Legal [fǎ lǜ]
English name: law, statute
"Law"
Latin jus,
French droit,
German Recht,
Russian право,
Are both "fair", "justice" means. From the "law" etymology of view, although equity and justice are metaphorical, but in class society, different classes have different fair concept of justice, law embodied in the ruling class can only be different fair concept of justice .
The Concept of Law Law:
---- Refer to orders or criminal law in ancient times. Developed by the legislature, the state government to ensure implementation of the rules of conduct.
Modern Dictionary ---- formulated by the legislature, the state government to ensure implementation of the rules of conduct. Law reflects the will of the ruling class, is one of the tools of class dictatorship. Stage reflects the will of the ruling, the state's citizens to develop and promulgate rules of conduct to be observed:
---- Here is a narrow legal, I am The People's Republic of China from the highest authority and its standing body - the Standing Committee of National People's Congress and its normative documents. According to China's current Constitution, the law is divided into basic laws and fundamental laws outside the law.
Basic Law:
Generally refers to ---- in a country or region has the highest legal effect of the law, its actual role and the Constitution in fact the same. "Basic Law" means the flavor is not permanent and expedient needle, in the absence of the implementation of the law under the Constitution to maintain the constitutional order of the results.
Generalized law: is defined as a whole, including legal, a statutory interpretation and administrative authorities for the implementation of laws and normative documents (such as regulations)
Narrow legal: refers specifically to the national authorities have legislative power in accordance with a legislative regulatory documents.
In the separation of powers of the state, by the administrative authority Zhihangfalv executive order enacted only for the administrative authority, civil servants are binding, except Fagui command Wai, Yuan Ze Shang Zhi Ding executive of the Chief Guize binding for the people not Fasheng . Restrict people's freedom of rights and laws must be enacted by the legislature election by the people of (the latter).
Overview of Chinese modern legal thought
China is the world's oldest countries. Chinese people of all nationalities have jointly created a splendid culture and have a glorious revolutionary tradition.
After 1840, China was gradually turned into semi-feudal, semi-feudal country. Chinese people for national independence, national liberation and democracy and freedom fought bravely.
20 century, China has undergone enormous changes in the great history.
1911 Revolution led by Sun Yat-sen, abolished the feudal monarchy, the Republic of China. However, the Chinese people against imperialism and feudalism in the historical task is not yet complete.
1949, Chairman Mao Zedong as leader of the Communist Party of China led the Chinese people of all nationalities, after a long and arduous struggle and other forms of armed struggle after the overthrew of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism rule, and achieved a great victory for the new-democratic revolution, the establishment of the People's Republic. Since then, the Chinese people to hold the country's power and become masters of the country.
In China, the exploiting classes as such have been eliminated, but the class struggle will continue long in a certain range. Hostile to the Chinese people and undermine China's socialist system of domestic and foreign hostile forces and hostile elements, we must fight.
Taiwan is a part of the sacred territory of the People's Republic. To complete the great cause of reunification of the motherland is the Taiwan compatriots included the sacred duty of all Chinese people.
The People's Republic of China is the common people of all nationalities to create a unified multi-ethnic country. Equality, solidarity, mutual socialist ethnic relations have been established and will continue to strengthen. In maintaining national unity in the struggle to combat big-nation chauvinism, mainly Han chauvinism, and local nationalism. States make every effort to promote the common prosperity of all nationalities.
The achievements of the Chinese revolution and construction are inseparable from the support with the people of the world's. China's future is the future of the world closely linked. China adheres to an independent foreign policy, principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference in internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence in developing diplomatic relations with other countries and economic and cultural exchanges; persist against the empire Marxism, hegemony, colonialism, and to strengthen solidarity with the peoples of the world, supports the oppressed nations and the developing countries to win and preserve national independence and develop national economy, just struggle to safeguard world peace and promoting human progress and efforts.
The People's Republic of China Constitution in the form of legal recognition of the Chinese people of all nationalities to work hard to provide the country's basic system and basic tasks of the state's fundamental law, has the highest legal force. People of all nationalities, all state organs and armed forces, all political parties and social organizations, enterprises, organizations must take the constitution as the basic criteria, and the duty to uphold the dignity of the Constitution, to guarantee its implementation.
Characteristics of Legal Thought in Ancient China
2009 Judicial Review Means in Examination
According to personal experience, I will review the Judicial Examination in 2009 are divided into the following steps:
The first step: in the 09 years before a teacher can look at the courseware, handouts. Proposed big-_select_ed teacher. These counselors understand the following questions based on previous years, which gives us the key and difficult information. Focus on understanding each teacher's teaching methods. And recommend: The best teachers and then Zhaozhao the proposition of some audio-visual and written information, so the teachers through their ideas to seize the proposition.
I bought a Chinese test in 2008 financing www.hx600.com 11 remedial classes courseware, now listen, I feel good.
Step two: buy articles in January, focused look at the inside of judicial interpretation. After opinion articles. This is part of the review method because there is no judicial interpretation of the contents of the previous articles, or articles that have been change, if a simple look at the content in front, once formed the back of a deep memory of their judicial interpretation of the review will produce into the abuses, it is suggested look at the interpretation of Article view.
The third step: in April there are new articles, and also in January bought articles of the supplement, the focus is to look inside the new laws and amended laws. Such as the labor contract law, suing, etc. and so on. After reading over the years Zhenti look to see in the last few years the focus of the subject in which together, it is convenient to our comprehensive understanding of the direction of Si Kao, dynamic.
Step four: In the April publication in mid-exam outline, and we must seize the opportunity to study the contents of the outline, identify, and over the years Zhenti content arising in duplicate each other chapters focus on the legal review, which focused on a test; to outline mentioned, but not covered in the calendar year Zhenti should focus on looking the part, it is possible that the test of the new content.
Step five: for the above sum up the highlights, see the three major focus of this. This more targeted review, not in vain. The key word to be careful to scrutiny, to understand the legal meaning inside. Volume on the proposed focus on.
Step Six: In the August before the articles should read at least two times, three to see two times over. So as to ensure the back of the simulation exercises.
Seventh step: in August will begin to conduct a comprehensive simulation exercises, beginning 2 days when a _set_ of test paper, to the time late in the day and a half can be a test paper. The best is to buy a resolution with the answer, so easy Statistical your score, and be aware of their weak side (to summarize records). in the end of August at least 15 simulated test paper.
Step eight: In early September the content of these difficulties should be grouped into good, and then a final reading, to solve their own problems previously.
Step IX: Congratulations on your exam through judicial!
Writing poetry is based refers to the format and rules. Ming Hu Ying-lin "Poetry Tau old body": "modern style of attack, service before the law." Qing Liu Da-kui "Song Yunfu Papers in Order": "busy out of it as the article said I," Poems "and" book "of the United Kingdom , Qu Song-hua, the degree of coagulation However, the air excitedly, their legal Senran, Jinhui Yu Jie, a self into his words. "Zhou Yi" Hui Feng Ci "Volume:" The article is quite legal, poem vertical and horizontal rows dawdle, do not yet slim group of learning organizations. "
Characteristics of Ancient Greek Law Thought
A. Plato's legal thinking
First, Plato's life and work
Plato is the first one to retain the history of Europe under the complete works of thinkers, the dialogue before and after book 25. Books about political and legal theory There are three main parts, namely, "Utopia" (as in the prime of life), "the politician articles" (as in the later years), "Laws" (must document). Generally speaking, the "Utopia" on behalf of his principal political and social ideals, and the "Laws" is written in the face of reality the rule of law works.
Second, Justice and the rule of man on
(A) the country of justice and the type of person
Plato's philosophy is based on the distinction between ideas and reality, in Plato's view, the world from "concept in the world" and "copy in the world," composed of two parts. Philosophy is spiritual, is primary, even though it is invisible, but it is the root of all things, is the real eternal existence; and copy in the world, it is visible, false, volatile, and can only be the shadow of the world concept. Share ideas because of the different levels, they were accordingly with the gold, silver, copper and iron in three different nature, people also have different types and qualities:
Jin → Philosophers → Wisdom
Brave warrior → Silver →
Production of copper, iron workers → moderate →
However, the quality control for the productive laborers should not only be owned by all three people also 应当 Chengwei quality, because a countries must maintain harmony, only when people play their respective roles, keep to his O'clock, national production is possible "justice" of the character, a justice of the country. When individuals of the three qualities (desire, passion and reason) to run an orderly coordination in individuals, the individuals who became justice. This means that a rational desire for domination, mental domination body; Therefore, in this sense, Plato said justice is a moral justice.
(B) the relationship between law and justice
In Plato's view, a character of the, have "less good" and "less evil" in two parts. If a more dominant part of the good, you have control of "more evil" part, he became his own master; if he accepts the bad education, or subject to influence by the bad guys, he would become "his own slaves." When inflated, the would have to submit to external authority, the external authority is the law.
For Plato, the law is a social code of conduct, it is fair and just sign. However, the law of justice and moral justice are not identical. Legal justice is the "action justice" refers to the normal operation of the machine through the legal consequences or judgments obtained. Therefore, the law of moral justice is justice services.
(C) of Philosophy and the rule of man
Plato that the philosopher king to rule through knowledge than the legal rule has a strong advantage, legal and far less than the wisdom of philosophers. Because: (1) is a philosopher by the possession of truth, than the law enacted by state organs should be much more clever; (2) "legal person strong Zhe Zhisuo good", but in reality the law does not necessarily reflect the justice, while the draconian law is not true; (3) the law is rigid and fixed, and politics itself is flexible. The philosopher's knowledge can be adaptable; (4) requires all community harmony, which only philosophers to achieve this goal through wisdom.
Third, the rule of law on: legislation and law-abiding thought
(A) of the legislative process
In Plato's view, the legislation is a "clearing brush" process, which must be the original people of the old system and the quality of some cleaning before they can work out new laws. In the legislation, constitutional framework should be established first, then the enactment of laws and regulations. Plato's emphasis on statutory law, but that practice is derived from the custom of ordinary people.
(B) Principles of Legislation
The fundamental principle is to make laws in accordance with the concept of justice and should be in accordance with the well-being of all people based. The focus on legislation, the focus on civic spirit of the law.
(C) the law of
Plato from a historical perspective traces the course of development of human society, that the state was formed in the contract. The contract is the core of compliance with the law, which means that only law-abiding virtue is in line with national nature. [1]
Plato believes that the will of the citizens for speaking, the rule of law does not have compulsory, but embody the good of the country wishes. He said: "If the law is fully able to lead to perfection or at least in part, to achieve this purpose, we should implement these laws." Citizen's education is also necessary to guide them to implement and abide by the law; law must have the authority, state officials The power must be restricted to the so-called good law enforcement by Liang Li.
Fourth, a major evaluation of legal thought Plato
First, the rule of law ideology is a long tradition of Western legal tradition, a revival of modern Western law has far-reaching impact, and became an important ideological basis of Roman law;
Second, summarizes the essence of ancient Greek political philosophy: The best politics is difficult to achieve, and to prevent the worst of politics is possible, that is, the supremacy of law must be used to rule.
Third, on the "mixed regime" research and "separation of powers principle" of discourse, by scholars hailed as the prototype of the separation of powers.
Fourth, methodological collectivism also created later as a unit of the collective state, the legal doctrine of precedent, in Plato's philosophy, the individual city-states of the tools and instruments only, no independent existence value.
B. the thought of Aristotle
First, Aristotle's life and work
Aristotle (384 BC ~ 322 BC), Greek encyclopedic thinking we had studied under Plato. The representative works are "political science" and "Athens system" (of 158 countries, one city-state summary of the political system), In addition, the "ethics" also has a lot of information on legal thinking. Domestic vaccine capacity, Professor Tien editor of the "Complete Works of Aristotle," have as many as ten volumes.
Second, the legal theory of justice
(A) the meaning of justice and classification
(B) the extension of legal justice: equality and moderation
1. Equality. First, the number of equality, that everyone received something in the number and capacity, with others from the same; Second, the ratio of equality, that is, the actual value according to their corresponding value for proportional allocation of the things said. Distribution of political rights must be elements of people that constitute the city's contribution to the size of the Wei basis minded than others, Jiao Wei who is superior political morality, Shui life in the city in the process of achieving good and Virtue largest number of acts whoever should The city-state to enjoy more benefits.
2. Mean. The so-called golden mean is the unbiased rather, in the middle of two extremes. Aristotle believes that all human actions are excessive, less than three states and moderate, moderation is the only virtue of the characteristics. The same is true for society, society is divided into very person (usually try to be brave so presumptuous crime), very poor (and often lazy rogue easy to commit a small crime) and the middle class. Only the middle class is both rich and poor class contradictions of the "best neutral arbiter." Therefore, the middle class as the most suitable rulers and legislators.
(C) the relationship between justice and the law
Law is built on the basis of justice, from justice, the law extends. Resides in the principles of justice among the substantive law. Freedom and justice has led to the formation of natural law, which became the basis for countries to develop positive law.
Third, the legal definition, function, classification
(A) of the definition of the law
The law is just politics, is the world recognized standards for fair and unbiased trade-off is the rational expression is a contract-style contract. Law features include: (1) justice: The law is the embodiment of justice, it all people, including rulers and ruled are equal; (2) variability, the law should be allowed to change, of course, have to change It argues carefully; (3) must comply with sex. Law is a special social norms, codes of conduct for people, everyone must abide by it.
(B) on the role of law
The role and purpose of the law is for the whole city's "good business" to "Virtue", the pursuit of "public welfare", to enhance human morality.
(C) the classification of law
1. Natural law and statutory law. Natural law is the embodiment of human reason, is based on justice, the existence of universal principles of society, reflecting the "natural order of existence" of the law; development of law that is law enacted by the people. Natural law than statutory law;
2. Basic and Non Basic. Basic fact is the Constitution, which provides state forms of governance, provided the number of rulers and production methods, provides the status of citizens in the city;
3. Good laws and bad laws. Any authentic system of government established under the laws of good laws; all the perverted form of government under the laws as draconian;
4. Statutory and customary law. Customary law that is long-standing custom of the Greek city-states, or etiquette.
Fourth, the rule of law theory
(A) the meaning of the rule of law
The rule of law contains two meanings: the law has been _set_ up universal obedience, they all obey the law they should be making a very good itself is legal. That is, the so-called rule of law, that is, the combination of good laws and law-abiding.
(B) a concrete manifestation of the rule of law
1. Legislation: Aristotle stressed that legislation must adhere to the following principles: First, to reflect the interests of the middle class; Second, the case study countries; Third, consider the citizens especially young people, strengthening education; Fourth, the combination of flexibility and stability .
2. Law enforcement thinking. State power officials to strictly enforce the law. The law clearly defined, should be strictly according to law enforcement; legal requirements or not different _set_ of regulations must be in accordance with the principles of law to deal with and decide the case fairly.
3. Law-abiding thought. Compliance is the key to the rule of law. States must strengthen the training of civil law-abiding behavior and training.
(C) the superiority of the rule of law
The superiority of the rule of law relative to the purposes of the rule of man, and this superiority is mainly reflected in: First, the law is the collective wisdom and careful consideration of the product; second, the law does not feelings, not favoritism, with impartiality; s Third, the law would not speak, not the Elephant Man as lip; Fourth, the legal use of standardized forms, with clarity; Fifth, the rule of man easily bungled national affairs, especially the hereditary system, even more so; the sixth, the times the rule of law , can not implement the rule of man; the seventh, the implementation of governance more difficult for one person, the sovereign's ability and his limits; eighth, one of the government deprives you turn right to govern.
(D) the rule of law to make up for deficiencies
Where the law lags behind that of remedial measures can be taken three kinds: personal power or coalition of a number of people power "as a subsidy"; on some of the imperfections make the appropriate changes to the law; strengthen the interpretation of the law. Mainly refers to the spirit of the law (France and Italy) to make a fair deal with the case and decision.
(E) the relationship between the rule of law and the rule of law
Legal system and rule of law is different but related two concepts should not be confused. The main difference between the two:
1, the rule of law is referred to the legal system, is the scope of the system is a real thing; the rule of law is called the rule of law is a governance principles and methods, as opposed to "rule by man" is concerned, and is legal stuff that real improvement and reform.
2, the rule of law and development directly linked with all countries, there is the rule of law in any country; and the rule of law and development not directly linked with all countries, only countries in the democracy there is rule of law only.
3, the basic requirements of the rule of law is the work of law and system, and according to the law, the law is strictly enforced, violators are prosecuted; the basic requirements of the rule of law is strictly according to law, law measures of social adjustment with the supremacy, authority and mandatory, not the power of willfulness.
4, the implementation of the legal system of the main symbol of a country from the legislation, law enforcement, judicial, law-abiding to legal supervision, there has been relatively complete legal and institutional; effect the rule of law, the main symbol of any organ of a country, group and individuals, including the country's top leaders, have a strict compliance with the law and the law.
Contact between the two is: the rule of law is the basis and precondition for the rule of law to the rule of law, must have a complete legal system; the rule of law and end the rule of law standpoint, the future development of the rule of law must be the ultimate realization of the rule of law.
5, the characteristics of legal thought Aristotle
First, as with Plato, are starting to explore from an ethical ideal of political life, thus creating a theoretical tradition of Western Philosophy and Hegel's "Philosophy of" been the most fully Implementation;
Second, to study law and politics combine to make the legal discipline of sociology or political jurisprudence laid the basic structure of the prototype;
Third, distinctive features of realism, of the problem is to investigate the practical standpoint, the use of the method is mainly inductive, that is, through analysis, comparison, and then draw conclusions. So have claimed that Plato for posterity with more passion and ideals, and Aristotle left behind a more mature system and logic;
Fourth, respected the rule of law, the rule of law for the mature Western theory of the establishment of great significance.
6, legal translation company
Dalian Sun Translation Co., Ltd.
List of Chinese law
The People's Republic of China Constitution, December 4, 1982 March 14, 2004
The People's Republic of China Anti-Secession Law March 14, 2005
The People's Republic of China National People's Congress and local people's congresses at all levels of the electoral law on Feb. 28, 1995
The People's Republic of China Organic Law of National People's Congress on Dec. 10, 1982
The People's Republic of China local people's congresses and local people's governments at all levels of the Organic Law of October 27, 2004
The People's Republic of China Organic Law of the State Council, December 10, 1982
Organic Law of People's Republic of China July 1, 1979 September 2, 1983 October 31, 2006
The People's Republic of China Organic Law of the People's Procuratorate on Sept. 2, 1983
Legislation Law March 15, 2000
The People's Republic of China People's Congress Standing Committee at all levels of supervision law August 27, 2006
The People's Republic of China Hong Kong SAR Basic Law, April 4, 1990
Of the People December 30, 1996
The People's Republic of China Macao Special Administrative Region Basic Law, March 31, 1993
Garrison Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region, June 28, 1999
The People's Republic of China on Regional Ethnic Autonomy February 28, 2001
The People's Republic of China National Emblem March 2, 1991
The People's Republic of China National Flag June 28, 1990
The People's Republic of China Organic Law of Villagers Committee on November 4, 1998
Assemblies, Marches and Demonstrations October 31, 1989
The People's Republic of China on Protection of Minors Act Sept. 4, 1991 December 29, 2006
The People's Republic of China Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Act June 28, 1999
The People's Republic of China Elderly Protection Act 1996
The People's Republic of China Disabled Persons Act December 28, 1990
The People's Republic of China on State Compensation Law of May 12, 1994
The People's Republic of China Nationality Law of September 10, 1980
The People's Republic of China martial law March 1, 1996
Civil and Commercial Law
The People's Republic of China Civil Code April 12, 1986
Property Law March 16, 2007
Copyright Law September 7, 1990 October 27, 2001
The People's Republic of China Marriage Law of the April 28, 2001
The People's Republic of China Adoption November 4, 1998
The People's Republic of China Law of Succession April 10, 1985
The People's Republic of China Company Law December 29, 1993 December 25, 1999 August 28, 2004
PRC Enterprise Bankruptcy Law on Aug. 27, 2006
Partnership Enterprise Law of the People's Republic February 23, 1997 August 27, 2006
The People's Republic of China Farmers Professional Cooperatives Act October 31, 2006
Administrative law
People's Police Law of February 28, 1995
The People's Republic of China Administrative Licensing Law August 27, 2003
The People's Republic of China Administrative Review April 29, 1999
The People's Republic of China Administrative Punishment Law of March 17, 1996
The People's Republic of China Extradition Law December 28, 2000
The People's Republic of China National Defense Law of March 14, 1997
The People's Republic of China Military Service December 29, 1998
The People's Republic of China National Defense Education Act, April 28, 2001
The People's Republic of China Civil Air Defense Law October 29, 1996
The People's Republic of China Resident Identity Card Act June 28, 2003
Firearms Control Act July 5, 1996
Emergency Response Law of The People's Republic of China on Aug. 30, 2007
The People's Republic of China on Road Traffic Safety Law of 28 October 2003
Fire Control Law of April 29, 1998
The People's Republic of China State Security Law February 22, 1993
The People's Republic of China Civil Law of April 27, 2005
The People's Republic of China Administrative Supervision Law May 9, 1997
The People's Republic of China Archives Act July 5, 1996
The People's Republic of China on Guarding State Secrets Law September 5, 1988
The People's Republic of China Education Act 1995
The People's Republic of China Compulsory Education Law of April 12, 1986
The People's Republic of China Higher Education Act August 29, 1998
The People's Republic of China Vocational Education Act May 15, 1996
Teachers Law of the People's Republic on Oct. 31, 1993
The People's Republic of China Private Education Promotion Law December 28, 2002
The People's Republic of China science and technology popularization Act June 29, 2002
The People's Republic of China National Common Language Law October 31, 2000
Maternal and Child Health Law of the People's Republic on Oct. 27, 1994
The People's Republic of China Population and Family Planning Law, December 29, 2001
The People's Republic of China on Urban Real Estate Administration Law of July 5, 1994 August 30, 2007
The People's Republic of China Customs Law July 8, 2000
Meteorology Law of the People's Republic on Oct. 31, 1999
The People's Republic of China Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Act
The People's Republic of China Surveying and Mapping Law of August 29, 2002
Criminal Class
The People's Republic of China Criminal Law December 25, 1999 December 28, 2002
Economic Law
The People's Republic of China Government Procurement Law June 29, 2002
The People's Republic of China Income Tax Law of September 10, 1980 September 2, 1983 April 9, 1991
The People's Republic of China Foreign Enterprise Income Tax Law of December 13, 1981 April 9, 1991
The People's Republic of China Foreign Investment Enterprises and Foreign Enterprises Income Tax Law of April 9, 1991 March 16, 2007
The People's Republic of China Enterprise Income Tax Law March 16, 2007
Personal Income Tax Law of The People's Republic of China September 10, 1980 October 31, 1993 August 30, 1999 October 27, 2005 June 29, 2007
The People's Republic of China Anti-Money Laundering Law of October 31, 2006
The People's Republic of China Banking Regulatory Act December 27, 2003 October 31, 2006
The People's Republic of China Fisheries Law of January 20, 1986
The People's Republic of China Electric Power Act 1996
The People's Republic of China Civil Aviation Law of October 30, 1995
Postal Law of December 2, 1986
The People's Republic of China Agricultural Law December 28, 2002
The People's Republic of China Seed Law July 8, 2000
The People's Republic of China Agricultural Mechanization Promotion Law of June 25, 2004
The People's Republic of China on Animal Epidemic Prevention July 3, 1997 August 30, 2007
The People's Republic of China anti-monopoly law on Aug. 30, 2007
Labor Law
The People's Republic of China Employment Promotion Law August 30, 2007
The People's Republic of China Labor Contract Law of June 29, 2007
The People's Republic of China Insurance Law October 28, 2002
Litigation and non-procedural law
The People's Republic of China civil procedure law April 9, 1991
The People's Republic of China Criminal Procedure Law of July 7, 1979
Administrative Procedure Law of The People's Republic of China April 4, 1989
Goddess of justice
1. Themis Themis
Is the Greek goddess of justice and law, to head clear and known. She muffled eyes, on behalf of non-discrimination; the right hand holding the balance, on behalf of fair and just; left hand holding the sword of justice on behalf of the authority.
In Hong Kong, before a judge or lawyer, should the goddess Artemis, under oath.
Artemis, in accordance with the "God discipline system," she is the God of Uranus (days) and Gaia (to) the daughter, later became the Olympian Zeus's second wife. Her name's intention to "Earth", escape to "create", "stable", "firm", and legal place to contact. Early mythology, Artemis is the interpretation of the god of prophecy, she is said to have been in charge of the Temple of Delphi, to explain prophecy, and later transferred to the Apollo. She is also responsible for maintaining the order of Olympus, monitoring the implementation of the ceremony. In ancient Greek sculpture, her face shape is a serious woman, carrying a balance. She and daughter born to Zeus He pulled (timing goddess), auneau Mi Asia (order of the goddess), dice (the goddess of justice), E Ruisi (the goddess of peace), MOK dependent (Fate), etc., for her contribution responsibilities. Most of them and the legal relationship is dice (Dice), said to the goddess of justice in charge of the key to the door day and night, monitoring human life, justice in the soul loop. She often armed with a sword chasing criminals who kill blasphemous. Her style is often armed with swords or clubs daunting images of women. Ancient Greek mythology, often referred to another goddess of justice is 阿斯特赖亚 (Astraea), she was on the ground for justice, and they rose to the sky as the main star virgo "dimension argo" immaculate. Her style is a pure girl, than the two to be engaging and much more.
2. Zhu Sititiya Justitia,
Roman mythology, the name of the goddess of justice. The Romans accepted the ancient Greek gods, and mixed with the Roman gods. In the Roman Empire, in turn personified some of the concepts, "created" a lot of gods, among them the justice / justice goddess Zhu Sititiya (Justitia, the word change from jus by law), the goddess Modeling a mixture of the Greek Artemis, dice, 阿斯特赖亚 various goddess's image, usually a hand-held scales, a sword in hand, and the eyes are closed or is in the eye is covered with cloth.
End of the century in Europe in the Renaissance, the revival of ancient Greek art of ancient Rome, while also revival of Roman law, the goddess of justice Zhu Sititiya the statues began to appear in court each city. Still follow the ancient Roman goddess style, hand sword in one hand scales, scales that "fair", the sword that "justice", and closed his eyes, said, "observe with the heart." Figures are often engraved on the back of Roman proverbs: "To achieve justice, even earth shattering (Fiat justitia ruat caelum)."
3. Related cultural
Myths and legends in fact reflects the human reality. Ancient Greek and Roman courts, many people are meeting, or a group of citizens chosen by lot the composition. The identity of the Court of Magistrates cases, a bit like pulling to judge by the passers-by, do not take the initiative to gather evidence or investigation, but according to evidence submitted by the parties to determine which side is speaking the truth. As a member of the judge's meeting, before the start of the trial, often know nothing about the case, thanks to the trial process to understand the situation, or even to rely on the law jurists invited to explain to understand the law should apply. Therefore, the court focused is a measure of evidence on both sides recognized the fact that, to achieve fairness and justice. After _set_ting the highest Roman magistrates to deal with civil litigation, family law is still in litigation with the help of those who pay attention to the measurement and identification of evidence, the investigation does not interfere, that is holding the balance reflected in the myth of Artemis. Major criminal cases, some people will be appointed a committee to collect evidence, search for criminals and suspects before the courts for trial findings.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, Germanic tribes rule the roost in western Europe, most of their court is a gathering of tribal men, still pulling to play a role just people. Medieval proverbs "not the plaintiff not judge", that is the case. Centralization of power in the Kingdom of the gradual strengthening only after there was found criminals, collecting evidence mechanism. Such as the King of England Henry II in 1164 promulgated the "Clarington edict" to provide the royal tour the trial judge, should be convened in a local court case 12 has nothing to do with human witnesses to give evidence to the court under oath to the same advice to establish the facts, this is the source of the jury later. 1275, the United Kingdom have provided a major criminal cases investigated by the jury to gather evidence to courts. However, in order to prevent the jury investigating the crime have preconceptions, in 1352, Edward III's decree further provides that, where evidence of the jurors involved in the investigation of cases will not be allowed to participate in the trial of the case, can only participate in the proceedings as the prosecution witness the authenticity of their testimony will have to call from the other 12 jurors to confirm the consensus. This will form a special investigation and evidence collection for prosecution of the jury or "grand jury" and the special trial jury, or "petit jury."
|