zī yuán yòu shí yóu、 tiān rán qì、 méi tàn、 tiě、 yín、 yóu、 qiān、 xī、 shí gāo、 liú huáng děng。 xiàn yǐ tàn míng yùn cáng liàng： shí yóu 28 ． 8 yì tǒng， tiān rán qì 7635 yì lì fāng mǐ， méi tàn 6 yì dūn， tiě 3 yì dūn， yóu 2． 94 wàn dūn。 shuǐ lì zī yuán fēng fù。 sēn lín miàn jī zhàn quán guó zǒng miàn jī de 1／ 3 zuǒ yòu。 yán hǎi yú yè zī yuán fēng fù。 guó tǔ miàn jī de 55％ shì mù chǎng， nóng mù yè fā dá， xùmù yè zhàn nóng mù yè zǒng chǎn zhí de 40％。 quán guó shēng chù de 80％ jí zhōng zài pān pà sī dà cǎo yuán。 ā shì shì jiè liáng shí hé ròu lèi zhòng yào shēng chǎn guó hé chū kǒu guó， sù yòu“ liáng cāng ròu kù” zhī chēng。 zhù yào zhòngzhí xiǎo mài、 yù mǐ、 dà dòu、 gāo liáng hé kuí huā zǐ děng。 jìn nián lái， ā gēn tíng yǐ chéng wéi nán měi zuì dà de lǚ yóu guó jiā， zhù yào lǚ yóu diǎn yòu bā lǐ luò qiē fēng jǐng qū、 yī guā sū dà pù bù、 mò léi nuò bīng chuān děng。 nóng mù yè fā dá， wéi shì jiè zhù yào de nóng mù chǎn pǐn shēng chǎn guó hé chū kǒu guó zhī yī。 mù chǎng hé cǎo yuán zhàn quán guó tǔ dì miàn jī de 55％， gēng dì zhàn 12.7％。 xùmù yè yòu niú、 yáng、 zhū、 mǎ； nóng chǎn pǐn yòu xiǎo mài、 yù mǐ、 dà dòu、 gāo liáng、 dà mài、 mián huā、 yà má zǐ děng。 yáng、 niú de tóu shù hé xiǎo mài、 yù mǐ、 dà dòu de chǎn liàng dū jū shì jiè qián liè。 gōng yè chǎn zhí chāo guò nóng yè， zhàn guó mín shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 40％ zuǒ yòu， gōng yè bù mén qí quán。 yòu shí pǐn、 fǎng zhì、 pí gé děng nóng mù chǎn pǐn jiā gōng gōng yè， jìn nián lái gāng tiě、 qì chē、 huà gōng、 shí yóu kāi cǎi hé tí liàn、 diàn zǐ、 diàn lì děng bù mén fā zhǎn shèn sù。 jiāo tōng fā dá， tiě lù quán cháng yuē 4.4 wàn gōng lǐ， gōng lù 105 wàn gōng lǐ。 chū kǒu yǐ nóng mù chǎn pǐn wéi zhù， qí zhōng ròu lèi、 xiǎo mài、 yù mǐ、 dà dòu、 yà má zǐ、 yáng máo děng zhàn chū kǒu zǒng zhí de 75-80％， jìn nián lái gōng yè pǐn chū kǒu yì yòu dà fú dù zēngzhǎng。 jìn kǒu duō wéi jī qì shè bèi、 gōng yè yuán liào、 huà xué pǐn děng。 jūn shì zǒng tǒng wéi wǔ zhuāng bù duì zuì gāo tǒng shuài， xià shè guó fáng wěi yuán huì hé jūn shì wěi yuán huì。 guó fáng wěi yuán huì yóu fù zǒng tǒng、 nèi zhèng bù cháng、 wài jiāo bù cháng、 guó fáng bù cháng hé jīng jì bù cháng zǔ chéng。 jūn shì wěi yuán huì yóu guó fáng bù cháng、 sān jūn lián hé cān móu cháng hé lù、 hǎi、 kōng sān jūn zhǒng cān móu cháng zǔ chéng。 sān jūn lián hé cān móu cháng hú 'ān · kǎ luò sī · mù ní 'ào luò（ JuanCarlosMugnolo）。 shí xíng zhì yuàn bīng yì zhì， fú yì qī wéi yī nián。 xiàn zǒng bīng lì wéi 7.3 wàn rén。 2000 nián guó fáng kāi zhī wéi 34.4 yì měi yuán。 wén huà huá lì gāo yǎ、 rè liè bēn fàng de“ tàn gē” wǔ yuán yú 'ā gēn tíng， bèi 'ā gēn tíng rén shì wéi guó cuì。 ā gēn tíng tàn gē fā yuán yú 'ā gēn tíng shǒu dū bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī de gǎng kǒu dì qū。 dà pī yuán yú fēi zhōu、 běi měi shèn zhì 'ōu zhōu de yí mín zhì liú zài gǎng kǒu， xíng chéng liǎo yī gè tè shū de wài lái shè huì qún tǐ。 tā men dà duō shè huì dì wèi dī xià， shēng huó bù wěn dìng， zài jiǔ bā lǐ kào chàng gē、 tiào wǔ lái xiāo mó shí guāng . ā gēn tíng tàn gē shí jì shàng shì zhè zhǒng tè shū huán jìng xià chǎn shēng de yī zhǒng tè shū yì shù xíng shì， qí wǔ dǎo shì zài mǐ lóng jiā、 hǎbā niè lā、 kǎn dōng bèi děng lā měi、 fēi zhōu děng duō zhǒng mín jiān wǔ dǎo jī chǔ shàng yǎn yì 'ér chéng de。 ā gēn tíng tàn gē qí shí fēi cháng bù tóng yú wǒ men kàn dào guó biāo wǔ zhōng de tàn gē biǎo yǎn。 tā qí shí shì yī zhǒng chàng duō yú tiào de yì shù xíng shì。 ér qiě tā de chàng shì qīng yī sè nán xìng， qiě dōushì dú chàng， ǒu 'ěr yòu jǐ gè xiǎo huá jī jù chuān chā。 jī 'áng de jiàn pán shǒu fēng qín shì bàn zòu de zhù xuán lǜ， tā tè yòu de qiē fēn jié zòu zǒng shì gěi rén yǐ xīn líng de zhuàng jī。 ā gēn tíng tàn gē yòu zhe zì jǐ de míng chēng Milonga. ā gēn tíng tàn gē wǔ yě bù xiàng guó biāo wǔ zhōng de tàn gē， ā gēn tíng tàn gē shì liǎng gè wǔ bàn de shēn tǐ bìng xíng zhí lì， jīhū tiē zài yī qǐ（ jiù shì yīn wéi zhè gè tiē shēn dòng zuò， zài tàn gē bèi yǐn jìn bā lí shí céng yǐn qǐ xuān rán dà bō）， bìng qiě kuài sù xuánzhuàn、 tī tuǐ， fēi zhuān yè rén shì hěn nán jiāng zhè xiē dòng zuò lián guàn qǐ lái。 huò xǔ zhèng yīn wéi tài guò nán xué hé qǔgāohèguǎ， ā gēn tíng rén duì yú tàn gē de tài dù， yòu xiē lèi sì zhōng guó rén duì jīng jù de kàn fǎ héng héng nián jì dà de rén xǐ zhī bù jìn， ér nián qīng rén què jìng 'ér yuǎn zhī。 ā gēn tíng de tàn gē wǔ yǎn yuán yǐ jīng bù zhǐ yī cì dì bǎ nà piāo yì、 sǎ tuō、 diǎn yǎ、 hán xù de wǔ dǎo hé yǐ dú tè qiē fēn yīn wéi xiān míng tè zhēng、 jié zòu míng kuài de yīnyuè dài gěi wǒ men， jī qǐ liǎo rén men de nóng hòu xīng qù。 yī tí qǐ tàn gē， rén men yě zì rán huì xiǎng dào zài guó nèi kàn dào de guó jì biāo zhǔn wǔ de tàn gē， nà zhǒng jié zòu gǎn jí qiáng de wǔ bù， yǔ qí tā yīnyuè bù tóng de xuán lǜ。 ér guó jì tàn gē shì cóng 'ā gēn tíng róng tiào、 chàng jí yuèqǔ wéi yī tǐ de tàn gē fā zhǎn yǎn biàn 'ér lái de， tā men zhī jiān yòu zhe bì rán de lián xì。 dàn shì， guó jì zhōng de tàn gē yǐ jīng guī fàn huà， ér 'ā gēn tíng de tàn gē zé gèng jiā huó pō、 huān kuài， huā yàng dié chū。 ā gēn tíng shì tàn gē de gù xiāng。 ā gēn tíng rén kù 'ài tàn gē。 xǔ duō rén dū huì tiào tàn gē， píng shí dào chù dōunéng tīng dào tàn gē wǔ qū。 ā gēn tíng rén bǎ tàn gē kàn zuò shì zì jǐ guó bǎo， shì mín zú de jiāo 'ào。 ā gēn tíng zhèng fǔ xuān bù tàn gē shì 'ā gēn tíng mín zú wén huà yí chǎn bù kě fēn gē de yī bù fēn。 duì yú wài guó rén lái shuō， tàn gē zhǐ shì yī zhǒng dú jù mèi lì de wǔ bù， ér duì 'ā gēn tíng rén lái shuō， tā yǐ shì yǔ shēng huó mì bù kě fēn。 róng huà zài xuè yè lǐ de wén huà。 tàn gē kě chàng kě tiào kě yǎn zòu， tā shì yī zhǒng jí yīnyuè、 wǔ dǎo、 gē chànghè shī gē yú yī shēn de zōng hé xìng yì shù xíng shì。 yóu yú tā shì lā pǔ lā tǎ hé liú yù wén huà de zǔ chéng bù fēn， suǒ yǐ gèng què qiē dì shuō， tàn gē yīnggāi shì wū lā guī de méng dé wéi dì yà rén hé 'ā gēn tíng de bù yí nuò sī rén gòng tóng chuàng zào de yì shù xíng shì， shì tā men gòng tóng de wén huà cái fù。 dàn yīn wéi bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī shì gè gǎng kǒu chéng shì， wú lùn cóng dì lǐ wèi zhì、 rén kǒu jí zài 'ōu zhōu de yǐng xiǎng děng fāng miàn， dū chǔyú yōu shì， yīn cǐ tàn gē hòu lái zài méng tè wéi tè yà jiù zhú jiàn shuāi luò liǎo。 yóu yú bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī dāng nián céng shì dà liàng yí mín liú rù de mén hù， suǒ yǐ tàn gē de yīnyuè、 wǔ dǎo、 shī gē、 chàng cí děngdōu shòu dào guò duō zhǒng wài lái wén huà de yǐng xiǎng， yóu qí shì 'ōu zhōu wén huà hé fēi zhōu wén huà de yǐng xiǎng。 yīnyuè fāng miàn， tàn gē zuì zhù yào shòu dào de shì zǎo zài 1850 nián zuǒ yòu xī bān yá shuǐ shǒu men dài lái de 'ān dá lú xī yà“ tàn jí yuē” gē wǔ de yǐng xiǎng。 qí cì， shì fēi zhōu hēi rén yīnyuè de yǐng xiǎng， tàn gē yīnyuè zhōng shǐ yòng dà liàng jié zòu míng kuài de qiē fēn yīn jiù shì zhè yī yǐng xiǎng de biǎo xiàn。 zài jiù shì gāo qiáo rén“ mǐ lóng jiā” yīnyuè de yǐng xiǎng， jí tā zuò wéi yǎn zòu tàn gē bù kě quē shǎo de yuèqì zhī yī jiù shì zhè yī yǐng xiǎng de biāo zhì。 dào liǎo 1920 nián qián hòu， dà liàng yì dà lì、 xī bān yá děng yí mín de yǒng rù shǐ tàn gē yīnyuè fā shēng liǎo hěn dà biàn huà， yóu zǎo qī huān kuài de sì 'èr pāi zhú jiàn biàn chéng liǎo shì yú biǎo dá yōu shāng qíng gǎn、 jié zòu jiào màn de sì sì pāi。 nèi róng fāng miàn， tàn gē yīn lè hé jí xīng biān chū de chàng cí zài shàng shì jì mò běn shì jì chū wán quán shì huān kuài、 kāi lǎng、 fēng qù、 huī xié de。 suí zhe dà pī yì dà lì hé xī bān yá yí mín de dào lái， tā de nèi róng yě fā shēng liǎo biàn huà。 yí mín men dān zhe kāi kěn、 zhì fù de mùdì 'ér lái， zuì hòu zhǐ néng dìng jū xià lái， wú fǎ fǎn huí gù tǔ tóng qīn rén tuán jù， zhè jiù shǐ tàn gē zēng tiān liǎo biǎo dá yí mín sī niàn gù xiāng hé huái niàn qīn rén de yōu yù、 shāng gǎn、 qī liáng de nèi róng。 cǐ hòu， yóu yú gē cí zuò zhě dà duō shì yí mín de hòu yì， yīn cǐ wú lùn shì gē cí nèi róng hái shì zài gē cí zhōng shǐ yòng de dà liàng wài lái lǐ yǔ， dū fǎn yìng zhe wài lái wén huà de yǐng xiǎng。 wǔ dǎo fāng miàn， tàn gē de chú xíng yuán yú 'ā gēn tíng mù mín nán zǐ cū zhuàng yòu lì de dú wǔ， zài xíng chéng guò chéng zhōng zhù yào shì shòu fēi zhōu hēi rén wǔ dǎo de yǐng xiǎng。 18 shì jì mò 19 shì jì chū， biǎn mài hēi nú zài měi zhōu hěn shèng xíng。 dāng shí zài lā pǔ lā hé liú yě chū xiàn liǎo dà liàng fēi zhōu hēi nú。 tā men duì tàn gē wǔ dǎo zhōng de zhé yāo、 niǔ bǎi děng dòng zuò dū yuán yú fēi zhōu wǔ dǎo de dòng zuò。 cǐ wài， yě yòu xī bān yá 'ān dá lú xī yà de yǐng xiǎng。 ā zú qiú yǐ qí zì yóu sǎ tuō de fēng gé 'ér fēngmǐ shì jiè， duō cì huò shì jiè bēi guān yà jūn。 ā gēn tíng de kǎo niú ròu yě shì shēng míng yuǎn yáng。 jiào yù： jiào yù shuǐ píng jiào gāo， shí xíng yì wù chū děng jiào yù。 2000 nián wén jiào jīng fèi wéi 33.1 yì měi yuán。 wén máng shuài（ 10 suì yǐ shàng rén kǒu） wéi 3.8％。 6 suì héng héng 14 suì 'ér tóng rù xué shuài wéi 99％。 15 suì héng héng 17 suì rù xué shuài dá 80％。 ā gòng yòu 81 suǒ gāo děng xué fǔ， qí zhōng gōng lì dà xué 36 suǒ， sī lì 42 suǒ。 zhù míng dà xué yòu bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī dà xué、 lā pǔ lā tǎ dà xué、 kē 'ěr duō wǎ dà xué děng。 xīn wén chū bǎn： quán guó fā xíng gè lèi bào zhǐ 2062 zhǒng， zá zhì 96 zhǒng， hái yòu 250 zhǒng wài wén chū bǎn wù。 shǒu dū jí gè shěng zhòng yào bào zhǐ 35 jiā。 zhù yào bào zhǐ yòu《 mín zú bào》， 1870 nián chuàng kān；《 hào jiǎo bào》， 1945 nián chuàng kān；《 jì shì bào》， 1963 nián chuàng kān；《 xīn wén bào》， 1869 nián chuàng kān。 zhòng yào zhōu kān yòu《 shì chǎng》、《 suǒ mò sī》、《 rén wù》 děng。 měi zhōu tōng xùn shè shǔ zǒng tǒng fǔ xīn wén guó wù mì shū chù lǐng dǎo。 ā gēn tíng xīn wén shè hé bào lián shè jūn wéi sī rén tōng xùn shè。 tiáofú diàn tái 101 jiā， tiáopín diàn tái yuē 1500 jiā。 kāi fàng shì diàn shì tái 46 jiā， chāo gāo pín diàn shì tái 115 jiā， wēi bō diàn shì tái 61 jiā， yòu xiàn hé bì lù diàn shì tái 866 jiā。 wài jiāo fèng xíng dú lì zì zhù de duì wài zhèng cè， jiān chí bù jié méng lì chǎng hé gè guó rén mín zì jué、 bù gān shè nèi zhèng， zhù quán guó jiā yī lǜ píng děng de yuán zé。 yǔ zhōng guó guān xì： wài jiāo guān xì zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó de chéng lì， zài 'ā gēn tíng hé qí tā lā měi guó jiā zhōng yǐn qǐ jiào dà fǎn xiǎng。 zhōng guó yě hěn zhòng shì kāi zhǎn yǔ lā měi guó jiā de guān xì。 20 shì jì wǔ liù shí nián dài， zhōng 'ā mín jiān wǎng lái jiào duō， cù jìn liǎo liǎng guó guān xì de fā zhǎn。 1972 nián 2 yuè 19 rì， zhōng guó yǔ 'ā gēn tíng zhèng shì jiàn lì wài jiāo guān xì。 ā gēn tíng chéng wéi lā měi dì qū yǔ zhōng guó jiào zǎo jiàn jiāo de guó jiā zhī yī。 20 shì jì 80 nián dài， zhōng 'ā zài gè lǐng yù yǒu hǎo hé zuò guān xì jìn yī bù fā zhǎn。 90 nián dài yǐ lái， liǎng guó guān xì de fā zhǎn yòu shàng liǎo yī gè xīn de tái jiē。 gāo céng hù fǎng bù duàn， jiā shēn liǎo xiāng hù liǎo jiě hé yǒu yì。 liǎng guó zhèng fǔ jiān jiàn lì liǎo zhèng zhì cuō shāng jī zhì， zài xǔ duō zhòng dà guó jì wèn tí shàng yòu zhe yī zhì huò xiāng sì de guān diǎn hé lì chǎng， zài guó jì jī gòu zhōng yòu zhe liáng hǎo de hé zuò guān xì。 liǎng guó yǐ jiù jiàn lì zhōng 'ā 21 shì jì quán miàn hé zuò huǒ bàn guān xì dá chéng gòng shí。 jīng mào wǎng lái zǎo zài 20 shì jì 50 nián dài， zhōng guó、 ā gēn tíng zhī jiān jiù yòu jīng mào wǎng lái， 1954 nián 10 yuè 'ā gēn tíng gōng shāng jiè dài biǎo tuán fǎng huá， 1957 nián 6 yuè zhōng guó rén mín yínháng dài biǎo tuán fǎng 'ā， 1958 nián 10 yuè zhōng 'ā dài biǎo zài běi jīng qiān shǔ liǎng guó yínháng jiān zhī fù hé yuē。 60 nián dài， zhōng guó dà liàng jìn kǒu 'ā gēn tíng kǎo jiāo hé xiǎo mài。 1972 nián liǎng guó jiàn jiāo hòu， shuāng fāng jīng mào hé zuò guān xì yòu jiào dà de fā zhǎn。 1977 nián 2 yuè shuāng fāng qiān shǔ zhōng 'ā zhèng fǔ jiān mào yì hé zuò xié dìng， 1978 nián 5 yuè qiān shǔ hǎi yùn xié dìng， 1980 nián 6 yuè qiān shǔ jīng jì hé zuò xié dìng děng， duì liǎng guó jīng mào guān xì de fā zhǎn qǐ liǎo jiào dà de tuī dòng zuò yòng。 2003 nián zhōng 'ā mào yì zǒng 'é dá 30 yì měi yuán zuǒ yòu。 ā gēn tíng yǐ chéng wéi zhōng guó zài lā měi dì qū zhù yào mào yì huǒ bàn zhī yī。 zhōng 'ā zài kē xué jì shù fāng miàn yě yòu zhe liáng hǎo de hé zuò guān xì。 1980 nián 6 yuè， shuāng fāng qiān shǔ liǎo zhōng 'ā zhèng fǔ jiān kē jì hé zuò xié dìng。 hé zuò lǐng yù bāo kuò hé píng lì yòng yuán zǐ néng、 nán jí kǎo chá、 nóng mù yè yán jiū hé háng tiān kē xué yán jiū jí yìng yòng děng。 wèile xié diào hé tuī dòng hé zuò xiàng mùdì luò shí， hái chéng lì liǎo kē jì hé zuò hùn wěi huì。 zhōng guó hé 'ā gēn tíng zài jīng mào hé kē jì hé zuò fāng miàn yòu zhe hěn qiáng de hù bǔ xìng， fā zhǎn qián jǐng guǎng kuò。 wén huà jiāo liú ā gēn tíng shì lā měi guó jiā zhōng jiào zǎo tóng xīn zhōng guó jìn xíng wén huà jiāo liú de guó jiā。 20 shì jì wǔ liù shí nián dài， zhōng 'ā jiān guī mó jiào dà、 yòu yǐng xiǎng de yì shù tuán zǔ hù fǎng jiāo liú yòu 30 duō qǐ。 qí zhōng 1953 nián 12 yuè zài 'ā gēn tíng jǔ xíng de zhōng guó zhù míng huà jiā qí bái shí de huà zhǎn， 1956 nián 10 yuè zhōng guó dà xíng yì shù tuán fǎng 'ā hé 1962 nián 9 yuè 'ā gēn tíng mín jiān yì shù tuán fǎng huá děng， yǐng xiǎng dū bǐ jiào dà。 1972 nián liǎng guó jiàn jiāo hòu， shuāng fāng wén huà jiāo wǎng gèng jiā pín fán。 1980 nián 6 yuè 7 rì qiān shǔ liǎo liǎng guó zhèng fǔ jiān wén huà jiāo liú huàn wén， 1984 nián 8 yuè 9 rì qiān shǔ liǎo liǎng guó wén huà xié dìng， cóng zhèng fǔ céng miàn shàng bǎo zhèng hé tuī dòng liǎo liǎng guó jiān de wén huà jiāo liú。 ā gēn tíng wén huà zhōng chuán qí cū guǎng de gāo qiáo chuán tǒng、 yōu měi làng màn de tàn gē yì shù、 jīng zhàn gāo chāo de zú qiú shuǐ píng yǐ jí xiān nèn kě kǒu de 'ā gēn tíng kǎo ròu děng， dū wéi zhōng guó rén suǒ xǐ 'ài。 ér lì shǐ yōu jiǔ、 dú jù tè sè de zhōng guó dōng fāng wén huà， yě shòu dào 'ā gēn tíng rén mín de qīng lái hé zàn měi。 wén huà jiāo liú yǐ chéng wéi zhōng 'ā rén mín shì dài yǒu hǎo de qiáo liáng hé niǔ dài。 mín jiān yǒu hǎo zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó chéng lì hòu， zhōng guó、 ā gēn tíng liǎng guó jiāo wǎng zhù yào biǎo xiàn zài mín jiān fāng miàn。 mín jiān yǒu hǎo wǎng lái zēng jìn liǎo xiāng hù liǎo jiě hé yǒu yì， dài dòng liǎo liǎng guó jiān jīng mào hé zhèng zhì guān xì de fā zhǎn。 1972 nián zhōng 'ā liǎng guó jiàn jiāo hòu， mín jiān wǎng lái gèng jiā pín fán， nèi róng gèng jiā chōng shí， fàn wéi gèng jiā guǎng fàn， shè jí liǎng guó gōng huì、 fù nǚ、 qīng nián、 wén huà、 jiào yù、 kē jì、 tǐ yù děng gè gè lǐng yù， wéi zhōng 'ā yǒu hǎo guān xì de fā zhǎn diàn dìng liǎo jiān shí de jī chǔ。 20 shì jì 90 nián dài yǐ lái， zhōng 'ā shuāng biān yǒu hǎo hé zuò guān xì wěn bù、 shùn lì fā zhǎn。 běi jīng shì tóng bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī shì、 shàng hǎi shì yǔ luó sà lǐ 'ào shì、 hé běi shěng yǔ bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī shěng、 jí lín shěng yǔ 'ēn tè léi lǐ 'ào sī shěng fēn bié qiān shǔ liǎo yǒu hǎo shěng、 shì guān xì xié yì。 tǐ yù ā gēn tíng guó jiā zú qiú duì shì zuì chéng gōng de guó jiā zú qiú duì zhī yī， pān pà sī xióng yīng men céng duó dé 2 jiè shì jiè bēi， ào yùn jīn pái。 ā gēn tíng céng jīng jìn rù guò 4 cì shì jiè bēi jué sài： bāo kuò 1930 nián 2-4 bài yú wū lā guī， 1978 nián yǐ 3-1 jī bài hé lán shǒu cì duó dé shì jiè bēi， 1986 nián 3-2 jī bài xī dé zài dēng bān jiǎng tái， dàn 4 nián hòu zài yù xī dé yǐ 0-1 wèi miǎn shī bài。 lìng wài 'ā gēn tíng shì duó dé zuì duō měi zhōu bēi guànjūn de qiú duì， gòng 14 cì duóguàn， 2004 nián jī bài bā lā guī yíng dé 'ào yùn jīn pái， ér 1928 nián jí 1996 nián dé dào yín pái。 qí tā jǐn biāo bāo kuò 6 cì duó dé shì qīng bēi guànjūn（ 1977 nián、 1979 nián、 1995 nián、 1997 nián、 2001 nián、 2005 nián jí 2007 nián）， 1992 nián duó dé lián hé huì bēi。 xiàn rèn guó jiā duì zhù jiào liàn： bā xī lāi yǐn shí ā gēn tíng shì yī gè yí mín guó jiā， 85% yǐ shàng de jū mín lái zì yú yì dà lì hé xī bān yá de hòu yì， suǒ yǐ tā de yǐn shí wén huà yě chān zá liǎo 'ōu lù xī cān de chéngfèn， ròu shí fāng miàn zhù yào yǐ niú、 jī、 lǘ wéi zhù， shèn shǎo chī zhū， ér tàn shāo kǎo ròu shì dāng dì de tè sè。 zhè lǐ de zhāo pái tàn kǎo wáng zhōng wáng niú bā， bù xū yào yān zhì， zhǐ shì sǎ shàng diǎn yán， zhí jiē yòng tàn huǒ kǎo zhì qī bā chéng shú， wài biǎo kǎo dé lüè yòu diǎn jiāo， ròu xiāng wèi piāo sàn kāi lái， chī qǐ lái wài sū nèi nèn， lǐ miàn hái bǎo liú zhe ròu zhī。 ā gēn tíng rén duì kǎo ròu de chī fǎ shì， chī yī kǒu kǎo ròu， zài chī yī kǒu shū cài， suǒ yǐ zài měi yī fèn kǎo ròu shàng lái de shí hòu， yě huì pèi shàng xiē xīn xiān de shū cài shā lā， zhè yàng chī qǐ lái bù zhì yú féi nì。 tàn kǎo niú lē tiáo yě shì ròu zhì gān xiāng， pèi shàng yòng yáng cōng、 qīng hóng jiāo qiē xì de xiāng liào， bù féi bù nì， xiāng nèn kě kǒu。 mǎ dài chá yě shì 'ā gēn tíng de tè sè， jù shuō zhè zhǒng chá shì bèi 'ā gēn tíng yù wéi“ guó bǎo”、“ guó chá”， zài dāng dì yǔ yán zhōng“ mǎ dài chá” jiù shì“ xiān cǎo”、“ tiān cì shén chá”， yīn wéi tā hán yòu duō zhǒng yíng yǎng chéngfèn， bù jǐn kě yǐ qīng chú dǎn gù chún、 jiàng dī xuè zhī， hái néng cù jìn xuè yè xún huán、 tí shén xǐng nǎo děng děng， suǒ yǐ 'ā gēn tíng rén rèn wéi“ mǎ dài chá” bù shì yī bān yì yì shàng de chá， tā men měi rén měi tiān dōuzài hē， cóng xiǎo hái dào lǎo rén， cóng dū shì dào xiāng cūn， shèn zhì yòu“ nìngkě shí wú ròu bù néng jū wú chá” zhè yàng de shuō fǎ。 yuán lái mǎ dài chá de hē fǎ hái yòu yī dìng de jiǎng jiū， bù shì xiàng hē yī bān de chá huò kā fēi， shì yào xiān yòng tè zhì de xī guǎn、 sháo zǐ、 guò lǜ qì sān hé wéi yī de gōng jù， fàng jìn chōng liǎo shuǐ de chá lǐ xiān chuī yī kǒu qì， rán hòu zài màn màn de xī， kě yǐ qīng qīng bàn yī xià， dàn bù kě jīng cháng jiǎo bàn。 hē qǐ lái yòu diǎn xiàng kǔ dīng chá de wèi dào， rú guǒ jué dé kǔ， kě yǐ jiā diǎn shā táng。 chī kǎo ròu hē mǎ dài chá kě yǐ xiāo shǔ jiàng huǒ， kàn lái zhè cái shì zhēn zhèng de“ guǐ lǎo liáng chá”。 lǚ yóu 1、 bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī wèi yú 'ā gēn tíng dōng bù yán hǎi de lā pǔ lā tǎ hé de hé kǒu yòu 'àn， quán shì fēn 1 gè lián bāng qū、 19 gè chéng jiāo qū， zǒng miàn jī dá 3885 píng fāng gōng lǐ， shì nán měi zhōu zuì dà zuì fán róng de chéng shì。 bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī de jiàn zhù fēng gé qí yì duō cǎi， jīhū bāo luó liǎo 'ōu zhōu gǔ jīn jiàn zhù de quán bù fēng gé yǔ zào xíng， qí zhōng yòu zhù míng de kē lóng dà jù yuàn， qí guī mó jū shì jiè dì sān wèi。 zhè lǐ hái shì nán měi zhōu zuì fán huá de shāng yè hé gōng yè zhōng xīn， quán shì gōng yè chǎn zhí wéi quán guó gōng yè chǎn zhí de 70％， duì wài mào yì 'é wéi quán guó de 45％， yòu shì quán guó de jiāo tōng zhōng xīn jí duì wài lián xì de hǎi kōng gǎng kǒu。 bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī zuò wéi xī bān yá zhí mín zhōng xīn jìn 300 nián zhī jiǔ， 1816 nián 'ā gēn tíng dú lì shí bèi dìng wéi shǒu dū。 jīn rì de bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī yǐ jīng jī shēn yú shì jiè tè dà chéng shì zhī liè， tā jí zhōng liǎo quán guó 35％ yǐ shàng de rén kǒu， 2／ 3 de gōng yè chǎn zhí， jìn yī bàn de guó mín shēng chǎn zǒng zhí。 zhè shì yī zuò shí fēn 'ōu huà de chéng shì， bù jǐn chéng shì jū mín jīhū dōushì 'ōu zhōu yí mín de hòu yì， ér qiě chéng shì bù jú、 jiē jǐng yǐ jí jū mín de shēng huó fāng shì、 fēng sú xí guàn、 wén huà qíng qù， chù chù xiǎn lù chū 'ōu zhōu fēng qíng。 duō guǎng chǎng、 jiē xīn huā yuán、 jì niàn bēi hé diāo sù， shì bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī chéng de yī dà tè sè。 shì zhōng xīn de wǔ yuè guǎng chǎng， zhōng yāng chù lì zhe fāng jiān tǎ xíng jì niàn bēi， qí zhèng miàn kè yòu“ 1810 nián 5 yuè 25 rì” jǐ gè xǐng mù dà zì， zhè shì 'ā gēn tíng rén mín tuī fān zhí mín tǒng zhì de qǐ yì rì。 xǔ duō zhù míng de dà jiē yóu guǎng chǎng chéng fú shè zhuàng xiàng sì zhōu shēn zhǎn， pō sì bā lí kǎi xuán mén de jiē dào bù jú。 bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī zuì fán huá de fó luó lǐ dá dà jiē shì yī tiáo bù xíng shāng yè jiē。 zhè tiáo shāng yè jiē cháng bù zú liǎng qiān mǐ， xiá zhǎi 'ér yòu yōng jǐ， dàn guó nèi yī xiē zhù míng pǐn pái de lǎo shāng hào quándōu jù jí zài zhè lǐ， hái yòu lún dūn、 bā lí děng shì jiè shàng xǔ duō zhù míng de dà gōng sī shè lì de fēn hào。 wǔ guāng shí sè de shāng pǐn lín láng mǎn mù， wǔ tīng、 yè zǒng huì、 fàn guǎn、 yǐng jù yuàn děng suí chù kě jiàn， zhōng rì xī xī rǎng rǎng、 rè nào fēi fán， hào chēng“ nán měi bǎi lǎo huì”。 jiàn yú bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī jiāo wài de“ ér tóng gòng hé guó”， jīng qiǎo de jiàn zhù hé jiē dào fù yòu nóng yù de 'ōu zhōu hé dōng nán yà qíng diào， jiàn zhù nèi chén liè zhe yī xiē guó jiā de huì huà、 mù kè děng gōng yì pǐn。 2、 shì jiè zhī duān wū sū 'ā yà wū sū 'ā yà shì zuò luò zài huǒ dì dǎo zuì nán duān de xiǎo chéng， yī bān 'ā gēn tíng rén bǎ tā chēng wéi“ shì jiè zhī duān”。 “ mài bǔ” shì wū sū 'ā yà xiǎo chéng de zhùgàn dào， zhè lǐ yī biān shì hǎi shuǐ， hǎi niǎo men zài shuǐ biān fēi xiáng、 mì shí； yī biān shì yán shān 'ér jiàn de xī shì xiǎo wū， bái qiáng hóng wǎ huò bái qiáng hēi wǎ， fáng qián chuāng xià shèng kāi de xiān huā zài fēng zhōng yáo yè。 dào lù yǔ hǎi shuǐ zhī jiān shì yī piàn piàn de gōng yuán， zài lǜ cǎo xiān huā zhōng yòu gè shì gè yàng de diāo sù， suǒ yòu diāo sù dū yǔ mǎ 'ěr wéi nà sī dǎo yòu guān， mài bǔ lù de jìn tóu biàn shì wén míng de“ shì jiè zhī duān” bó wù guǎn， huǒ dì dǎo de lì shǐ jiù wēi suō zài yī zhāng zhāng tú piàn hé gǔ lǎo 'ér měi lì de shí wù zhōng。 yīn wéi měi dào qiū jì màn shān biàn yě rú huǒ rú shū de hóng yè， cǐ dì cái bèi huàn zuò“ huǒ zhī dǎo yǔ”， huǒ dì dǎo yóu cǐ 'ér lái。 shèng mǎ dīng lù shì wū sū 'ā yà zuì rè nào de shāng yè jiē， zhè lǐ méi yòu háo huá de dà shāng chǎng， zhǐ yòu yī jiā 'āi yī jiā jīng jīng zhì zhì de xiǎo diàn， jiā jiādōu shì lín láng mǎn mùdì jì niàn pǐn， zhǐ shì wù jià yòu xiē jīng rén。 zài wū sū 'ā yà dōng biān 12 gōng lǐ chù， shì yòu míng de huǒ dì dǎo guó jiā gōng yuán， yóu rén kě yǐ zài nèi tú bù lǚ xíng、 lù yíng、 shāo kǎo、 diào yú děng děng。 zài zhè gè gōng yuán lǐ， zuì yòu míng de shì yī zhǒng jiào hé lí de dòng wù， wèile zuò wō， tā men shēng shēng kěn dǎo liǎo chéng piàn de dà shù， suǒ yǐ， yóu kè kě cháng jiàn dào chéng piàn kū shù zhī gān， yín bái sè de yī dào dào tǎng dǎo zài lǜ sè de shān pō shàng。 zài gǔ lǎo de xiǎo huǒ chē zhàn， yóu rén kě yǐ zuò shàng 100 nián qián de xiǎo huǒ chē dào bǐ 'ā gé lè hǎi xiá biān， hǎi xiá duì 'àn jiù shì zhì lì。 3、 luó sà lǐ 'ào ā gēn tíng dì 'èr dà chéng shì， bā lā nà hé zuì dà hé gǎng， wèi yú shèng fěi shěng dōng nán bù， rén kǒu 100 wàn。 1852 nián shǐ jiàn， 19 shì jì mò 20 shì jì chū yóu fǎ guó tóu zī xiū jiàn gǎng kǒu hòu， zhè lǐ zhú jiàn chéng wéi shì jiè shàng zhòng yào de gǔ wù gǎng kǒu。 tóng shí hái shì yī gè zhòng yào de gōng yè chéng shì， yōng yòu xiān jìn de shí pǐn jiā gōng、 zhì gé、 zào zhǐ、 jī xiè gōng yè。 gāi shì yòu fā dá de gōng lù jí tiě lù wǎng yǔ 'ā gēn tíng gè dì xiāng lián。 4、 kē 'ěr duō wǎ ā gēn tíng dì sān dà chéng shì， kē 'ěr duō wǎ shěng shěng huì。 ā gēn tíng zhōng bù jīng jì zhōng xīn。 1783 nián jiàn lì， rén kǒu 90 wàn。 nán měi zuì zǎo de dà bà zhī yī pǔ lǐ méi luó hé shèng luó kè shuǐ bà jiù jiàn zài zhè lǐ， wéi gāi shì de gōng yè fā zhǎn tí gōng liǎo chōng zú de diàn lì hé shuǐ yuán。 kē 'ěr duō wǎ wéi 'ā gēn tíng zhōng bù dì qū tiě lù hé gōng lù de jiāo tōng shū niǔ， yòu shì zhòng yào de lǚ yóu shèng dì， gāi chéng nèi zào xíng gè yì de 'ōu zhōu gǔ jiàn zhù jí jiāo wài shān qū de guī lì jǐng sè hé yí rén qì hòu xī yǐn liǎo dà pī wài lái yóu kè。 5、 mǎ dé pǔ lā tǎ mǎ dé pǔ lā tǎ yì wéi“ yín hǎi”， wèi yú bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī yǐ nán 40 gōng lǐ chù， shì dà xī yáng yán 'àn de hǎi bīn chéng shì， ā gēn tíng rén shǒu xuǎn de dù jiǎ dì。 tā shì 'ā gēn tíng wéi yī de yī gè yǔn xǔ dǔ bó de chéng shì。 suǒ yǐ， shì zhōng xīn zuì xiǎn yǎn de jiàn zhù shì dǔ chǎng。 tā jiù jiàn zài Bristol hǎi tān shàng， wéi rào tā de shì háo huá shē chǐ de lǚ guǎn hé fàn diàn。 zài mǎ dé pǔ lā tǎ， měi yī piàn shā tān dōuyòu zì jǐ de míng zì， yòu bù shǎo shì sī rén lǐng dì， zhǐ duì gè rén huò jù lè bù chéng yuán kāi fàng。 mǎ dé pǔ lā tǎ de hǎi yáng lè yuán shì yóu kè men bì qù de dì fāng， lǐ miàn suǒ yòu de dòng wù dū yǔ rén jìn zài zhǐ chǐ。 kě yǐ mǎi yī hé xiǎo yú， kàn hǎi shī men zài shǒu xià qiǎng zuǐ chī； ér qǐ 'é men zhǐ juàn zài bàn mǐ gāo de gé duàn lǐ， jiǎn zhí shēn shǒu kě jí； zuì jīng cǎi de shì hǎi tún hé hǎi shī biǎo yǎn， hǎi tún men tiào gāo、 zuānquān、 xuán zhuǎn、 dǐng qiú、 yǔ rén xī shuǐ； hǎi shī men gèng jué， yǔ xùn shòu yuán gòng tóng biǎo yǎn 'ài qíng gù shì。 mǎ dé pǔ lā tǎ de lìng yī tè sè shì hǎi bīn shè qū。 nà 'ér yòu bǎi nián qián de gǔ bǎo， yě yòu jìn dài xīn jiàn de bié shù。 zǒu zài yōu jìng de shè qū jiē dào， liǎng biān shì yī zuò zuò jiàn zhù xíng tài gè yì de fáng wū， chú liǎo 'ǒu 'ér shǐ guò de chē wài， jīhū méi yòu rén。 ràng rén kě yǐ zǎi xì xīn shǎng tā men de jiàn zhù fēng gé， yòu rén de lǜ huà， shèn zhì mén kǒu yī zhǎn xiǎo xiǎo de jīng qiǎo bié zhì de mén dēng。 zài mǎ dé pǔ lā tǎ， hǎi xiān de xiāng wèi chōng yíng zài yán 'àn cóng gāo dàng dào dī dàng de gè jiā fàn diàn zhōng， zhè lǐ de hǎi xiān zuò fǎ bié jù fēng wèi， jí shòu yóu kè huān yíng。 héng héng jǐng diǎn lǎn shèng 1、 yī guā sū pù bù nán měi zhōu de yī guā sū pù bù shì shì jiè wǔ dà pù bù zhī yī， gāi pù bù wèi yú 'ā gēn tíng hé bā xī liǎng guó biān jìng。 1934 nián， ā gēn tíng zài yī guā sū pù bù qū jiàn lì liǎo 670 píng fāng gōng lǐ de guó jiā gōng yuán。 1984 nián， yī guā sū pù bù bèi lián hé guó jiào kē wén zǔ zhì liè wéi shì jiè zì rán yí chǎn。 1542 nián， yī wèi xī bān yá chuán jiào shì zài nán měi bā lā nà hé liú yù de rè dài yǔ lín zhōng， yì wài dì fā xiàn liǎo yī guā sū dà pù bù： céng céng dié dié de pù bù huán rào zhe yī gè mǎ tí xíng xiá gǔ páo xiào zhe qīng xiè 'ér xià， jī qǐ de shuǐ wù mí màn zài mì lín shàng kōng， bēn liú 'ér xià de shuǐ liú shēng jǐ gōng lǐ wài dōunéng tīng jiàn。 “ yī guā sū” zài nán měi zhōu tǔ zhù jū mín guā lā ní rén de yǔ yán zhōng， shì“ dà shuǐ” de yì sī。 fā yuán yú bā xī jìng nèi de yī guā sū hé zài huì rù bā lā nà hé zhī qián， shuǐ liú jiàn huǎn， zài 'ā gēn tíng yǔ bā xī biān jìng， hé kuān 1500 mǐ， xiàng yī gè húpō。 shuǐ wǎng qián liú dǒu rán yù dào yī gè xiá gǔ， hé shuǐ shùn zhe dǎo U xíng xiá gǔ de dǐng bù hé liǎng biān xiàng xià zhí xiè， tū chū de yán shí jiāng bēn téng 'ér xià de hé shuǐ qiē gē chéng dà dà xiǎo xiǎo 270 duō gè pù bù， xíng chéng yī gè jǐng xiàng zhuàng guān de bàn huán xíng pù bù qún， zǒng kuān dù 3000 mǐ zhì 4000 mǐ， píng jūn luò chā 80 mǐ。 yī guā sū pù bù yǔ zhòng bù tóng zhī chù zài yú guān shǎng diǎn duō。 cóng bù tóng dì diǎn、 bù tóng fāng xiàng、 bù tóng gāo dù， kàn dào de jǐng xiàng bù tóng。 xiá gǔ dǐng bù shì pù bù de zhōng xīn， shuǐ liú zuì dà zuì měng， rén chēng“ mó guǐ hóu”。 pù bù fēn bù yú xiá gǔ liǎng biān， ā gēn tíng yǔ bā xī jiù yǐ cǐ xiá gǔ wéi jiè， zài 'ā gēn tíng hé bā xī guān shǎng dào de pù bù jǐng sè jié rán bù tóng。 ā gēn tíng zhè biān fēn shàng xià liǎng tiáo yóu lǎn lù xiàn， xià lù wān yán guàn chuān zài mì lín zhī zhōng， kě zì xià 'ér shàng lǐng lüè měi yī duàn pù bù de hóng wěi huò wǔ mèi， kě shuō shì 10 bù yī jǐng； shàng lù shì zì shàng 'ér xià gǎn shòu pù bù fān gǔn 'ér xià de qì shì。 zài bā xī nà biān néng gòu xīn shǎng dào 'ā gēn tíng zhè biān zhù yào pù bù de quán jǐng。 yī guā sū pù bù qì shì zuì hóng wěi de“ mó guǐ hóu”， zài 'ā gēn tíng zhè biān shì cóng shàng wǎng xià kàn， 9 gǔ shuǐ liú páo xiào 'ér xià， jīng xīn dòng bó， tóng shí hái kě yǐ wàng jiàn huán xíng pù bù qún de quán jǐng； zài bā xī nà biān shì cóng xià wǎng shàng kàn， shuǐ mù zì tiān 'ér jiàng， lìng yòu yī fān gǎn shòu。 yǐ qián， yóu rén kě miǎn fèi cān guān yī guā sū pù bù。 jǐ nián qián， yī guā sū pù bù lǚ yóu qū yóu yī jiā sī rén qǐ yè jīng yíng， zhè jiā qǐ yè tóu rù liǎo dà liàng zī jīn， xiū jiàn liǎo yuē 20 gōng lǐ cháng de yóu lǎn zhàn dào， pū shè liǎo diàn qì tiě lù， lǚ yóu shè shī huàn rán yī xīn。 yóu rén mǎi mén piào jìn rù gōng yuán qū hòu， kě yǐ chéng zuò xiǎo liè chē qián wǎng gè gè jǐng diǎn， hái kě yǐ chéng zuò xiàng pí tǐng chōng jìn pù bù xià miàn tàn xiǎn。 yī guā sū pù bù dì chù yà rè dài， quán nián shuǐ liàng biàn huà bù dà， zuì jiā cān guān jì jié shì 1 － 3 yuè。 2、 ā gēn tíng hú zhè shì yī gè zuò luò yú 'ā gēn tíng nán bù shèng kè lǔ sī shěng de bīng chuān hú， miàn jī 1414 píng fāng gōng lǐ， zhè lǐ yǐ zhù míng bīng kuài duī jī jǐng guān 'ér wén míng yú shì。 gāi hú jiē nà lái zì zhōu wéi 150 duō tiáo bīng hé de bīng liú hé bīng kuài。 jù dà de bīng kuài hù xiāng zhuàng jī， huǎn huǎn xiàng qián yí dòng， yòu shí xíng chéng zào xíng qí tè de bīng qiáng， gāo dá 80 mǐ。 zuì hòu quán bù huì jí dào 'ā gēn tíng hú， zǔ chéng liǎo jié bái yù lì de bīng shān diāo sù。 hú pàn xuě fēng huán rào， shān xià lín mù mào shèng， jǐng sè mí rén， wéi 'ā gēn tíng zuì yǐn rén rù shèng de lǚ yóu jǐng diǎn。 3、 kǎ tè dé lā 'ěr shān ā gēn tíng zhù míng de huá xuě zhōng xīn， wèi yú lǐ 'ào nèi gé luó shěng xī bù de nà wéi 'ěr wǎ pí guó jiā gōng yuán zhōng， měi nián 6 yuè zhì 9 yuè， zhèng dāng 'ōu měi chǔyú shèng xià zhī jì， zhè lǐ dà xuě fēn fēi， yín zhuāng sù guǒ， chéng wéi tiān rán de huá xuě shèng dì， dà pī 'ōu měi huá xuě 'àihào zhě fēng yōng 'ér zhì。 wéi fāng biàn huá xuě 'àihào zhě， zhè lǐ xiū yòu wán hǎo de lǚ diàn fàn diàn shè shī， bìng jiàn yòu kōng zhōng lǎn chē， zhí jiē bǎ yóu rén zài dào shān dǐng。 4、 kē lóng dà jù yuàn zhè shì shì jiè shàng zuì dà 'ér qiě fán máng de gē jù yuàn yǎn chū tīng zhī yī。 zài bù yí nuò sī 'ài lì sī de 7 yuè 9 yuē dà jiē guǎng chǎng shàng， yì lì zhe kē lóng dà jù yuàn。 zhè shì yī zuò diǎn xíng de wén yì fù xīng shì de páng rán dà wù。 dà lǐ shí zǒu láng lǐ yòu wú shù gēn yuán zhù hé yī zūn zūn diāo xiàng。 yī pái pái jīng yíng tòu liàng de lēng xíng diào dēng， bǎ wū zǐ yìng zhào dé yī piàn huī huáng。 jù dà de lǐ táng， sì bì jīn guāng càn càn， jiǎo xià pū zhe hóng sè tiān 'é róng dì tǎn， tòu chū yī pài shē huá。 zài 2500 gè guān zhòng xí wài， hái néng róng nà 1000 wèi zhàn zhe de guān zhòng。 dān shì zhèng tīng qián pái jiù yòu 632 gè zuò wèi， zuò wèi zhī jiān kuān chǎng shū shì。 5 ā gēn tíng huǒ dì dǎo guó jiā gōng yuán wū sī huái yà (Ushuaia)， shì yī gè xiǎo chéng， yě shì yī gè hǎi gǎng， rú guǒ nǐ dǎ kāi shì jiè dì tú huò xuánzhuàn dì qiú yí yào xiǎng zhǎo dào tā de suǒ zài kě néng yào fèi yī fān zhōu zhé， kě wǒ yào shuō chū： chú nán jí zhī wài， lí wǒ men zuì yuǎn de pǔ tōng rén kě yǐ zhèng cháng shēng huó hé jū zhù de dì fāng。 nǐ huì háo bù yóu yù dì fā xiàn tā de zhǔn què wèi zhì héng héng nán měi dà lù de zuì nán duān， wèi yú mài zhé lún hǎi xiá yǔ hé 'ēn jiǎo zhī jiān de huǒ dì dǎo（ xī yǔ： terradelfuego） shàng de yī gè xiǎo chéng， bèi chēng wéi“ shì jiè jìn tóu”。 wū sī huái yà zài yìn dì 'ān yǔ zhōng shì“ guān shǎng luò rì de hǎi wān” zhī yì。 huǒ dì dǎo yuán wéi yìn dì 'ān rén 'ào nà zú、 yáng gān zú hé 'ā lā kǎ lú fū zú jū zhù dì。 1520 nián 10 yuè， háng hǎi jiā mài zhé lún fā xiàn liǎo bìng yǐ tā de míng zì mìng míng de mài zhé lún hǎi xiá shí， shǒu xiān kàn dào de shì dāng dì tǔ zhù jū mín zài dǎo shàng rán qǐ de duī duī gōu huǒ， suì jiāng cǐ dǎo mìng míng wéi“ huǒ dì dǎo”。 1832 héng 1836 nián jiān， zì cóng yīng guó shēng wù xué jiā chá lǐ ? dá 'ěr wén kǎo chá liǎo huǒ dì dǎo hòu， gāi dǎo biàn míng shēng dà zhèn。 Argentina has the highest Human Development Index level and the second highest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in purchasing power parity in Latin America and its total national GDP is the 23rd largest in the world. The country is currently classified as an Upper-Middle Income Country or as a secondary emerging market by the World Bank. Argentina's nominal GDP makes it the 31st largest economy in the world. The name Argentina (from Latin argentum: silver) was first used extensively in the 1612 book Historia del descubrimiento, población, y conquista del Río de la Plata (History of the discovery, population, and conquest of the Río de la Plata) by Ruy Díaz de Guzmán, naming the territory Tierra Argentina (Land of Silver). History The first signs of human presence in Argentina are located in the Patagonia (Piedra Museo, Santa Cruz), and date from 11,000 BC(Santa María, Huarpes, Diaguitas, Sanavirones, among others). In 1480, the Inca Empire under the rule of king Pachacutec launched an offensive and conquered present-day northwestern Argentina, integrating it into a region called Collasuyu. In the northeastern area, the Guaraní developed a culture based on yuca and sweet potato. The central and southern areas (Pampas and Patagonia) were dominated by nomadic cultures, unified in the seventeenth century by the Mapuches. Buenos Aires in 1536.European explorers arrived in 1516. Spain established a permanent colony on the site of Buenos Aires in 1580; the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was created in 1776. During the early part of this period it was largely a country of Spanish immigrants and their descendants, known as criollos, some of them gathered in Buenos Aires and other cities, others living on the pampas as gauchos. Descendants of African slaves (See:Afro-Argentines) were present in significant numbers. Indigenous peoples inhabited much of the rest of Argentina. In 1806 and 1807 the British Empire launched two invasions to Buenos Aires, but the criollo population repelled both attempts. On May 25, 1810, after confirmation of the rumors about the overthrow of King Ferdinand VII by Napoleon, citizens of Buenos Aires created the First Government Junta (May Revolution).Two nations emerged in what is now Argentina United Provinces of South America (1810) and Liga Federal (1815) Other provinces through the reluctance of some factions and the centralist tendencies of the more radical activists delayed a combined State. In the meantime, Paraguay declared its independence in 1811. Military campaigns led by General José de San Martín between 1814 and 1817 made independence increasingly a reality. In 1820 Liga Federal was crushed by forces of the United Provinces of South America and Portugal armies from Brazil and its provinces absorbed into United Provinces of South America. Argentines revere San Martín, who campaigned in Argentina, Chile, and Peru, as the hero of their national independence. On July 9, 1816, a Congress gathered in Tucumán (the Congress of Tucumán) and finally issued a formal declaration of independence from Spain. Bolivia declared itself independent in 1825, and Uruguay was created in 1828 as a result of the Argentina-Brazil War. In 1818, General José de San Martín crossed the Andes to free Chile and Peru, thus eliminating the Spanish threat. Centralist and federalist groups (Spanish: Unitarios and Federales) were in conflict until national unity was established and the constitution promulgated in 1853. The constitution was strongly defended in moving oratory by the patriot and Franciscan Mamerto Esquiú, for whom one of the country's departments is named. From 1865 to 1870, the bloody War of Triple Alliance was fought by Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay against Paraguay. Foreign investment and immigration from Europe led to the adoption of modern agricultural techniques. In the 1870s, the "Conquest of the Desert" subdued the remaining indigenous tribes throughout the southern Pampas and Patagonia, leaving 1,300 indigenous dead. From 1880 to 1916, Argentina enjoyed increasing prosperity and prominence while emerging as one of the 10 richest countries in the world, benefiting from an agricultural export-led economy. The population of the country swelled sevenfold. Conservative forces dominated Argentine politics through non-democratic means until 1916, when their traditional rivals, the Radicals, won control of the first free-elected government. The military forced Hipólito Yrigoyen from power in 1930, leading to another decade of Conservative rule. The country was neutral during World War II. Political change led to the presidency of Juan Perón in 1946, who worked to empower the working class and greatly expanded the number of unionized workers. The economy turned to more protectionist policies and the developing of industry. The self-proclamated Revolución Libertadora of 1955 deposed him. President Juan Perón (1946).From the 1950s to 1970s, soft military and weak civilian administrations traded power. During those years the economy grew strongly and poverty declined (to less than 7% in 1975). At the same time political violence continued to escalate, fighting against the military government, demanding the return of Perón from his Spanish exile. In 1973, Perón returned to the presidency, but he died within a year of assuming power. His third wife Isabel, the Vice President, succeeded him in office, but the military coup of March 24, 1976 removed her from office. The armed forces took power through a junta in charge of the self-appointed National Reorganization Process until 1983. The military government repressed opposition and leftist groups using harsh illegal measures (the "Dirty War"); thousands of dissidents "disappeared", while the SIDE cooperated with DINA and other South American intelligence agencies, and with the CIA in Operation Condor. Many of the military leaders that took part in the Dirty War were trained in the U.S.-financed School of the Americas, among them Argentine dictators Leopoldo Galtieri and Roberto Viola. The military dictatorship (1976-1983) greatly increased the extent of the country's foreign debt. From that point the economy of the country began to be controlled more and more by the conditions imposed on it by both its creditors and the IMF (International Monetary Fund) with priority given to servicing the repayment of the foreign debt. These and other economic problems, charges of corruption, public revulsion in the face of human rights abuses and, finally, the country's 1982 defeat by the British in the Falklands War discredited the Argentine military regime. Democracy was restored in 1983. Raúl Alfonsín's government took steps to account for the "disappeared", established civilian control of the armed forces, and consolidated democratic institutions. The members of the three military juntas were prosecuted and sentenced to life terms. Failure to resolve endemic economic problems and an inability to maintain public confidence led to Alfonsín's early departure six months before his term was to be completed. The 1990s began with hyperinflation. President Carlos Menem imposed a peso-dollar fixed exchange rate in 1991 to stop hyperinflation and adopted far-reaching market-based policies, dismantling protectionist barriers and business regulations, and implementing a privatization program. These reforms contributed to significant increases in investment and growth with stable prices through most of the 1990s. However, the peso was tied to the dollar at an artificially high rate that could only be maintained by flooding the market with dollars. As a result the foreign debt increased enormously and state companies and services were privatized. The total opening up of the market to foreign goods, which up until then were produced locally, resulted in the collapse of local industry. So while part of the population was saving in dollars, traveling overseas, and purchasing imported and luxury goods cheaply, the rest of the population was experiencing an increase in both poverty and unemployment. The IMF and the world economists praised the liberalization of the Argentine market, and the country was presented as a “model student”. Toward the end of the 1990s, large fiscal deficits and overvaluation of the pegged peso caused a gradual slide into economic crisis. In 1998 a period of profound economic recession began. This was a direct result of the economic measures which dominated the decade of the 90s and which produced a false sense of stability and well being. By the end of his term in 1999, these accumulating problems and perceived corruption had made Menem unpopular. The Menem and de la Rúa administrations faced diminished competitiveness in exports, massive imports which damaged national industry and reduced employment, chronic fiscal and trade deficits, and the contagion of several economic crises. Unemployment reached as high as 25% of the economically active population, and another 15% had only part-time work. The Asian financial crisis in 1998 precipitated an outflow of capital that mushroomed into a recession, and culminated in economic crisis in November 2001. The governing coalition was forced to undertake a series of measures including the freezing of bank accounts. This was done to halt the flow of capital out of the country and to stem the growing debt crisis. However, a climate of popular discontent was unleashed as a result. On 20 December 2001 Argentina was thrown into its worst institutional and economic crisis for several decades. There were violent street protests, which brought about clashes with the police and resulted in several fatalities. The increasingly chaotic climate, amidst bloody riots, finally resulted in the resignation of President de la Rúa. The economic crisis accentuated the people's lack of trust in their politicians. During this time street protests were accompanied by the cry “they all should go.” The "they" referred to the politicians, especially those involved in many reported acts of corruption. They were also accused of dealing fraudulently with public goods and money, without any judicial sanctions in place to curb the corruption. In two weeks, several presidents followed in quick succession, culminating in Eduardo Duhalde's being appointed interim President of Argentina by the Legislative Assembly on 2 January 2002. Argentina defaulted on its international debt obligations. The peso's near eleven year-old linkage to the United States dollar was abandoned, resulting in major depreciation of the peso and a spike in inflation. With a more competitive and flexible exchange rate, the country implemented new policies based on re-industrialization, import substitution, increased exports, and consistent fiscal and trade surpluses. By the end of 2002 the economy began to stabilize, mainly thanks to the soybean and other cereals' boom and floating of exchange rates. In 2003, Néstor Kirchner was elected president. During Kirchner's presidency, Argentina restructured its defaulted debt with a steep discount (about 66 percent) on most bonds, paid off debts with the International Monetary Fund, renegotiated contracts with utilities, and nationalized some previously privatized enterprises. Currently, Argentina is enjoying a period of economic growth. In 2007 Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, was elected president, becoming the first woman to be elected president of Argentina. Also in 2007, Center-left Fabiana Ríos (ARI) became the first woman to be elected governor of Tierra del Fuego and first elected female governor in Argentina's history. Politics Government The Casa Rosada, seat of executive powerArgentina's political framework is a federal presidential representative democratic republic, in which the President of The Argentine Nation is both head of state and head of government, complemented by a pluriform multi-party system. The current president (2007) is Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, with Julio Cobos as vice president. The Argentine Constitution of 1853 mandates a separation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches at the national and provincial level. Executive power resides in the President and his or her cabinet. The President of The Argentine Nation and Vice President are directly elected to four-year terms, limited to two consecutive terms, and the cabinet ministers are appointed by the president. Legislative power is vested in the bicameral National Congress or Congreso de la Nación, consisting of a Senate (Senado) of seventy-two seats, and a Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados) of 257 members. Senators serve six-year terms, with one-third standing for reelection every two years. Members of the Chamber of Deputies are directly elected to four-year term via a system of proportional representation, with half of the members of the lower house being elected every two years. A third of the candidates presented by the parties must be women. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The Argentine Supreme Court of Justice has seven members who are appointed by the President in consultation with the Senate. The rest of the judges are appointed by the Council of Magistrates of the Nation, a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, the Congress, and the executive (see Law of Argentina). Argentina is a member of an international block, Mercosur, which has some legislative supranational functions. Mercosur is composed of five full members: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela. It has five associate members without full voting rights: Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Argentina was the only country from Latin America to participate in the 1991 Gulf War under mandate of the United Nations. It was also the only Latin American country involved in every phase of the Haiti operation. Argentina has contributed worldwide to peacekeeping operations, including in El Salvador-Honduras-Nicaragua, Guatemala, Ecuador-Peru, Western Sahara, Angola, Kuwait, Cyprus, Croatia, Kosovo, Bosnia and Timor Leste. In recognition of its contributions to international security, U.S. President Bill Clinton designated Argentina as a major non-NATO ally in January 1998. In 2005, it was elected as a temporary member of the UN Security Council. In 1993, Argentina launched the United Nations White Helmets indicative of humanitarian aid. On November 4-November 5, 2005, the Argentine city of Mar del Plata hosted the Fourth Summit of the Americas. This summit was marked by a number of anti-U.S. protests. As of 2006, Argentina has been emphasizing Mercosur as its first international priority; by contrast, during the 1990s, it relied more heavily on its relationship with the United States. Current president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, elected in December 2007Argentina has long claimed sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), the South Shetland Islands, the South Sandwich Islands and almost 1 million km² in Antarctica, between the 25°W and the 74°W meridians and the 60°S parallel. For more than a century, there has been an Argentine presence at the Orcadas Base. Argentina is a founding signatory and permanent consulting member of the Antarctic Treaty System and the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat is established in Buenos Aires. Military Argentina's armed forces are controlled by the Defense Ministry, with the country's President as their Commander-in-Chief. Historically, Argentina's military has been one of the best equipped in the region (for example, developing its own advanced jet fighters as early as the 1950s), but has faced expenditure cutbacks in comparison to other regional militaries. The age of allowable military service is 18 years; there is no obligatory military service and currently no conscription. The armed forces are composed of a traditional Army, Navy, and Air Force. Controlled by a separate ministry (the Interior Ministry), Argentine territorial waters are patrolled by the Naval Prefecture, and the border regions by the National Gendarmerie; both arms however maintain liaison with the Defense Ministry. Argentina's Armed Forces are currently undertaking major operations in Haiti and Cyprus, in accordance with UN mandates. Provinces Argentina is divided into twenty-three provinces (provincias; singular provincia), and one autonomous city (commonly known as the capital federal, but officially Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires): 1. Buenos Aires (autonomous city) 2. Buenos Aires (province) 3. Catamarca 4. Chaco 5. Chubut 6. Córdoba 7. Corrientes 8. Entre Ríos 9. Formosa 10. Jujuy 11. La Pampa 12. La Rioja 13. Mendoza 14. Misiones 15. Neuquén 16. Río Negro 17. Salta 18. San Juan 19. San Luis 20. Santa Cruz 21. Santa Fe 22. Santiago del Estero 23. Tierra del Fuego 24. Tucumán Though declared the capital in 1853, Buenos Aires didn't become the capital of the country until 1880. There have been moves to relocate the administrative centre elsewhere. During the presidency of Raúl Alfonsín, a law was passed ordering the transfer of the federal capital to Viedma, a city in the Patagonian province of Río Negro. Studies were underway when economic problems halted the project in 1989. Though the law was never formally repealed, it is now treated as a relic. Provinces are divided into smaller secondary units called departamentos ("departments"), of which there are 376 in total. The province of Buenos Aires has 134 similar divisions known as partidos. Departamentos and partidos are further subdivided into municipalities or districts. In descending order by number of inhabitants, the major cities in Argentina are Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza, Tucumán, La Plata, Mar del Plata, Salta, Santa Fe, San Juan, Resistencia, and Neuquén. Geography Main features The total surface area of Argentina (not including the Antarctic claim),is as the following: Total: 2,766,891 km² Land: 2,736,691 km² Water: 30,200 km² Argentina is about 3,330 km (about 2,070 mi) long from north to south, and 1,400 km (about 870 mi) from east to west (maximum values). It can roughly be divided into four parts: the fertile plains of the Pampas in the center of the country, the source of Argentina's agricultural wealth; the flat to rolling, oil-rich plateau of Patagonia in the southern half down to Tierra del Fuego; the subtropical flats of the Gran Chaco in the north, and the rugged Andes mountain range along the western border with Chile. The highest point above sea level in Argentina is located in Mendoza. Cerro Aconcagua, at 6,962 meters (22,834 feet), is the highest mountain in the Americas, the Southern, and Western Hemisphere. The lowest point is Laguna del Carbón in Santa Cruz, −105 meters (−344 ft) below sea level. This is also the lowest point on the South American continent. The geographic center of the country is located in south-central La Pampa province. The country has a territorial claim over a portion of Antarctica (unrecognized by any other country), where, from 1904, it has maintained a constant presence. Geographic regions Source: CIA Political map of Argentina showing the area it controls. The Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) are controlled by the United Kingdom but are claimed by Argentina.The country is traditionally divided into several major geographically distinct regions: Pampas The plains west and south from Buenos Aires. Called the Humid Pampa, they cover most of the provinces of Buenos Aires and Córdoba, and big portions of the provinces of Santa Fe and La Pampa. The western part of La Pampa and the province San Luis also have plains (the Dry Pampa), but they are drier and used mainly for grazing. The Sierra de Córdoba in the homonymous province (extending into San Luis), is the most important geographical feature of the pampas. Gran Chaco The Gran Chaco region in the north of the country is seasonal dry/wet, mainly cotton growing and livestock raising. It covers the provinces of Chaco and Formosa. It is dotted with subtropical forests, scrubland, and some wetlands, home to a large number of plant and animal species. The province of Santiago del Estero lies in the drier region of the Gran Chaco. Mesopotamia The land between the Paraná and Uruguay rivers is called Mesopotamia and it is shared by the provinces of Corrientes and Entre Ríos. It features flatland apt for grazing and plant growing, and the Iberá Wetlands in central Corrientes. Misiones province is more tropical and belongs within the Brazilian Highlands geographic feature. It features subtropical rainforests and the Iguazú Falls. Patagonia The steppes of Patagonia, in the provinces of Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut and Santa Cruz, are of Tertiary origin. Most of the region is semiarid in the north to cold and arid in the far south, but forests grow in its western fringes which are dotted with several large lakes. Tierra del Fuego is cool and wet, moderated by oceanic influences. Northern Patagonia (roughly Río Negro south of the homonymous river, and Neuquén) can also be referred as the Comahue region. Cuyo West-central Argentina is dominated by the imposing Andes Mountains. To their east is the arid region known as Cuyo. Melting waters from high in the mountains form the backbone of irrigated lowland oasis, at the center of a rich fruit and wine growing region in Mendoza and San Juan provinces. Further north the region gets hotter and drier with more geographical accidents in La Rioja province. NOA or Northwest This region is the highest in average elevation. Several parallel mountain ranges, several of which have peaks higher than 20,000 feet (6,000 m), dominate the area. These ranges grow wider in geographic extent towards the north. They are cut by fertile river valleys, the most important being the Calchaquí Valleys in the provinces of Catamarca, Tucumán, and Salta. Farther north the province of Jujuy near Bolivia lies mainly within the Altiplano plateau of the Central Andes. The Tropic of Capricorn goes through the far north of the region. Rivers and lakes Major rivers in Argentina include the Pilcomayo, Paraguay, Bermejo, Colorado, Río Negro, Salado, Uruguay and the largest river, the Paraná. The latter two flow together before meeting the Atlantic Ocean, forming the estuary of the Río de la Plata. Regionally important rivers are the Atuel and Mendoza in the homonymous province, the Chubut in Patagonia, the Río Grande in Jujuy, and the San Francisco River in Salta. There are several large lakes in Argentina, many of them in Patagonia. Among these are lakes Argentino and Viedma in Santa Cruz, Nahuel Huapi in Río Negro and Fagnano in Tierra del Fuego, and Colhué Huapi and Musters in Chubut. Lake Buenos Aires and O'Higgins/San Martín Lake are shared with Chile. Mar Chiquita, Córdoba, is the largest salt water lake in the country. There are numerous reservoirs created by dams. Argentina features various hot springs, such as those at Termas de Río Hondo with temperatures between 89 °C and 65 °C. Coastal areas and seas Argentina has 4,665 km (2,899 mi) of coastline. The continental platform is unusually wide; in Argentina this shallow area of the Atlantic Ocean is called Mar Argentino. The waters are rich in fisheries and suspected of holding important hydrocarbon energy resources. Argentina's coastline varies between areas of sand dunes and cliffs. The two major ocean currents affecting the coast are the warm Brazil Current and the cold Falkland Current (Spanish: corriente antártica or corriente de las Malvinas). Because of the uneveness of the coastal landmass, the two currents alternate in their influence on climate and do not allow temperatures to fall evenly with higher latitude. The southern coast of Tierra del Fuego forms the north shore of the Drake Passage. Climate Rural areas cover the region of Las Pampas. The Andean range over the southern province of Chubut.Because of longitudinal and elevation amplitudes, Argentina is subject to a variety of climates. As a rule, the climate is predominantly temperate with extremes ranging from subtropical in the north to subpolar in the far south. The north of the country is characterized by very hot, humid summers with mild drier winters, and is subject to periodic droughts. Central Argentina has hot summers with thunderstorms (in western Argentina producing some of the world's largest hail), and cool winters. The southern regions have warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall, especially in mountainous zones. Higher elevations at all latitudes experience cooler conditions. The hottest and coldest temperature extremes recorded in South America have occurred in Argentina. A record high temperature of 49.1 °C (120.4 °F), was recorded at Villa de María, Córdoba on January 2, 1920. The lowest temperature recorded was −39 °C (−38.2 °F) at Valle de los Patos Superior, San Juan, July 17, 1972. Major winds in Argentina include the cool Pampero blowing on the flat plains of Patagonia and the Pampas after a cold front; the Viento Norte, a warm wind that can blow from the north in mid and late winter creating mild conditions; and the Zonda, a hot and dry wind (see also foehn wind), affecting west-central Argentina. Squeezed of all moisture during the 6,000 meter descent from the Andes, Zonda winds can blow for hours with gusts up to 120 km/h, fueling wildfires and causing damage. When the Zonda blows (June-November), snowstorms and blizzard (viento blanco) conditions usually affect the higher elevations. The Sudestada (literally “southeastern”) could be considered similar to the Noreaster, though snowfall is rarely involved (but is not unprecedented). Both are associated with a deep winter low pressure system. The sudestada usually moderates cold temperatures but brings very heavy rains, rough seas, and coastal flooding. It is most common in late autumn and winter along the coasts of central Argentina and in the Río de la Plata estuary. The southern regions, particularly the far south, experience long periods of daylight from November to February (up to nineteen hours), and extended nights from May to August. All of Argentina uses UTC-3 time zone. The country does observe daylight saving time occasionally, the last summertime being started at 0:00 December 30, 2007 and being finished at 0:00 March 16, 2008. Extremities Argentina's eastermost continental point is northeast of the town of Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones (26°15′S, 53°38′W), the westernmost in the Mariano Moreno Range in Santa Cruz (49°33′S, 73°35′W). The northernmost point is located at the confluence of the Grande de San Juan and Mojinete rivers, Jujuy (21°46′S, 66°13′W), and the southernmost is Cape San Pío in Tierra del Fuego (55°03′S, 66°31′W). Enclaves and exclaves There is one Argentine exclave, the Martín García Island (co-ordinates 34°11′S, 58°15′W). It is near the confluence of the Paraná and Uruguay rivers, a kilometer (0.62 mi) inside Uruguayan waters, and 3.5 kilometres (2.1 mi) from the Uruguayan coastline near the small town of Martín Chico (itself halfway between Nueva Palmira and Colonia del Sacramento). An agreement reached by Argentina and Uruguay in 1973 reaffirmed Argentine jurisdiction over the island, ending a century-old dispute. Under the terms of the agreement, Martín García is to be devoted exclusively as a natural preserve. Its area is about 2 square kilometres (500 acres), and its population is about 200 people. Flora Subtropical plants dominate the north, part of the Gran Chaco region of South America. The genus Dalbergia of trees is well disseminated with representatives like the Brazilian Rosewood and the quebracho tree; also predominant are white and black algarrobo trees (prosopis alba and prosopis nigra). Savannah-like areas exist in the drier regions nearer the Andes. Aquatic plants thrive in the wetlands dotting the region. The ceibo is Argentina's national flower.In central Argentina the humid pampas are a true tallgrass prairie ecosystem. The original pampa had virtually no trees; today along roads or in towns and country estates (estancias), some imported species like the American sycamore or eucalyptus are present. The only tree-like plant native to the pampa is the ombú, an evergreen. The surface soils of the pampa are a deep black color, primarily humus, known commonly as compost. It is this which makes the region one of the most agriculturaly productive on Earth. However, this is also responsible for decimating much of the original ecosystem, to make way for commercial agriculture. The western pampas receive less rainfall, this dry pampa is a plain of short grasses or steppe.[citation needed] Most of Patagonia in the south lies within the rain shadow of the Andes. The flora, shrubby bushes and plants, is well suited to withstand dry conditions. The soil is hard and rocky, making large-scale farming impossible except along river valleys. Coniferous forests grow in far western Patagonia and on the island of Tierra del Fuego. Conifers native to the region include alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides), ciprés de la cordillera (Austrocedrus chilensis), ciprés de las guaitecas (Pilgerodendron uviferum), huililahuán (Podocarpus nubigenus), lleuque (Prumnopitys andina), mañío hembra (Saxegothaea conspicua), and pehuén (Araucaria araucana), while native broadleaf trees include several species of Nothofagus including coigüe or coihue, lenga (Nothofagus pumilio), ñire (Nothofagus Antarctica). Other introduced trees present in forestry plantations include spruce, cypress, and pine. Common plants are the copihue and colihue (Chusquea culeou). In Cuyo, semiarid thorny bushes and other xerophile plants abound. Along the many river oasis, grasses and trees grow in significant numbers. The area presents optimal conditions for the large scale growth of grape vines. In the northwest of Argentina there are many species of cacti. In the highest elevations (often above 4,000mts), no vegetation grows because of the extreme altitude, and the soils are virtually devoid of any plant life. The ceibo flower, of the tree Erythrina crista-galli, is the national flower of Argentina. Fauna The puma inhabits the northeast of the country.Many species live in the subtropical north. Big cats like the jaguar, cougar, and ocelot; primates (howler monkey); large reptiles (crocodiles), and a species of caiman. Other animals include the tapir, capybara, peccary, bush dog, raccoon, and various species of turtle and tortoise. There are many birds, notably hummingbirds, flamingos, toucans, and parrots. The hornero is one of the national emblems of Argentina.The central grasslands are populated by the giant anteater, armadillo, pampas cat, maned wolf, mara and the rhea (ñandú), a flightless bird. Hawks, falcons, herons, tinamous (Argentine "partridges" or "perdiz") inhabit the region. There are also deer and foxes. Some of these species extend into Patagonia. The western mountains are home to different animals. These include the llama, guanaco, vicuña, among the most recognizable species of South America. Also in this region are the fox, viscacha, Andean Mountain Cat, kodkod and the largest flying bird in the New World, the Andean Condor. Southern Argentina is home to the cougar, huemul, pudú (the world's smallest deer), and introduced, non-native wild boar. The coast of Patagonia is rich in animal life: elephant seals, fur seals, sea lions, and species of penguin. The far south is populated by cormorant birds. The territorial waters of Argentina have abundant ocean life; mammals such as dolphins, orcas, and whales like the southern right whale, a major tourist draw for naturalists. Sea fish include sardines, argentine hakes, dolphinfish, salmon, and sharks; also present are squid and spider crab (centolla) in Tierra del Fuego. Rivers and streams in Argentina have many species of trout and the South American dorado fish. Outstanding snake species inhabiting Argentina include boa constrictors, and the very venomous yarará pit viper and South American rattle snake. The Hornero was elected the National Bird after a survey in 1928. Economy Argentina benefits from abundant natural resources, a highly literate population, an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a diversified industrial base, that was once one of the wealthiest nations with a large middle class but this segment of the population has suffered by a succession of economic crises. Argentina's economy started to slowly lose ground after 1945 when it went from a wealthy nation with a strong and prosperous economy to a deep recession in the mid 50s, losing its place in the position of prosperous industrialized nations. The economy further declined during the military dictatorship that lasted from 1976 to 1983. During this period, the government took out large loans with high interest rates from the IMF and private banking institutions. The country engaged in a disorganized and corrupt rapid liberalization that marked the end of its industrial hegemony in Latin America. During the military dictatorship over 400,000 companies of all sizes went bankrupt. The economic decisions made from 1983 till 2001 failed to revert the situation. Finally, in 2001, after 3 years of recession, the economy broke down and reached its worst point in history. Although significant since then, the result is that, today, while a significant segment of the population is still financially well-off, they stand in sharp contrast with the millions who have seen their purchasing power drastically reduced. Since 2002, there has been an improvement in the situation of the poorer sectors and a strong rebound of the middle class. The urban poverty rate dropped to 26.9% by 2007, down from 48 percent observed in 2003, but is still above the level prior to the recession. From the late 1970s the country piled up public debt and was plagued by bouts of high inflation. In 1991, the government pegged the peso to the U.S. dollar and limited the growth in the money supply. It then embarked on a path of trade liberalization, deregulation and privatization. Inflation dropped and gross domestic product grew, but external economic shocks and failures of the system diluted benefits, causing the economy to crumble slowly from 1995 until the collapse in 2001. By 2002, Argentina had defaulted on its debt, its GDP had shrunk, unemployment was more than 25%, and the peso had depreciated 75% after being devalued and floated. However, careful spending control and heavy taxes on then-soaring exports allowed the state to regain resources and conduct monetary policy. In 2003, import substitution policies and soaring exports, coupled with lower inflation and expansive economic measures, triggered a surge in the GDP. This was repeated in 2004 and 2005, creating millions of jobs and encouraging internal consumption. Capital flight decreased, and foreign investment slowly returned. An influx of foreign currency from exports created a huge trade surplus. The Central Bank was forced to buy dollars from the market, and continues to do so from time to time to prevent the Argentine peso from appreciating significantly and cutting competitiveness. The situation by 2006 was further improved. The economy grew 8.8% in 2003, 9.0% in 2004, 9.2% in 2005, 8.5% in 2006, and 8.7% in 2007, though inflation, estimated at around 12 to 15% (official numbers are 9.8% for 2006), has become an issue again, and income distribution is still considerably unequal. Sectors Argentina is one of the world's major agricultural producers, ranking third worldwide in production of soybeans, fifth in maize, and eleventh in wheat. In 2007, agricultural output accounted for 10% of GDP, and nearly one third of all exports. Soy and vegetable oils are major export commodities at 32% of exports. Wheat, maize, oats, sorghum, and sunflower seeds totalled 7%. Cattle is also a major industry. Beef, milk, leather products, and cheese were 6% of total exports. Sheep and wool industries are important in Patagonia, pigs and caprines elsewhere. Fruits and vegetables made up 4% of exports: apples and pears in the Río Negro valley; oranges and other citrus in the northwest and Mesopotamia; grapes and strawberries in Cuyo, and berries in the far south. Cotton and yerba mate are major crops in the Gran Chaco, sugarcane and tobacco in the northwest, and olives and garlic in Cuyo. Bananas (Formosa), tomatoes (Salta), and peaches (Mendoza) are grown for domestic consumption. Argentina is the world's fifth-largest wine producer, and fine wine production has taken major leaps in quality. A growing export, total viticulture potential is far from met. Mendoza is the largest wine region, followed by San Juan. As a strike by farmers, who are protesting an increase in export taxes for their products, continued for a 13th day March 25, 2008 with no solution in sight, butchers and supermarkets were among the first hit. Industrial petrochemicals, oil, and natural gas are Argentina's second group of exports, 20% of totals. The most important oil fields lie in Patagonia and Cuyo. An impressive network of pipelines send raw product to Bahia Blanca, center of the petrochemical industry, and to the La Plata-Rosario industrial belt. Coal is also mined. Mining is a rising industry. The northwest and San Juan Province are main regions of activity. Metals mined include gold, silver, zinc, magnesium, copper, sulfur, tungsten and uranium. In only ten years exports soared from US$ 200 million to 1.2 billion in 2004, 3% of total. Estimates for 2006 are US$ 2bn, a 10 fold rise from 1996. In fisheries, argentine hake accounts for 50% of catches, pollack and squid follow. Forestry has expanded in Mesopotamia; elm for cellulose, pine and eucalyptus for furniture, timber, and paper products. Both sectors each account for 2% of exports. The Yacyretá Dam hydroelectric complex is the second largest in the world.Manufacturing is the nation's leading single sector in GDP output, with 35% of the share. Leading sectors are motor vehicles, auto parts, and transportation and farming equipment (7% of exports), iron and steel (3%), foodstuffs and textiles (2%). Other manufactures include cement, industrial chemicals, home appliances, and processed wood. The biggest industrial centers are Buenos Aires, Rosario and Córdoba. The telecommunication sector has been growing at a fast pace, with an important penetration of mobile telephony (More than 75% of the population)internet (with more than 16 million people online), and broadband services (4.1%). Regular telephone (with 9.5 million lines) and mail are robust. The service sector is the biggest contributor to total GDP. Argentina produces energy in large part through well developed hydroelectric resources; nuclear energy is also of high importance. The country is one of the largest producers and exporters (with Canada and Russia) of Cobalt-60, a radioactive isotope widely used in cancer therapy. Construction has led employment creation in the current economic expansion, and is 5% of GDP. Tourism is increasingly important, now providing 7% of economic output.[citation needed] Argentines are traveling more within their borders, and foreigners are flocking to a country seen as affordable, safe, and incredibly diverse:[citation needed] Cosmopolitan Buenos Aires and Rosario; the Iguazu Falls and colonial Salta; the South American indigenous Jujuy Province and fun-filled Córdoba; the wineries of Mendoza; the ski-suitable scenic Bariloche to the beaches of Pinamar; and Perito Moreno Glacier to Tierra del Fuego. 3.7 million tourists visited in 2005. Transportation A cargo ship in front of the Rosario-Victoria Bridge. Light rail in Buenos AiresArgentina's infrastructure is advanced compared to other countries in Latin America. There are nearly 215,471 km (133,887 mi) of roads of which 68,809 km are paved, and 734 km are expressways, many of which are privatized. Multilane highways now connect several main cities and more are now under construction. The railway network has a total length of 31,902 km. After decades of decaying service and lack of maintenance, most passenger services shut down in 1992 when the rail company was privatized, and thousands of kilometers of track are now in disrepair. Railway services are currently being reactivated among several cities. The country has around 3,000 kilometers of waterways, the most significant among these being the Río de la Plata, Paraná, Uruguay, Río Negro and Paraguay rivers. Water supply and sanitation Water supply and sanitation in Argentina faces five key challenges: (i) low coverage with higher levels of service provision for its income level; (ii) poor service quality; and (iii) high levels of pollution; (iv) low cost recovery; and (v) unclear allocation of responsibilities between institutions in the sector. Population The National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina (INDEC) 2001 census showed the population of Argentina was 36,260,130. It ranks third in South America in total population and 30th globally. The 2007 estimate is 40,927,301. Argentina's population density is 14 inhabitants per square kilometer. However, the population is not evenly distributed: areas of the city of Buenos Aires have a population density of over 14,000 inhab./km², while Santa Cruz province has less than 1 inhab./km². Argentina is the only nation in South America with a net positive migration rate, of about +0.4 persons. Cities and metropolitan areas As of 2005, Argentina's 20th largest metropolitan areas are: Cordoba city centre Puerto Madero Docklands, Buenos Aires Monument to the Argentine flag in RosarioRank City Province Population Region 1 Buenos Aires City + 24 partidos in Buenos Aires Province 11,453,725 Pampean 2 Córdoba Córdoba 1,513,200 Pampean 3 Rosario Santa Fe 1,295,100 Pampean 4 Mendoza Mendoza 1,009,100 Cuyo 5 La Plata Buenos Aires 857,800 Pampean 6 San Miguel de Tucumán Tucumán 833,100 NOA (northwest) 7 Mar del Plata Buenos Aires 699,600 Pampean 8 Salta Salta 530,400 NOA (northwest) 9 Santa Fe Santa Fe 525,300 Pampean 10 San Juan San Juan 456,400 Cuyo 11 San Salvador Jujuy 400,000 NOA (northwest) 12 Resistencia Chaco 399,800 Gran Chaco 13 Neuquén Neuquén 391,600 Patagonian 14 Santiago del Estero Santiago del Estero 389,200 Gran Chaco 15 Corrientes Corrientes 332,400 Mesopotamia 16 Bahía Blanca Buenos Aires 310,200 Pampean 17 Río Cuarto Cordoba 144,021 Pampean 18 Comodoro Rivadavia Chubut 140,628 Patagonia 19 Santa Rosa La Pampa 110,640 Pampean 20 Zárate Buenos Aires 101,271 Pampean 21 Tandil Buenos Aires 101,010 Pampean Demographics Ethnicity Argentina is a melting pot of different peoples, both autochthonous and immigrants. Citizens of European descent make up the great majority of the population, with estimates varying from white 89.7% to 97% of the total population. The last national census, based on self-ascription, showed a similar figure, in that only 2% of the population identified as Argentine Amerindian or a first-generation Mestizo. Nonetheless, a genetic study conducted by Argentine, Swedish and North American institutions, established that the genetic average structure of the Argentine population, contains 79.9% of European contribution, whereas, on a study conducted by the University of Buenos Aires, the Amerindian admixture, though not fully visible in physical appearance, was estimated to be present in a high percentage of the Argentine population, close to 56%, on either paternal or maternal lineages, and 10% were shown to have Amerindian ancestors on both lineages. After the Spanish colonists, waves of European settlers migrated to Argentina from the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. Major contributors included Italy (initially from Piedmont, Veneto and Lombardy, later from Campania and Calabria), Spain (foremost among them Galicians and Basques, and France (mostly to Buenos Aires and Mendoza).[citation needed] Smaller but significant numbers of immigrants came from Germany and Switzerland (to the Lakes Region of Patagonia; and to Córdoba), Scandinavia, (Denmark, Norway and Sweden), Greece, Lebanon, the United Kingdom and Ireland (to Buenos Aires, Santa Fé, and Patagonia; see also English settlement in Argentina), and Portugal. Eastern Europeans were also numerous from Russia, Ukraine and Lithuania and from Central Europe (Croatia (ex. President of Argentina Néstor Kirchner is of Croatian descent), Slovenia, Hungary, Poland, Romania), as well as Balkan countries (Serbia and Montenegro, particularly in Chaco)[citation needed]. There is a large Armenian community, and the Patagonian Chubut Valley has a significant Welsh-descended population! Minorities An Argentine gaucho.Small but growing numbers of people from East Asia have also settled in Argentina, mainly in Buenos Aires. The first Asian-Argentines were of Japanese descent; Koreans, Vietnamese, and Chinese followed, now at over 60,000. The majority of Argentina's Jewish community derive from immigrants of north and eastern European origin (Ashkenazi Jews), and about 15–20% from Sephardic groups from Syria.[citation needed] Argentina is home to the fifth largest Ashkenazi Jewish community in the world. (See also History of the Jews in Argentina) Argentina has a large Arab community, made up mostly of immigrants from Syria and Lebanon. Many have gained prominent status in national business and politics, including former president Carlos Menem, the son of Syrian settlers from the province of La Rioja. Most of the Arab Argentines are Christian of the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches. The officially recognized indigenous population in the country, according to the "Complementary Survey of Indigenous Peoples" based on 2001 Census data, stands at approximately 402,921 people (about 1 percent of the total population) Illegal immigrants Illegal immigration has been a recent factor in Argentine demographics. Most illegal immigrants come from Bolivia and Paraguay, countries which border Argentina to the north. Smaller numbers arrive from Peru, Ecuador, and Romania. The Argentine government estimates that 750,000 inhabitants lack official documents and has launched a program called Patria Grande ("Big Homeland"), to encourage illegal immigrants to regularize their status; so far over 670,000 applications have been processed under the program. Urbanization Argentina's population is very highly urbanized. About 3 million people live in the autonomous city of Buenos Aires, and 12.4 million in Greater Buenos Aires (2007), making it one of the largest conurbations in the world. Together with their respective metropolitan areas, the second- and third-largest cities in Argentina, Córdoba and Rosario, comprise about 1.3 and 1.1 million inhabitants respectively. Most European immigrants to Argentina settled in the cities, which offered jobs, education, and other opportunities which enabled newcomers to enter the middle class. Many also settled in the growing small towns along the expanding railway system. Since the 1930s, many rural workers have moved to the big cities. The 1990s saw many rural towns become ghost towns when train services ceased and local products manufactured on a small scale were replaced by massive amounts of cheap imported goods. Many slums (villas miserias) sprouted in the outskirts of the largest cities, inhabited by impoverished lower-class urban dwellers, migrants from smaller towns in the interior, and also a large number of immigrants from neighbouring countries that came during the time of the convertibility and did not leave after the 2001 crisis. Some urban areas appear European, reflecting the influence of European settlers. Many cities are built in a Spanish-grid style around a main square (plaza). A cathedral and important government buildings often face the plaza. The general layout of the cities is called damero (checkerboard), since it is based on a pattern of square blocks, though modern developments sometimes depart from it (the city of La Plata, built at the end of the nineteenth century, is organized as a checkerboard plus diagonal avenues at fixed intervals). The city of La Plata was the first in South America with electric street illumination. Largest metropolitan areas of Argentina view • talk • edit Core City Province Population Core City Province Population 1 Buenos Aires Buenos Aires 15,052,177 Buenos Aires Córdoba 7 Mar del Plata Buenos Aires 452,800 2 Córdoba Córdoba 1,613,211 8 Salta Salta 556,400 3 Rosario Tucumán 1,325,090 9 Santa Fe Santa Fe 534,300 4 Mendoza Mendoza 1,109,104 10 San Juan San Juan 498,400 5 La Plata Buenos Aires 957,800 11 Resistencia Chaco 452,800 6 Tucumán Tucumán 903,100 12 Neuquén Neuquén 400,600 Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas y Censos (Estimates for 2006) Culture Argentine culture has significant European influences. Buenos Aires, considered by many its cultural capital, is often said to be the most European city in South America, as a result both of the prevalence of people of European descent and of conscious imitation of European styles in architecture. The other big influence is the gauchos and their traditional country lifestyle of self-reliance. Finally, indigenous American traditions (like mate tea drinking) have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu. Literature Argentina has a rich history of world-class literature, including one of the twentieth century's most critically acclaimed writers, Jorge Luis Borges. The country has been a leader in Latin American literature since becoming a fully united entity in the 1850s, with a strong constitution and a defined nation-building plan. The struggle between the Federalists (who favored a loose confederation of provinces based on rural conservatism) and the Unitarians (pro-liberalism and advocates of a strong central government that would encourage European immigration), set the tone for Argentine literature of the time. The ideological divide between gaucho epic Martín Fierro by José Hernández, and Facundo by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, is a great example. Hernández, although a federalist, opposed to the centralizing, modernizing, and Europeanizing tendencies. Sarmiento wrote immigration was the only way to save Argentina from becoming subject to the rule of a small number of dictatorial caudillo families, arguing such immigrants would make Argentina more modern and open to Western European influences, and therefore a more prosperous society. Argentine literature of that period was fiercely nationalist. It was followed by the modernist movement, which emerged in France in the late nineteenth century, and this period in turn was followed by vanguardism, with Ricardo Güiraldes as an important reference. Jorge Luis Borges, its most acclaimed writer, found new ways of looking at the modern world in metaphor and philosophical debate, and his influence has extended to writers all over the globe. Borges is most famous for his works in short stories such as Ficciones and The Aleph. Argentina has produced many more internationally noted writers, poets, and intellectuals: Juan Bautista Alberdi, Roberto Arlt, Enrique Banchs, Adolfo Bioy Cásares, Eugenio Cambaceres, Julio Cortázar, Esteban Echeverría, Leopoldo Lugones, Eduardo Mallea, Ezequiel Martínez Estrada, Tomás Eloy Martínez, Victoria Ocampo, Manuel Puig, Ernesto Sabato, Osvaldo Soriano, Alfonsina Storni, and María Elena Walsh. Quino (born Joaquin Salvador Lavado), has entertained readers the world over, while dipping into the events of modern times, with soup-hating Mafalda and her comic strip gang. Film and theatre Argentina is a major producer of motion pictures. The world's first animated feature films were made and released in Argentina, by cartoonist Quirino Cristiani, in 1917 and 1918. Argentine cinema enjoyed a 'golden age' in the 1930s through the 1950s with scores of productions, many now considered classics of Spanish-language film. The industry produced actors who became the first movie stars of Argentine cinema, often tango performers such as Libertad Lamarque, Floren Delbene, Tito Lusiardo, Tita Merello, Roberto Escalada, and Hugo del Carril. More recent films from the "New Wave" of cinema since the 1980s have achieved worldwide recognition, such as The Official Story (La historia official), Nine Queens (Nueve reinas), Man Facing Southeast (Hombre mirando al sudeste), Son of the Bride (El hijo de la novia), The Motorcycle Diaries (Diarios de motocicleta), or Iluminados por el fuego. Although rarely rivaling Hollywood-type movies in popularity, local films are released weekly and widely followed in Argentina and internationally. Even low-budget films have earned prizes in cinema festivals (such as Cannes). The city of Mar del Plata organizes its own film festival, while Buenos Aires has its independent cinema counterpart. The per capita number of screens is one of the highest in Latin America, and viewing per capita is the highest in the region. A new generation of Argentine directors has caught the attention of critics worldwide. Additionally, Argentina is a major center of cinema, it is compared to European countries in terms of people who attend movie theaters. An example of this was Spider-Man 3 which took in 466,586 the first day a record in Argentina. In Italy it took in 400,000 and Germany 486,571, breaking all records for first day release. Buenos Aires is one of the great capitals of theater. The Teatro Colon is a national landmark for opera and classical performances. Built at the ending of XIX century, Teatro Colon's acoustic is considered the best in the world. Currently it is undergoing major refurbishment, in order to preserve its outstanding sound characteristics, the French-romantic style, the impressive Golden Room (a minor auditorium targeted to Chamber Music performances), and the museum at the entrance. Enrico Caruso, B.Gigli, Félix Weingartner, Artur Nikisch, Richard Strauss, Arturo Toscanini, Igor Stravinsky, Paul Hindemith, Camille Saint-Saëns, Manuel de Falla, Aaron Copland, Krzysztof Penderecki, Gian-Carlo Menotti, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Herbert von Karajan, Tullio Serafin, Gino Marinuzzi, Albert Wolff, Víctor De Sabata, Leonard Bernstein, Mstislav Rostropovich, Sir Malcolm Sargent, Karl Böhm, Fernando Previtali, Sir Thomas Beecham, Ferdinand Leitner, Lorin Maazel, Igor Markevitch, Bernard Haitink, Zubin Mehta, Marek Janowsky, Aldo Ceccato, Riccardo Muti, Kurt Masur, Michel Corboz, Franz-Paul Decker, Riccardo Chailly, Sir Simon Rattle, Claudio Abbado, René Jacobs are among the artists, composers and conductors who performed in this opera house. Besides the Teatro Colón (one of the great opera houses of the world), with its program of national and international caliber, Calle Corrientes, or Corrientes Avenue, is synonymous with the art. It is dubbed 'the street that never sleeps', and sometimes referred to as the Broadway of Buenos Aires. Many great careers in acting, music, and film have begun in its many theaters. The Teatro General San Martín is one of the most prestigious along Corrientes Avenue; the Teatro Nacional Cervantes is designated the national theater of Argentina. Another important theater is the Independencia in Mendoza. Florencio Sanchez and Griselda Gambaro are famous Argentine playwrights. Julio Bocca is one of the great ballet dancers of the modern era. Painting and sculpture Perhaps one of the most enigmatic figures of Argentine culture is Oscar Agustín Alejandro Schulz Solari, aka Xul Solar, whose watercolor style and unorthodox painting media draws large crowds at museums worldwide; he also 'invented' two imaginary languages. The works of Candido Lopez (in Naïve art style), Emilio Pettoruti (cubist), Antonio Berni (neo-figurative style), Fernando Fader, and Guillermo Kuitca are appreciated internationally. Benito Quinquela Martín is considered to be the quintesennial 'port' painter, to which the city of Buenos Aires and particularly the working class and immigrant-bound La Boca neighborhood, was excellently suited for. Lucio Fontana and Leon Ferrari are acclaimed sculptors and conceptual artists. Ciruelo is a world-wide famous fantasy artist and sculptor. Food and drink Argentine food is influenced by cuisine from Spain, Italy, Germany, France and other European countries, and many foods from those countries such as pasta, sausages, and desserts are common in the nation's diet. Argentina has a wide variety of staple foods, which include empanadas, a stuffed pastry; locro, a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd; and chorizo, a spicy sausage. Other popular items include facturas (Viennese-style pastry), Dulce de Leche and mate, Argentina's national beverage. AsadoThe Argentine barbecue, asado as well as a parrillada, is one of the most famous in the world and includes various types of meats, among them chorizo, sweetbread, chitterlings, and morcilla (blood sausage). Thin sandwiches, sandwiches de miga, are also popular. Argentines have the highest consumption of red meat in the world. Since 1992, Argentina has invested over 650 million dollars to modernize the wine industry. The country is an important wine producer, rated fifth in the world, with the annual per capita consumption of wine amongst the highest in the world. (Malbec has become a representative variety from Argentina). Malbec grape, a discardable varietal in France (country of origin), has found in Province of Mendoza an ideal environment to successfully develop and turn itself into the world's best Malbec. The city of Mendoza is one of the eight wine capitals of the world, and Mendoza accounts for 70% of the country total production (all varietals considered). "Wine tourism" is important in the Province of Mendoza, with the impressive landscape of Cordillera de Los Andes and the highest peak in America, Mount Aconcagua, 6952 meters high, providing a very desirable destination for international tourism. Sports Ignacio Corleto of Los Pumas on his way to score a try against France in the 2007 Rugby World Cup. They beat France 34 - 10. Argentina reached third place in the tournamentFootball (soccer) is the most popular sport in Argentina, whose national team is twice FIFA World Cup Champion and one-time Olympic Gold medalist (also fourteen-time Copa América winners). Also widespread are volleyball and basketball; a number of basketball players participate in the NBA and European leagues. Manu Ginobili, Andres Nocioni, Carlos Delfino, and Fabricio Oberto are a few, and the national team won Olympic Gold in the Athens Olympics. Argentina has an important rugby union football team, "Los Pumas" (see Argentina national rugby union team), with many of its players playing in Europe. Argentina beat host nation France twice in the Rugby World Cup 2007, placing them third in the competition. The Pumas currently sit at third spot in the International Rugby Board's official world rankings. Argentine tennis is very competitive on the world stage, with dozens of players, male and female, in active tour. Other popular sports include field hockey (the top female sport, see Las Leonas), golf, and sailing. Argentina has the highest number of highly-ranked polo players in the world and the national squad has been the uninterrupted world champion ever since 1949. The Open Polo Championship of Buenos Aires is the most important polo-related event in the world. Cricket is growing in popularity due to the National Team's recent successes where they came as the underdogs and finished runner's up of the Inaugural World Cricket League Division 3. Baseball is played in a most limited fashion, as well as the Gridiron. Motorsports are well represented in Argentina, with Turismo Carretera and TC 2000 being the most popular car racing formats. People all over the country enjoy the races, but it is most fervently followed in small towns and rural Argentina, attracting a rather similar demographic as NASCAR in the United States. The Rally Argentina is part of the World Rally Championship (currently held in Córdoba Province). In Formula 1 racing, the country produced one world champion (Juan Manuel Fangio, five times) and two runners-up (Froilán González and Carlos Reutemann, once each) The official national sport of the country is pato, played with a six-handle ball on horseback. Music Tango, the music and lyrics (often sung in a form of slang called lunfardo), is Argentina's musical symbol. The Milonga dance was a predecessor, slowly evolving into modern tango. By the 1930s, tango had changed from a dance-focused music to one of lyric and poetry, with singers like Carlos Gardel, Roberto Goyeneche, Hugo del Carril, Tita Merello, and Edmundo Rivero. The golden age of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of Jazz and Swing in the United States, featuring large orchestral groups too, like the bands of Osvaldo Pugliese, Anibal Troilo, Francisco Canaro, and Juan D'Arienzo. After 1955 tango turned more intellectual and listener-oriented, led by Astor Piazzolla. Today tango has worldwide popularity, and the rise of neo-tango is a global phenomenon with groups like Tanghetto, Bajofondo and Gotan Project. Argentine rock, called rock nacional, is the most popular music among youth. Arguably the most listened form of Spanish-language rock, its influence and success internationally owes to a rich, uninterrupted development. Bands such as Soda Stereo or Sumo, and composers like Charly García, Luis Alberto Spinetta, and Fito Páez are referents of national culture. Mid 1960s Buenos Aires and Rosario were cradles of the music, and by 1970 Argentine rock was established among middle class youth (see Almendra, Sui Generis, Pappo, Crucis). Seru Giran bridged the gap into the 1980s, when Argentine bands became popular across Latin America and elsewhere (Enanitos Verdes, Fabulosos Cadillacs, Virus, Andres Calamaro). There are many sub-genres: underground, pop oriented, and some associated with the working class (La Renga, Attaque 77, Divididos, Los Redonditos). Current popular bands include: Babasonicos, Rata Blanca, El Otro Yo, Attaque 77, Bersuit, Los Piojos, Intoxicados, Catupecu Machu, and Miranda!. European classical music is well represented in Argentina. Buenos Aires is home to the world-renowned Colón Theater. Classical musicians, such as Martha Argerich, Daniel Barenboim, Eduardo Alonso-Crespo, Eduardo Delgado, Lalo Schiffrin, and classical composers such as Alberto Ginastera, are internationally acclaimed. All major cities in Argentina have impressive theaters or opera houses, and provincial or city orchestras. Some cities have annual events and important classical music festivals like Semana Musical Llao Llao in San Carlos de Bariloche and the multitudinous Amadeus in Buenos Aires. Argentine folk music is uniquely vast. Beyond dozens of regional dances, a national folk style emerged in the 1930s. Perón's Argentina would give rise to Nueva Canción, as artists began expressing in their music objections to political themes. Atahualpa Yupanqui, the greatest Argentine folk musician, and Mercedes Sosa would be defining figures in shaping Nueva Canción, gaining worldwide popularity in the process. The style found a huge reception in Chile, where it took off in the 1970s and went on to influence the entirety of Latin American music. Today, Chango Spasiuk and Soledad Pastorutti have brought folk back to younger generations. Leon Gieco's folk-rock bridged the gap between argentine folklore and argentine rock, introducing both styles to millions overseas in successive tours. Other notable musicians include Gato Barbieri with his seductive saxophone and free jazz compositions, and Jaime Torres and his spacious andean music. Religion Argentines are predominantly Roman Catholic. Around 93% declare themselves Roman Catholic according to different surveys; the Church estimates an affiliation of 70%. According to the Constitution, the Argentine government should support Roman Catholicism. However, this does not imply that it is the official religion of the Argentine Republic, nor does it imply that people working in the government should have this faith. Evangelical churches have gained a foothold in Argentina since the 1980s, and their followers now number more than 3.5 million, about 10% of the total population. Traditional Protestant communities are present in most communities. Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) numbering over 330,300, the seventh-largest concentration in the world, are also present. The country also hosts the largest Jewish population in all of Latin America, about 2 percent of the population. Islam in Argentina constitutes approximately 1.5% of the population, or an estimated 500,000-600,000 (93% Sunni). Argentina is also home to one of the largest mosques in Latin America, serving Argentina's Muslim community. Approximately 12% of Argentines can be considered agnostic, and 4% are atheists. Language A phonetic study conducted by the Laboratory for Sensory Investigations of CONICET and the University of Toronto showed that the accent of the inhabitants of Buenos Aires (known as porteños) is closer to the Neapolitan dialect of Italian than any other spoken language. Italian immigration and other European immigrations influenced Lunfardo, the slang spoken in the Río de la Plata region, permeating the vernacular vocabulary of other regions as well. Argentines are the largest Spanish-speaking society that universally employs what is known as voseo (the use of the pronoun vos instead of tú (you), which occasions the use of alternate verb forms as well). The most prevalent dialect is Rioplatense, whose speakers are primarily located in the basin of the Río de la Plata. Standard German is spoken by between 400,000 and 500,000 Argentines of German ancestry, though it has also been stated that the there could be as much as 1,800,000. German today, is the third or fourth most spoken language in Argentina. According to one survey, there are around 1,500,000 Italian speakers (which makes it the second most spoken language in the country) and 1,000,000 speakers of Levantine Arabic, but these numbers are probably no longer current, as the newer generations mostly switch to Spanish and do not speak the ancestral language in the home. The same phenomenon applies to the Galician language that was used by many Spanish immigrants, Yiddish, and Japanese. The usage of these languages is in decline, as the respective immigration waves ended in the first half of the 20th century. Some indigenous communities have retained their original languages. Guaraní is spoken by some in the northeast, especially in Corrientes (where it enjoys official status) and Misiones. Quechua is spoken by some in the northwest, and has a local variant in Santiago del Estero. Aymara is spoken by members of the Bolivian community who migrated to Argentina from Bolivia. In Patagonia there are several Welsh-speaking communities. More recent immigrants have brought Chinese and Korean, mostly to Buenos Aires. English, Brazilian Portuguese and French are also spoken. English is commonly taught at schools, with Portuguese and French behind. Education After independence, Argentina constructed a national public education system in comparison to other nations, placing the country high up in the global rankings of literacy. Today the country has a literacy rate of 97% (2003 Est.) The ubiquitous white uniform of Argentine school children; it is a national symbol of learning.School attendance is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 17. The Argentine school system consists of a primary or lower school level lasting six or seven years, and a secondary or high school level lasting between five to six years. In the 1990s, the system was split into different types of high school instruction, called Educacion Secundaria and the Polimodal. Some provinces adopted the Polimodal while others did not. A project in the Executive to repeal this measure and return to a more traditional secondary level system was approved in 2006. President Domingo Faustino Sarmiento is overwhelmingly credited in pushing and implementing a free, modern education system in Argentina. The 1918 University reform shaped the current tripartite representation of most public universities. Education is funded by tax payers at all levels except for the majority of graduate studies. There are many private school institutions in the primary, secondary and university levels. Around 11.1 million people were enrolled in formal education of some kind: 9,551,728 people attended either kindergarten, primary (lower school), or secondary (high school) establishments; 494,461 people attended non-university level establishments (such as training or technical schools); 1,125,257 people attended colleges or universities. Education in public schools (primary, secondary and tertiary) is free. Public education, which was perceived to be of the best quality during the mid 20th century,[citation needed] is now often perceived to be bad and in continuous decline because of lack of funding.[citation needed] This has helped private education to flourish, albeit it has also caused an imbalance in terms of who can afford it (usually middle and upper classes), as often private schools have no scholarship systems in place. There are thirty-eight public universities across the country, as well as several private. The Universities of Buenos Aires (the largest one, has 300,000 students), Córdoba (110,000 students and one of the oldest in the continent), Rosario (75,000 students), La Plata (75,000 students) and UTN (National Technological University, 70,000 students) are among the most important. Public universities faced cutbacks in spending during the 1980s and 1990s, which led to a decline in overall quality. Holidays Public holidays include most of the Catholic holidays, though holidays of other faiths are respected. The main historic holidays include the anniversaries of the May Revolution (May 25), the Independence Day (July 9), National Flag day (June 20), and the death of the hero José de San Martín (August 17). On Christmas Eve, the extended family gathers around 9 p.m. for dinner, music, and often dancing. Candies are served just before midnight, when fireworks displays begin. The evening also includes opening gifts from Papá Noel (Father Christmas or "Santa Claus"). New Year's Day is marked with fireworks as well. Other holidays include Good Friday and Easter; Labor Day (1 May), and sovereignty Day (former Malvinas Day) (2 April). Science and technology Argentina has contributed many distinguished doctors, scientists, and inventors to the world, including three Nobel Prize laureates in sciences. Luis Federico Leloir won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1970.Argentines have been responsible for major breakthroughs in world medicine. Domingo Liotta designed and developed the first artificial heart successfully implanted in a human being in 1969. René Favaloro developed the techniques and performed the world's first ever coronary bypass surgery, and Francisco de Pedro invented a more reliable artificial cardiac pacemaker. Medicine's Nobel laureate Bernardo Houssay, the first Latin American awarded with a Nobel Prize, discovered the role of pituitary hormones in regulating glucose in animals; Medicine's Nobel laureate César Milstein did extensive research in antibodies; and Chemistry's Nobel laureate Luis Leloir discovered how organisms store energy converting glucose into glycogen, and the compounds which are fundamental in metabolizing carbohydrates. Luis Agote performed one of the first two blood transfusions with pre-stored blood in history. Enrique Finochietto designed operating table tools such as the surgical scissors that bear his name ("Finochietto scissors"), and a rib-spreader. Roberto Zaldívar is a pioneer in laser-eye procedures and research. Argentine research has led to advancement in wound-healing therapies, heart disease, and in several forms of cancer. Argentina's nuclear program is highly advanced. Argentina developed its nuclear program without being overly dependent on foreign technology. Nuclear facilities with Argentine technology have been built in Peru, Algeria, Australia, and Egypt. In 1983, the country admitted having the capability of producing weapon-grade uranium, a major step to assemble nuclear weapons. Since then Argentina has pledged to use nuclear power only for peaceful purposes. In other areas, Juan Vucetich, a Croatian immigrant, was the father of modern fingerprinting (dactiloscopy). (see fingerprint), Raúl Pateras de Pescara demonstrated the world's first flight of a helicopter, Hungarian-Argentine László Bíró mass-produced the first modern ball point pens, and Eduardo Taurozzi developed the more efficient pendular combustion engine. Juan Maldacena, an Argentine-American scientist, is a leading figure in string theory. An Argentine satellite, the PEHUENSAT-1 was successfully launched on January 10, 2007 using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). Communications and media The printed media in Argentina is highly developed and independent. There are over two hundred newspapers in the country, influential in their home cities and regions. The major national newspapers are from Buenos Aires, including the centrist Clarín, one of the best selling daily in the Spanish speaking world.[citation needed] Other national papers are La Nación (center-right) in the streets since 1870, Página/12 (left), Ámbito Financiero (business conservative), Argentinisches Tageblatt in German, Le Monde Diplomatique in Spanish and French and Crónica (populist). Regional papers of importance include La Capital (Rosario), Los Andes (Mendoza), La Voz del Interior (Córdoba), and El Tribuno (Salta). The Buenos Aires Herald is a well-respected English language daily. The Argentine publishing industry is together with those in Spain and Mexico the most important in the Spanish-speaking world. Argentina features the largest bookstore chains in Latin America, the El Ateneo and Yenny bookstores; numerous well-stocked independent stores abound. A number carry titles in English and other languages. There are hundreds of magazine publications covering a plethora of issues and hobbies, which are sold in kiosks on city sidewalks and in bookstores. Radio and television Argentina was a pioneering nation in radio broadcasting. At 9 pm on August 27, 1920, Sociedad Radio Argentina announced: "We now bring to your homes a live performance of Richard Wagner's Parsifal opera from the Coliseo Theater in downtown Buenos Aires"; only about twenty homes in the city had a receiver to tune in. The world's first radio station was the only one in the country until 1922, when Radio Cultura went on the air. By 1925, there were twelve stations in Buenos Aires and ten in other cities. The 1930s were the "golden age" of radio in Argentina, with live variety, news, soap opera, and sport shows. At present there are more than 1,500 radio stations licensed in Argentina; 260 are AM broadcasting and 1150 FM broadcasting.[citation needed] Radio remains an important medium in Argentina. Music and youth variety programs dominate FM formats; news, debate, and sports are AM radio's primary broadcasts. Amateur radio is widespread in the country. Radio still serves a vital service of information, entertainment and even life saving in the most remote communities. The Argentine television industry is large and diverse, widely viewed in Latin America, and its productions seen around the world. Many local programs are broadcast by networks in other countries, and others have their rights purchased by foreign producers for adaptations in their own markets. Argentina has five major networks. All provincial capitals and other large cities have at least one local station. Argentina boasts the highest penetration of cable and satellite television in Latin America, similar to percentages in North America. Many cable networks operate from Argentina and serve the Spanish-speaking world, including Utilísima Satelital, TyC Sports, Fox Sports en Español (with the United States and México), MTV Argentina, Cosmopolitan TV, and the news network Todo Noticias. International rankings Organization Survey Ranking Heritage Foundation/The Wall Street Journal Index of Economic Freedom 107 out of 157 The Economist Worldwide Quality-of-life Index, 2005 40 out of 111 Reporters Without Borders Worldwide Press Freedom Index 76 out of 167 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 105 out of 163 United Nations Development Programme Human Development Index 38 out of 177 |
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