Anthropology (anthropology) from the biological and cultural perspective on human conduct a comprehensive study of the sciences. The words formed by the anthropos and logos, from the understanding that the human knowledge. Was first seen in ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle of high moral character and acts of description. 1501, German scholar Henderson used the word as the study of human anatomy and physiology book's title. Therefore, in the 19th century, anthropologists use the word equivalent to what we said physical anthropology, especially that of the human anatomy and physiology. Into the 19th century, many European scholars began to discover the remains of archaeological interest in fossils, these remains often accompanied by artifacts, which are products of the original peoples now still in use, so scholars began to pay attention to is the original race physical type and coverage of primitive culture. These first by explorers, missionaries, seamen, etc. brought to Europe and then, anthropologists have different cultures in person to collect this material. Therefore, only the concern of anthropology discontinued the tradition of human anatomy and physiology, but further from the physical, cultural, archaeological and linguistic extensive New Age comprehensive study of mankind. Of course, differences in national academic tradition, the names of the various branches of anthropology have a different understanding, in continental Europe, the term anthropology only be interpreted narrowly, that specifically refers to the physical aspects of human research on human culture the research is called ethnology.
Anthropology is a study of people as a direct and comprehensive understanding of its basis and purpose of the subjects. If the people as animals and intellectuals to distinguish, then it can not fully to understand people. Anthropology is a comprehensive study of the human body and the cultural (life), to clarify the relationship of human and cultural purposes. In summary anthropology can be broadly divided into: the main research project, genetic, physiological and other human body anthropology; to customs, cultural history, language and other cultural objects for the study of cultural anthropology, and specializing in human prehistory, and prehistoric cultural anthropology. Anthropology Anthropology is also known as human nature.
In various branches of anthropology, physical anthropology from the biological point of view of human research subjects, which include human origins, development, ethnic differences, human and ecological relations and the existing body and behavior of primates content . Mustache which has developed into more specialized areas, such as human evolution study, ethnographic research, primate research, science, and the formation of some technical means, such as body measurement, field observations of primates technology. With the development of genetics, physical anthropology also learn a lot of theory and analysis.
Cultural anthropology from the cultural perspective of human behavior by the various disciplines, which study the origin of human culture, the development of the process of change, the world's nations regional cultural differences, and attempt to explore the nature of human culture and evolution of the law. Broad cultural anthropology, including archeology, linguistics and ethnology, cultural anthropology i.e. narrow Ethnology. Ethnology is based on ethnographic and cultural comparative study of the subjects. Cultural anthropologists have done most accomplished work is the human marriage and family, kinship, religion, witchcraft, primitive art and so on. In this part of the British academics tend to as social anthropology, sometimes referred to as social and cultural anthropology.
From the etymological sense, anthropology is the study of human science. This discipline attempts based on the biological characteristics of human and cultural features, comprehensive study of people, and with particular emphasis on human diversity and ethnic and cultural concepts.
Anthropology originated in the era of European geographical discovery of modern Western technological civilization scholars outside the research community, this community is known as "barbaric," "primitive", "tribal", "legend" and "there is text before the "social. However, the current research in the field of anthropology has been extended to within a modern society, attempted to outline the general problems of human behavior, and overall social and cultural phenomena described.
The two main areas of anthropology physical anthropology and cultural anthropology. They are closely linked with other subjects, such as archeology, linguistics, sociology, political science, economics, psychology and history. Interdisciplinary exchange, produced many valuable results. For example, comparison of economists based anthropology schema, proposed the "economic man" concept, the formation of economic anthropology.
Since the 20th century, cultural anthropology and physical anthropology began to separate, while many anthropologists turned to the so-called "cultural pluralism" view, and the emergence of many genres.
Package Ashley (Franz Boas), and cultural history of school packet discard first choice Ashley fact, attached to the abstract theory of evolution will be in research methods, focusing on field studies and tend to the so-called functional point of view, insist on any kind of culture as a whole of study. He is the school's main characters culture and history, this school in the United States dominated the field of cultural anthropology.
Moss (Marcel Mauss) and the "sociological" school in general, Moss and packages Ashley, believes in the systematic study of social phenomena, but a slightly different way. He pointed out that society is "self-regulation" and tends to balance the system, the system is to maintain all elements of the role of system integration and adaptation. He inspired the later function of ideology, influenced a whole generation of European sociologists and anthropologists.
Guang Han broadcast of commentators
This faction also opposed to the classic theory of evolution, that the existence of a small number of centers of civilization since the creation of all cultures, and broadcast-based or cultural characteristics of the communication is a fundamental driving force of human development. They center of civilization as "cultural circle", also called circles School.
Functionalism and structuralism
Malinowski (Bronislaw Malinowski) is a function to send a representative. This faction believes that the only way to explain the facts of anthropology is to specify it in a certain culture is playing the feature, so anthropological research goal is to grasp the cultural whole and organic links between different parts of history meaningful comparison . Instead, Radcliffe - Brown (AR Radcliffe-Brown) is the structure's advocates. It holds that the purpose of anthropological research experience beyond the facts reveal the nature of the system.
Cultural Psychology
The basic idea of this camp is to determine each individual's psychological and cultural composition, against the universal spirit or concept of human nature. For example, Benedict (Ruth Benedict) in the southwestern United States study found that Indian way of thinking or reasoning with their neighboring ethnic totally different mental tendencies, therefore culturally determined. Now, the culture and personality study is more extensive, such as value systems and national character studies.
Cultural anthropology is a young science, it does not constitute a fully consistent theoretical system. But if anthropologists can avoid ethnocentrism, and create a common objective of the concept of culture of "science" can be established.
The application of anthropological research, which aims to provide guidance to governments and other organizations research, has made many achievements. For example, the consequences of social change, social and cultural aspects of traditional knowledge and so on. Applied research in main issue is value judgments, that is absolutely objective research and acceptance of policy issues.
The purpose of anthropology
In short, the purpose of anthropology is a holistic approach to understand who this individual. But the more profound, this research lies not only in the understanding of human body structure, but the idea of all human thought and possibility. In other words, human beings how to act, how to recognize their actions, how about the results of action affect human thinking and human and other groups, symbolic interaction is fundamental to answer anthropological questions.
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