外国经典 》 百年孤独 One Hundred Years of Solitude   》 第一章 Chapter 1 Page 1      加西亚·马尔克斯 Gabriel Garcia Marquez      Chapter 1 Page 1 百年孤独 第一章 百年孤独 第一章 百年孤独 第一章 《百年孤独》-简介 被誉为“再现拉丁美洲历史社会图景的鸿篇巨著”的《百年孤独》，是加西亚·马尔克斯的代表作，也是拉丁美洲魔幻现实主义文学作品中的代表作。这部小说是作者根据拉丁美洲血淋淋的历史事实,凭借自己丰富的想像,描绘而成的。《百年孤独》是哥伦比亚著名作家、诺贝尔文学奖获得者马尔克斯历时18个月创作的一部小说，成书于1966年。被富恩特斯誉为“美洲《圣经》”，多年来年来好评如潮，影响波及了整个世界。 最初令世界震惊的是它独特的叙述方式：“多年以后，奥雷良诺·布恩蒂亚上校面对行刑队，准会想起父亲带他去见识冰块的那个遥远的下午……”这句为全书奠定“圆周模式”或圆形叙事结构的开篇语，仿佛一个永恒而孤寂的圆心，却能把过去和将来牢牢地吸附在某个人们可以想见，甚至感同身受的现在。紧随其后的是作者令人目瞪口呆的魔幻色彩，后现代主义者们对之进行了玄之又玄的解读。 然而，在马尔克斯看来，《百年孤独》只不过是借用了“外祖母的口吻”，“她老人家讲故事就是这种方式，好像人物就在眼前，事情正在发生……而且常常人鬼不分、古今轮回。”如今看来，《百年孤独》的最大特点也许在于：用外祖母的表述方式，展现了美洲人的历史及其扑朔迷离的集体无意识；通过对《圣经》的戏仿和拓展，并借布恩蒂亚一家几代，描绘了人类的发展轨迹——从创始到原始社会、奴隶社会、封建社会，再到资本主义社会，乃至跨国资本主义时代。 《百年孤独》-作者简介 马尔克斯马尔克斯 马尔克斯（Gabriel Garcla Marquez，1928-）哥伦比亚作家，全名：加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯。生于马格达莱纳的阿拉卡塔卡镇的一个医生家庭。8岁前，一直生活在外祖父家。外祖父是位受人尊敬的上校，参加过两次内战。外祖母是位勤劳的主妇，很会讲神话故事。这段充满幻想和神奇色彩的童年生活，为他后来的文学创作提供了丰富的素材。 在中小学学习期间，他阅读了大量的经典作品。18岁入大学攻读法律，因政局动荡而中途辍学，进入报界，并开始文学创作。1955年，第一部长篇小说《枯枝败叶》问世，引起拉美文学界重视，颇受好评。1962年他发表了《恶时辰》，小说获得美国埃索石油公司在波哥大举办的埃索奖。1967年，他的《百年孤独》轰动了西班牙语文学界并奠定了他在世界文坛上的地位。由于这部小说的成功，他先后荣获哥伦比亚文学奖、法国最佳外国作品奖和拉美最高文学奖—一委内瑞拉“罗慕洛·加列戈斯”国际文学奖。并于1982年获诺贝尔文学奖和哥伦比亚语言科学院名誉院士称号。 主要作品有：《枯枝败叶》、《恶时辰》、《百年孤独》、《霍乱时期的爱情》、《迷宫里的将军》、《我的上校外祖父的故事》、《异国故事十二篇》、《米格尔·利了回国历险记》等。 《百年孤独》-著书背景 从1830年至上世纪末的70年间，哥伦比亚爆发过几十次内战，使数十万人丧生。本书以很大的篇幅描述了这方面的史实，并且通过书中主人公带有传奇色彩的生涯集中表现出来。政客们的虚伪，统治者们的残忍，民众的盲从和愚昧等等都写得淋漓尽致。 作家以生动的笔触，刻画了性格鲜明的众多人物，描绘了这个家族的孤独精神。在这个家族中，夫妻之间、父子之间、母女之间、兄弟姐妹之间，没有感情沟通，缺乏信任和了解。尽管很多人为打破孤独进行过种种艰苦的探索，但由于无法找到一种有效的办法把分散的力量统一起来，最后均以失败告终。这种孤独不仅弥漫在布恩地亚家族和马贡多镇，而且渗入了狭隘思想，成为阻碍民族向上、国家进步的一大包袱。作家写出这一点，是希望拉美民众团结起来，共同努力摆脱孤独。所以，《百年孤独》中浸淫着的孤独感，其主要内涵应该是对整个苦难的拉丁美洲被排斥现代文明世界的进程之外的愤懑和抗议，是作家在对拉丁美洲近百年的历史、以及这块大陆上人民独特的生命力、生存状态、想象力进行独特的研究之后形成的倔强的自信。 《百年孤独》-内容梗概 《百年孤独》描写布恩地亚家族7代人的命运，描绘了哥伦比亚农村小镇马孔多从荒芜的沼泽中兴起到最后被一阵旋风卷走而完全毁灭的100多年的图景。马孔多是哥伦比亚农村的缩影，也是整个拉丁美洲的缩影。 何塞·阿卡迪奥·布恩迪亚是西班牙人的后裔，他与乌苏拉新婚时，由于害怕像姨母与叔父结婚那样生出长尾巴的孩子来，于是乌苏拉每夜都会穿上特制的紧身衣，拒绝与丈夫同房。后来丈夫因此而遭邻居阿吉拉尔的耻笑，杀死了阿吉拉尔。从此，死者的鬼魂经常出现在他眼前，鬼魂那痛苦而凄凉的眼神，使他日夜不得安宁。于是他们只好离开村子，外出谋安身之所。他们跋涉了两年多，由此受到梦的启示，他们来到一片滩地上，定居下来。后来又有许多人迁移至此，这地方被命名为马孔多。布恩迪亚家族在马孔多的百年兴废史由此开始。 何塞·阿卡迪奥·布恩迪亚是个富于创造精神的人，他从吉卜赛人那里看到磁铁，便想用它来开采金子。看到放大镜可以聚焦太阳光便试图因此研制一种威力无比的武器。他通过卜吉赛人送给他的航海用的观像仪和六分仪，便通过实验认识到”地球是圆的，像橙子”。他不满于自己所在的贫穷而落后的村落生活，因为马孔多隐没在宽广的沼泽地中，与世隔绝。他决心要开辟一条道路，把马孔多与外界的伟大发明连接起来。可他带一帮人披荆斩棘干了两个多星期，却以失败告终。后来他又研究炼金术，整日沉迷不休。由于他的精神世界与马孔多狭隘的现实格格不入，他陷入孤独的天井中，以致于精神失常，被家人绑在一棵大树上，几十年后才在那棵树上死去。乌苏拉成为家里的顶梁柱，她活了115至120岁。 布恩迪亚家族的第二代有两男一女。老大何塞·阿卡迪奥是在来马孔多的路上出生的。他在那里长大，和一个叫皮拉·苔列娜的女人私通，有了孩子。他十分害怕，后来与家里的养女蕾蓓卡结婚。但他一直对人们怀着戒心，渴望浪迹天涯。后来，他果然随吉卜赛人出走，回来后变得放荡不羁，最后奇怪地被人暗杀了。老二奥雷良诺生于马孔多，在娘肚里就会哭，睁着眼睛出世，从小就赋有预见事物的本领，长大后爱上镇长千金雷梅苔丝。在此之前；他与哥哥的情人生有一子名叫奥雷良诺·何塞。妻子暴病而亡后，他参加了内战，当上上校。他一生遭遇过十四次暗杀，七十三次埋伏和一次枪决，均幸免于难。与17个外地女子姘居，生下17 个男孩。这些男孩以后不约而同回马孔多寻根，却在一星期内全被打死。奥雷良诺年老归家，和父亲一样对炼金术痴迷不已，每日炼金子作小金鱼，一直到死。他们的妹妹阿马兰塔爱上了意大利技师，后又与侄子乱伦，爱情的不如意使她终日把自己关在房中缝制殓衣，孤独万状。 第三代人只有两个堂兄弟，阿卡迪奥和奥雷良诺·何塞。前者不知生母为谁，竟狂热地爱上生母，几乎酿成大错。后者成为马孔多的军队长官，贪赃枉法，最后被保守派军队枪毙。生前他与一女人未婚便生一女两男。其堂弟热恋姑妈阿马兰塔，但无法与她成婚，故而参加军队，去找妓女寻求安慰，最终也死于乱军之中。 第四代即是阿卡迪奥与人私通生下的一女两男。女儿俏姑娘雷梅苦丝楚楚动人，她身上散发着引人不安的气味，曾因此置几个男人于死地。她总愿意裸体，把时间耗费在反复洗澡上面，而她一样在孤独的沙漠上徘徊，后来在晾床单时，被一阵风刮上天不见了，永远消失在空中。她的孪生子弟弟——阿卡迪奥第二，在美国人办的香蕉公司里当监工，鼓动工人罢工。后来，3 000多工人全被镇压遭难，只他一人幸免。他目击政府用火车把工人们的尸体运往海边丢弃，四处诉说这场大屠杀，反被认为神智不清。他无比恐惧失望，最后把自己关在房子里潜心研究吉卜赛人留下的羊皮手稿。另一个奥雷良诺第二终日纵情酒色，弃妻子于不顾，在情妇家中厮混。奇怪的是，这使他家中的牲畜迅速地繁殖，给他带来了财富。他与妻子生有二女一男，后在病痛中死去。因此，人们一直没认清他们兄弟俩儿谁是谁。 布恩迪亚家族的第五代是奥雷良诺第二的一男二女，长子何塞·阿卡迪奥小时便被送往罗马神学院去学习。母亲希望他日后能当主教，但他对此毫无兴趣，只是为了那假想中的遗产，才欺骗母亲。母亲死后，他回家靠变卖家业为生。后为保住乌苏拉藏在地窖里的 7 000多个金币，被歹徒杀死。女儿梅·香梅苔丝与香蕉公司学徒相好，母亲禁止他们见面，他们只好暗中在浴室相会，母亲发现后以偷鸡贼为名打死了他。梅万念俱灰，怀着身孕被送往修道院。小女儿阿马兰塔·乌苏娜早年在布鲁塞尔上学，在那里成婚后归来，见到马孔多一片凋敝，决心重整家园。她朝气蓬勃，充满活力，她的到来，使马孔多出现了一个最特别的人。她的情绪比这家族的人都好，也就是说，她想把一切陈规陋习打入十八层地狱。因此，她订出长远计划，准备定居下来，拯救这个灾难深重的村镇。 布恩迪亚家族的第六代是梅送回的私生子奥雷良诺·布恩迪亚。他出生后一直在孤独中长大。他唯一的嗜好是躲在吉卜赛人梅尔加德斯的房间里研究各种神秘的书籍和手稿。他甚至能与死去多年的老吉卜赛人对话，并受到指示学习梵文。他一直对周围的世界既不关心也不过问，但对中世纪的学问却了如指掌。自从姨母阿玛兰塔·乌苏娜回乡之后，他不知不觉地对她产生了难以克制的恋情，两人发生了乱伦关系，但他们认为，尽管他们受到孤独与爱情的折磨，但他们毕竟是人世间唯一最幸福的人。后来阿玛兰塔·乌苏娜生下了一个健壮的男孩，“他是百年里诞生的布恩迪亚当中惟一由于爱情而受胎的婴儿。”然而，他身上竟长着一条猪尾巴。 阿玛兰塔·乌苏娜产后大出血而亡。 那个长猪尾巴的男孩就是这延续百年的家族的第七代继承人。他被一群蚂蚁围攻并被吃掉。就在这时，奥雷良诺·布恩迪亚终于破译出了梅尔加德斯的手稿。手稿卷首的题辞是：“家族中的第一个人将被绑在树上，家族中的最后一个人将被蚂蚁吃掉。”原来，这手稿记载的正是布恩迪亚家族的历史。在他译完最后一章的瞬间，一场突如其来的飓风把整个儿马孔多镇从地球上刮走，从此这个镇不复存在了。 《百年孤独》-评论 加西亚马尔克斯遵循“变现实为幻想而又不失其真”的魔幻现实主义创作原则，经过巧妙的构思和想象，把触目惊心的现实和源于神话、传说的幻想结合起来，形成色彩斑斓、风格独特的图画，使读者在“似是而非，似非而是”的形象中，获得一种似曾相识又觉陌生的感受，从而激起寻根溯源去追索作家创作真谛的愿望。魔幻现实主义必须以现实力基础，但这并不妨碍它采取极端夸张的手法。如本书写外部文明对马贡多的侵入，是现实的，但又魔幻化了：吉卜赛人拖着两块磁铁 “……挨家串户地走着……铁锅、铁盆、铁钳、小铁炉纷纷从原地落下，木板因铁钉和螺钉没命地挣脱出来而嘎嘎作响……跟在那两块魔铁的后面乱滚”；又如写夜的寂静，人们居然能听到“蚂蚁在月光下的哄闹声、蛀虫啃食时的巨响以及野草生长时持续而清晰的尖叫声”；再如写政府把大批罢工者杀害后，将尸体装上火车运到海里扔掉，那辆火车竟有200节车厢，前、中、后共有 3个车头牵引！作家似乎在不断地变换着哈哈镜、望远镜、放大镜甚至显微镜，读读者看到一幅幅真真假假、虚实交错的画面，从而丰富了想象力，收到强烈的艺术效果。 印第安传说、东方神话以及《圣经》典故的运用，进一步加强了本书的神秘气氛。如写普罗登肖的鬼魂日夜纠缠布恩地亚一家，便取材于印第安传说中冤鬼自己不得安宁也不让仇人安宁的说法；有关飞毯以及俏姑娘雷梅苔丝抓住床单升天的描写是阿拉伯神话《天方夜谭》的引伸；而马贡多一连下了四年十一个月零两天的大雨则是《圣经创世纪》中有关洪水浩劫及挪亚方舟等故事的移植。拉丁美洲的民间传说往往带有迷信色彩，作家在采用这些民间传说时，有时把它们作为现实来描写；如好汉弗朗西斯科“曾和魔鬼对歌，击败了对手”；阿玛兰塔在长廊里绣花时与死神交谈等等。有时则反其意而用之，如写尼卡诺尔神父喝了一杯巧克力后居然能离地12厘米，以证明“上帝有无限神力”等等，显然是对宗教迷信的讽刺和嘲笑。 本书中象征主义手法运用得比较成功且有意义的，应首推关于不眠症的描写。马贡多全体居民在建村后不久都传染上一种不眠症。严重的是，得了这种病，人会失去记忆。为了生活，他们不得不在物品上贴上标签。例如他们在牛身上贴标签道：“这是牛，每天要挤它的奶；要把奶煮开加上咖啡才能做成牛奶咖啡。”这类例子书中比比皆是，作家意在提醒公众牢记容易被人遗忘的历史。 另外，作家还独创了从未来的角度回忆过去的新颖倒叙手法。例如小说一开头，作家就这样写道：“许多年之后，面对行刑队，奥雷良诺布恩地亚上校将会回想起，他父亲带他去见识冰块的那个遥远的下午。”短短的一句话，实际上容纳了未来、过去和现在三个时间层面，而作家显然隐匿在“现在”的叙事角度。紧接着，作家笔锋一转，把读者引回到马贡多的初创时期。这样的时间结构，在小说中一再重复出现，一环接一环，环环相扣，不断地给读者造成新的悬念。 最后，值得注意的是，本书凝重的历史内涵、犀利的批判眼光、深刻的民族文化反省、庞大的神话隐喻体系是由一种让人耳目一新的神秘语言贯串始终的。有的评家认为这部小说出自8岁儿童之口，加西亚马尔克斯对此说颇感欣慰。这是很深刻的评判目光。因为这种直观的、简约的语言确实有效地反映了一种新的视角，一种落后民族（人类儿童）的自我意识。当事人的苦笑取代了旁观者的眼泪，“愚者”自我表达的切肤之痛取代了“智者”貌似公允的批判和分析，更能收到唤起被愚弄者群体深刻反省的客观效果。 《百年孤独》是一部极其丰富的、多层次的小说，它可以有多重解释。它是一部关于霍塞·阿卡狄奥·布恩狄亚几代子孙的家庭编年史；它描写了一个象征着马尔克斯故乡阿拉卡塔卡的小镇马孔多的时代变迁；同时也是哥伦比亚、拉丁美洲和现代世界一个世纪以来风云变幻的神话般的历史。从更深远的意义上说，它是西方文明的一个总结，从它的源头古希腊神话、荷马史诗、《创世纪》中的创世神话开始，带着对蒙昧状态的伊甸园和净土世界那种质朴和纯洁的深深的怀念。读者从作品中读到，这部编年史是一个吉卜赛智者用梵文写的手稿只有布恩狄亚家族的最后的一个男人才能译解，并且只有在每一个读者单独读它时，才能理解它的含义。这是一个充满神奇与狂欢的故事，是这个世界和它的困境、迷信的一面镜子。但它也是一个充满虚构的世界，吸引每一个读者步入令人浮想联翩的幻境。 《百年孤独》-艺术成就 《百年孤独》在艺术上也取得了举世公认的巨大成就。 首先是艺术构思上的魔幻性。《百年孤独》在小说结构上始终贯穿着一条明显的线索，这就是布恩迪亚家族害怕近亲结婚会生出长“猪尾巴”的孩子。这种深深的恐惧作为小说的内在精神弥漫全书，并且代代相传，影响着他们的行为。 其次，故事情节的魔幻性。小说最引人入胜的就是故事情节的魔幻性。许多故事情节神奇怪诞、奇妙无比，看得人眼花缭乱，比如小说的重要情节，关于吉卜赛人梅尔加德斯的神奇故事。梅尔加德斯与布恩迪亚家庭有着密切的关系，梅尔加德斯给布恩迪亚家带来了启蒙知识，后来他死于热病，尸体被抛入大海。但他不堪寂寞，又重回人间，来到马孔多，治好了全镇人的健忘症。不久他又一次死了，这回是淹死在河里。布恩迪亚家埋葬了他，但他的幽灵仍然一直在布恩迪亚家各间房子里游荡，给这个家庭留下了那本神秘的羊皮书手稿。这些充满“魔幻”的故事情节，鲜明地带有拉丁美洲本土传统文化和观念意识的特点。 再次，“魔幻”式的象征和夸张手法。《百年孤独》中广泛地运用了象征和夸张的艺术手法。但和其他文学流派不同的是，这种象征和夸张的手法更多地带有 “魔幻”的色彩。比如，作品中黄色是不幸和死亡的象征，当阿·布恩迪亚死亡时，“窗外下起了细微的黄花雨。整整一夜，黄色的花朵像无声的暴雨，在市镇上空纷纷飘落……翌日早晨，整个马孔多仿佛铺上了一层密实的地毯，所以不得不用铲子和耙子为送葬队伍清理道路。” 最后，作者为了表现拉丁美洲的百年孤独的现实，还特意创造了新的时间观念和表现方法。他认为时间在拉丁美洲是停滞的，是在一个封闭的时间圈里循环的。 《百年孤独》中的第一句话是“多年以后，面对着行刑队，奥雷连诺上校将会想起那久远的一天下午，他父亲带他去认识了冰块。”这就给全书定下了一个基调，即叙述的口吻是站在某一个时间不明确的“现在”去讲述“多年以后”的一个“将来”，然后又从这个“将来”回顾到“那久远的一天”的“过去”。一句话里包含了现在、过去、将来，形成了一个时间性的圆圈。还有，作品中相似的活动、相似的命运，都诉说着时间的封闭性和停滞性。这正是拉丁美洲百年孤独、停滞的社会历史的艺术反映。 总而言之，《百年孤独》的巨大成功，说明马尔克斯站在新的世界普遍性的高度上去认识拉美这块土地、这个民族，从不同角度不同层面反映了民族性与世界性、传统与创新的关系。正因为如此，马尔克斯才能够把他的远见卓识和非凡的艺术才华与拉丁美洲的社会现实完美地结合起来，把魔幻现实主义推上了世界文学的高峰。 《百年孤独》-价值 《百年孤独》的内容异常丰富、复杂而深广，具有很高的思想认识价值。主要表现在两方面：首先，《百年孤独》中的小镇马孔多所经历的兴建、发展、鼎盛到消亡的百年沧桑，影射和浓缩了哥伦比亚自19世纪初到20世纪上半叶的历史。小说开始时是19世纪初，但马孔多却像是史前社会，质朴而宁静，这是个只有20来户人家的小村庄，人们往在河边用泥和芦苇盖的房子里，取水非常方便。河水清澈、明亮、急速地流过，可以看见河床上光洁的鹅卵石，“世界，一切都是刚开始，很多东西还没有名字，必须用手指指着说”。这里，马尔克斯特意引用《圣经》中的话“必须用手指指着说。”，表示马孔多最初就是这样一个与世隔绝的世外桃源。这是16世纪以前哥伦比亚土著生活的写照。随后西班牙殖民者闯入，用箭与火和十字架征服了拉丁美洲，继而大批移民涌入这块大陆，哥伦比亚从社会结构、思想信仰到习俗风尚都发生了深刻变化，形成了哥伦比亚历史上第一次重大转折。小说中有关吉卜赛人带来吸铁石、望远镜等东西像魔术和杂技一样吸引全村人去围观、乌苏拉发现与外界的通道以及引来第一批移民的描写，就是这段史实的再现。 19世纪初哥伦比亚独立后，国家政权被土生白人的大地主、大商人所把持。他们中的自由党、保守党斗争不断，进行长期内战。政客们滥用职权，营私舞弊，操纵选举，践踏宪法，导致国家政变不断、内战频仍。从1830年到1899年，全国爆发了27次内战，给人民带来了无穷无尽的痛苦。小说以很大的篇幅描写马孔多也被卷进了这场斗争。通过奥雷连诺·布恩迪亚上校的传奇生涯表现了这方面的史实。上校为反对腐败的保守党政府，一生发动过32次武装起义，打了20年内战。这些描写生动地概括了哥伦比亚历史上第二次重大转折时期的社会生活。 20世纪初期，哥伦比亚内战停止，经济恢复，但近在咫尺的美国新殖民主义势力又涌进了哥伦比亚。火车、电灯、电话、电影、留声机等出现在马孔多。小说描写马孔多人这样迎接新事物：“马孔多人对电影上活动的人物非常生气，因为他们为电影上一个死了被埋了的人流下痛苦的眼泪，而他却在下一个电影中变成了阿拉伯人出现了，马孔多人受不了这样对他们感情的嘲弄，把电影院的座椅都给砸了。最后镇长解释电影是幻觉的机器，不需要观众这样动感情，马孔多人终于明白了他们上了吉卜赛人新玩意儿的当了，决定再也不看电影。”他们就这样被这些新玩意惊得目瞪口呆，看得眼花缭乱。紧着，美国人又建立了很多香蕉园，各种人像潮水一样涌进马孔多，他们喧宾夺主，控制了马孔多历史上最重大的变革。这种变革从表面上看，好像给马孔多带来了繁荣，但实质上却是外国资本家更加残酷剥削和掠夺的开始，而且为了维护既得利益，帝国主义者用野蛮暴力镇压人民的反抗。在香蕉工人罢工运动中，政府和帝国主义“授命军队不惜用子弹打死他们”，“机枪从两个方面扫射人群。何塞·阿卡迪奥第二倒在地上，满脸是血。他苏醒时才发现自己躺在塞满尸体的火车车厢上。他从一个车厢爬到另一个车厢，透过些微弱的亮光，便看出了死了的男人、女人和孩子：他们像报废的香蕉给扔到大海里……这是他见过的最长的列车—几乎有200节运货车厢。”小说就这样愤怒地揭露了帝国主义、新殖民主义的入侵给哥伦比亚造成的巨大灾难。这也正是造成拉丁美洲贫穷落后的重要原因之一。 其次，小说在对布恩迪亚家族众多人物的刻画中，着力表现了这个家庭成员共同的性格特征，这就是马孔多人的孤独感，从第一代何塞·阿卡迪奥·布恩迪亚到第六代奥雷连诺·布恩迪亚，每个人都生活在自己营造的孤独之中，而且极力保持着这种孤独。第一代布恩迪亚和表妹结婚以后就遭受到孤独的折磨，他由于害怕生下长猪尾巴的孩子而不敢和妻子同房，杀死嘲笑者后又受到鬼魂困扰，不得不远走他乡。晚年，他精神恍惚、疯疯癫癫，最后被绑在栗子树上孤独地死去。第二代奥雷连诺上校年轻时身经百战，却不知为谁卖命。退休后他把自己反锁在屋子里制作小金鱼，做好化掉，化掉再做，“连内心也上了门闩”。第二代中的阿玛兰塔阴险地破坏别人的幸福，又冷酷地拒绝自己的求婚者。她整天为自己织着尸衣，孤独地等待着死神召唤。第四代中俏姑娘雷梅苔丝根本就“不是这个世界的人”，她每天都在浴室是冲洗身子，几小时几小时地打发时间，最后她抓住一条床单飞上了天……这种孤独的恶习在这个家庭代代相传，周而复始，恶性循环，在新人之间筑起一道无形的墙，使人与世隔绝、不思进取、自我封闭、离群索居。它制造了愚味落后、保守僵化的社会现状。作者认为“孤独”已经渗入了拉丁美洲的民族精神，成为阻碍民族上进、国家发展的心理负担。这种孤独的本质是人民因为不能掌握自己的命运而产生的绝望、冷漠和疏离感。它是家族衰败、民族落后、国家灭亡的根源。小说最后描写布恩迪亚家庭连同马孔多小镇被飓风刮走，深刻揭示了由孤独所产生的社会悲剧的必然性。 《百年孤独》全面深刻地提示了拉丁美洲近百年来“孤独”的社会现实和造成这种现状的深刻的历史、政治、经济、文化等诸多方面的原因，是一部当代拉丁美洲的百科全书。 《百年孤独》-书评 被誉为“再现拉丁美洲历史社会图景的鸿篇巨著”的《百年孤独》，是加西亚马尔克斯的代表作，也是拉丁美洲魔幻现实主义文学作品的代表作。全书近30万字，内容庞杂，人物众多，情节曲折离奇，再加上神话故事、宗教典故、民间传说以及作家独创的从未来的角度来回忆过去的新颖倒叙手法等等，令人眼花缭乱。但阅毕全书，读者可以领悟，作家是要通过布恩地亚家族 7代人充满神秘色彩的坎坷经历来反映哥伦比亚乃至拉丁美洲的历史演变和社会现实，要求读者思考造成马贡多百年孤独的原因，从而去寻找摆脱命运括弄的正确途径。 从1830年至上世纪末的70年间，哥伦比亚爆发过几十次内战，使数十万人丧生。本书以很大的篇幅描述了这方面的史实，并且通过书中主人公带有传奇色彩的生涯集中表现出来。政客们的虚伪，统治者们的残忍，民众的盲从和愚昧等等都写得淋漓尽致。作家以生动的笔触，刻画了性格鲜明的众多人物，描绘了这个家族的孤独精神。在这个家族中，夫妻之间、父子之间、母女之间、兄弟姐妹之间，没有感情沟通，缺乏信任和了解。尽管很多人为打破孤独进行过种种艰苦的探索，但由于无法找到一种有效的办法把分散的力量统一起来，最后均以失败告终。这种孤独不仅弥漫在布恩地亚家族和马贡多镇，而且渗入了狭隘思想，成为阻碍民族向上、国家进步的一大包袱。作家写出这一点，是希望拉美民众团结起来，共同努力摆脱孤独。所以，《百年孤独》中浸淫着的孤独感，其主要内涵应该是对整个苦难的拉丁美洲被排斥现代文明世界的进程之外的愤懑和抗议，是作家在对拉丁美洲近百年的历史、以及这块大陆上人民独特的生命力、生存状态、想象力进行独特的研究之后形成的倔强的自信。 加西亚马尔克斯遵循“变现实为幻想而又不失其真”的魔幻现实主义创作原则，经过巧妙的构思和想象，把触目惊心的现实和源于神话、传说的幻想结合起来，形成色彩斑斓、风格独特的图画，使读者在“似是而非，似非而是”的形象中，获得一种似曾相识又觉陌生的感受，从而激起寻根溯源去追索作家创作真谛的愿望。魔幻现实主义必须以现实力基础，但这并不妨碍它采取极端夸张的手法。如本书写外部文明对马贡多的侵入，是现实的，但又魔幻化了：吉卜赛人拖着两块磁铁“……挨家串户地走着……铁锅、铁盆、铁钳、小铁炉纷纷从原地落下，木板因铁钉和螺钉没命地挣脱出来而嘎嘎作响……跟在那两块魔铁的后面乱滚”；又如写夜的寂静，人们居然能听到“蚂蚁在月光下的哄闹声、蛀虫啃食时的巨响以及野草生长时持续而清晰的尖叫声”；再如写政府把大批罢工者杀害后，将尸体装上火车运到海里扔掉，那辆火车竟有200节车厢，前、中、后共有 3个车头牵引！作家似乎在不断地变换着哈哈镜、望远镜、放大镜甚至显微镜，读读者看到一幅幅真真假假、虚实交错的画面，从而丰富了想象力，收到强烈的艺术效果。 印第安传说、东方神话以及《圣经》典故的运用，进一步加强了本书的神秘气氛。如写普罗登肖的鬼魂日夜纠缠布恩地亚一家，便取材于印第安传说中冤鬼自己不得安宁也不让仇人安宁的说法；有关飞毯以及俏姑娘雷梅苔丝抓住床单升天的描写是阿拉伯神话《天方夜谭》的引伸；而马贡多一连下了四年十一个月零两天的大雨则是《圣经创世纪》中有关洪水浩劫及挪亚方舟等故事的移植。拉丁美洲的民间传说往往带有迷信色彩，作家在采用这些民间传说时，有时把它们作为现实来描写；如好汉弗朗西斯科“曾和魔鬼对歌，击败了对手”；阿玛兰塔在长廊里绣花时与死神交谈等等。有时则反其意而用之，如写尼卡诺尔神父喝了一杯巧克力后居然能离地12厘米，以证明“上帝有无限神力”等等，显然是对宗教迷信的讽刺和嘲笑。 本书中象征主义手法运用得比较成功且有意义的，应首推关于不眠症的描写。马贡多全体居民在建村后不久都传染上一种不眠症。严重的是，得了这种病，人会失去记忆。为了生活，他们不得不在物品上贴上标签。例如他们在牛身上贴标签道：“这是牛，每天要挤它的奶；要把奶煮开加上咖啡才能做成牛奶咖啡。”这类例子书中比比皆是，作家意在提醒公众牢记容易被人遗忘的历史。 另外，作家还独创了从未来的角度回忆过去的新颖倒叙手法。例如小说一开头，作家就这样写道：“许多年之后，面对行刑队，奥雷良诺布恩地亚上校将会回想起，他父亲带他去见识冰块的那个遥远的下午。”短短的一句话，实际上容纳了未来、过去和现在三个时间层面，而作家显然隐匿在 “现在”的叙事角度。紧接着，作家笔锋一转，把读者引回到马贡多的初创时期。这样的时间结构，在小说中一再重复出现，一环接一环，环环相扣，不断地给读者造成新的悬念。 最后，值得注意的是，本书凝重的历史内涵、犀利的批判眼光、深刻的民族文化反省、庞大的神话隐喻体系是由一种让人耳目一新的神秘语言贯串始终的。有的评家认为这部小说出自 8岁儿童之口，加西亚马尔克斯对此说颇感欣慰。这是很深刻的评判目光。因为这种直观的、简约的语言确实有效地反映了一种新的视角，一种落后民族（人类儿童）的自我意识。当事人的苦笑取代了旁观者的眼泪，“愚者”自我表达的切肤之痛取代了“智者”貌似公允的批判和分析，更能收到唤起被愚弄者群体深刻反省的客观效果。 《百年孤独》-家族人物表 霍·阿·布恩蒂亚 第一代 乌苏娜 霍·阿·布恩蒂亚之妻 第一代 霍·阿卡蒂奥 霍·阿·布恩蒂亚之长子 第二代 雷贝卡 霍·阿卡蒂奥之妻 第二代 奥雷连诺上校 霍·阿·布恩蒂亚之次子 第二代 雷麦黛丝·摩斯柯特 奥雷连诺上校之妻 第二代 阿玛兰塔 霍·阿·布恩蒂亚之小女儿 第二代 皮拉·苔列娜 霍·阿卡蒂奥之情妇 第二代 阿卡蒂奥 霍·阿卡蒂奥之子 第三代 圣索菲娅·德拉佩德 阿卡蒂奥之妻 第三代 奥雷连诺·霍塞 奥雷连诺上校之子 第三代 十七个奥雷连诺 奥雷连诺上校之子 第三代 俏姑娘雷麦黛丝 阿卡蒂奥之长女 第四代 霍·阿卡蒂奥第二 阿卡蒂奥之次子 第四代 奥雷连诺第二 阿卡蒂奥之小儿子 第四代 菲兰达·德卡皮奥 奥雷连诺第二之妻 第四代 佩特娜·柯特 奥雷连诺第二之情妇 第四代 霍·阿卡蒂奥（神学院学生） 奥雷连诺第二之长子 第五代 梅梅（雷纳塔） 奥雷连诺第二之次女 第五代 巴比洛尼亚 梅梅之夫 第五代 阿玛兰塔·乌苏娜 奥雷连诺第二之小女儿 第五代 加斯东 阿玛兰塔·乌苏娜之夫 第五代 奥雷连诺·布恩蒂亚（破译手稿者）梅梅之子 第六代 有尾巴的婴儿 奥雷连诺·布恩蒂亚之后代 第七代 《百年孤独》-写作特点 我加西亚·马尔克斯遵循“变现实为幻想而又不失其真”的魔幻现实主义创作原则，经过巧妙的构思和想象，把触目惊心的现实和源于神话、传说的幻想结合起来，形成色彩斑斓、风格独特的图画，使读者在“似是而非，似非而是”的形象中，获得一种似曾相识又觉陌生的感受，从而激起寻根溯源去追索作家创作真谛的愿望。魔幻现实主义必须以现实力基础，但这并不妨碍它采取极端夸张的手法。如本书写外部文明对马贡多的侵入，是现实的，但又魔幻化了：吉卜赛人拖着两块磁铁“……挨家串户地走着……铁锅、铁盆、铁钳、小铁炉纷纷从原地落下，木板因铁钉和螺钉没命地挣脱出来而嘎嘎作响……跟在那两块魔铁的后面乱滚”；又如写夜的寂静，人们居然能听到“蚂蚁在月光下的哄闹声、蛀虫啃食时的巨响以及野草生长时持续而清晰的尖叫声”；再如写政府把大批罢工者杀害后，将尸体装上火车运到海里扔掉，那辆火车竟有200节车厢，前、中、后共有3个车头牵引！作家似乎在不断地变换着哈哈镜、望远镜、放大镜甚至显微镜，让读者看到一幅幅真真假假、虚实交错的画面，从而丰富了想象力，收到强烈的艺术效果。 　　印第安传说、东方神话以及《圣经》典故的运用，进一步加强了本书的神秘气氛。如写普罗登肖的鬼魂日夜纠缠布恩地亚一家，便取材于印第安传说中冤鬼自己不得安宁也不让仇人安宁的说法；有关飞毯以及俏姑娘雷梅苔丝抓住床单升天的描写是阿拉伯神话《天方夜谭》的引伸；而马贡多一连下了四年十一个月零两天的大雨则是《圣经·创世纪》中有关洪水浩劫及挪亚方舟等故事的移植。拉丁美洲的民间传说往往带有迷信色彩，作家在采用这些民间传说时，有时把它们作为现实来描写；如好汉弗朗西斯科“曾和魔鬼对歌，击败了对手”；阿玛兰塔在长廊里绣花时与死神交谈等等。有时则反其意而用之，如写尼卡诺尔神父喝了一杯巧克力后居然能离地12厘米，以证明“上帝有无限神力”等等，显然是对宗教迷信的讽刺和嘲笑。 　　本书中象征主义手法运用得比较成功且有意义的，应首推关于不眠症的描写。马贡多全体居民在建村后不久都传染上一种不眠症。严重的是，得了这种病，人会失去记忆。为了生活，他们不得不在物品上贴上标签。例如他们在牛身上贴标签道：“这是牛，每天要挤它的奶；要把奶煮开加上咖啡才能做成牛奶咖啡。”这类例子书中比比皆是，作家意在提醒公众牢记容易被人遗忘的历史。 　　另外，作家还独创了从未来的角度回忆过去的新颖倒叙手法。例如小说一开头，作家就这样写道：“许多年之后，面对行刑队，奥雷良诺·布恩地亚上校将会回想起，他父亲带他去见识冰块的那个遥远的下午。”短短的一句话，实际上容纳了未来、过去和现在三个时间层面，而作家显然隐匿在“现在”的叙事角度。紧接着，作家笔锋一转，把读者引回到马贡多的初创时期。这样的时间结构，在小说中一再重复出现，一环接一环，环环相扣，不断地给读者造成新的悬念。 　　最后，值得注意的是，本书凝重的历史内涵、犀利的批判眼光、深刻的民族文化反省、庞大的神话隐喻体系是由一种让人耳目一新的神秘语言贯串始终的。有的评家认为这部小说出自8岁儿童之口，加西亚·马尔克斯对此说颇感欣慰。这是很深刻的评判目光。因为这种直观的、简约的语言确实有效地反映了一种新的视角，一种落后民族（人类儿童）的自我意识。当事人的苦笑取代了旁观者的眼泪， “愚者”自我表达的切肤之痛取代了“智者”貌似公允的批判和分析，更能收到唤起被愚弄者群体深刻反省的客观效果。 　　《百年孤独》被认为是拉丁美洲“文学爆炸”时代的代表作品。在世界文学史上占有重要的地位。在拉美世界只有博尔赫斯等少数作家可以媲美。而且在世界各地掀起了拉美文学风。魔幻现实主义也被认为是只具有创意的写作手法之一。 第一章 多年以后，奥雷连诺上校站在行刑队面前，准会想起父亲带他去参观冰块的那个遥远的下午。当时，马孔多是个二十户人家的村庄，一座座土房都盖在河岸上，河水清澈，沿着遍布石头的河床流去，河里的石头光滑、洁白，活象史前的巨蛋。这块天地还是新开辟的，许多东西都叫不出名字，不得不用手指指点点。每年三月，衣衫褴楼的吉卜赛人都要在村边搭起帐篷，在笛鼓的喧嚣声中，向马孔多的居民介绍科学家的最新发明。他们首先带来的是磁铁。一个身躯高大的吉卜赛人，自称梅尔加德斯，满脸络腮胡子，手指瘦得象鸟的爪子，向观众出色地表演了他所谓的马其顿炼金术士创造的世界第八奇迹。他手里拿着两大块磁铁，从一座农舍走到另一座农舍，大家都惊异地看见，铁锅、铁盆、铁钳、铁炉都从原地倒下，木板上的钉子和螺丝嘎吱嘎吱地拼命想挣脱出来，甚至那些早就丢失的东西也从找过多次的地方兀然出现，乱七八糟地跟在梅尔加德斯的魔铁后面。“东西也是有生命的，”吉卜赛人用刺耳的声调说，“只消唤起它们的灵性。”霍·阿·布恩蒂亚狂热的想象力经常超过大自然的创造力，甚至越过奇迹和魔力的限度，他认为这种暂时无用的科学发明可以用来开采地下的金子。 梅尔加德斯是个诚实的人，他告诫说：“磁铁干这个却不行。”可是霍·阿·布恩蒂亚当时还不相信吉卜赛人的诚实，因此用自己的一匹骡子和两只山羊换下了两块磁铁。这些家畜是他的妻子打算用来振兴破败的家业的，她试图阻止他，但是枉费工夫。“咱们很快就会有足够的金子，用来铺家里的地都有余啦。”--丈夫回答她。在好儿个月里，霍·阿·布恩蒂亚都顽强地努力履行自己的诺言。他带者两块磁铁，大声地不断念着梅尔加德斯教他的咒语，勘察了周围整个地区的一寸寸土地，甚至河床。但他掘出的唯一的东西，是十五世纪的一件铠甲，它的各部分都已锈得连在一起，用手一敲，皑甲里面就发出空洞的回声，仿佛一只塞满石子的大葫芦。 三月间，吉卜赛人又来了。现在他们带来的是一架望远镜和一只大小似鼓的放大镜，说是阿姆斯特丹犹太人的最新发明。他们把望远镜安在帐篷门口，而让一个吉卜赛女人站在村子尽头。花五个里亚尔，任何人都可从望远镜里看见那个仿佛近在飓尺的吉卜赛女人。“科学缩短了距离。”梅尔加德斯说。“在短时期内，人们足不出户，就可看到世界上任何地方发生的事儿。”在一个炎热的晌午，吉卜赛人用放大镜作了一次惊人的表演：他们在街道中间放了一堆干草，借太阳光的焦点让干草燃了起来。磁铁的试验失败之后，霍·阿·布恩蒂亚还不甘心，马上又产生了利用这个发明作为作战武器的念头。梅尔加德斯又想劝阻他，但他终于同意用两块磁铁和三枚殖民地时期的金币交换放大镜。乌苏娜伤心得流了泪。这些钱是从一盒金鱼卫拿出来的，那盒金币由她父亲一生节衣缩食积攒下来，她一直把它埋藏在自个儿床下，想在适当的时刻使用。霍·阿·布恩蒂亚无心抚慰妻子，他以科学家的忘我精神，甚至冒着生命危险，一头扎进了作战试验。他想证明用放大镜对付敌军的效力，就力阳光的焦点射到自己身上，因此受到灼伤，伤处溃烂，很久都没痊愈。这种危险的发明把他的妻子吓坏了，但他不顾妻子的反对，有一次甚至准备点燃自己的房子。霍·阿·布恩蒂亚待在自己的房间里总是一连几个小时，计算新式武器的战略威力，甚至编写了一份使用这种武器的《指南》，阐述异常清楚，论据确凿有力。他把这份《指南》连同许多试验说明和几幅图解，请一个信使送给政府；这个信使翻过山岭，涉过茫茫苍苍的沼地，游过汹涌澎湃的河流，冒着死于野兽和疫病的危阶，终于到了一条驿道。当时前往首都尽管是不大可能的，霍·阿·布恩蒂亚还是答应，只要政府一声令下，他就去向军事长官们实际表演他的发明，甚至亲自训练他们掌握太阳战的复杂技术。他等待答复等了几年。最后等得厌烦了，他就为这新的失败埋怨梅尔加德斯，于是吉卜赛人令人信服地证明了自己的诚实：他归还了金币，换回了放大镜，并且给了霍·阿·布恩蒂亚几幅葡萄牙航海图和各种航海仪器。梅尔加德斯亲手记下了修道士赫尔曼著作的简要说明，把记录留给霍·阿·布恩蒂亚，让他知道如何使用观象仪、罗盘和六分仪。在雨季的漫长月份里，霍·阿·布恩蒂亚部把自己关在宅子深处的小房间里，不让别人打扰他的试验。他完全抛弃了家务，整夜整夜呆在院子里观察星星的运行；为了找到子午线的确定方法，他差点儿中了暑。他完全掌握了自己的仪器以后，就设想出了空间的概念，今后，他不走出自己的房间，就能在陌生的海洋上航行，考察荒无人烟的土地，并且跟珍禽异兽打上交道了。正是从这个时候起，他养成了自言自语的习惯，在屋子里踱来踱去，对谁也不答理，而乌苏娜和孩子们却在菜园里忙得喘不过气来，照料香蕉和海芋、木薯和山药、南瓜和茄子。可是不久，霍·阿·布恩蒂亚紧张的工作突然停辍，他陷入一种种魄颠倒的状态。好几天，他仿佛中了魔，总是低声地嘟嚷什么，并为自己反复斟酌的各种假设感到吃惊，自己都不相信。最后，在十二月里的一个星期、吃午饭的时候，他忽然一下子摆脱了恼人的疑虑。孩子们至死部记得，由于长期熬夜和冥思苦想而变得精疲力竭的父亲，如何洋洋得意地向他们宣布自己的发现： “地球是圆的，象橙子。” 乌苏娜失去了耐心，“如果你想发癫，你就自个几发吧！”她嚷叫起来，“别给孩子们的脑瓜里灌输古卜赛人的胡思乱想。”霍·阿·布恩蒂亚一动不动，妻子气得把观象仪摔到地上，也没有吓倒他。他另做了一个观象仪，并且把村里的一些男人召到自己的小房间里，根据在场的人椎也不明白的理论，向他们证明说，如果一直往东航行，就能回到出发的地点。马孔多的人以为霍·阿·布恩蒂亚疯了，可兄梅尔加德斯回来之后，马上消除了大家的疑虑。他大声地赞扬霍·阿·布恩蒂亚的智慧：光靠现象仪的探测就证实了一种理论，这种理论虽是马孔多的居民宜今还不知道的，但实际上早就证实了；梅尔加德斯为了表示钦佩，赠给霍·阿·布恩蒂亚一套东西－－炼金试验室设备，这对全村的未来将会产生深远的影响。 这时，梅尔加德斯很快就衰老了。这个吉卜赛人第一次来到村里的时候，仿佛跟霍·阿·布思蒂亚同样年岁。可他当时仍有非凡的力气，揪庄马耳朵就能把马拉倒，现在他却好象被一些顽固的疾病折磨坏了。确实，他衰老的原因是他在世界各地不断流浪时得过各种罕见的疾病，帮助霍·阿·布恩蒂亚装备试验室的时候，他说死神到处都紧紧地跟着他，可是死神仍然没有最终决定要他的命。从人类遇到的各种瘟疫和灾难中，他幸存下来了。他在波斯患过癞病，在马来亚群岛患过坏血病，在亚历山大患过麻疯病，在日本患过脚气病，在马达加斯加患过淋巴腺鼠疫，在西西里碰到过地震，在麦哲伦海峡遇到过牺牲惨重的轮船失事。这个不寻常的人说他知道纳斯特拉马斯的秘诀。此人面貌阴沉，落落寡欢，戴着一顶大帽子，宽宽的黑色帽沿宛如乌鸦张开的翅膀，而他身上的丝绒坎肩却布满了多年的绿霉。然而，尽管他无比聪明和神秘莫测，他终归是有血打肉的人，摆脱不了人世间日常生活的烦恼和忧虑。他抱怨年老多病，苦于微不足道的经济困难，早就没有笑容，因为坏血病已使他的牙齿掉光了。霍·阿·布恩蒂亚认为，正是那个闷热的晌午，梅尔加德斯把白己的秘密告诉他的时候，他们的伟大友谊才开了头。吉卜赛人的神奇故事使得孩子们感到惊讶。当时不过五岁的奥雷连诺一辈子都记得，梅尔加德斯坐在明晃晃的窗子跟前，身体的轮廓十分清晰；他那风琴一般低沉的声音透进了最暗的幻想的角落，而他的两鬓却流着汗水，仿佛暑热熔化了的脂肪。奥雷连诺的哥哥霍·阿卡蒂奥，将把这个惊人的形象当作留下的回忆传给他所有的后代。至于乌苏娜，恰恰相反，吉卜赛人的来访给她留下了最不愉快的印象，因为她跨进房间的时候，正巧梅尔加德斯不小心打碎了一瓶升汞。 “这是魔鬼的气味，”她说。 “根本不是，”梅尔加德斯纠正她。“别人证明魔鬼只有硫磺味，这儿不过是一点点升汞。” 接着，他用同样教诲的口吻大谈特谈朱砂的特性。乌苏娜对他的话没有任何兴趣，就带着孩子析祷去了。后来，这种刺鼻的气味经常使她想起梅尔加德斯。 除了许多铁锅、漏斗、曲颈瓶、筛子和过滤器，简陋的试验室里还有普通熔铁炉、长颈玻璃烧瓶、点金石仿制品以及三臂蒸馏器；此种蒸馏器是犹太女人马利姬曾经用过的，现由吉卜赛人自己按照最新说明制成。此外，梅尔加德斯还留下了七种与六个星球有关的金属样品、摩西和索西莫斯的倍金方案、炼金术笔记和图解，谁能识别这些笔记和图解，谁就能够制作点金石。霍·阿·布恩蒂亚认为倍金方案比较简单，就入迷了。他一连几个星期缠住乌苏娜，央求她从密藏的小盒子里掏出旧金币来，让金子成倍地增加，水银能够分成多少份，金子就能增加多少倍。象往常一样，鸟苏娜没有拗过大夫的固执要求。于是，霍·阿·布恩蒂亚把三十枚金币丢到铁锅里，拿它们跟雌黄、铜屑、水银和铅一起熔化。然后又把这一切倒在蓖麻油锅里，在烈火上熬了一阵。直到最后熬成一锅恶臭的浓浆，不象加倍的金子，倒象普通的焦糖。经过多次拼命的、冒阶的试验：蒸馏啦，跟七种天体金属一起熔炼啦，加进黑梅斯水银和塞浦路斯硫酸盐啦，在猪油里重新熬煮啦（因为没有萝卜油），乌苏娜的宝贵遗产变成了一大块焦糊的渣滓，粘在锅底了。 吉卜赛人回来的时候，乌苏娜唆使全村的人反对他们，可是好奇战胜了恐惧，因为吉卜赛人奏着各式各样的乐器，闹嚷嚷地经过街头，他们的宣传员说是要展出纳希安兹人最奇的发明。大家都到吉卜赛人的帐篷去，花一分钱，就可看到返老还童的梅尔加德斯－－身体康健，没有皱纹，满口漂亮的新牙。有些人还记得他坏血病毁掉的牙床、凹陷的面颊、皱巴巴的嘴唇，一见吉卜赛人神通广大的最新证明，都惊得发抖。接着，梅尔加从嘴里取出一副完好的牙齿，刹那间又变成往日那个老朽的人，并且拿这副牙齿给观众看了一看，然后又把它装上牙床，微微一笑，似乎重新恢复了青春，这时大家的惊愕却变成了狂欢。甚至霍·阿·布恩蒂亚本人也认为，梅尔加德的知识到了不大可能达到的极限，可是当吉卜赛人单独向他说明假牙的构造时，他的心也就轻快了，高兴得放声大笑。霍·阿·布恩蒂亚觉得这一切既简单又奇妙，第二天他就完全失去了对炼金术的兴趣，陷入了沮丧状态，不再按时进餐，从早到晚在屋子里踱来踱去。“世界上正在发生不可思议的事，”他向乌苏娜唠叨。“咱们旁边，就在河流对岸，已有许多各式各样神奇的机器，可咱们仍在这儿象蠢驴一样过日子。”马孔多建立时就了解他的人都感到惊讶，在梅尔加德斯的影响下，他的变化多大啊！ 从前，霍·阿·布恩蒂亚好象一个年轻的族长，经常告诉大家如何播种，如何教养孩子，如何饲养家畜；他跟大伙儿一起劳动，为全村造福。布恩蒂亚家的房子是村里最好的，其他的人都力求象他一样建筑自己的住所。他的房子有一个敞亮的小客厅、摆了一盆盆鲜花的阳台餐室和两间卧室，院子里栽了一棵挺大的栗树，房后是一座细心照料的菜园，还有一个畜栏，猪、鸡和山羊在栏里和睦相处。他家里禁养斗鸡，全村也都禁养斗鸡。 乌苏娜象丈夫一样勤劳。她是一个严肃、活跃和矮小的女人，意志坚强，大概一辈子都没唱过歌，每天从黎明到深夜，四处都有她的踪影，到处都能听到她那浆过的荷兰亚麻布裙子轻微的沙沙声。多亏她勤于照料，夯实的泥土地面、未曾粉刷的上墙、粗糙的自制木器，经常都是千干净净的，而保存衣服的旧箱子还散发出紫苏轻淡的芳香。 霍·阿·布恩蒂亚是村里最有事业心的人，他指挥建筑的房屋，每家的主人到河边去取水都同样方便；他合理设计的街道，每座住房白天最热的时刻都能得到同样的阳光。建村之后过了几年，马孔多已经成了一个最整洁的村子，这是跟全村三百个居民过去住过的其他一切村庄都不同的。这是一个真正幸福的村子；在这村子里，谁也没有超过三十岁，也还没有死过一个人。 建村的时候，霍·阿·布恩蒂亚开始制作套索和鸟笼。很快，他自己和村中其他的人家都养了金驾、金丝雀、蜂虎和知更鸟。许多各式各样的鸟儿不断地嘁嘁喳喳，乌苏娜生怕自己震得发聋，只好用蜂蜡把耳朵塞上。梅尔加德斯一伙人第一次来到马孔多出售玻璃球头痛药时，村民们根本就不明白这些吉卜赛人如何能够找到这个小小的村子，因为这个村子是隐没在辽阔的沼泽地带的；吉卜赛人说，他们来到这儿是由于听到了鸟的叫声。 可是，霍·阿·布恩蒂亚为社会造福的精神很快消失，他迷上了磁铁和天文探索，幻想采到金子和发现世界的奇迹。精力充沛、衣着整洁的霍·阿·布恩蒂业逐渐变成一个外表疏懒、衣冠不整的人，甚至满脸胡髭，乌苏娜费了大劲才用一把锋利的菜刀把他的胡髭剃掉。村里的许多人都认为，霍·阿·布恩蒂亚中了邪。不过，他把一个袋子搭在肩上，带着铁锹和锄头，要求别人去帮助他开辟一条道路，以便把马孔多和那些伟大发明连接起来的时候，甚至坚信他发了疯的人也扔下自己的家庭与活计，跟随他去冒险。 霍·阿·布恩蒂亚压根儿不了解周围地区的地理状况。他只知道，东边耸立着难以攀登的山岭，山岭后面是古城列奥阿察，据他的祖父--奥雷连诺·布恩蒂亚第一说，从前有个弗兰西斯·德拉克爵士，曾在那儿开炮轰击鳄鱼消遣；他叫人在轰死的鳄鱼肚里填进干草，补缀好了就送去献给伊丽莎白女王。年轻的时候，霍·阿·布恩蒂亚和其他的人一起，带着妻子、孩子、家畜和各种生活用具，翻过这个山岭，希望到海边去，可是游荡了两年又两个月，就放弃了自己的打算；为了不走回头路，才建立了马孔乡村。因此，往东的路是他不感兴趣的--那只能重复往日的遭遇，南边是一个个永远杂草丛生的泥潭和一沼泽地带--据吉卜赛人证明，那是一个无边无涯的世界。西边呢，沼泽变成了辽阔的水域，那儿栖息着鲸鱼状的生物：这类生物，皮肤细嫩，头和躯干都象女了，宽大、迷人的胸脯常常毁掉航海的人。据吉卜赛人说，他们到达驿道经过的陆地之前，航行了几乎半年。霍·阿·布恩蒂亚认为，跟文明世界接触，只能往北前进。于是，他让那些跟他一起建立马孔多村的人带上铁锹、锄头和狩猎武器，把自己的定向仪具和地图放进背囊，就去从事鲁莽的冒险了。 最初几天，他们没有遇到特殊的困难。他们顺着遍布石头的河岸下去，到了几年前发现古代铠甲的地方，并且沿着野橙子树之间的小径进入一片树林。到第一个周未，他们侥幸打死了一只牡鹿，拿它烤熟，可是决定只吃一半，把剩下的储备起来。他们采取这个预防措施，是想延缓以金刚鹦鹉充饥的时间；这种鹦鹉的肉是蓝色的，有强烈的麝香味儿。在随后的十几天中，他们根本没有见到阳光。脚下的土地变得潮湿、松软起来，好象火山灰似的，杂草越来越密，飞禽的啼鸣和猴子的尖叫越来越远--四周仿佛变得惨谈凄凉了。这个潮湿和寂寥的境地犹如“原罪”以前的蛮荒世界；在这儿，他们的鞋子陷进了油气腾腾的深坑，他们的大砍刀乱劈着血红色的百合花和金黄色的蝾螈，远古的回忆使他们受到压抑。整整一个星期，他们几乎没有说话，象梦游人一样在昏暗、悲凉的境地里行进，照明的只有萤火虫闪烁的微光，难闻的血腥气味使他们的肺部感到很不舒服。回头的路是没有的，因为他们开辟的小径一下了就不见了，几乎就在他们眼前长出了新的野草。“不要紧，”霍·阿·布恩蒂亚说。“主要是不迷失方向。”他不断地盯住罗盘的指针，继续领着大伙儿往看不见的北方前进，终于走出了魔区。他们周围是没有星光的黑夜，但是黑暗里充满了新鲜空气，经过长途跋涉，他们已经疲惫不堪，于是悬起吊床，两星期中第一次安静地睡了个大觉。醒来的时候，太阳已经升得很高，他们因此惊得发呆。在宁静的晨光里，就在他们前面，矗立着一艘西班牙大帆船，船体是白色、腐朽的，周围长满了羊齿植物和棕搁。帆船微微往右倾斜，在兰花装饰的索具之间，桅杆还很完整，垂着肮脏的船帆碎片，船身有一层石化贝壳和青苔形成的光滑的外壳，牢牢地陷入了坚实的土壤。看样子，整个船身处于孤寂的地方，被人忘却了，没有遭到时光的侵蚀，也没有受到飞禽的骚扰，探险队员们小心地察看了帆船内部，里面除了一大簇花卉，没有任何东西。 帆船的发现证明大海就在近旁，破坏了霍·阿·布恩蒂亚的战斗精神。他认为这是狡诈的命运在捉弄他：他千幸万苦寻找大海的时候，没有找到它；他不想找它的时候，现在却发现了它－－它象一个不可克服的障碍横在他的路上。多年以后，奥雷连诺上校也来到这个地区的时候（那时这儿已经开辟了驿道），他在帆船失事的地方只能看见一片罂粟花中间烧糊的船骨。那时他者相信，这整个故事并不是他父亲虚构的，于是向自己提出个问题：帆船怎会深入陆地这么远呢？可是，再经过四天的路程，在离帆船十二公里的地方，霍·阿·布恩蒂亚看见大海的时候，并没有想到这类问题。在大海面前，他的一切幻想都破灭了；大海翻着泡沫，混浊不堪，灰茫茫一片，值不得他和伙伴们去冒险和牺牲。 “真他妈的！”霍·阿·布思蒂亚叫道。“马孔多四面八方都给海水围住啦！” 探险回来以后，霍·阿·布恩蒂亚绘了一幅地图：由于这张主观想出的地图，人们长时期里都以为马孔多是在一个半岛上面，他是恼怒地画出这张地图的，故意夸大跟外界往来的困难，仿佛想惩罚自己轻率地选择了这个建村的地点，“咱们再也去下了任何地方啦，”他向乌苏娜叫苦，“咱们会在这儿活活地烂掉，享受不到科学的好处了。”在自己的小试验室里，他把这种想法反刍似的咀嚼了几个月，决定把马孔多迁到更合适的地方去，可是妻子立即警告他，破坏了他那荒唐的计划。村里的男人已经开始准备搬家，乌苏娜却象蚂蚁一样悄悄地活动，一鼓作气唆使村中的妇女反对男人的轻举妄动。霍·阿·布恩蒂亚说不清楚，不知什么时候，由于什么对立的力量，他的计划遭到一大堆借口和托词的阻挠，终于变成没有结果的幻想。有一夭早晨乌苏娜发现，他一面低声叨咕搬家的计划，一面把白己的试验用具装进箱子，她只在旁边装傻地观察他，甚至有点儿怜悯他。她让他把事儿子完，在他钉上箱子，拿蘸了墨水的刷子在箱子上写好自己的缩写姓名时，她一句也没责备他，尽管她已明白（凭他含糊的咕噜），他知道村里的男人并不支持他的想法。只当霍·阿·布恩蒂亚开始卸下房门时，乌苏娜才大胆地向他要干什么，他有点难过地回答说：“既然谁也不想走，咱们就单独走吧。”乌苏娜没有发慌。 “不，咱们不走，”他说。“咱们要留在这儿．因为咱们在这儿生了个儿子。” “可是，咱们还没有一个人死在这儿，”霍·阿·布恩蒂亚反驳说，“一个人如果没有亲属埋在这儿，他就不足这个地方的人。” 乌苏娜温和而坚决他说： “为了咱们留在这儿，如果要我死，我就死。” 霍·阿·布恩蒂亚并不相信妻子那么坚定，他试图字自己的幻想迷住她，答应带她去看一个美妙的世界；那儿，只要在地里喷上神奇的药水，植物就会按照人的愿望长出果实；那儿，可以贱价买到各种治病的药物。可是他的幻想并没有打动她。 “不要成天想入非非，最好关心关心孩子吧，”她回答。“你瞧，他们象小狗儿似的被扔在一边，没有人管。” 霍·阿·布恩蒂亚一字一句体会妻子的话，他望了望窗外，看见两个赤足的孩子正在烈日炎炎的莱园里；他觉得，他们仅在这一瞬间才开始存在，仿佛是乌苏娜的咒语呼唤出来的。这时，一种神秘而重要的东西在他心中兀然出现，使他完全脱离了现实，浮游在住事的回忆里。当鸟苏娜打扫屋子、决心一辈子也不离开这儿时，霍·阿·布恩蒂亚继续全神贯注地望着两个孩子，终于望得两眼湿润，他就用手背擦了擦眼睛，无可奈何地发出一声深沉的叹息。 “好啦，”他说，“叫他们来帮我搬出箱子里的东西吧。” 大儿子霍·网卡蒂奥满了十四岁，长着方方的脑袋和蓬松的头发，性情象他父亲一样执拗。他虽有父亲那样的体力，可能长得象父亲一般魁伟，但他显然缺乏父亲那样的想象力。他是在马孔多建村之前翻山越岭的艰难途程中诞生的。父母确信孩子没有任何牲畜的特征，都感谢上帝。奥雷连诺是在马孔多出生的第一个人，三月间该满六岁了。这孩子性情孤僻、沉默寡言。他在母亲肚子里就哭哭啼啼，是睁着眼睛出世的。人家给他割掉脐带的时候，他把脑袋扭来扭去，仿佛探察屋里的东西，并且好奇地瞅着周围的人，一点儿山不害怕。随后，对于走到跟前来瞧他的人，他就不感兴趣了，而把自己的注意力集中在棕搁叶铺盖的房顶上；在倾盆大雨下，房顶每分钟都有塌下的危险。乌苏娜记得后来还看见过孩子的这种紧张的神情。有一天，三岁的小孩儿奥雷连诺走进厨房，她正巧把一锅煮沸的汤从炉灶拿到桌上。孩子犹豫不决地站在门槛边，惊惶地说：“马上就要摔下啦。”汤锅是稳稳地放在桌子中央的，可是孩子刚说出这句话，它仿佛受到内力推动似的，开始制止不住地移到桌边，然后掉到地上摔得粉碎。不安的乌苏娜把这桩事情告诉丈夫，可他把这种事情说成是自然现象。经常都是这样：霍·阿·布恩蒂亚不关心孩子的生活，一方面是因为他认为童年是智力不成熟的时期，另一方面是因为他一头扎进了荒唐的研究。 但是，从他招呼孩丁们帮他取出箱子里的试验仪器的那夭下午起，他就把他最好的时间用在他们身上了。在僻静的小室墙壁上，难子置信的地图和稀奇古怪的图表越来越多；在这间小宝里，他教孩子们读书、写字和计算：同时，不仅依靠自己掌握的知识，而已广泛利用自己无限的想象力，向孩子们介绍世界上的奇迹。孩子们由此知道，非洲南端有一种聪明、温和的人，他们的消遣就是坐着静思，而爱琴海是可以步行过去的，从一个岛屿跳上另一个岛屿，一直可以到达萨洛尼卡港。这些荒诞不经的夜谈深深地印在孩子们的脑海里，多年以后，政府军的军官命令行刑队开枪之前的片刻间，奥雷连诺上校重新忆起了那个暖和的三月的下午，当时他的父亲听到远处吉卜赛人的笛鼓声，就中断了物理课，两眼一动不动，举着手愣住了；这些吉卜赛人再一次来到村里，将向村民介绍孟菲斯学者们惊人的最新发明。 这是另一批吉卜赛人。男男女女部都挺年青，只说本族话，是一群皮肤油亮、双手灵巧的漂亮人物。他们载歌载舞，兴高采烈，闹嚷嚷地经过街头，带来了各样东西：会唱意大利抒情歌曲的彩色鹦鹅；随着鼓声一次至少能下一百只金蛋的母鸡；能够猜出人意的猴子；既能缝钮扣、又能退烧的多用机器；能够使人忘却辛酸往事的器械，能够帮助消磨时间的膏药，此外还有其他许多巧妙非凡的发明，以致霍·阿·布恩蒂亚打算发明一种记忆机器，好把这一切全都记住。瞬息间，村子里的面貌就完全改观人人群熙攘，闹闹喧喧，马孔多的居民在自己的街道上也迷失了方向。 霍·何·布恩蒂亚象疯子一样东窜西窜，到处寻找梅尔加德斯，希望从他那儿了解这种神奇梦景的许多秘密。他手里牵着两个孩了，生怕他们在拥挤的人群中丢失，不时碰见镶着金牙的江湖艺人或者六条胳膊的魔术师。人群中发出屎尿和檀香混合的味儿，叫他喘不上气。他向吉卜赛人打听梅尔加德斯，可是他们不懂他的语言。最后，他到了梅尔加德斯往常搭帐篷的地方。此刻，那儿坐着一个脸色阴郁的亚美尼亚吉卜赛人，正在用西班牙语叫卖一种隐身糖浆，当这吉卜赛人刚刚一下子喝完一杯琥珀色的无名饮料时，霍·阿·布恩蒂亚挤过一群看得出神的观众，向吉卜赛人提出了自己的问题。吉卜赛人用奇异的眼光瞅了瞅他，立刻变成一滩恶臭的、冒烟的沥青，他的答话还在沥青上发出回声：“梅尔加德斯死啦。”霍·阿·布恩蒂亚听到这个消息，不胜惊愕，呆若木鸡，试图控制自己的悲伤，直到观众被其他的把戏吸引过去，亚美尼亚吉卜赛人变成的一滩沥青挥发殆尽。然后，另一个吉卜赛人证实，梅尔加德斯在新加坡海滩上患疟疾死了，尸体抛入了爪哇附近的大海。孩子们对这个消息并无兴趣，就拉着父亲去看写在一个帐这招牌上的孟菲斯学者的新发明，如果相信它所写的，这个脓篷从前属于所罗门王。孩子们纠缠不休，霍·阿·布恩蒂亚只得付了三十里亚尔，带着他们走进帐篷，那儿有个剃光了脑袋的巨人，浑身是毛，鼻孔里穿了个铜环，脚跺上拴了条沉重的铁链，守着一只海盗用的箱子，巨人揭开盖子，箱子里就冒出一股刺骨的寒气。箱子坠只有一大块透明的东西，这玩意儿中间有无数白色的细针，傍晚的霞光照到这些细针，细针上面就现出了许多五颜六色的星星。 霍·阿·布恩蒂亚感到大惑不解，但他知道孩子们等着他立即解释，便大胆地嘟嚷说： “这是世界上最大的钻石。” “不，”吉卜赛巨人纠正他。“这是冰块。” 莫名其妙的霍·阿·布恩蒂亚向这块东西伸过手去，可是巨人推开了他的手。“再交五个里亚尔才能摸，”巨人说。霍·阿·布恩蒂亚付了五个里亚尔，把手掌放在冰块上呆了几分钟；接触这个神秘的东西，他的心里充满了恐惧和喜悦，他不知道如何向孩子们解释这种不太寻常的感觉，又付了十个里亚尔，想让他们自个儿试一试，大儿子霍·阿卡蒂奥拒绝去摸。相反地，奥雷连诺却大胆地弯下腰去，将手放在冰上，可是立即缩回手来。“这东西热得烫手！”他吓得叫了一声。父亲没去理会他。这时，他对这个显然的奇迹欣喜若狂，竞忘了自己那些幻想的失败，也忘了葬身鱼腹的梅尔加德斯。霍·阿·布恩蒂亚又付了五个里亚尔，就象出庭作证的人把手放在《圣经》上一样，庄严地将手放在冰块上，说道： “这是我们这个时代最伟大的发明。” One Hundred Years of Solitude (Spanish: Cien años de soledad) is a novel written by Colombian Nobel laureate Gabriel García Márquez. It was first published in Spanish in 1967. The book was an instant success worldwide and was translated into over 37 languages. Lauded critically, it is the major work of the Latin American "boom" in literature. It was also an immense commercial success, becoming the best-selling book in Spanish in modern history, after Don Quixote. It is widely considered García Márquez's magnum opus. The novel chronicles the history of the Buendía family in the town founded by their patriarch, José Arcadio Buendía. It is built on multiple time frames, playing on ideas presented earlier by Jorge Luis Borges in stories such as The Garden of Forking Paths. Biographical background and publication Gabriel Garcia Marquez was born on March 6, 1927. García Márquez is a Colombian-born author and journalist, winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize for Literature and a pioneer of the Latin American “Boom.” Affectionately known as “Gabo” to millions of readers, he first won international fame with his masterpiece, One Hundred Years of Solitude, a defining classic of twentieth century literature . His Colombian roots influenced large parts of the novel, as evidenced by the different myths throughout the novel . These myths, along with events in the novel, recount a large portion of Colombian history. For instance, “the arguments over reform in the nineteenth century, the arrival of the railway, the War of the Thousand Days, the American fruit company, the cinema, the automobile, and the massacre of striking plantation workers” are all incorporated in the novel at one point or another". Plot summary The novel chronicles the seven generations of the Buendía family in the town of Macondo. The family patriarch and founder of Macondo, José Arcadio Buendía, and his wife (and first cousin), Úrsula, leave their home in Riohacha, Colombia in hopes of finding a new home. One night on their journey while camping on the banks of a river, José Arcadio Buendía dreams of a city of mirrors named Macondo. Upon awakening, José Arcadio Buendía decides to found this city on the site of their campground. After wandering aimlessly in the jungle for many days, the founding of Macondo can be seen as the founding of UtopiaJosé Arcadio Buendía believes it to be surrounded by water, and from this 'island' he invents the world according to him, naming things at will. After its establishment, Macondo soon becomes a town frequented by unusual and extraordinary events. All the events revolve around the many generations of the Buendía family, who are either unable or unwilling to escape periodic, mostly self-inflicted misfortunes. Ultimately, Macondo is destroyed by a terrible hurricane, which symbolizes the cyclical turmoil inherent in Macondo. At the end of the book one of the Buendía male decendants finally cracks a cipher that the males in his family had been trying to solve for generation. The cipher stated all the events that the Buendía family had gone through. Note that this information was available at the beginning of time, and in possession of the Buendia family, before Macondo was even thought of, just indecipherable. Historical Context Although One Hundred Years of Solitude is considered a work of fiction, Gabriel García Márquez, a Colombian native, drew upon his country’s history to create a world which parallels many of the major events in Colombia’s history, thus establishing the novel as a piece of critical interpretation. Prior to European conquest, the region now called Colombia had no cultural developments akin to those of the Incas, the Mayas or the Aztecs The region consisted mainly of large families grouped into larger units that served to define local monarchies . The most well defined tribal groups of the area were the Tairona, the Cenu, the Chibcha . The first Spanish settlement was established in 1509 under the direction of Vasco Nunez de Balboa, as a precursor to the conquest of the territory . Marquez uses the founding of the town of Macondo by the Buendia family as a metaphor for the colonization of the region of Colombia. After Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada’s conquest of the Chibchas in 1538, Bogotá became the center of Spanish rule . After the collapse of Spanish control in 1810, provincial juntas sprang up almost everywhere to challenge Bogotá’s authority. Eventually though, royalist armies led by Pablo Morillo restored Spanish rule in 1816. Three years later when Simon Bolivar began a second war for independence, he declared the creation of a supranational state-Gran Colombia. With its capital at Bogotá, Gran Colombia survived long enough to witness Spain's final defeat in 1825. The achievement of Independence in 1819 revealed the further obstacles. Colombia’s geography was a formidable obstacle to modernization. High transportation costs made self-sufficient and disconnected enclaves viable much like the description of the town of Macondo). Colombia had been wrestling with modernity since the eighteenth century. The dynamism of the capitalist revolution gave Colombia’s ruling classes a stark choice: integration with the modern industrial world or perishing in a backwater of barbarism. To incorporate the country with the world, Colombia would have to look to the institutional, political, and economic models of Europe and the United States. “As nineteenth century Colombians explored, described, and colonized their interior, they mapped racial hierarchy onto an emerging national geography composed of distinct localities and regions. This created a racialized discourse of regional differentiation that assigned greater morality and progress to certain regions that they marked as “white”. Meanwhile, those places defined as “black” and “Indian” were associated with disorder, backwardness, and danger” technology and modernization became associated with race. In Macondo, with the introduction of technology, a rising population, and modernization came the insomnia plague, which was characterized by forgetfulness. The people of Macondo forgot the words for objects (such as tables and chairs) and eventually forgot the significance or usages of these objects. Not only does this serve as a criticism by Marquez of the modernization of Colombia, but also of the plagues characteristic of the Spanish conquest, which killed many indigenous people throughout the South American continent and the Caribbean. It is estimated that smallpox killed up to 95% of the indigenous population of the Americas during the conquest. The insomnia of the story represents the nostalgia for the better days of the past, which are now lost upon the residents of Macondo (as a metaphor for Colombia): days before the modernization of the town and before the spread of deadly disease. The history of Colombia is one that has been marked by years of violence, from wars for independence to the modern-day rebel group commonly known as the FARC. The first major violence in Colombia was a product of the Bolivar Liberation from 1810 to 1821. The leader of the revolution, Simon Bolivar, led many battles against the Spanish in an attempt to free the country from Spanish rule. After independence, well-defined socioeconomic regions, divided in a roughly north-south direction by parallel spurs of the Andes mountains, came into being. During the nineteenth century, the existence of several powerful regional centers undoubtedly contributed to civil disorder . Politically, the relative dispersion of the population and its economic resources caused difficulties for the government’s modernizing programs. In 1934 a reformist wave brought Dr. Alfonso Lopez Pumarejo to the presidency by unanimous Liberal choice. Lopez imposed La Revolución en Marcha, a revolution characterized by labor reform and social legislation, which angered many Conservatives. In August 1946, Mariano Ospina Pérez took office as the first Conservative president of Colombia. This marked the start of a political breakdown that drew the people under increasingly undemocratic rule . On April 9, 1948, influential and celebrated Liberal candidate, Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, was assassinated, sparking the period of Colombia’s history known as “la Violencia”. By the mid-1960’s, Colombia had witnessed in excess of two hundred thousand politically motivated deaths. La Violencia, from 1946–66, can be broken into five stages: the revival of political violence before and after the presidential election of 1946, the popular urban upheavals generated by Gaitan’s assassination, open guerrilla warfare, first against Conservative government of Ospina Perez, incomplete attempts at pacification and negotiation resulting from the Rojas Pinilla (who had ousted Laureano Gómez), and, finally, disjointed fighting under the Liberal/Conservative coalition of the “National Front,” from 1958 to 1975. The politically charged violence characteristic of Colombia’s history is paralleled in One Hundred Years of Solitude by the character of Colonel Aureliano Buendia, who wages war against the Conservatives who are facilitating the rise to power of foreign imperialists. The wealthy banana plantation owners (perhaps based on the United Fruit Co.) set up their own dictatorial police force, which brutally attacks citizens for even the slightest offenses. The use of real events and Colombian history by Garcia Marquez makes One Hundred Years of Solitude an excellent example of magical realism. Not only are the events of the story an interweaving of reality and fiction, but the novel as a whole tells the history of Colombia from a critical perspective using magical realism. In this way, the novel compresses several centuries of Latin American history into a manageable text. Furthermore, the novel points out that the current state of Latin America is the result of the inability to obtain the confidence required to construct a meaningful sense of direction and progress. The tragedy of Latin America is that it lacks a meaningful and solid identity, causing a lack of self-preservation. This can be attributed to a past highlighted by five hundred years of colonization. Subsequently, there is a seemingly perpetual repetition of violence, repression, and exploitation resulting in a loss of authenticity. The reality of Latin America is presented as a reoccurring fantastical world in One Hundred Years of Solitude. It is a vacuum in which the characters have no chance of survival. The desire for change and forward movement exists in Macondo, just as it does in the countries of Latin America. However, the cyclical nature of time in the novel symbolizes the tendency toward repeating history in reality. Subsequently, meaningful progress is never achieved in Macondo or in Latin America. In this manner, Marquez provides insight into the feeling of solitude in present-day Latin America. Symbolism and metaphors A dominant theme in One Hundred Years of Solitude is the inevitable and inescapable repetition of history in Macondo. The protagonists are controlled by their pasts and the complexity of time. Throughout the novel the characters are visited by ghosts. "The ghosts are symbols of the past and the haunting nature it has over Macondo. The ghosts and the displaced repetition that they evoke are, in fact, firmly grounded in the particular development of Latin American history". "Ideological transfiguration ensured that Macondo and the Buendías always were ghosts to some extent, alienated and estranged from their own history, not only victims of the harsh reality of dependence and underdevelopment but also of the ideological illusions that haunt and reinforce such social conditions. The fate of Macondo is both doomed and predetermined from its very existence. "Fatalism is a metaphor for the particular part that ideology has played in maintaining historical dependence, by locking the interpretation of Latin American history into certain patterns that deny alternative possibilities.The narrative seemingly confirms fatalism in order to illustrate the feeling of entrapment that ideology can performatively create. The Ghosts that haunt the people of Macondo are symbols of an inescapable past."Ideological transfiguration ensured that Macondo and the Buendías always were ghosts to some extent, alienated and estranged from their own history, not only victims of the harsh reality of dependence and underdevelopment but also of the ideological illusions that haunt and reinforce such social conditions". Márquez uses colours as symbols. Yellow and gold are the most frequently used colours and they are symbols of imperialism and the Spanish Siglo de Oro. Gold signifies a search for economic wealth, whereas yellow represents death, change, and destruction. The glass city is an image that comes to José Arcadio Buendía in a dream. It is the reason for the location of the founding of Macondo, but it is also a symbol of the ill fate of Macondo. Higgins writes that, "By the final page, however, the city of mirrors has become a city of mirages. Macondo thus represents the dream of a brave new world that America seemed to promise and that was cruelly proved illusory by the subsequent course of history". Images such as the glass city and the ice factory represent how Latin America already has its history outlined and is, therefore, fated for destruction. Overall, there is an underlying pattern of Latin American history in One Hundred Years of Solitude. It could be said that the novel is one of a number of texts that "Latin American culture has created to understand itself" . In this sense, the novel can be conceived as a linear archive. This archive narrates the story of a Latin America discovered by European explorers, which had its historical entity developed by the printing press. The Archive is a symbol of the literature that is the foundation of Latin American history and also a decoding instrument. Melquiades, the keeper of the historical archive in the novel, represents both the whimsical and the literary. Finally, “the world of One Hundred Years of Solitude is a place where beliefs and metaphors become forms of fact, and where more ordinary facts become uncertain” Characters Buendía Family Tree First generation José Arcadio Buendía Jose Arcadio Buendía is the patriarch of the Buendía family and the founder of Macondo. Buendía leaves Riohacha, Colombia with his wife, Úrsula Iguarán, after murdering Prudencio Aguilar in a duel. One night camping at the side of a river, Buendía dreams of a city of mirrors named Macondo and decides to establish the town in this location. Jose Arcadio is an introspective, inquisitive man of massive strength and energy who spends more time on his scientific pursuits than with his family. He flirts with alchemy and astronomy and becomes increasingly withdrawn from his family and community. Marquez uses carefully chosen diction, imagery and biblical references to portray this wonderfully unique character to the reader . Úrsula Iguarán Úrsula Iguarán is one of the two matriarchs of the Buendía family and is wife to José Arcadio Buendía. Second generation José Arcadio José Arcadio Buendía's firstborn son, José Arcadio seems to have inherited his father's headstrong, impulsive mannerisms. He eventually leaves the family to chase a Gypsy girl and unexpectedly returns many years later as an enormous man covered in tattoos, claiming that he's sailed the seas of the world. He marries his adopted sister Rebeca, causing his banishment from the mansion, and he dies from a mysterious gunshot wound, days after saving his brother from execution. Colonel Aureliano Buendía José Arcadio Buendía's second son and the first person to be born in Macondo. He was thought to have premonitions because everything he said came true.He represents not only a warrior figure but also an artist due to his ability to write poetry and create finely crafted golden fish. During the wars he fathered 17 children by unknown women. Remedios Moscote Remedios was the youngest daughter of the town's Conservative administrator, Don Apolinar Moscote. Her most striking physical features are her beautiful skin and her emerald-green eyes. The future Colonel Aureliano falls in love with her, despite her extreme youth. She dies shortly after the marriage from a blood poisoning illness during her pregnancy. Amaranta The third child of José Arcadio Buendía, Amaranta grows up as a companion of her adopted sister Rebeca. However, her feelings toward Rebeca turn sour over Pietro Crespi, whom both sisters intensely desire in their teenage years. Amaranta dies a lonely and virginal spinster, but comfortable in her existence after having finally accepted what she had become. Rebeca Rebeca is the orphaned daughter of Ursula Iguaran's second cousins. At first she is extremely timid, refuses to speak, and has the habits of eating earth and whitewash from the walls of the house, a condition known as pica. She arrives carrying a canvas bag containing her parents' bones and seems not to understand or speak Spanish. However, she responds to questions asked by Visitacion and Cataure in the Guajiro or Wayuu language. She falls in love with and marries her adoptive brother José Arcadio after his return from traveling the world. After his mysterious and untimely death, she lives in seclusion for the rest of her life. Third generation Arcadio Arcadio is José Arcadio's illegitimate son by Pilar Ternera. He is a schoolteacher who assumes leadership of Macondo after Colonel Aureliano Buendía leaves. He becomes a tyrannical dictator and uses his schoolchildren as his personal army. Macondo soon becomes subject to his whims. When the Liberal forces in Macondo fall, Arcadio is shot by a Conservative firing squad. Aureliano José Aureliano José is the illegitimate son of Colonel Aureliano Buendía and Pilar Ternera. He joins his father in several wars before deserting to return to Macondo. He deserted because he is obsessed with his aunt, Amaranta, who raised him since his birth. He is eventually shot to death by a Conservative captain midway through the wars. Santa Sofía de la Piedad Santa Sofía is a beautiful virgin girl and the daughter of a shopkeeper. She is hired by Pilar Ternera to have sex with her son Arcadio, her eventual husband. She is taken in along with her children by the Buendías after Arcadio's execution. After Úrsula's death she leaves unexpectedly, not knowing her destination. 17 Aurelianos During his 32 civil war campaigns, Colonel Aureliano Buendía has 17 sons by 17 different women, each named after their father.. Four of these Aurelianos (A. Triste, A. Serrador, A. Arcaya and A. Centeno) stay in Macondo and become a permanent part of the family. Eventually, as revenge against the Colonel, all are assassinated by the government, which identified them by the mysteriously permanent Ash Wednesday cross on their foreheads. The only survivor of the massacre is A. Amador, who escapes into the jungle only to be assassinated at the doorstep of his father's house many years later. Fourth generation Remedios the Beauty Remedios the Beauty is Arcadio and Santa Sofía's first child. It is said she is the most beautiful woman ever seen in Macondo, and unintentionally causes the deaths of several men who love or lust over her. She appears to most of the town as naively innocent, and some come to think that she is mentally retarded. However, Colonel Aureliano Buendía believes she has inherited great lucidity: "It is as if she's come back from twenty years of war," he said. She rejects clothing and beauty. Too beautiful and, arguably, too wise for the world, Remedios ascends into the sky one morning, while folding laundry. José Arcadio Segundo José Arcadio Segundo is the twin brother of Aureliano Segundo, the children of Arcadio and Santa Sofía. Úrsula believes that the two were switched in their childhood, as José Arcadio begins to show the characteristics of the family's Aurelianos, growing up to be pensive and quiet. He plays a major role in the banana worker strike, and is the only survivor when the company massacres the striking workers. Afterward, he spends the rest of his days studying the parchments of Melquiades, and tutoring the young Aureliano. He dies at the exact instant that his twin does. Aureliano Segundo Of the two brothers, Aureliano Segundo is the more boisterous and impulsive, much like the José Arcadios of the family. He takes his first girlfriend Petra Cotes as his mistress during his marriage to the beautiful and bitter Fernanda del Carpio. When living with Petra, his livestock propagate wildly, and he indulges in unrestrained revelry. After the long rains, his fortune dries up, and the Buendías are left almost penniless. He turns to search for a buried treasure, which nearly drives him to insanity. He dies of throat cancer at the same moment as his twin. During the confusion at the funeral, the bodies are switched, and each is buried in the other's grave (highlighting Ursula's earlier comment that they had been switched at birth). Aureliano Segundo represents Colombia's economy: gaining and losing weight according to the situation at the time. Fernanda del Carpio Fernanda del Carpio is the only major character (except for Rebeca and the First generation) not from Macondo. She comes from a ruined, aristocratic family that kept her isolated from the world. She was chosen as the most beautiful of 5000 girls. Fernanda is brought to Macondo to compete with Remedios for the title of Queen of the carnival after her father promises her she will be the Queen of Madagascar. After the fiasco, she marries Aureliano Segundo and soon takes the leadership of the family away from the now-frail Úrsula. She manages the Buendía affairs with an iron fist. She has three children by Aureliano Segundo, José Arcadio, Renata Remedios, a.k.a. Meme, and Amaranta Úrsula. She remains in the house after he dies, taking care of the household until her death. Fernanda is never accepted by anyone in the Buendía household who regard her as an outsider. Although, none of the Buendías rebel against her inflexible conservatism. Her mental and emotional instability is revealed through her paranoia, her correspondence with the 'invisible doctors', and her irrational behavior towards Aureliano, whom she tries to isolate from the whole world. Fifth generation Renata Remedios (a.k.a. Meme) Renata Remedios, or Meme is the second child and first daughter of Fernanda and Aureliano Segundo. While she doesn't inherit Fernanda's beauty, she does have Aureliano Segundo's love of life and natural charisma. After her mother declares that she is to do nothing but play the clavichord, she is sent to school where she receives her performance degree as well as academic recognition. While she pursues the clavichord with 'an inflexible discipline', to placate Fernanda, she also enjoys partying and exhibits the same tendency towards excess as her father. Meme meets and falls in love with Mauricio Babilonia, but when Fernanda discovers their affair, she arranges for Mauricio to be shot, claiming that he was a chicken thief. She then takes Meme to a convent. Meme remains mute for the rest of her life, partially because of the trauma, but also as a sign of rebellion. Several months later she gives birth to a son, Aureliano, at the convent. He is sent to live with the Buendías. She dies of old age in a hospital in Krakow. José Arcadio (II) José Arcadio II, named after his ancestors in the Buendía tradition, follows the trend of previous Arcadios. He is raised by Úrsula, who intends for him to become Pope. He returns from Rome without having become a priest. Eventually, he discovers buried treasure, which he wastes on lavish parties and escapades with adolescent boys. Later, he begins a tentative friendship with Aureliano Babilonia, his nephew. José Arcadio plans to set Aureliano up in a business and return to Rome, but is murdered in his bath by four of the adolescent boys who ransack his house and steal his gold. Amaranta Úrsula Amaranta Úrsula is the third child of Fernanda and Aureliano. She displays the same characteristics as her namesake who dies when she is only a child. She never knows that the child sent to the Buendía home is her nephew, the illegitimate son of Meme. He becomes her best friend in childhood. She returns home from Europe with an elder husband, Gastón, who leaves her when she informs him of her passionate affair with her nephew, Aureliano. She dies of hemorragia, after she has given birth to the last of the Buendía line. Sixth generation Aureliano Babilonia (Aureliano II) Aureliano Babilonia, or Aureliano II, is the illegitimate child of Meme. He is hidden from everyone by his grandmother, Fernanda. He is strikingly similar to his namesake, the Colonel, and has the same character patterns as well. He is taciturn, silent, and emotionally charged. He barely knows Úrsula, who dies during his childhood. He is a friend of José Arcadio Segundo, who explains to him the true story of the banana worker massacre. While other members of the family leave and return, Aureliano stays in the Buendía home. He only ventures into the empty town after the death of Fernanda. He works to decipher the parchments of Melquíades but stops to have an affair with his childhood partner and the love of his life, Amaranta Úrsula, not knowing that she is his aunt. When both her and her child die, he is able to decipher the parchments. "...Melquíades' final keys were revealed to him and he saw the epigraph of the parchments perfectly placed in the order of man's time and space: 'The first in line is tied to a tree and the last is being eaten by ants'." It is assumed he dies in the great wind that destroys Macondo the moment he finishes reading Mequiades' parchments. Seventh generation Aureliano (III) Aureliano III is the child of Aureliano and his aunt, Amaranta Úrsula. He is born with a pig's tail, as the eldest and long dead Úrsula had always feared would happen (the parents of the child had never heard of the omen). His mother dies after giving birth to him, and, due to his grief-stricken father's negligence, he is devoured by ants. Others Melquíades Melquíades is one of a band of gypsies who visit Macondo every year in March, displaying amazing items from around the world. Melquíades sells José Arcadio Buendía several new inventions including a pair of magnets and an alchemist's lab. Later, the gypsies report that Melquíades died in Singapore, but he, nonetheless, returns to live with the Buendía family, stating he could not bear the solitude of death. He stays with the Buendías and begins to write the mysterious parchments that Aureliano Babilonia eventually translates, before dying a second time. This time he drowns in the river near Macondo. He is buried in a grand ceremony organized by the Buendías. Pilar Ternera Pilar is a local woman who sleeps with the brothers Aureliano and José Arcadio. She becomes mother of their sons, Aureliano and José Arcadio. Pilar reads the future with cards, and every so often makes an accurate, though vague, prediction. She has close ties with the Buendias throughout the whole novel, helping them with her card predictions. She dies some time after she turns 145 years old (she had eventually stopped counting), surviving until the very last days of Macondo. The word "Ternera" in Spanish signifies veal or calf, which is fitting considering the way she is treated by Aureliano, Jose Arcadio, and Arcadio. Also, it could be a play on the word "Ternura", which in Spanish means "Tenderness". Pilar is always presented as a very loving figure, and the author often uses names in a similar fashion. Pietro Crespi Pietro is a very handsome and polite Italian musician who runs a music school. He installs the pianola in the Buendía house. He becomes engaged to Rebeca, but Amaranta, who also loves him, manages to delay the wedding for years. When José Arcadio and Rebeca agree to be married, Pietro begins to woo Amaranta, who is so embittered that she cruelly rejects him. Despondent over the loss of both sisters, he kills himself. Petra Cotes Petra is a dark-skinned woman with gold-brown eyes similar to those of a panther. She is Aureliano Segundo's mistress and the love of his life. She arrives in Macondo as a teenager with her first husband. She briefly dates both of them before her husband dies. After José Arcadio decides to leave her, Aureliano Segundo gets her forgiveness and remains by her side. He continues to see her, even after his marriage. He eventually lives with her, which greatly embitters his wife, Fernanda del Carpio. When Aureliano and Petra make love, their animals reproduce at an amazing rate, but their livestock is wiped out during the four years of rain. Petra makes money by keeping the lottery alive and provides food baskets for Fernanda and her family after the death of Aureliano Segundo. Mr. Herbert and Mr. Brown Mr. Herbert is a gringo who showed up at the Buendía house for lunch one day. After tasting the local bananas for the first time, he arranges for a banana company to set up a plantation in Macondo. The plantation is run by the dictatorial Mr. Brown. When José Arcadio Segundo helps arrange a workers' strike on the plantation, the company traps the more than three thousand strikers and machine guns them down in the town square. The banana company and the government completely cover up the event. José Arcadio is the only one who remembers the slaughter. The company arranges for the army to kill off any resistance, then leaves Macondo for good. That event is likely based on the Banana massacre, that took place in Santa Marta, Colombia in 1928. Mauricio Babilonia Mauricio is a brutally honest, generous and handsome mechanic for the banana company. He is said to be a descendant of the gypsies who visit Macondo in the early days. He has the unusual characteristic of being constantly swarmed by yellow butterflies, which follow even his lover for a time. Mauricio begins a romantic affair with Meme until Fernanda discovers them and tries to end it. When Mauricio continues to sneak into the house to see her, Fernanda has him shot, claiming he is a chicken thief. Paralyzed and bedridden, he spends the rest of his long life in solitude. Gastón Gastón is Amaranta Úrsula's wealthy, Belgian husband. She marries him in Europe and returns to Macondo leading him on a silk leash. Gastón is about fifteen years older than his wife. He is an aviator and an adventurer. When he moves with Amaranta Ursula to Macondo he thinks it is only a matter of time before she realizes that her European ways out of place, causing her to want to move back to Europe. However, when he realizes his wife intends to stay in Macondo, he arranges for his airplane to be shipped over so he can start an airmail service. The plane is shipped to Africa by mistake. When he travels there to claim it, Amaranta writes him of her love for Aureliano Babilonia Buendía. Gastón takes the news in stride, only asking that they ship him his velocipede. Gabriel García Márquez Gabriel García Márquez is only a minor character in the novel but he has the distinction of bearing the same name as the author. He is the great-great-grandson of Colonel Gerineldo Márquez. He and Aureliano Babilonia are close friends because they know the history of the town, which no one else believes. He leaves for Paris after winning a contest and decides to stay there, selling old newspapers and empty bottles. He is one of the few who is able to leave Macondo before the town is wiped out entirely. Major themes The subjectivity of reality and Magical Realism Critics often cite certain works by García Márquez, such as A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings and One Hundred Years of Solitude, as exemplary of magical realism, a style of writing in which the supernatural is presented as mundane, and the mundane as supernatural or extraordinary. The term was coined by German art critic Franz Roh in 1925. The novel presents a fictional story in a fictional setting. The extraordinary events and characteres are fabricated. However the message that Marquez intends to deliver explains a true history. Marquez utilizes his fantastic story as an expression of reality. "In One Hundred Years of Solitude myth and history overlap. The myth acts as a vehicle to transmit history to the reader. Marquez’s novel can furthermore be referred to as anthropology, where truth is found in language and myth. What is real and what is fiction are indistinguishable. There are three main mythical elements of the novel: classical stories alluding to foundations and origins, characters resembling mythical heroes, and supernatural elements" Magical realism is inherent in the novel-achieved by the constant intertwining of the ordinary with the extraordinary. This magical realism strikes at one's traditional sense of naturalistic fiction. There is something clearly magical about the world of Macondo. It is a state of mind as much as, or more than, a geographical place. For example, one learns very little about its actual physical layout. Furthermore, once in it, the reader must be prepared to meet whatever the imagination of the author presents to him or her. García Márquez achieves a perfect blend of the real with the magical through the masterful use of tone and narration. By maintaining the same tone throughout the novel, Márquez makes the extraordinary blend with the ordinary. His condensation of and lackadaisical manner in describing events causes the extraordinary to seem less remarkable than it actually is, thereby perfectly blending the real with the magical. Reinforcing this effect is the unastonished tone in which the book is written. This tone restricts the ability of the reader to question the events of the novel, however, it also causes the reader to call into question the limits of reality. Furthermore, maintaining the same narrator throughout the novel familiarizes the reader with his voice and causes he or she to become accustomed to the extraordinary events in the novel . The fluidity of time One Hundred Years of Solitude contains several ideas concerning time. Although the story can be read as a linear progression of events, both when considering individual lives and Macondo's history, García Márquez allows room for several other interpretations of time: * He reiterates the metaphor of history as a circular phenomenon through the repetition of names and characteristics belonging to the Buendía family. Over six generations, all the José Arcadios possess inquisitive and rational dispositions as well as enormous physical strength. The Aurelianos, meanwhile, lean towards insularity and quietude. This repetition of traits reproduces the history of the individual characters and, ultimately, a history of the town as a succession of the same mistakes ad infinitum due to some endogenous hubris in our nature. * The novel explores the issue of timelessness or eternity even within the framework of mortal existence. A major trope with which it accomplishes this task is the alchemist's laboratory in the Buendía family home. The laboratory was first designed by Melquíades near the start of the story and remains essentially unchanged throughout its course. It is a place where the male Buendía characters can indulge their will to solitude, whether through attempts to deconstruct the world with reason as in the case of José Arcadio Buendía, or by the endless creation and destruction of golden fish as in the case of his son Colonel Aureliano Buendía. Furthermore, a sense of inevitability prevails throughout the text. This is a feeling that regardless of what way one looks at time, its encompassing nature is the one truthful admission. * On the other hand, it is important to keep in mind that One Hundred Years of Solitude, while basically chronological and "linear" enough in its broad outlines, also shows abundant zigzags in time, both flashbacks of matters past and long leaps towards future events. One example of this is the youthful amour between Meme and Mauricio Babilonia, which is already in full swing before we are informed about the origins of the affair . Incest A recurring theme in One Hundred Years of Solitude is the Buendía family's propensity toward incest. The patriarch of the family, Jose Arcadio Buendía, is the first of numerous Buendías to intermarry when he marries his first cousin, Úrsula. It is worth noting that this initial, incestuous act can be viewed as an "original sin", however it will not be the last one. Furthermore, the fact that "throughout the novel the family is haunted by the fear of punishment in the form of the birth of a monstrous child with a pig's tail" can be attributed to this initial, and the recurring acts of incest among the Buendías. Solitude Perhaps the most dominant theme in the book is that of solitude. Macondo was founded in the remote jungles of the Colombian rainforest. The solitude of the town is representative of the colonial period in Latin American history, where outposts and colonies were, for all intents and purposes, not interconnected. Isolated from the rest of the world, the Buendías grow to be increasingly solitary and selfish. With every member of the family living only for him or her self, the Buendías become representative of the aristocratic, land-owning elite who came to dominate Latin America in keeping with the sense of Latin American history symbolized in the novel. This egocentricity is embodied, especially, in the characters of Aureliano, who lives in a private world of his own, and Remedios, who destroys the lives of four men enamored by her beauty. Throughout the novel it seems as if no character can find true love or escape the destructiveness of their own egocentricity. The selfishness of the Buendía family is eventually broken by the once superficial Aureliano Segundo and Petra Cotes, who discover a sense of mutual solidarity and the joy of helping others in need during Macondo's economic crisis. This pair even finds love, and their pattern is repeated by Aureliano Babilonia and Amaranta Úrsula. Eventually, Aureliano and Amaranta decide to have a child, and the latter is convinced that it will represent a fresh start for the once-conceited Buendía family. However, the child turns out to be the perpetually-feared monster with the pig's tail. Nonetheless, the appearance of love represents a shift in Macondo, albeit one that leads to its destruction. "The emergence of love in the novel to displace the traditional egoism of the Buendías reflects the emergence of socialist values as a political force in Latin America, a force that will sweep away the Buendías and the order they represent". A well-known socialist, the ending to One Hundred Years of Solitude could be a wishful prediction by García Márquez regarding the future of Latin America. Literary significance, reception and recognition One Hundred Years of Solitude has received universal recognition. The novel has been awarded Italy’s Chianciano Award, France’s Prix de Meilleur Livre Etranger, Venezuela’s Romulo Gallegos Prize, and the Books Abroad/ Neustadt International Prize for Literature. García Márquez also received an honorary LL.D. from Columbia University in New York City. These awards set the stage for García Márquez’s 1982 Nobel Prize for Literature. García Márquez is said to have a gift for blending the everyday with the miraculous, the historical with the fabulous, and psychological realism with surreal flights of fancy. It is a revolutionary novel that provides a looking glass into the thoughts and beliefs of its author, who chose to give a literary voice to Latin America: "A Latin America which neither wants, nor has any reason, to be a pawn without a will of its own; nor is it merely wishful thinking that its quest for independence and originality should become a Western aspiration." Gabriel García Márquez In his Nobel Prize acceptance speech Márquez addressed the significance of his writing and proposed its role to be more than just literary expression: "I dare to think that it is this outsized reality, and not just its literary expression, that has deserved the attention of the Swedish Academy of Letters. A reality not of paper, but one that lives within us and determines each instant of our countless daily deaths, and that nourishes a source of insatiable creativity, full of sorrow and beauty, of which this roving and nostalgic Colombian is but one cipher more, singled out by fortune. Poets and beggars, musicians and prophets, warriors and scoundrels, all creatures of that unbridled reality, we have had to ask but little of imagination, for our crucial problem has been a lack of conventional means to render our lives believable. This, my friends, is the crux of our solitude" * In 1970, reviewing the book in the National Observer, William Kennedy hailed One Hundred Years of Solitude as "the first piece of literature since the Book of Genesis that should be required reading for the entire human race." * The novel topped the list of books that have most shaped world literature over the last 25 years, according to a survey of international writers commissioned by the global literary journal Wasafiri as a part of its 25th anniversary. According to Antonio Sacoto, professor at The City College of the City University of New York, One Hundred Years of Solitude is considered as one of the five key novels in Hispanic American literature. (Together with El señor Presidente, Pedro Páramo, La muerte de Artemio Cruz, y La ciudad los perros). These novels, representative of the boom allowed Hispanic American literature to reach the quality of North American and European literature in terms of technical quality, rich themes, and linguistic innovations, among other attributes. Although we are faced with a very convoluted narrative, Garcia Marquez is able to define clear themes while maintaining individual character identities, and using different narrative techniques such as third person narrators, specific point of view narrators, and streams of consciousness. Cinematographic techniques are also employed in the novel, with the idea of the montage and the close-up, which effectively combine the comic and grotesque with the dramatic and tragic. Furthermore, political and historical realities are combined with the mythical and magical Latin American world. Lastly, through human comedy the problems of a family, a town, and a country are unveiled. This is all presented through Garcia Marquez’s unique form of narration, which causes the novel to never cease being at its most interesting point. The characters in the novel are never defined; they are not created from a mold. Instead, they are developed and formed throughout the novel. All characters are individualized, with many characteristics that differentiate them from others.. Ultimately, the novel has a rich imagination achieved by its rhythmic tone, narrative technique, and fascinating character creation, making it a thematic quarry, where the trivial and anecdotal and the historic and political are combined. (260) Criticisms Style Although One Hundred Years of Solitude has come to be considered one of, if not the, most influential Latin American texts of all time, the novel and Gabriel Garcia Marquez have both received many critical criticisms and reviews. Harold Bloom says “My primary impression, in the act of rereading One Hundred Years of Solitude, is a kind of aesthetic battle fatigue, since every page is rammed full of life beyond the capacity of any single reader to absorb . . . There are no wasted sentences, no mere transitions, in this novel, and you must notice everything at the moment you read it.” Inspirations Garcia Marquez has been accused of using many texts as his inspirations for One Hundred Years of Solitude. Of these, the most well-known is Faulkner’s Yoknapatawpha David T. Haberly alleges that “strong cases have been made for Faulkner, Virginia Woolf’s Orlando: A Biography, and Defoe’s A Journal of the Plague Year, and one which has not been mentioned is Chateaubriand’s Atala.” Hopkins backs his statement with evidence that Atala was available for Spanish-speaking audiences before the publication of One Hundred Years of Solitude and makes comparisons between the plot of the two stories and some of the characters. Reinforcing Gender Stereotypes Critics have also speculated the potential of Marquez harboring ideals of marianismo, adhering to sexist stereotypes, and reinforcing these stereotypes and sexist attitudes in Cien Anos de Soledad through his portrayal of female characters as domestic housewives. This potentially sexist view also can be viewed as Marquez’s profound reflection on the social and cultural realities that exist in Latin America in terms of how women were viewed, and in particular, in Colombia. “What sort of values does Ursula symbolize? They are these: middle class stinginess, stupidity, superstition, insanity, reactionary activism, etc.” “There are numerous episodes and statements in the book which reinforce the patriarchical values of the story” . “One Hundred Years of Solitude reflects the traditional Latin American role of women as adjuncts to men and implies neither qualitative awareness nor literary criticism of the restrictive political and economic systems and notions (ie marianismo) that perpetuate such notions. As a whole, the women of Macondo are pictured as male-defined, biological reproducers or sexually pleasing objects who are treated thematically as accessories to the men who actually shape and control the world.” McOndo Movement The portrayal of Latin American culture and society in One Hundred Years of Solitude has been a point of criticism as well. It has been said that Gabriel Garcia Marquez has created a work in which Western audiences portray popular Latin American culture as a primitive society, lacking in technology, and as a region on the world which has been excluded from the effects of globalization. One group movement that speaks out against this portrayal of Latin America as a primitive society is the McOndo movement. McOndo is a Latin American literary movement that breaks away from the long-dominant magical realist literary tradition by strongly associating itself with mass media culture . McOndo attempts to contextualize being Latin American in a world dominated by American pop culture . The movement challenges the natural or rural, magical world typically depicted by the Magical Realism genre . The work McOndo, by editors Alberto Fuguet and Sergio Gomez, critiques the re-emphasis of the primitive stereotypes of Latin America in One Hundred Years of Solitude. They say “Nuestro McOndo es tan latinoamericano y magico (exotico) como el Macondo real (que, a todo esto no es real sin virtual). Nuestro pais McOndo es mas grande, sobrepoblado y lleno de contaminacion, con autopistas, metro, TV-cable y barriadas. En McOndo hay McDonald’s, computadores Mac y condominios, amen de hotels cinco estrellas construidos con dinero lavando y malls gigantescos” , roughly translated to say “Our McOndo is just as Latin American as the magic (exotic) as the real Macondo (which isn’t real so much as virtual). Our country McOndo is bigger, densely populated and full on contamination, with highways, public transit, cable TV and neighborhoods. In McOndo there are McDonald’s, Mac computers and condominiums, as well as five-star hotels built with clean money and gigantic malls” . He aims to denounce the primitive nature of Garcia Marquez’s Macondo and contrast it with the new McOndo, the metaphorical Latin America we now know after the effects of globalization and corporatization. “Now, thanks to Fuguet and his peers, there is a new voice south of the Rio Grande. It is savvy, street-smart, sometimes wiseass and un-ashamedly over the top. Fuguet calls this the voice of McOndo--a blend of McDonald's, Macintosh computers and condos. The label is a spoof, of course, not only on Garcia Marquez's fictitious village but also on all the poseurs who have turned these latitudes into a pastel tequila ad. ¡Hola! Fuguet is saying. Latin America is no paradise” . Internal references In the novel's final chapter, Márquez references the novel Hopscotch (Spanish: Rayuela) by Julio Cortázar in the following line: "...in the room that smelled of boiled cauliflower where Rocamadour was to die" (p. 412). Rocamadour is a fictional character in Hopscotch who indeed dies in the room described. He also references two other major works by Latin American writers in the novel: The Death of Artemio Cruz (Spanish: La Muerte de Artemio Cruz) by Carlos Fuentes and Explosion in a Cathedral (Spanish: El siglo de las luces) by Alejo Carpentier. Adaptations * Shuji Terayama's play One Hundred Years of Solitude (百年の孤独, originally performed by the Tenjo Sajiki theater troupe), as well as his film Farewell to the Ark (さらば箱舟) are loose (and not officially authorized) adaptations of the novel by García Marquez transplanted into the realm of Japanese culture and history. Although One Hundred Years of Solitude has had such a big impact on the literature world, and although this novel is the author's best selling and most translated around the world, there have been no movies produced about it. Gabriel Garcia Marquez has never agreed to sell the rights for producing such film, even though his novel has inspired many to write and has more than enough themes to work on in the film industry. Chapter 1 Page 1 MANY YEARS LATER as he faced the firing squad, Colonel Aureliano Buendía was to remember that distant afternoon when his father took him to discover ice. At that time Macondo was a village of twenty adobe houses, built on the bank of a river of clear water that ran along a bed of polished stones, which were white and enormous, like prehistoric eggs. The world was so recent that many things lacked names, and in order to indicate them it was necessary to point. Every year during the month of March a family of ragged gypsies would set up their tents near the village, and with a great uproar of pipes and kettledrums they would display new inventions. First they brought the magnet. A heavy gypsy with an untamed beard and sparrow hands, who introduced himself as Melquíades, put on a bold public demonstration of what he himself called the eighth wonder of the learned alchemists of Macedonia. He went from house to house dragging two metal ingots and everybody was amazed to see pots, pans, tongs, and braziers tumble down from their places and beams creak from the desperation of nails and screws trying to emerge, and even objects that had been lost for a long time appeared from where they had been searched for most and went dragging along in turbulent confusion behind Melquíades' magical irons. "Things have a life of their own," the gypsy proclaimed with a harsh accent. "It's simply a matter of waking up their souls." José Arcadio Buendía, whose unbridled imagination always went beyond the genius of nature and even beyond miracles and magic, thought that it would be possible to make use of that useless invention to extract gold from the bowels of the earth. Melquíades, who was an honest man, warned him: "It won't work for that." But José Arcadio Buendía at that time did not believe in the honesty of gypsies, so he traded his mule and a pair of goats for the two magnetized ingots. ?rsula Iguarán, his wife, who relied on those animals to increase their poor domestic holdings, was unable to dissuade him. "Very soon well have gold enough and more to pave the floors of the house," her husband replied. For several months he worked hard to demonstrate the truth of his idea. He explored every inch of the region, even the riverbed, dragging the two iron ingots along and reciting Melquíades' incantation aloud. The only thing he succeeded in doing was to unearth a suit of fifteenth-century armor which had all of its pieces soldered together with rust and inside of which there was the hollow resonance of an enormous stone-filled gourd. When José Arcadio Buendía and the four men of his expedition managed to take the armor apart, they found inside a calcified skeleton with a copper locket containing a woman's hair around its neck. In March the gypsies returned. This time they brought a telescope and a magnifying glass the size of a drum, which they exhibited as the latest discovery of the Jews of Amsterdam. They placed a gypsy woman at one end of the village and set up the telescope at the entrance to the tent. For the price of five reales, people could look into the telescope and see the gypsy woman an arm's length away. "Science has eliminated distance," Melquíades proclaimed. "In a short time, man will be able to see what is happening in any place in the world without leaving his own house." A burning noonday sun brought out a startling demonstration with the gigantic magnifying glass: they put a pile of dry hay in the middle of the street and set it on fire by concentrating the sun's rays. José Arcadio Buendía, who had still not been consoled for the failure of big magnets, conceived the idea of using that invention as a weapon of war. Again Melquíades tried to dissuade him, but he finally accepted the two magnetized ingots and three colonial coins in exchange for the magnifying glass. ?rsula wept in consternation. That money was from a chest of gold coins that her father had put together ova an entire life of privation and that she had buried underneath her bed in hopes of a proper occasion to make use of it. José Arcadio Buendía made no at. tempt to console her, completely absorbed in his tactical experiments with the abnegation of a scientist and even at the risk of his own life. In an attempt to show the effects of the glass on enemy troops, he exposed himself to the concentration of the sun's rays and suffered burns which turned into sores that took a long time to heal. Over the protests of his wife, who was alarmed at such a dangerous invention, at one point he was ready to set the house on fire. He would spend hours on end in his room, calculating the strategic possibilities of his novel weapon until he succeeded in putting together a manual of startling instructional clarity and an irresistible power of conviction. He sent it to the government, accompanied by numerous descriptions of his experiments and several pages of explanatory sketches; by a messenger who crossed the mountains, got lost in measureless swamps, forded stormy rivers, and was on the point of perishing under the lash of despair, plague, and wild beasts until he found a route that joined the one used by the mules that carried the mail. In spite of the fact that a trip to the capital was little less than impossible at that time, José Arcadio Buendía promised to undertake it as soon as the government ordered him to so that he could put on some practical demonstrations of his invention for the military authorities and could train them himself in the complicated art of solar war. For several years he waited for an answer. Finally, tired of waiting, he bemoaned to Melquíades the failure of his project and the gypsy then gave him a convincing proof of his honesty: he gave him back the doubloons in exchange for the magnifying glass, and he left him in addition some Portuguese maps and several instruments of navigation. In his own handwriting he set down a concise synthesis of the studies by Monk Hermann. which he left José Arcadio so that he would be able to make use of the astrolabe, the compass, and the sextant. José Arcadio Buendía spent the long months of the rainy season shut up in a small room that he had built in the rear of the house so that no one would disturb his experiments. Having completely abandoned his domestic obligations, he spent entire nights in the courtyard watching the course of the stars and he almost contracted sunstroke from trying to establish an exact method to ascertain noon. When he became an expert in the use and manipulation of his instruments, he conceived a notion of space that allowed him to navigate across unknown seas, to visit uninhabited territories, and to establish relations with splendid beings without having to leave his study. That was the period in which he acquired the habit of talking to himself, of walking through the house without paying attention to anyone, as ?rsula and the children broke their backs in the garden, growing banana and caladium, cassava and yams, ahuyama roots and eggplants. Suddenly, without warning, his feverish activity was interrupted and was replaced by a kind of fascination. He spent several days as if he were bewitched, softly repeating to himself a string of fearful conjectures without giving credit to his own understanding. Finally, one Tuesday in December, at lunchtime, all at once he released the whole weight of his torment. The children would remember for the rest of their lives the august solemnity with which their father, devastated by his prolonged vigil and by the wrath of his imagination, revealed his discovery to them: "The earth is round, like an orange." ?rsula lost her patience. "If you have to go crazy, please go crazy all by yourself!" she shouted. "But don't try to put your gypsy ideas into the heads of the children." José Arcadio Buendía, impassive, did not let himself be frightened by the desperation of his wife, who, in a seizure of rage, mashed the astrolabe against the floor. He built another one, he gathered the men of the village in his little room, and he demonstrated to them, with theories that none of them could understand, the possibility of returning to where one had set out by consistently sailing east. The whole village was convinced that José Arcadio Buendía had lost his reason, when Melquíades returned to set things straight. He gave public praise to the intelligence of a man who from pure astronomical speculation had evolved a theory that had already been proved in practice, although unknown in Macondo until then, and as a proof of his admiration he made him a gift that was to have a profound influence on the future of the village: the laboratory of an alchemist. By then Melquíades had aged with surprising rapidity. On his first trips he seemed to be the same age as José Arcadio Buendía. But while the latter had preserved his extraordinary strength, which permitted him to pull down a horse by grabbing its ears, the gypsy seemed to have been worn dowse by some tenacious illness. It was, in reality, the result of multiple and rare diseases contracted on his innumerable trips around the world. According to what he himself said as he spoke to José Arcadio Buendía while helping him set up the laboratory, death followed him everywhere, sniffing at the cuffs of his pants, but never deciding to give him the final clutch of its claws. He was a fugitive from all the plagues and catastrophes that had ever lashed mankind. He had survived pellagra in Persia, scurvy in the Malayan archipelago, leprosy in Alexandria, beriberi in Japan, bubonic plague in Madagascar, an earthquake in Sicily, and a disastrous shipwreck in the Strait of Magellan. That prodigious creature, said to possess the keys of Nostradamus, was a gloomy man, enveloped in a sad aura, with an Asiatic look that seemed to know what there was on the other side of things. He wore a large black hat that looked like a raven with widespread wings, and a velvet vest across which the patina of the centuries had skated. But in spite of his immense wisdom and his mysterious breadth, he had a human burden, an earthly condition that kept him involved in the small problems of daily life. He would complain of the ailments of old age, he suffered from the most insignificant economic difficulties, and he had stopped laughing a long time back because scurvy had made his teeth drop out. On that suffocating noontime when the gypsy revealed his secrets, José Arcadio Buendía had the certainty that it was the beginning of a great friendship. The children were startled by his fantastic stories. Aureliano, who could not have been more than five at the time, would remember him for the rest of his life as he saw him that afternoon, sitting against the metallic and quivering light from the window, lighting up with his deep organ voice the darkest reaches of the imagination, while down over his temples there flowed the grease that was being melted by the heat. José Arcadio, his older brother, would pass on that wonderful image as a hereditary memory to all of his descendants. ?rsula on the other hand, held a bad memory of that visit, for she had entered the room just as Melquíades had carelessly broken a flask of bichloride of mercury. "It's the smell of the devil," she said. "Not at all," Melquíades corrected her. "It has been proven that the devil has sulphuric properties and this is just a little corrosive sublimate." Always didactic, he went into a learned exposition of the diabolical properties of cinnabar, but ?rsula paid no attention to him, although she took the children off to pray. That biting odor would stay forever in her mind linked to the memory of Melquíades. The rudimentary laboratory-in addition to a profusion of pots, funnels, retorts, filters, and sieves-was made up of a primitive water pipe, a glass beaker with a long, thin neck, a reproduction of the philosopher's egg, and a still the gypsies themselves had built in accordance with modern descriptions of the three-armed alembic of Mary the Jew. Along with those items, Melquíades left samples of the seven metals that corresponded to the seven planets, the formulas of Moses and Zosimus for doubling the quantity of gold, and a set of notes and sketches concerning the processes of the Great Teaching that would permit those who could interpret them to undertake the manufacture of the philosopher's stone. Seduced by the simplicity of the formulas to double the quantity of gold, José Arcadio Buendía paid court to ?rsula for several weeks so that she would let him dig up her colonial coins and increase them by as many times as it was possible to subdivide mercury. ?rsula gave in, as always, to her husband's unyielding obstinacy. Then José Arcadio Buendía threw three doubloons into a pan and fused them with copper filings, orpiment, brimstone, and lead. He put it all to boil in a pot of castor oil until he got a thick and pestilential syrup which was more like common caramel than valuable gold. In risky and desperate processes of distillation, melted with the seven planetary metals, mixed with hermetic mercury and vitriol of Cyprus, and put back to cook in hog fat for lack of any radish oil, ?rsula's precious inheritance was reduced to a large piece of burnt hog cracklings that was firmly stuck to the bottom of the pot. When the gypsies came back, ?rsula had turned the whole population of the village against them. But curiosity was greater than fear, for that time the gypsies went about the town making a deafening noise with all manner of musical instruments while a hawker announced the exhibition of the most fabulous discovery of the Naciancenes. So that everyone went to the tent and by paying one cent they saw a youthful Melquíades, recovered, unwrinkled, with a new and flashing set of teeth. Those who remembered his gums that had been destroyed by scurvy, his flaccid cheeks, and his withered lips trembled with fear at the final proof of the gypsy's supernatural power. The fear turned into panic when Melquíades took out his teeth, intact, encased in their gums, and showed them to the audience for an instant-a fleeting instant in which he went back to being the same decrepit man of years past-and put them back again and smiled once more with the full control of his restored youth. Even José Arcadio Buendía himself considered that Melquíades' knowledge had reached unbearable extremes, but he felt a healthy excitement when the gypsy explained to him atone the workings of his false teeth. It seemed so simple and so prodigious at the same time that overnight he lost all interest in his experiments in alchemy. He underwent a new crisis of bad humor. He did not go back to eating regularly, and he would spend the day walking through the house. "Incredible things are happening in the world," he said to ?rsula. "Right there across the river there are all kinds of magical instruments while we keep on living like donkeys." Those who had known him since the foundation of Macondo were startled at how much he had changed under Melquíades' influence. At first José Arcadio Buendía had been a kind of youthful patriarch who would give instructions for planting and advice for the raising of children and animals, and who collaborated with everyone, even in the physical work, for the welfare of the community. Since his house from the very first had been the best in the village, the others had been built in its image and likeness. It had a small, well-lighted living roost, a dining room in the shape of a terrace with gaily colored flowers, two bedrooms, a courtyard with a gigantic chestnut tree, a well kept garden, and a corral where goats, pigs, and hens lived in peaceful communion. The only animals that were prohibited, not just in his house but in the entire settlement, were fighting cocks. ?rsula's capacity for work was the same as that of her husband. Active, small, severe, that woman of unbreakable nerves who at no moment in her life had been heard to sing seemed to be everywhere, from dawn until quite late at night, always pursued by the soft whispering of her stiff, starched petticoats. Thanks to her the floors of tamped earth, the unwhitewashed mud walls, the rustic, wooden furniture they had built themselves were always dean, and the old chests where they kept their clothes exhaled the warm smell of basil. José Arcadio Buendía, who was the most enterprising man ever to be seen in the village, had set up the placement of the houses in such a way that from all of them one could reach the river and draw water with the same effort, and he had lined up the streets with such good sense that no house got more sun than another during the hot time of day. Within a few years Macondo was a village that was more orderly and hard working than any known until then by its three hundred inhabitants. It was a truly happy village where no one was over thirty years of age and where no one had died. Since the time of its founding, José Arcadio Buendía had built traps and cages. In a short time he filled not only his own house but all of those in the village with troupials, canaries, bee eaters, and redbreasts. The concert of so many different birds became so disturbing that ?rsula would plug her ears with beeswax so as not to lose her sense of reality. The first time that Melquíades' tribe arrived, selling glass balls for headaches, everyone was surprised that they had been able to find that village lost in the drowsiness of the swamp, and the gypsies confessed that they had found their way by the song of the birds. That spirit of social initiative disappeared in a short time, pulled away by the fever of the magnets, the astronomical calculations, the dreams of transmutation, and the urge to discover the wonders of the world. From a clean and active man, José Arcadio Buendía changed into a man lazy in appearance, careless in his dress, with a wild beard that ?rsula managed to trim with great effort and a kitchen knife. There were many who considered him the victim of some strange spell. But even those most convinced of his madness left work and family to follow him when he brought out his tools to clear the land and asked the assembled group to open a way that would put Macondo in contact with the great inventions. José Arcadio Buendía was completely ignorant of the geography of the region. He knew that to the east there lay an impenetrable mountain chain and that on the other side of the mountains there was the ardent city of Riohacha, where in times past-according to what he had been told by the first Aureliano Buendía, his grandfather-Sir Francis Drake had gone crocodile hunting with cannons and that he repaired hem and stuffed them with straw to bring to Queen Elizabeth. In his youth, José Arcadio Buendía and his men, with wives and children, animals and all kinds of domestic implements, had crossed the mountains in search of an outlet to the sea, and after twenty-six months they gave up the expedition and founded Macondo, so they would not have to go back. It was, therefore, a route that did not interest him, for it could lead only to the past. To the south lay the swamps, covered with an eternal vegetable scum and the whole vast universe of the great swamp, which, according to what the gypsies said, had no limits. The great swamp in the west mingled with a boundless extension of water where there were soft-skinned cetaceans that had the head and torso of a woman, causing the ruination of sailors with the charm of their extraordinary breasts. The gypsies sailed along that route for six months before they reached the strip of land over which the mules that carried the mail passed. According to José Arcadio Buendía's calculations, the only possibility of contact with civilization lay along the northern route. So he handed out clearing tools and hunting weapons to the same men who had been with him during the founding of Macondo. He threw his directional instruments and his maps into a knapsack, and he undertook the reckless adventure. 请欣赏:  请给我换一个看看！  拜托，快把噪音停掉！我读累了，想听点音乐或者请来支歌曲！      后一章回 >>

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