Aesthetics is the essence of beauty and significance of the theme of the subjects. Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy. The main object of art, but not the specific performance of art, but the philosophical problem of art, it is called "America's art philosophy." Basic issues of aesthetics essence of beauty, aesthetic sense of the relationship with the aesthetic object.
Source term
The term aesthetics comes from the Greek aesthesis. The original meaning is "to look and feel the feelings." By the German philosopher Alexander 戈特利布鲍 Mujia Deng for the first time use. His "aesthetic (Aesthetica)" marks the publication of the book as an independent discipline aesthetic production.
Until the 19th century, Aesthetics in the traditional concept of classical art is usually defined as of "America" (Schönheit) doctrine. Modern Philosophy will be defined as awareness of aesthetic art, science, design and philosophy of cognitive theory and the philosophy of feeling. The aesthetic value of an object is not simply defined as "beautiful" and "ugly", but to understand the type and nature of the object.
History
Aesthetics as an independent discipline is from the German of the eighteenth century Baomujiadeng start, but it has been produced based on ancient Greece, ancient thinkers on the theory of the United States above the aesthetic theory of the system is in the past, and science. The ancient Greek aesthetic theory since the study also established in people's aesthetic appreciation and creative activities on the basis of aesthetic, aesthetic activities for people philosophical reflection. Therefore, we must understand the aesthetic must be returned to its source to begin a U.S. trip.
Why aesthetics associated with the perceptual knowledge? Baomujiadeng teacher's teacher, the German philosopher Leibniz there is a vivid interpretation of this, he said: painters and other artists as to what good and what is not good, though very well aware that they often can not This aesthetic interest for them to find reasons, if someone asked them, they replied that the kind of work they do not lack a little joy, "I can not tell what."
Know the work the United States or the United States, but could not say why, in Leibniz and Baomujiadeng seems to belong to a vague, confused perceptions.
Baomujiadeng, the aesthetics of the development experience of the German classical aesthetics, Marxist aesthetics, aesthetics of modern western three important stages.
Stage in the German classical aesthetics, Kant and Hegel on the aesthetic contributions Zhuo formed Aesthetics since the first and third in the history of Western Aesthetics peak. Kant in his criticism of the three known to the world, in the "Critique of Judgement," in Kant's aesthetics proposed and demonstrated a number of fundamental issues, formed a relatively complete system of aesthetic theory. After Kant, Hegel, the German classical aesthetics pushed to the peak, a German classical aesthetics and Western Marxist aesthetics before a master of the aesthetic trends of thought.
Although not specifically Marxist aesthetics has written books, but many of his other works discussed in a number of aesthetic problems, particularly his introduction of the experiment the Guandian aesthetic Yanjiu, so the study of beauty in the Subject and Object Syndrome Tong Yi Jian Li's Ji Chu on the aesthetics provides a new way of thinking.
After the middle of the 19th century, aesthetic development of genres, but in general there is an important trend that is gradually detached from the "Beauty is what" pure philosophical discussion, which focused on "in aesthetic experience how our mental activities," such aesthetic psychological description, the description of aesthetic experience has gradually become a science. This is what the history of aesthetics from the "top down" to "bottom-up" historical transformation. 20th-century aesthetics is the formation of a strong tide of the anti-tradition. On the one hand is the traditional experience of metaphysical rebellion and empirical methods of publicity, on the other hand is a rationalist who rebel and non-rational unassuming, and gradually formed the basis of scientific aesthetics and humanism Aesthetic two thoughts. Modern Western Aesthetics and aesthetic thought the main representatives of German Fechner's "experimental aesthetics", the British Bell's "significant form", the United States Dewey's "aesthetic experience", the Italian Croce's "image of Intuition" , UK "Psychological Distance", the German Lipps's "Empathy", Freud's "libido" theory and the subsequent analysis of aesthetics, phenomenological aesthetics, existentialism, aesthetics, aesthetics accepted and so on.
Study
Although Baomujiadeng first time in history a clear object of study of aesthetics, but his comments did not get the same response in the academic community. Baomujiadeng, the "aesthetics of what exactly" has been a subject of lively controversy. But so far basically three kinds of tendentious comments:
The first view, the aesthetic of the object is beautiful in itself. In the eyes of holding this view, aesthetic issues to be discussed is not a specific thing of beauty, but all the beautiful things in common with the the United States itself, all the beautiful things that make the underlying causes of why the United States.
The second view, aesthetic object of study is art, aesthetics is the philosophy of art. This view has been in the history of Western Aesthetics recognition of a considerable number of aestheticians.
A third view, aesthetic object of study is the aesthetic experience and aesthetic psychology. This view is the rise of psychology as the 19th century, advocating the views and methods of psychology and research to explain all aesthetic phenomena, psychological and aesthetic experience aesthetic placed in the center of aesthetics.
In short, the above study on the aesthetics of various comments may have their certain sense, but also their shortcomings, and therefore are difficult to obtain academic recognition. We prefer the first view of basic, due to the U.S. itself as an aesthetic object of study to compare the aesthetic nature of the subject; Second, whether the interpretation of art or aesthetic experience, will depend on the interpretation of beauty itself. However, the traditional speculative aesthetics to put the United States own research subject and object confrontational mode of thinking, to use technical rational approach, which we can not agree. The end result will be as modern Western aesthetics as the crisis led to existentialism and digestion.
Contemporary International Art Aesthetics more likely, and even called the art of aesthetic philosophy, because contemporary art can not be studied or explained, is to verify the validity of contemporary aesthetic one of the symbols of all kinds of contemporary art in particular has been entirely beyond the traditional definition of aesthetic meaning. "United States" is not the core concept of contemporary aesthetics as it is aesthetic needs attention, otherwise there will be the aesthetics of life to lead a game of words.
Relationship with other disciplines
Aesthetics and Philosophy:
In the relevant disciplines and aesthetics, aesthetics and philosophy most closely. Aesthetics itself is a philosophical nature of the subject. This is because:
The basic problem is an aesthetic philosophy of speculative nature. The formation and nature of any theory depends on its questions and questions are asked. Aesthetics in Plato asked: "What the United States?" Here to ask the United States, not the specific things of beauty, but to make all the beautiful things the root causes of why the United States. This man's attention from the complex natural phenomenon of the numerous lead Tongshe emotional nature of all the abstract, from the changeable things of beauty to lead the United States itself remained unchanged, clearly following the ancient Greek metaphysical tradition. Meanwhile, Aesthetics System also popular at that time the influence of philosophy, the academic framework, theoretical paradigms and ways of thinking all marks with a contemporary philosophy. There is also an interesting phenomenon in the history of almost all major aestheticians great philosopher, and less is the writers or artists. Finally, modern Western aesthetics and philosophy from the other aspects of the complex relationship proved difficult to separate aesthetics and philosophy of the relationship. Face of modern Western aesthetics reject philosophy, but it is only rejected the traditional Western philosophy, it is still attached to modern Western philosophy.
Aesthetics and Ethics:
The relationship between aesthetics and ethics is a good relationship with the U.S. determined. That truth is the ideal life by the state, which are indispensable.
Historically, all objects of beauty is a good sense of ethics, which the United States, particularly in the social field performance. Social content in a sense the U.S. is to the United States to show good form.
Despite the close ties the United States and good, but not to the same, the U.S. is not that good. For example, Hugo novel "Notre Dame de Paris" in the bell ringer, looks ugly, but all good. More focused on things of beauty spirit of the people's pleasure, so super utilitarian nature of the good and the people of Gong Li Duixiang Mudewangwang Zhijiexianglian.
Aesthetics and Psychology:
Liu Xie wrote: "Man on the mountain climbers will love watching the sea is intended to overflow in the sea";
English poet John Keats said: "America is a kind of eternal pleasure";
U.S. esthetician Santayana said: "Beauty is pleasure objectified in the form of, the objective of beauty is a pleasure";
Activities in people's aesthetic is always accompanied by a variety of mental activity - the emotions, joy, imagination, etc.. Li Bai's poem: "Han Shan Bi along the sad", where "cold", "sad", the copy is not purely objective, but rather the expression of feelings. In a sense we can even say that the U.S. can not do without the occurrence of psychological factors were involved. Which is closely related to aesthetics and psychology.
19th century Western aesthetic and psychological functions of the aesthetic experience of stress, the psychological impact of schools on the aesthetics, to some extent illustrates the aesthetics of the psychology of dependence.
Aesthetics and Literature:
Aesthetics and Literature with a common object of study, namely the literary arts. Therefore, they have some of the problems are often staggered, such as literary and artistic works shown aesthetic consciousness, aesthetic ideal, aesthetic creation and aesthetic appreciation of both the general rules of aesthetics such as art school is to be examined.
However, the relative and Literature in terms of aesthetics, but also with the general, it is the origin of art and literature, for the latter to provide a theoretical model and way of thinking. The literature and art are more concerned about the specific experience and phenomena of literature and art, it can provide a wealth of experience in aesthetic research material.
Research Task
Research Methods
Aesthetic Research is diverse. Speculative philosophy can be taken either way, you can also learn from other disciplines of today's research methods, such as description of experience and psychological analysis, methods of anthropology and sociology, linguistics and cultural studies of methods.
Essence of Beauty
What is the United States?
This is from Plato's questions. It is this question, open all the history of aesthetics, as the basic theory of aesthetics, inspired ancient aestheticians, philosophy for their tireless efforts.
The history of Western Aesthetics on the nature of the United States:
1. From the spirit of the essence of beauty
From an objective spirit of: Plato, Pu Luoding, Hegel
Of the subjective mental: Hume, Kant, some modern esthetician
2. From the material of the essence of beauty: Aristotle, Hogarth, stroke grams
3. From the spiritual and material harmonization of the essence of beauty: Diderot, Chernyshevsky
Ancient China on the nature of the United States:
Ancient China on the issue of more through the "Road", "qi" and "magic" of which reflected the strong speculative characteristics with the West, the Chinese ancient aesthetics more emphasis on the meaning and the universe itself the spiritual realm.
Such as: "Peter said," that is, from different angles and imagination association between natural things and the shape of similar habits. Personification of the natural, moral-based, objective characteristics of people, naturalization.
Zi Gong asked: "Gentlemen, see the flood than the concept of Yan, Why?" Confucius said: "Cardiff were water, the gentleman Peter Yan. Times and selfless, like Germany; clinics and those students, like Jen; the flow of dirty sentence through its management are arrogant, like justice; light were popular, deep are unexpected, like Chile; the valley to go 100 yards without doubt, like Yong; Cotton weak and micro-tat, like the police; be evil not to, like package; unclear to enter Mongolia, Xian Jie to out like Shanhua; to volume will be flat, like now, not for profit takes, like degree; its 10,000 will pack the East, like Italian: flood outlook is based on a gentleman see also Yan Er . "
Confucius said: "Some are water, Others Mountain; the wise move, benevolent static; Knowing music, different people have different life."
"Beauty is one of the greatest secrets of nature, we can see and feel all of its effects, but a common and clear opinion: it still belongs to the undiscovered nature of truth."
Issues: the nature of the question whether the U.S. is a problem? Yes! How to Investigate? Not? Can I cancel?
Characteristics of the United States
First, the image of
1. Poetry New Moon made in the image:
Chanzao forest the more quiet, more secluded mountain birds.
Straight Solitary desert, river down the yen.
More Lanna quiet, bad night, month out, such as flooding towers, showing the Qifeng faction.
2. Sculpture: "Laocoon" and so on
3. Paintings: "Mona Lisa", etc.
4.'s Work: "Pastoral," "Andante Cantabile", etc.
5. Fiction: "Dream of Red Mansions", "Journey to the West", "home", "Spring", "Autumn", etc.
6. Theatre: "Hamlet," "La Traviata", "Qu Yuan", "Sunrise", etc.
7. Natural Theory of beauty:
Formulas, concepts, theories, etc. where the United States? (Lee and other discussions of the United States)
They must view the world they portrayed, and the man perceived to be recognized as a beautiful object. (Zhao Xinshan the discourse)
Second, infectious
U.S. direct access to people's feelings, or love, or excitement, or reverence, people get in the spirit of one great pleasure and satisfaction:
Poem Recital: [Hungary] Petofi "I do a torrent"
[Russia] Simonov: "Wait for me ..."
Music clip: Beethoven's "heroic" symphony, Tchaikovsky "June Barcarolle"
The reason why what the United States has a strong appeal, is that he embodies the people's things, especially the expression of human emotional life.
Third, objectivity
All that beauty has an objective physical factors, these physical factors in the cause of people's aesthetic pleasure plays a crucial role. It determines why people choose this thing, not that things as objects of beauty.
The Features
Beauty is a product of human social practice is the object of human nature, the content is true and the good form with the harmonious unity, rich and unique, and can lead to people feeling the joy of life image. In general, the United States have several interrelated and inseparable features:
(A) objectivity and social unity;
(B) image of the unity of nature and reason;
(C) the unity of truth and utility;
(D) the content of the unity of beauty and formal beauty.
Overview of modern aesthetics
Ever since human society, the United States began to sprout, then, development, after hundreds of years.
From the original ancient wounds Jianhen, earth tattoos, animal skins wrapped in a simple, to the neck covered with shells, animal teeth, his head was filled with pheasant feathers, all show that people in the productive labor and social practice of the United States . For the primitive tribal clothing.
Ancient Greece is considered important in Western aesthetics birthplace of the ancient one. Esthetician Plato (Platon, a BC 347 BC 427 BC) in the "big Aspen," the article tells a story about the United States, which is the earliest human written records began thinking about the United States.
Story took place at about 2400 years ago. Great philosopher Socrates to the Sophists Aspen to speak: "As long as God allows, you recite loudly, I must have ears. But I would like to ask you, what is beauty? What is ugly?" Hippias Williams looks a little arrogant, smug and said: "This issue is too small, almost negligible, the problem is much more difficult than that I can teach you, I can teach you everything rebut many excuses." sukla Bottom pretend very pleased: "So first you ask the United States in the end or what?" Aspen some carried away, it seems that people in the lesson: "I'll tell you what is the United States, please remember, the United States is a beautiful young lady. "Socrates, some almost to tears, but they pretended to agree by saying:" fantastic. but my opponent if you ask, any reason why the United States what the United States, whether there is a presence of the United States itself, only that those things for the U.S.? If I said, a young and beautiful lady of the United States, is to make all things for their beauty. Is that OK? "Aspen replied:" He dare you deny the beauty of a beautiful woman? "Socrates leave further asked:" So, a beautiful mare, a beautiful harp, a beautiful soup pot is beautiful is not it? "Aspen looks a little Zhaojiabuzhu: the" too more like it, and how can talk about serious topics, all these rude questions! "also murmured:" a beautiful young mare is still not as good as Miss America. "Socrates seize the thread of her conversation, pursued:" The most beautiful young lady is not ugly, compared with the Goddess it? "Aspen like a deflated balloon.
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