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埃塞俄比亚 Ethiopia 埃及 Egypt 突尼斯 Tunisia 阿尔及利亚 Algeria 尼日利亚 Nigeria 塞内加尔 Senegal 南非 South Africa 安哥拉 Angola 贝宁 Benin 布基纳法索 Burkina Faso 布隆迪 Republic of Burundi 博茨瓦纳 Republic of Botswana 赤道几内亚 Equatorial Guinea 多哥 Togo 厄立特里亚 Eritrea 佛得角 Republic of Cape Verde 冈比亚 Gambia 刚果 Republic of the Congo 刚果民主共和国 Democratic Republic of Congo 吉布提 Djibouti 几内亚 Guinea 几内亚比绍 Guinea-Bissau 加纳 Republic of Ghana 加蓬 Gabon 津巴布韦 Zimbabwe 喀麦隆 Republic of Cameroon 科摩罗 Comoros 科特迪瓦 Ivory Coast 肯尼亚 Republic of Kenya 莱索托 Kingdom of Lesotho 利比亚 Libya 利比里亚 Republic of Liberia 卢旺达 Republic of Rwanda 马达加斯加 Madagascar 马拉维 Malawi 马里 Republic of Mali 毛里塔尼亚 Mauritania 毛里求斯 Republic of Mauritius 摩洛哥 Kingdom of Morocco 莫桑比克 the Republic of Mozambique 纳米比亚 The Republic of Namibia 尼日尔 Niger 塞拉利昂 the Republic of Sierra Leone 塞舌尔 Seychelles 斯威士兰 Swaziland 苏丹 Sudan 索马里 Somalia 圣多美和普林西比 Sao Tome and Principe 坦桑尼亚 Tanzania 乌干达 The Republic of Uganda 赞比亚 The Republic of Zambia 乍得 the Republic of Chad 中非共和国 The Central African Republic |
| sū dān Sudan shǒudōu:kā tǔ mù guógūdàimǎ: sd |
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sū dān gòng hé guó（ ā lā bó yǔ： جمهوريةالسودان ） shì fēi zhōu dà lù miàn jī zuì dà , tóng shí shì lù dì miàn jī dì shí dà de guó jiā。 gāi guó wèi yú fēi zhōu dōng běi bù， hóng hǎi yán 'àn， sǎ hā lā shā mò dōng duān。 guó jiā de míng zì yuán zì yú 'ā lā bó yǔ “ Bilad-al-Sudan ”， zì miàn yì sī wéi“ hēi（ rén） de tǔ dì”， shǒu dū kā tǔ mù， céng bèi shī bài guó jiā zhǐ shù liè biǎo píng wéi“ shì jiè shàng zuì bù 'ān dìng de guó jiā”， guī jiù yú zhèng fǔ jūn zài dá 'ěr fù 'ěr zhàn luàn wèn tí shàng de zhuān zhì tǒng zhì。
sū dān rén mín yī zhí bǎo shòu nèi zhàn hé wén huà bù píng děng zhī kǔ： dà bù fēn rén shēng huó zài běi bù kā tǔ mù， tā men dà duō shì shì 'ā lā bó mù sī lín， ér shēng huó zài nán fāng sǎ hā lā biān yuán de， dà duō shì fēi mù sī lín de chuán tǒng fēi zhōu bù luò huò jī dū jiào tú。 lì shǐ sū dān gǔ chēng nǔ bǐ yà， zhè yī dì qū zài gōng yuán qián 2000 nián jiù jiàn lì liǎo guó jiā。 āi jí de rù qīn gěi dāng dì zào chéng liǎo jí dà de pò huài。 gōng yuán qián 8 shì jì， sū dān rén bào fā liǎo guī mó hóng dà de fǎn kàng yùn dòng， gǎn páo liǎo 'āi jí rén， jiàn lì liǎo kù sī wáng guó。 gōng yuán qián 751 nián， kù sī wáng guó zhēng fú liǎo 'āi jí， jiàn lì liǎo 'āi jí dì 25 wáng cháo。 kù sī rén zài 'āi jí de tǒng zhì chí xù liǎo 88 nián。 gōng yuán qián 530 nián zuǒ yòu， kù sī wáng guó qiān dū mài luó 'āi（ jīn kā tǔ mù běi）， cóng cǐ， yòu bèi chēng wéi mài luó 'āi wáng guó。 4 shì jì， mài luó 'āi de tǒng zhì zhě men fā shēng nèi hòng， xuē ruò liǎo guó jiā de fáng wèi lì liàng， céng yī dù bèi qiáng dà qǐ lái de 'ā kè sū mǔ wáng guó suǒ zhēng fú。 6 shì jì zhōng yè， cóng 'āi jí chuán rù jī dū jiào， bìng chéng wéi mài luó 'āi guó jiā de zhèng shì zōng jiào。 bù jiǔ yǐ hòu， mài luó 'āi fēn liè wéi liǎng gè jī dū jiào guó jiā： mù kù lā hé 'ā 'ěr wǎ。 qián zhě yǐ dōng gǔ lā wéi dū， gù yòu chēng dōng gǔ lā wáng guó； hòu zhě jiàn dū suǒ bā。 639 nián， ā lā bó rén zhàn lǐng 'āi jí。 651 nián， āi jí kāi shǐ qīn rù nǔ bǐ yà。 13 shì jì， āi jí yǐ wǔ lì xí jī nán fāng。 1276 nián mù kù lā guó wáng， ā 'ěr wǎ yì jiàn qū shuāi luò。 15 shì jì mò， fēng jí rén zài jí qí lā dì qū yóu mù。 hòu qí lǐng xiù 'ào mǎ 'ěr · dōng kǎ yǔ běi bù 'ā lā bó rén shǒu lǐng 'ā bǔ dù lā · zhān mǎ lián hé。 1504 nián， miè wáng 'ā 'ěr wǎ guó， jiàn lì fēng jí sū dān guó， shǒu dū sēn nà 'ěr。 1762 nián， kē 'ěr duō fán zǒng dū、 hā mǎ jié rén 'ā bù · lì kǎi lì kè qǐ bīng fǎn pàn， fèi chú guó wáng， lì guó wáng zhī zǐ wéi kuǐ léi。 wáng quán luò rù hā mǎ jié rén dà chén shǒu zhōng。 1821 nián， āi jí rén shǐ yòng xiān jìn de 'ōu zhōu wǔ qì zài cì zhàn lǐng nǔ bǐ yà yǐ jí qí nán bù de bái ní luó hé。 1873 nián， āi jí zǒng dū hè dí fū yāo qǐng gē dēng chū rèn sū dān chì dào shěng de zǒng dū。 1876 nián， gē dēng rèn zhěng gè sū dān de zǒng dū。 tā zài sū dān de liù nián jiān， zhì lì yú dǎ jī nú lì mào yì。 1880 nián， gē dēng dì jiāo cí chéng， lí kāi sū dān。 zài tā de jì rèn lā wū fū zhì xià， sū dān de nú lì mào yì yòu huī fù liǎo guò qù de guī mó。 1881 nián， sū dān zōng jiào lǐng xiù mù hǎn mò dé · ài hā mài dé xuān bù zì jǐ shì mǎ hè dí（ jiù shì zhù）， hào zhào rén mín jìn xíng“ shèng zhàn”， qū zhú wài guó qīn lüè zhě， jiàn lì“ pǔ biàn píng děng， chù chù gōng zhèng de měi hǎo shè huì”。 1883 nián 11 yuè， fǎn kàng jūn jí zhōng 4 wàn duō yōu shì bīng lì， yī jǔ jiān miè yīng jūn 1 wàn duō rén。 yīng guó chóngxīn qǐ yòng gē dēng， gē dēng zài cì huí dào sū dān。 1884 nián 2 yuè 18 rì， gē dēng dǐ dá kā tǔ mù。 yī gè yuè hòu， mǎ hè dí jūn duì wán chéng duì kā tǔ mù de bāo wéi。 1885 nián 1 yuè 26 rì， fǎn kàng jūn gōng xiàn shǒu dū kā tǔ mù， shā sǐ gē dēng。 1885 nián 6 yuè， mǎ hè dí bìng shì。 ā bǔ dù lā（ yuē 1846 héng 1899） jì wèi， chēng hā lǐ fā（ yī sī lán jiào guó jiā yuán shǒu）， tā jiàn lì liǎo tǒng yī de yī sī lán fēng jiàn guó jiā ── mǎ hè dí wáng guó， shǒu dū 'ēn tú màn。 1896 nián， yīng guó zhí mín jūn zài cì xiàng sū dān fā dòng jìn gōng。 1898 nián 4 yuè， kā tǔ mù xiàn luò， yīng guó zhòng zhàn sū dān。 ā bǔ dù lā shuài cán bù tuì shǒu kē 'ěr duō fán shěng， zhí zhì zhàn sǐ。 1899 nián 1 yuè， yīng guó yǔ 'āi jí qiān dìng《 yīng 'āi guān yú gòng guǎn sū dān de xié dìng》， sū dān zǒng dū yóu yīng guó rén dān rèn， zhǐ zài míng yì shàng yóu 'āi jí rèn mìng。 1945 nián dǐ， sū dān mín zú dǎng chéng lì， zhù zhāng tōng guò yǔ yīng guó xié shāng huò dé dú lì。 1948 nián， sū dān rén mín dǐ zhì zhí mín dāng jú suǒ zǔ zhì de lì fǎ huì yì xuǎn jǔ。 gōng rén bù duàn zhǎn kāi dà guī mó bà gōng。 1950 nián 11 yuè sū dān gōng huì lián hé huì chéng lì。 1951 nián 10 yuè 'āi jí xuān bù fèi chú 1899 nián yīng 'āi gòng guǎn sū dān xié dìng， sū dān rén mín shì wēi yóu xíng， yào qiú yīng guó chè jūn hé sū dān dú lì。 1954 nián 1 yuè mín zú lián méng hé dǎng zài yì huì xuǎn jǔ zhōng huò shèng， zǔ chéng sū dān mín zú zhèng fǔ。 1955 nián 12 yuè sū dān yì huì shàng xià yuàn tōng guò xuān bù dú lì de jué yì。 12 yuè 31 rì yì huì tōng guò lín shí xiàn fǎ。 nán、 běi sū dān chōng tū， dì yī cì sū dān nèi zhàn bào fā。 1956 nián 1 yuè 1 rì， sū dān zhèng shì xuān bù dú lì， chéng lì sū dān gòng hé guó。 1969 nián 5 yuè 25 rì， jiā fǎ 'ěr · ní mài lǐ shàng xiào fā dòng jūn shì zhèng biàn duó qǔ zhèng quán， gǎi guó míng wéi“ sū dān mín zhù gòng hé guó”。 1972 nián， dì yī cì sū dān nèi zhàn jié shù。 1983 nián， nán、 běi sū dān zài dù chōng tū， dì 'èr cì sū dān nèi zhàn bào fā。 1985 nián 4 yuè 6 rì， dá hā bǔ jiāng jūn fā dòng jūn shì zhèng biàn tuī fān ní mài lǐ zhèng quán， chéng lì guò dù jūn shì wěi yuán huì。 1985 nián 12 yuè 15 rì， jiāng guó míng gǎi wéi“ sū dān gòng hé guó”。 1986 nián， sū dān jǔ xíng dà xuǎn， sà dí kè · mǎ hā dí chū rèn zǒng tǒng。 1989 nián 6 yuè 30 rì， bā xī 'ěr jūn shì zhèng biàn shàng tái， chéng lì“ jiù guó gé mìng zhǐ huī wěi yuán huì”。 1993 nián 10 yuè， jiù guó gé mìng zhǐ huī wěi yuán huì jiě sàn， bā xī 'ěr gǎi rèn zǒng tǒng。 1996 nián 3 yuè， bā xī 'ěr lián rèn zǒng tǒng。 2000 nián 12 yuè， bā xī 'ěr lián rèn zǒng tǒng。 2003 nián 7 yuè， dá 'ěr fù 'ěr chōng tū bào fā。 2005 nián 7 yuè， bā xī 'ěr zài cì lián rèn zǒng tǒng。 dì 'èr cì sū dān nèi zhàn jié shù， nán sū dān jiāng yú 2011 nián jǔ xíng shì fǒu dú lì de gōng mín tóu piào。 jiào yù wén huà 1988 nián 6 yuè， jiào yù bù jué dìng qǔ xiāo zhōng děng hé gāo děng jiào yù miǎn fèi de guī dìng， xiǎo xué réng wéi miǎn fèi jiào yù。 gè dì qū jiào yù fā zhǎn hěn bù píng héng， běi fāng jiào yù fā zhǎn jiào kuài。 quán guó rén kǒu de 64% wéi wén máng， 25% de xué líng 'ér tóng bù néng rù xué。 2003 nián quán guó yòu zhōng、 xiǎo xué xiào 13559 suǒ， zōng hé dà xué 5 suǒ， zhuān kē yuàn xiào 11 suǒ， zài xiào xué shēng yuē 497 wàn rén， qí zhōng dà xué shēng yuē 24 wàn rén， jiào shī yuē 13 wàn rén。 kā tǔ mù dà xué jiàn yú 1902 nián， shì sū dān zuì zǎo jiàn lì de gāo děng xué fǔ。 ēn tú màn yī sī lán dà xué jiàn yú 1912 nián mín sú shèng xíng wén miàn， zuò wéi qū bié jiào pài hé bù zú de biāo zhì。 yòu shǒu zhuā fàn chī shí de xí guàn， fù nǚ bù dài miàn shā。 dì lǐ zhōng bù shì sū dān pén dì， ní luó hé hé gǔ guàn chuān， qīng ní luó hé、 bái ní luó hé huì hé chù yī dài tǔ zhì zuì wéi féi wò， xī bù hé dōng bù shì gāo yuán， zuì gāo bù wéi nán bù biān jìng de jī niè tí shān， hǎi bá 3187 mǐ； sū dān zhōng nián yán rè， zhù yào shǔ rè dài cǎo yuán hé shā mò qì hòu， nián jiàng shuǐ liàng zì běi xiàng nán yóu 20 duō háo mǐ dì zēng zhì 1000 háo mǐ yǐ shàng， běi bàn bù duō shā mò， nán bàn bù duō cǎo yuán、 sēn lín hé zhǎo zé； kuàng cáng yòu tiě、 měng、 tóng、 jīn、 shí yóu、 yún mǔ děng。 Sudan is home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with historical and urban settlements dating back to 3000 BC. The people of Sudan have a long history extending from antiquity, which is intertwined with the history of Egypt, with which it was united politically over several periods. After gaining independence from the United Kingdom in 1956, Sudan suffered a civil war, lasting 17 years, subsequently followed by ethnic, religious, and economic conflicts between the Northern Sudanese (with Arab and Nubian roots), and the Christian and animist Nilotes of Southern Sudan. Thus this led to a second civil war in 1983, and due to continuing political and military struggles, Sudan was seized in a bloodless coup d'état by colonel Omar al-Bashir in 1989, who thereafter proclaimed himself President of Sudan. Sudan then achieved great economic growth by implementing macroeconomic reforms and finally ended the civil war by adopting a new constitution in 2005 with rebel groups in the south, granting them limited autonomy to be followed by a referendum about independence in 2011. Rich of natural resources such as petroleum and crude oil, Sudan's economy is currently amongst the fastest growing economies in the world. The People's Republic of China and Russia are the largest trading partners of Sudan. However, after an Islamic legal code was introduced on a national level, the ruling National Congress (NCP) established themselves as the sole political party in the state and has since supported the usage of recruited Arab militias in guerrilla warfare, such as in the ongoing conflict in Darfur. Because of thousands of people being displaced and killed, the need for humanitarian care in Darfur has attracted worldwide attention, and the conflict has been described as a genocide. Officially a federal presidential representative democratic republic, the politics of Sudan are widely considered by the international community to take place within an authoritarian dictatorship due to the influence of the NCP. These factors have led to the termination of diplomatic relations between Sudan and Chad, obstructed humanitarian assistance to the civilian population and has even led to war crimes charges being issued against members of the Sudanese government. On 4 March 2008, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued an arrest warrant for President Omar al-Bashir on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity, the first sitting head of state ever indicted by the ICC. This has been followed by severe sanctions being put on the country due to alleged ties with Egyptian Islamic Jihad and al-Qaeda. As a result, Sudan has scored low in human development for 2009, having been ranked number 150 between Haiti and Tanzania. Statistics indicate that about 17% of the population live on less than US $1.25 per day. A member of the United Nations, Sudan also maintains membership with the AU, LAS, OIC and NAM, as well as serving as an observer in WTO. Its capital is Khartoum, which serves as the political, cultural and commercial center of the nation, while Omdurman remains the largest city. Among Sudan's population of 42 million people, Sunni islam is the official and largest religion, while Arabic and English are the official languages. |
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