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埃塞俄比亚 Ethiopia 埃及 Egypt 突尼斯 Tunisia 阿尔及利亚 Algeria 尼日利亚 Nigeria 塞内加尔 Senegal 南非 South Africa 安哥拉 Angola 贝宁 Benin 布基纳法索 Burkina Faso 布隆迪 Republic of Burundi 博茨瓦纳 Republic of Botswana 赤道几内亚 Equatorial Guinea 多哥 Togo 厄立特里亚 Eritrea 佛得角 Republic of Cape Verde 冈比亚 Gambia 刚果 Republic of the Congo 刚果民主共和国 Democratic Republic of Congo 吉布提 Djibouti 几内亚 Guinea 几内亚比绍 Guinea-Bissau 加纳 Republic of Ghana 加蓬 Gabon 津巴布韦 Zimbabwe 喀麦隆 Republic of Cameroon 科摩罗 Comoros 科特迪瓦 Ivory Coast 肯尼亚 Republic of Kenya 莱索托 Kingdom of Lesotho 利比亚 Libya 利比里亚 Republic of Liberia 卢旺达 Republic of Rwanda 马达加斯加 Madagascar 马拉维 Malawi 马里 Republic of Mali 毛里塔尼亚 Mauritania 毛里求斯 Republic of Mauritius 摩洛哥 Kingdom of Morocco 莫桑比克 the Republic of Mozambique 纳米比亚 The Republic of Namibia 尼日尔 Niger 塞拉利昂 the Republic of Sierra Leone 塞舌尔 Seychelles 斯威士兰 Swaziland 苏丹 Sudan 索马里 Somalia 圣多美和普林西比 Sao Tome and Principe 坦桑尼亚 Tanzania 乌干达 The Republic of Uganda 赞比亚 The Republic of Zambia 乍得 the Republic of Chad 中非共和国 The Central African Republic |
| suǒ mǎ lǐ Somalia shǒudōu:mó jiā dí shā guógūdàimǎ: so |
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suǒ mǎ lǐ（ suǒ mǎ lǐ yǔ： Soomaaliya， ā lā bó yǔ： الصومال ）， quán chēng suǒ mǎ lǐ gòng hé guó（ suǒ mǎ lǐ yǔ： JamhuuriyaddaSoomaaliya， ā lā bó yǔ： جمهوريةالصومال）， shì dōng fēi guó jiā zhī yī， wèi yú suǒ mǎ lǐ bàn dǎo shàng， dōng bīn yìn dù yáng， běi lín yà dīng wān， yǔ 'āi sài 'é bǐ yà、 kěn ní yà、 jí bù tí xiāng lín。 suǒ mǎ lǐ mù qián chǔyú nèi zhàn zhuàng tài， zhàn qián shǒu dū wéi mó jiā dí shā（ Mogadishu）。 wèi yú suǒ guó xī běi bù de suǒ mǎ lǐ lán yǔ qīng xiàng yú tǒng hé de zhōng bù bāng tè lán yǐ jí suǒ mǎ lǐ xī nán guó jūn wéi shí zhì dú lì。 suǒ mǎ lǐ de dì lǐ wèi zhì， jū yú dì zhōng hǎi yǔ yìn dù yáng de yà dīng wān zhī nán， shì gè guó huò lún chū rù sū yī shì yùn hé de bì jīng hǎi lù。 yóu yú suǒ mǎ lǐ nèi zhàn lián lián， jiào yù、 shè huì tǐ xì yǐ bēng kuì duō nián， dāng dì rén mín zì 20 shì jì yǐ lái jí yǐ hǎi dào wéi yè； měi nián lè suǒ gè guó shāng chuán， jīn 'é nán yǐ gū jì， yǐ zhì lián hé guó duì suǒ guó hǎi dào jī dì zhǎn kāi diào chá
dì lǐ qì hòu suǒ mǎ lǐ quán jìng yǐ píng huǎn de dī gāo yuán wéi zhù， gāo dù yóu běi xiàng nán jiàn jiàng。 yòu yán hǎi píng yuán、 nèi lù gāo yuán、 běi bù shān dì děng dì xíng qū。 dà bù shǔ yú rè dài shā mò qì hòu， nián jiàng shuǐ liàng zì nán 'ér běi cóng 500~600 háo mǐ jiǎn zhì 100 háo mǐ yǐ xià。 yòu xiè bèi lì hé hé zhū bā hé。 lì shǐ 1840 nián， yīng guó qīn rù běi bù， 1887 nián xuān bù gāi dì wéi qí bǎo hù dì。 1889 nián yì dà lì jìn zhàn zhōng bù， zhì 1925 nián zhěng gè zhōng、 nán bù lún wéi yì shǔ zhí mín dì。 dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn qī jiān， yīng guó zhàn lǐng yì shǔ suǒ mǎ lǐ， 1949 nián lián hé guó jué yì jiāng yuán yì dà lì qīn zhàn qū jiāo yì dà lì tuō guǎn。 [ lái yuán qǐng qiú ]1960 nián， yīng shǔ suǒ mǎ lǐ hé yì shǔ suǒ mǎ lǐ xiān hòu xuān gào dú lì。 tóng nián 7 yuè 1 rì， hé bìng wéi “ suǒ mǎ lǐ gòng hé guó ”（ RepublicofSomali）。 1969 nián 10 yuè 21 rì， guó míng gǎi chéng“ suǒ mǎ lǐ mín zhù gòng hé guó”（ SomaliDemocraticRepublic）。 1991 nián 1 yuè， mù hǎn mò dé · fǎ lā hè · ài dí dé lǐng dǎo de suǒ mǎ lǐ lián hé dà huì dǎng de wǔ zhuāng tuī fān mò hā méi · xī yà dé · bā léi zǒng tǒng， gāi guó jìn rù wú zhèng fǔ zhuàng tài。 lián hé guó duǎn zàn gān yù hòu， jí yīn měi guó shì bīng bèi dǎ sǐ、 dāng jiē shì zhòng xiè dòu bèi diàn shì bō chū yī shì 'ér tuì chū [ lái yuán qǐng qiú ]。 2000 nián 8 yuè， suǒ mǎ lǐ quán guó hé huì zài jí bù tí jǔ xíng， hé huì tōng guò liǎo guò dù xiàn zhāng， xuǎn jǔ chū nèi zhàn yǐ lái de shǒu jiè yì huì hé zǒng tǒng， zǔ jiàn liǎo suǒ mǎ lǐ guò dù zhèng fǔ， dàn zāo dào gè pài jūn fá de lián hé dǐ zhì。 2004 nián 1 yuè 29 rì， gè fāng dài biǎo qiān shǔ liǎo guò dù lián bāng xiàn zhāng。 8 yuè 22 rì， suǒ mǎ lǐ guò dù quán guó yì huì zài nèi luó bì chéng lì。 12 yuè， suǒ mǎ lǐ guò dù zhèng fǔ zài kěn ní yà chéng lì。 2005 nián 6 yuè， guò dù zhèng fǔ qiān huí guó nèi， dàn shì yóu yú quē fá shí lì， zhǐ néng zài nán bù chéng shì bài duō 'ā bàn gōng。 2006 nián 6 yuè 5 rì， suǒ mǎ lǐ jiào pài wǔ zhuāng jī bài jūn fá lián méng， bìng kòng zhì liǎo mó jiā dí shā。 12 yuè 24 rì， āi sài 'é bǐ yà shǒu cì gōng kāi chéng rèn jiè rù liǎo suǒ mǎ lǐ nèi bù de wǔ zhuāng chōng tū。 12 yuè 28 rì， suǒ mǎ lǐ guò dù zhèng fǔ bù duì jī tuì jiào pài wǔ zhuāng， jìn zhù mó jiā dí shā。 2007 nián 1 yuè 23 rì， āi sài 'é bǐ yà kāi shǐ cóng suǒ mǎ lǐ chè chū jūn duì。 2 yuè 20 rì， lián hé guó 'ān lǐ huì tōng guò dì 1744 hào jué yì， shòu quán fēi zhōu lián méng zài suǒ mǎ lǐ bù shǔ wéi hé bù duì， yǐ wěn dìng dāng dì jú shì。 3 yuè 12 rì， suǒ mǎ lǐ guò dù yì huì pī zhǔn guò dù zhèng fǔ cóng bài duō 'ā qiān huí shǒu dū mó jiā dí shā。 2008 nián 12 yuè， guò dù zhèng fǔ dǎo tái。 2009 nián 01 yuè 31 rì， suǒ mǎ lǐ fǎn duì pài zǔ zhì“ suǒ mǎ lǐ zài cì jiě fàng lián méng” lǐng dǎo rén xiè hè · xiè lǐ fū · xiè hè · ài hā mài dé zài jí bù tí shǒu dū jí bù tí shì jǔ xíng de suǒ mǎ lǐ zǒng tǒng xuǎn jǔ zhōng huò shèng。 2 yuè 14 rì， jù lián hé guó de suǒ mǎ lǐ zhèng zhì bàn gōng shì tòu lù， suǒ mǎ lǐ guó huì yǐ 414 piào duì 9 piào， zhī chí zǒng tǒng 'ài hā mài dé rèn mìng 'ā lǐ · sà mǎ kè（ AbdirashidAliSharmarke） zhī zǐ、 xiàn jiē duàn yōng yòu jiā ná dà hé suǒ mǎ lǐ shuāngchóng guó jí de 'ào mǎ 'ěr · sà mǎ kè（ OmarAbdirashidAliSharmarke） wéi xīn yī rèn zhèng fǔ zǒng lǐ， bìng jiāng yú 2 yuè 20 rì jiù zhí。 xíng zhèng qū huá nèi zhàn zhī qián， suǒ mǎ lǐ jìng nèi gòng fēn yòu 18 gè zhōu： ào dá lè zhōu Awdal bā kē lè zhōu Bakool bā nà dí 'ěr zhōu Banaadir bā lǐ zhōu Bari bài zhōu Baay jiā lè gǔ dù dé zhōu Galguduud gài duō zhōu Gedo xī lán zhōu Hiiraan zhōng zhū bā zhōu JubbadaDhexe xià zhū bā zhōu JubbadaHoose mù dù gé zhōu Mudug nǔ jiā 'ěr zhōu Nugaal sà nà gé zhōu Sanaag zhōng xiè bèi lì zhōu ShabeellahaDhexe xià xiè bèi lì zhōu ShabeellahaHoose suǒ 'ěr zhōu Sool tuō gé dài 'ěr zhōu Togdheer wò gē yī jiā lè bèi dé zhōu WoqooyiGalbeed jīng jì suǒ mǎ lǐ yuē 80% rén kǒu yǐ xùmù yè hé bàn nóng bàn mù yè wéi zhù， xùchǎn pǐn zhàn guó mín shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de shǒu wèi。 xùmù duō yáng、 niú、 luò tuó。 nóng chǎn yòu xiāng jiāo、 gān zhè、 mián huā、 gāo liáng、 yù mǐ děng。 tè chǎn rǔ xiāng、 ā lā bó shù jiāo hé méi yào。 gōng yè yòu zhì táng、 fǎng zhì、 shí pǐn、 juǎnyān děng bù mén。 kāi cǎilù bǎo shí、 shí gāo， yùn cáng tiě、 yóu、 měng、 ní kuàng。 chū kǒu shēng chù jí qí chǎn pǐn（ zhàn chū kǒu zǒng zhí 60% yǐ shàng）、 xiāng jiāo、 rǔ xiāng、 méi yào； jìn kǒu jī xiè shè bèi、 shí pǐn、 xiāo fèi pǐn、 rán liào děng。 fǎ lǜ suǒ mǎ lǐ de fǎ lǜ jié gòu fēn wéi sān gè xì tǒng： mín fǎ， zōng jiào fǎ， hé chuán tǒng xí guàn fǎ。 mín fǎ zài suǒ mǎ lǐ zhèng guī sī fǎ xì tǒng suí mò hā méi · xī yà dé · bā léi zhèng quán dǎo tái 'ér bēng kuì zhī hòu， tā yǐ dé dào chóngjiàn， bìng yóu zhū rú bāng tè lán hé suǒ mǎ lǐ lán děng zì zhì dà qū de dì qū zhèng fǔ shí shī。 duì yú suǒ mǎ lǐ guò dù lián bāng zhèng fǔ（ TFG）， yī gè xīn de sī fǎ jié gòu yǐ jīng yóu gè zhǒng guó jì xié shāng 'ér dé yǐ gòu jiàn。 jìn guǎn yòu zhe xiǎn zhù de zhèng zhì chā yì， suǒ yòu zhè xiē zhèng quán yòu zhe lèi sì de sī fǎ jié gòu， qí zhōng duō bàn yǐ cǐ qián de suǒ mǎ lǐ zhèng fǔ sī fǎ xì tǒng wéi jī chǔ， qí xiāng sì xìng bāo kuò： yī gè què rèn yī sī lán jiào fǎ yōu xiān dì wèi de xiàn zhāng， jìn guǎn zài shí jiàn zhōng jiào fǎ jǐn zhù yào yìng yòng yú zhū rú hūn yīn、 jì chéng hé mín shì zhēng duān。 shàng shù xiàn zhāng bìng bǎo zhàng 'àn pǔ shì biāo zhǔn zūn zhòng suǒ yòu fǎ lǜ zhù tǐ rén quán， bìng bǎo zhèng yóu yī gè sī fǎ wěi yuán huì lái què bǎo sī fǎ dú lì。 yī gè bāo kuò zuì gāo fǎ yuàn、 shàng sù fǎ yuàn hé 'àn dì qū shè lì de chū shěn fǎ yuàn de sān jí sī fǎ xì tǒng。 tuī fān bā léi zhèng quán de zhèng biàn fā shēng zhī qián shēng xiào de wén rén zhèng fǔ de fǎ lǜ， zhí zhì bèi xiū gǎi zhī qián yǐ rán yòu xiào。 yī sī lán jiào fǎ（ Shari'a） chuán tǒng shàng， yī sī lán jiào fǎ zài suǒ mǎ lǐ shè huì bàn yǎn zhuózhòng yào juésè。 lǐ lùn shàng， zài měi bù suǒ mǎ lǐ xiàn fǎ zhōng， tā dōushì quán bù guó jiā lì fǎ de jī chǔ， dàn shí jì shàng， tā jǐn yìng yòng yú shè jí zhū rú hūn yīn、 jì chéng hé jiā tíng shì wù de pǔ tōng mín shì 'àn jiàn， zhè yī qíng kuàng zài nèi zhàn kāi shǐ zhī hòu yòu suǒ gǎi biàn， zài nà zhī hòu yī xiē xīn de jiào fǎ fǎ tíng kāi shǐ yǒng xiàn yú guàn chuān quán guó de xǔ duō chéng shì hé chéng zhèn。 zhè xiē xīn jiào fǎ fǎ tíng tí gōng sān xiàng zhí néng： duì xíng shì hé mín shì 'àn jiàn zuò chū cái jué； zǔ zhì mín bīng zhuā bǔ zuì fàn； jiān jìn bèi dìng zuì zhě。 zhè xiē jiào fǎ fǎ tíng， suī rán zuò wéi yī gè jí hé jié gòu jiǎn dān， dàn gè zì què biǎo xiàn chū yī zhǒng chuán tǒng de céng cì jié gòu， bāo kuò zhù xí、 fù zhù xí hé sì wèi fǎ guān。 yī gè xiàng fǎ yuàn huì bào de jǐng chá jī gòu fù zé zhí xíng fǎ guān men de cái jué， dàn tóng shí yě xié zhù píng xī shè qū zhēng duān hé zhuā bǔ xián fàn。 lìng wài， fǎ tíng hái guǎn lǐ zhe guān yā zuì fàn de jū liú zhōng xīn。 yī gè dú lì de cái zhèng wěi yuán huì bèi fù yú zhēng shōu hé guǎn lǐ shuì shōu de rèn wù， zhè xiē shuì fù yóu dì fāng quán lì fēn pèijǐ dì qū nèi shāng rén。 2009 nián 3 yuè， xīn jiàn lì de suǒ mǎ lǐ lián hé zhèng fǔ xuān bù jiāng bǎ jiào fǎ zuò wéi guó jiā zhèng shì sī fǎ xì tǒng jiā yǐ shí shī。 Xeer fǎ shù shì jì lái， suǒ mǎ lǐ rén shí jiàn zhe yī zhǒng bèi chēng wéi“ Xeer” de xí guàn fǎ， Xeer shì yī zhǒng duō zhōng xīn fǎ lǜ xì tǒng， qí zhōng bù cún zài yī gè lǒng duàn dài lǐ jī gòu lái jué dìng fǎ lǜ yīnggāi shì shénme huò fǎ lǜ yìng rú hé bèi chǎn shì。 Xeer fǎ xì jù xìn shì yuē yú 7 shì jì chǎn shēng yú fēi zhōu zhī jiǎo de dú tè chǎn wù， méi yòu zhèng jù xiǎn shì tā shì zài bié chù fā zhǎn qǐ lái， huò céng shòu wài lái sī fǎ xì tǒng zhòng dà yǐng xiǎng， suǒ mǎ lǐ yǔ zhōng de fǎ lǜ shù yǔ zhōng quē fá wài lái cí huì zhè yī shì shí， yě yìn zhèng liǎo Xeer shì zhēn zhèng de běn tǔ chǎn wù。 Xeer fǎ xì bìng yǐ zài gè zhǒng fǎ lǜ zhí néng shàng chū xiàn liǎo què qiē de zhuān yè huà fēn gōng， nǐ néng cóng zhōng shí bié chū fǎ guān（ odayal）、 fǎ lǐ jiā（ xeerboggeyaal）、 zhēn tàn（ guurtiyaal）、 lǜ shī（ garxajiyaal）、 zhèng rén（ murkhaatiyal） hé jǐng guān（ waranle）。 Xeer yóu shǎo liàng bù kě gǎi biàn de jī chǔ yuán zé suǒ xiàn dìng， lèi sì yú guó jì fǎ zhōng de duàn rán guī fàn（ juscogens）： wéi fěi bàng、 tōu qiè、 shēn tǐ shāng hài、 qiáng jiān hé zhì sǐ zhī fù péi cháng jīn（ Diyya）， duì qīn shǔ de zhè xiē xíng wéi chéng dān lián dài péi cháng zé rèn。 què bǎo shì zú jiān liáng hǎo guān xì， bāo kuò gōng zhèng duì dài fù nǚ、 tōng guò hé píng shǐ zhě shàn yì xié shāng、 shàn dài shòu bǎo hù chéng yuán（ rú hái zǐ、 fù nǚ、 qián xìn zhě、 shī rén、 kè rén děng）。 jiā tíng yì wù， zhū rú yìng fù de jià zhuāng、 duì sī bēn de zhì cái děng。 shè jí mù dì、 shuǐ yuán hé qí tā zì rán zī yuán guǎn lǐ de guī zé。 wéi yǐ hūn nǚ juàn hé xīn hūn fū fù tí gōng zī zhù。 xiàng qióng rén juān zèng shēng kǒu hé qí tā cái chǎn。 In antiquity, Somalia was an important center for commerce with the rest of the ancient world. Its sailors and merchants were the main suppliers of frankincense, myrrh and spices, items which were considered valuable luxuries by the Ancient Egyptians, Phoenicians, Mycenaeans and Babylonians with whom the Somali people traded. According to most scholars, Somalia is also where the ancient Kingdom of Punt was situated. The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. The pyramidal structures, temples and ancient houses of dressed stone littered around Somalia are said to date from this period. In the classical era, several ancient city-states such as Opone, Mosyllon and Malao that competed with the Sabaeans, Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo-Greco-Roman trade also flourished in Somalia. The birth of Islam on the opposite side of Somalia's Red Sea coast meant that Somali merchants, sailors and expatriates living in the Arabian Peninsula gradually came under the influence of the new religion through their converted Arab Muslim trading partners. With the migration of fleeing Muslim families from the Islamic world to Somalia in the early centuries of Islam and the peaceful conversion of the Somali population by Somali Muslim scholars in the following centuries, the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic Mogadishu, Berbera, Zeila, Barawa and Merka, which were part of the Berberi civilization. The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the City of Islam, and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries. In the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuuraan State, which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building, the Sultanate of Adal, whose general Ahmed Gurey was the first African commander in history to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal's conquest of the Ethiopian Empire, and the Gobroon Dynasty, whose military dominance forced governors of the Omani empire north of the city of Lamu to pay tribute to the Somali Sultan Ahmed Yusuf. In the late 19th century after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Muhammad Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest colonial resistance wars ever. Somalia was never formally colonized. The Dervish State successfully repulsed the British empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region. As a result of its fame in the Middle East and Europe, the Dervish state was recognized as an ally by the Ottoman Empire and the German empire, and remained throughout World War I the only independent Muslim power on the continent. After a quarter of a century holding the British at bay, the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920 when Britain for the first time in Africa used aeroplanes when it bombed the Dervish capital of Taleex. As a result of this bombardment, former Dervish territories were turned into a protectorate of Britain. Italy similarly faced the same opposition from Somali Sultans and armies and did not acquire full control of parts of modern Somalia until the Fascist era in late 1927. This occupation lasted till 1941 and was replaced by a British military administration. Northern Somalia would remain a protectorate while southern Somalia became a trusteeship. The Union of the two regions in 1960 formed the Somali Democratic Republic. Due to its longstanding ties with the Arab world, Somalia was accepted in 1974 as a member of the Arab League. To strengthen its relationship with the rest of the African continent, Somalia joined other African nations when it founded the African Union, and began to support the ANC in South Africa against the apartheid regime and the Eritrean secessionists in Ethiopia during the Eritrean War of Independence. A Muslim country, Somalia is one of the founding members of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference and is also a member of the UN and NAM. Despite suffering from civil strife and instability, Somalia has also managed to sustain a free market economy which, according to the UN, outperforms those of many other countries in Africa. |
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