Eastern Zhou Dynasty : Zhou Dynasty > Spring and Autumn Annals
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Dynasty
春秋
　　中国儒家文化的创始人孔子曾经编了一部记载当时鲁国历史的史书名叫《春秋》，而这部史书中记载的时间跨度与构成一个历史阶段的春秋时代大体相当，所以后人就将这一历史阶段称为春秋时期，指的是从公元前７７０年到公元前４７６年，基本上是东周的前半期。
　　东周一开始，周王朝就走了下坡路，王室衰微，大权旁落，诸侯国之间互相征伐，战争频仍。小的诸侯国纷纷被吞并，强大的诸侯国在局部地区实现了统一。而实力最强的诸侯国就可以称霸，先后出现过齐桓公、晋文公、楚庄王、宋襄公、秦穆公５个霸主，史称“ 春秋五霸”。然而在春秋中期，出现了一个比较和平的时期，原因是各国都被战争搞得十分疲惫，需要休整，于是通过公元前５４６年由１４国参加的第二次“弭兵之会”达成协议，战火暂时得以平息。可是，这期间在长江流域，吴、楚、越三国之间却多次爆发霸权之争。春秋时代的中后期，随着牛耕的普及和铁制农具的应用，经济有了迅速发展，出现了私田的开发和井田制的瓦解这一深刻的社会变化。在一些诸侯国的内部，贵族势力强大起来，开始向国君争夺权力。公元前４５３年晋国出现了韩、赵、魏三家大户，将晋国进行了瓜分，自己分别建立了国家，就是著名的“三家分晋”。于是，七雄并立，互相争霸的时代逐步到来，春秋时期走向了战国时期。
　　春秋时期，简称春秋，前770年~前476年（另一说，前770年~前403年），属于东周的一个时期，春秋时代周王的势力减弱，诸侯群雄纷争，齐桓公、晋文公、宋襄公、秦穆公、楚庄王相继称霸，史称“春秋五霸”。(一说是齐桓公、晋文公、楚庄王、吴王阖闾、越王勾践)。春秋时期之后是战国时期代。
　　春秋时期的得名，是因孔子修订《春秋》而得名。这部书记载了从鲁隐公元年（前722年）到鲁哀公十四年（前481年）的历史。现代的学者为了方便起见，一般从周平王元年（前770年）东周立国起，到周敬王四十三年（前477年）为止，称为“春秋时期”。
　　
　　【历史大事】
　　周平王迁都：
　　公元前770年，因为内乱和犬戎频繁入侵，很快就打到镐京，所以周平王被迫将国都从镐京迁至洛邑。因洛邑在镐京之东，此后的周朝史称东周(公元前770～公元前221年）。
　　周室衰微：
　　平王东迁以后，周室渐渐衰落，首先平王的外祖父申侯引犬戎攻入京师，害死幽王，申侯拥立平王，使平王有弑父之嫌，因而使周天子在诸侯间的威望下降，其次各诸侯国势力逐渐强大，互相攻伐，最后平王东迁，使周室只有一小块小地盘，周王室因而衰微，周桓王十二年（前708年），由于边境问题与郑国争执，周桓王率军讨伐郑国，郑庄公不仅敢于领兵抗拒，而且打败了王师，一箭射中了周王的肩膀。说明周王的地位已经严重下降，只是还保存着天下共主的名义罢了。
　　齐桓公称霸：
　　前685年，齐桓公继位，以管仲为相，整顿国政，废除井田制度，按土地的肥瘠，确定赋税，设盐、铁官和铸钱，增加财政收入，寓兵于农，将基层行政组织和军事组织合为一体，增加了兵源和作战能力，迅速成为华夏各国中最富强的国家。然后就打起了“尊王攘夷”的口号，多次大会诸侯，帮助或干涉其它国家，抗击夷狄，终于在周僖王三年（前679年）成为霸主。周惠王二十一年（前656年），齐桓公带领八个诸侯国的联军，以优势兵力迫使楚国服从他，订立了召陵之盟，成为春秋五霸之首。自此，齐桓公建立了会盟霸主的制度。
　　宋楚之争：
　　齐桓公死后，五公子夺位，齐国内乱不止。据说，齐桓公的五个儿子互相战争，箭矢射到了齐桓公的尸体上，都没有人顾及。南方的楚国兴起，消灭了其北方的几个小国之后将矛头指向中原。宋襄公以抵抗楚国进攻为名试图再次大会诸侯以成为霸主，但宋国实力威望不足。宋襄公十五年（前638年），宋楚两军交战于泓水。楚军渡河时宋大司马子鱼建议宋襄公“半渡击之”，宋襄公称趁敌渡河时攻击是为不仁不义拒绝建议；楚军渡河后子鱼建议趁楚军列阵混乱之时攻击，宋襄公再次以不仁不义为由拒绝。楚军列阵完毕后发起攻击，宋军大败，宋襄公大腿中箭，次年因伤重而死。楚国称雄一时，楚庄王成为春秋第二位霸主。
　　晋国的强盛：
　　在北方的晋国，与周室同宗。晋献公宠信爱姬，使国政大乱。前636年，晋献公子重耳在秦穆公派出的军队护送下继承晋国君位，是为晋文公。他改革政治，发展经济，整军经武，取信于民，安定王室，友好秦国，在诸侯中威信很高。周襄王二十年（前633年），楚军包围宋国都城商丘。次年初，晋文公率兵救宋，在城濮之战大败楚军，成为霸主。
　　秦穆公称霸西戎：
　　晋文公死后，秦穆公谋求向东方发展，被晋所阻。崤一战，秦全军覆没，转而向西，吞并了一些戎狄部族，称霸西戎。
　　楚国问鼎中原：
　　楚国在城濮之战后，向东发展，灭了许多小国，势力南到今云南，北达黄河。楚庄王改革内政，平息暴乱，兴修水利，国力更为强大，竟向周定王的使者询问祭天地的鼎的大小轻重，意在灭周自立，此即“问鼎”一词的来源。周定王十年（前597年），楚与晋会战于邲（今河南武陟东南），大胜。不久又进兵围宋，晋人不敢去救，于是中原各小国纷纷归向于楚，楚人称霸中原。
　　晋楚大战：
　　后来晋楚两国再度爆发两次大规模战役（前576年的鄢陵之战、前557年的湛阪之战），虽皆以晋国获胜收场，但楚国在中原地区仍与晋国保持势均力敌的态势。
　　弭兵会盟：
　　连续不断的战争给人民带来巨大的灾难，也引起中小国家的厌倦，加以晋楚两大国势均力敌，谁都无法吃掉对方。于是由宋发起，于周简王七年（前579年）和周灵王二十六年（前546年），举行了两次“弭兵”会盟，此后战争大大减少。
　　吴越雄霸东南：
　　当中原诸侯争霸接近尾声时，地处江浙的吴、越开始发展。吴王阖闾重用孙武、伍子胥等人。周敬王十四年（前506年），吴王以伍子胥为大将，统兵伐楚。吴军攻进楚都郢，伍子胥为父兄报仇，掘楚平王墓，鞭尸三百。周敬王二十四年（前496年）吴军挥师南进伐越。越王勾践率兵迎战，越大夫灵姑浮一戈击中阖闾，阖闾因伤逝世。周敬王二十六年（前494年），吴王夫差为父报仇，兴兵败越。勾践求和，贿赂吴臣伯嚭并送给吴王珍宝和美女西施，自己亲自为夫差牵马。吴王拒绝了伍子胥联齐灭越的建议，接受越国求和，转兵向北进击，大败齐军，成为小霸。勾践卧薪尝胆，十年生聚，十年教训，终于在周元王三年（前473年）消灭吴国，夫差羞愤自杀。勾践北上与齐晋会盟于徐，成为最后一个霸主。
　　三家分晋：
　　在晋文公回晋即位的时候，有不少随从随他回国，结果这些人渐渐在晋国成为贵族，而晋国的国政亦落入这些贵族（智、赵、韩、魏、范、中山）的手上。前455年，晋国贵族只余下智、赵、韩、魏四家。智氏出兵攻赵氏，并胁迫魏韩两氏出兵。战事持续两年，后赵氏游说魏韩两家倒戈，灭智氏，瓜分智地并把持晋国国政。前438年韩赵魏三家分晋，晋幽公仅余绛、曲沃两地。前403年周威烈王册立韩赵魏三家为侯国，即为资治通鉴中春秋和战国的分界点。
　　
　　【统计】
　　据史书记载，春秋二百四十二年间，有四十三名君主被臣下或敌国杀，五十二个诸侯国被灭，有大小战事四百八十多起，诸侯的朝聘和盟会四百五十余次。
　　
　　【政治】
　　春秋时期，周王室衰微，实际上和一个中等诸侯国地位相近。各国之间互相攻伐，战争持续不断，小国被吞并。各国内部，卿大夫势力强大，动乱时有发生，弑君现象屡见不鲜。《春秋》和《左传》中记载的弑君事件达43起之多，主要集中在春秋前期，这也反映了西周东周交替时权力的急剧变化。
　　春秋时期，中国五等爵，大国称公、侯，小国称伯、子、男，而吴、越、楚、徐、巴、蜀、义渠皆蛮夷之邦，故不用中国之礼，自称王。国君之下设诸卿，二卿、三卿或六卿，其中主持政务的称正卿或上卿，楚国称令尹，亦称相，秦又曾称庶长、不更。卿出征时为三军之将佐。卿之官职，有司徒、司马、司空、司寇等，分掌民事、军事、工事、法事。春秋初期，晋、楚等国开始在新兼并的地方设县，或聚若干小邑为县，或将私家之田分置县。而在边境地区则设郡。郡县之间没有隶属关系，其长官由国君直接任命，只有少数作为采邑赏给贵族。
　　
　　【经济】
　　春秋时期，铁制农具开始使用，但为普及（战国时期开始普及推广），，春秋时期除使用块炼铁外，还掌握了冶炼生铁的先进技术。铁器的使用使大规模开垦荒地成为可能，促进了私田的发展，同时也为手工业提供了锐利的工具，牛耕渐趋普遍起来，牛耕技术的发展，只有与铁器的使用相配合，方可发挥出它的功能。在青铜冶铸方面发明了错金、错银、嵌红铜等新工艺。侯马大批铸造陶范的出土，显示出这一时期青铜冶铸业和采矿业的规模很大、水平很高。春秋中期以后，各诸侯国已经大量使用货币。金属货币的流通，促进了手工业、商业的发展。
　　春秋时期，铁农具较多地使用和牛耕的推广，极大地提高了农业生产力。许多荒地被开垦为良田，耕作技术由粗放转向精耕细作，农业产量大增。私田增加，井田制崩溃，土地关系向私有化发展。诸侯们不得不陆续实行改革，承认土地私有，允许土地买卖，而向土地所有者征收田税，自耕农的生产积极性高涨。由于战争的需要，马的数量增多。中原地区的畜牧业则基本上变了农业的附庸，专门从事畜牧业生产的人很少。
　　春秋时期，青铜器上的雕镂纹饰趋向细致工整，造型轻巧灵便，出现了错金铭文。存世的吴、越青铜剑，其冶铸淬炼之精，合金技术之巧，外镀之精良，花纹之铸造，皆世所罕见。煮盐、冶铁、漆器等部门发展起来。铁器主要为手工业工具和农具。齐国的丝织品、楚国的漆器等水平很高。一部分工匠成为个体生产和经营者，聚居于城中的“肆”里，边生产边销售。被称为匠师之祖的公输般“鲁班”，就生活于春秋末年。铸造金属货币产生于春秋时期，晋国是最早铸造和使用铸币的地区之一。春秋后期，越国的谷价，每石最贵时六十钱，最贱时三十钱。
　　春秋时，产生了新的赋税制度。鲁宣公十五年（前594年）实行初税亩，国家根据土地面积向田主征收一定的实物税。这是古代田税的开始。鲁成公元年（前590年），作丘甲，按土地面积征收一定量的军赋（甲），从而使税和赋合而为一。春秋战国之际，地税的征收已很普遍。秦国于简公七年（前408年）实行“初税禾”的实物地税制度。战国时，各国税制不一。秦国首先实行户口登记制，并据以征收田地租税和接人头征收“头会”（人口税）。
　　
　　【文化】
　　春秋战国是中国文化大发展的时期，实现了中国思想文化史上由卜巫的宗教迷信文化向以人为中心的理性人文文化的历史转型。在春秋这个转型期，尽管夏商周以来的传统观念仍在人们心中起着巨大的作用，普遍地发生着影响。周天子及其诸侯政治权威的动摇与衰落，学在官府局面的被打破，随之而出现的学术下移、典籍文化走向民间等社会方方面面的变化，又引起了人们思想观念的某种改变，这些变化正是春秋时期思想文化转型得以实现的历史条件。
　　
　　【宗教】
　　春秋时期并没有一种广泛流行的宗教，因为道教是从汉代才开始出现的，佛教也是在西汉时期传入中国的。不过，春秋时期也可能有一些不太知名的原始宗教。
　　
　　【艺术】
　　春秋时代的艺术，主要是青铜器上面的雕刻。著名的三足羊首鼎就是春秋时代的青铜艺术品。1923年，在新郑市出土了大量春秋时代的青铜鼎、爵，和西周时期的青铜器相比之下工艺已经大大发展。青铜器上的纹饰也很讲究。
　　
　　【科技】
　　《墨子》一书记述了类似秤的杠杆原理。这是最早的杠杆原理理论。
　　铁器和牛耕在春秋时期得到推广，推动了历史的发展。
　　在天文学、物理学、医学方面，春秋时期的中国在世界上处于领先水平。
　　形成于春秋战国时的阴阳五行之说，将整个世界包括天文都纳入五行体系。“天”不仅以天象，而且还以各种物象来显示“天命”，因此，人们要以各种符应去体察“天命”，改变了以往用民心去体察天命的方法。这些符应显示于“五德转”。显示于“五行之运”。天象的观察不但适用于国家政治，特别是异常天象，因为事关“天命”，更是备受重视。春秋战国时期，一些精巧的医疗技术被发明并在临床得到应用。《灵枢．四时汽》记载了中国医学史上最早的腹腔穿刺术。
　　中国传统农业在春秋时期才开始形成。春秋时期的人们发明了以前没有的铁犁铧、铁锄、连枷、石磨等新农具。
　　春秋时期的青铜器铸造也是这一时代的特征，以曾国和楚国、徐国的青铜器为代表。
　　
　　【哲学思想】
　　中华思想文化的源泉是《易》。作为儒家六经之一的《易经》，有很长的形成和发展过程。被后人称为河图、洛书的东西，是烧灼卜骨的表现，是远古先民在长期生活和占卜的实践中感悟出的理性思维和形象思维互相串连、互相渗透的反映。
　　相传伏羲氏将其归纳总结，对蓍草反覆排列，而画为八卦，将天地间万物的现象都包括于其中，这是原始的易。后来，据说经过周文王的悉心钻研，将其规范化、条理化，演绎成六十四卦和三百八十四爻，有了卦辞、爻辞，人称《周易》。它以简单的图像和数字，以阴和阳的对立变化，来阐述纷纭繁复的社会现象，显示成千上万直至无穷的数字，具有以少示多，以简示繁，充满变化的特点。其所以称为“易”，郑玄解释有三义：一是简，二是变易，三是不易。就是讲万物之理有变有不变，现象在不断变化，而一些最基本的原则又具不会变的，这就从客观世界的辩证发展中抽象出了理论上十分丰富的朴素的辩证法。旧说到春秋后期，孔子对《周易》进行解释和论说，完成十翼，即《易传》。这样，《周易》就发展成为一部内容博大精深的阐述宇宙变化的哲学著作。中华文明学术的起源很早，但是到了春秋时代才发展起来。这时的学术思想，可以说是中华文明的大黄金时代。中国人把这一时期称为“诸子百家”时期。
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　　【三】史书
　　《春秋》，又称《麟经》（《麟史》）。是鲁国的编年史，经过了孔子的修订。记载了从鲁隐公元年（前722年）到鲁哀公十四年（前481年）的历史，是中国现存最早的一部编年体史书。《春秋》一书的史料价值很高，但不完备，王安石甚至说《春秋》是“断烂朝报”。亦是儒家经典之一。
　　在中国上古时期，春季和秋季是诸侯朝觐王室的时节。另外，春秋在古代也代表一年四季。而史书记载的都是一年四季中发生的大事，因此“春秋”是史书的统称。而鲁国史书的正式名称就是《春秋》。传统上认为《春秋》是孔子的作品，也有人认为是鲁国史官的集体作品。
　　《春秋》中的文字非常简练，事件的记载很简略，但242年间诸侯攻伐、盟会、篡弑及祭祀、灾异礼俗等，都有记载。它所记鲁国十二代的世次年代，完全正确，所载日食与西方学者所著《蚀经》比较，互相符合的有30多次，足证《春秋》并非古人凭空虚撰，可以定为信史。然而在长期的流传过程中，它在文字上难免有论脱增窜之类的问题。
　　《春秋》最初原文仅18000多字，现存版本则只有16000多字。在语言上极为精练，遣词井然有序。就因文字过于简质，后人不易理解，所以诠释之作相继出现,对书中的记载进行解释和说明，称之为“传”。其中左丘明《春秋左氏传》，公羊高《春秋公羊传》，谷梁喜《春秋谷梁传》合称《春秋三传》列入儒家经典。现《春秋》原文一般合编入《左传》作为“经”，《左传》新增内容作为“传”。据《汉书·艺文志》记载，为春秋作传者共5家：
　　《左氏传》30卷；
　　《公羊传》11卷；
　　《谷梁传》11篇；
　　《邹氏传》11卷；
　　《夹氏传》11卷。
　　其中后两种已经不存。公羊传和谷梁传成书于西汉初年，用当时通行的隶书所写，称为今文。左传有两种，一种出于孔子旧居的墙壁之中，使用秦朝以前的古代字体写的，称为古文；一种是从战国时期的荀卿流传下来的。
　　公羊传和谷梁传与左传有很大的不同。公羊传和谷梁传讲“微言大义”，希望试图阐述清楚孔子的本意（作者认为《春秋》是孔子所作），有人认为有些内容有牵强附会的嫌疑。左传以史实为主，补充了《春秋》中没有记录的大事，一些纪录和《春秋》有出入，有人认为左传的史料价值大于公羊传和谷梁传。
　　至迟自西周起，就有太史记载国家大事；在每一季的开始，一般要写“春”到“秋”四季的季节。但古人重视春季和秋季，因此把国史记载叫做《春秋》，这可能是“春秋”作为史书名的来由罢。现存《春秋》，从鲁隐公记述到鲁哀公，历十二代君主，计二百四十四年（依《公羊传》和《谷梁传》载至哀公十四年止，为二百四十二年，《左传》多二年），它基本上是鲁国史书的原文。
　　相传《春秋》之书出于孔子之手，旧时有“文王拘而演周易、仲尼厄而作春秋”之说。但后世亦有不同说法，清人袁谷芳《春秋书法论》说：《春秋》者，鲁史也。鲁史氏书之，孔子录而藏之，以传信于后世者也。石韫玉《独学庐初稿·春秋论》也说：《春秋》者，鲁史之旧文也。《春秋》共十二公之事，历二百四十年之久，秉笔而书者必更数十人。此数十人者，家自为师，人自为学，则其书法，岂能尽同？虽然春秋之作者有争议，但其经过孔子之手修而改之，则无大异。事实上，春秋作为一鲁国的史书，其作用早已超出史书范围，春秋用词遣句“字字针贬”成为独特的文风，被称为春秋笔法，为历代文代史家奉为经典。《春秋》所记，是二百四十多年的春秋各国大事，目前所存全文，不过一万六千多字，但据曹魏时的张晏和晚唐时人徐彦引《春秋说》，都说是一万八千字（张说见《史记·太史公自序·集解》引，徐说见《公羊传·昭公十二年疏》引），可见《春秋》原文，从三国以后脱露了一千多字。很多大事漏记。
　　因为《春秋》是粗线条的笔墨。为补这一遗缺，后来又出现以春秋为主本的《传》，即现今流传下来的《春秋公羊传》《春秋谷梁传》和《春秋左氏传》三种，并称春秋三传。《传》的《春秋经》文字基本上相同，也有一些差异，传文按年合并，先经后传。本栏春秋为单行本，其他三传请到本书馆十三经栏目阅读或下载。
　　
　　【品读方法】
　　《春秋》是经而非寻常史书。读《春秋》之法，必尊以经而后读之，须怀以诚敬之心读之。非此而不能明其大义所在。若与二十四史同而混读，必生乖张之心，必生偏狭之念。如是则终生不能明于圣贤之道也。
　　《春秋》以一字为褒贬，微言大义，在乎其中矣。孔子作春秋而乱臣贼子惧，其缘何也？惟其惧以贻臭千古，为万世所唾骂，受鬼神之诛耳。故是《春秋》为经，以大义所存焉。此等深意，虽以史迁之贤而不能及。今人或以曲笔讽之，其谬甚深也！因此一叹。
　　
　　【作品性质】
　　孔子所作的《春秋》是一部蕴涵着作者深刻政治思想的政治学著作，这是从先秦孟、荀到两汉马、班诸家一致的正确看法。两汉以后，今文经学衰微，学者多受古文经学门户之见的影响，错误地视《春秋》为历史学著作，并由此引发了长期以来聚讼纷纭的《春秋》性质之争。
　　围绕《春秋》是历史学著作还是政治学著作这一问题，千余年来先后形成了以下三种观点：一、传统今文经学家的正确观点，即以《春秋》为政治学著作，持此说者如清人皮锡瑞，近人徐复观、吕思勉、胡适等；二、古文经学家及近代“古史辨”派学者的观点，即认为《春秋》是历史学著作，古文经学家如晋人杜预，近人钱玄同、顾颉刚、刘节等人坚持这种看法；三、调和说，即认为《春秋》“亦经亦史”，持此说者如钱穆、雷戈。实际上，“亦经亦史”说是一种自相矛盾的说法，我们不妨先对之略加分析以见其不妥。钱穆认为《春秋》是一部“亦经亦史的一家言”，理由是古无经、史的区别，经、史之分是后代才有的观念，“若我们定要说《春秋》是经非史，这实在只见其为后代人意见，据之以争古代之著作，未免搔不着痛痒”。这种貌似公允的调和论之所以不能成立的原因有二：首先，“经史不分”之说不符合古代经史关系的实际。关于这点，钟肇鹏先生曾在上世纪60年代的一文中专门加以辨析，并有力阐明了中国古代经史有别、史先于经的事实，故而毋庸今人置喙。其次，一部论著的性质是恒定不变的，而属于学科分化的经史之分则是一个动态过程，两者不宜混为一谈。由于经、史的区别是本质性的，两者之间没有调和的余地，当然也不存在某种中间过渡形态。这样说来，“亦经亦史”说实际上等于取消、而不是解决了《春秋》性质问题，无怪乎自产生以来和者寥寥。与此不同，以《春秋》为史学著作的错误看法，却由于牵涉到一些史实和理论的辨析而情况复杂；加之此说出自著名学者之口，因而长期以来对之鲜有质疑者。由于今人的误解多系盲从前贤所致，所以首先对传统诸种《春秋》为史学著作说的错误加以分析辩驳，无疑是我们正确认识《春秋》性质的钤键所在。
　　
　　【写作动机】
　　历史学家从事历史创作的主观动机在于真实地记载历史，这是判定一部作品为历史学著作的第一项标准。正如有学者所说：“记录和保存历史史实，是史家最基本的也是最原始的动机之一。……史家从记存史事的动机出发来研究历史，对于史学的发展产生了巨大影响，可以说，史学的产生即由此始。”史学著作当以记事为目的，这也是古今中外历史学家的一致看法，故太史公以“废明圣盛德不载，灭功臣世家贤大夫之业不述”为憾事，而以“述故事，整齐其世传”为撰史的立足点。吕思勉说：“何谓史？史也者，记事者也。”讲的也是同样的道理。
　　求真记实对历史学家著史而言既是目的也是原则，因而堪称判断一本论著是否为史学著作的试金石。蒋庆正确地指出：“孔子为何要作《春秋》，是理解《春秋》一书性质的关键。”孔子为什么作《春秋》？作者的目的也在于求真记实吗？答案显然是否定的。一度以疑古者自居的胡适就曾指出：“《春秋》那部书，只可当作孔门正名主义的参考书看，却不可当作一部模范的史书看。后来的史家把《春秋》当作作史的模范，便大错了。为什么呢？因为历史的宗旨在于‘说真话，记实事’。《春秋》的宗旨，不在记实事，只在写个人心中对实事的评判。”徐复观先生也说：“可以断定孔子修《春秋》的动机、目的，不在今日所谓‘史学’，而是发挥古代良史，以史的审判代替神的审判的庄严使命。可以说，这是史学以上的使命，所以它是经而不是史。”这些论述都根据作者的动机，正确指出了《春秋》的政治学性质，结论足以服人。
　　人们之所以长期以来对孔子作《春秋》的动机与种种“《春秋》为史学著作”说之间的显著矛盾视而不见，当与误解并混淆孔子“直”的观念和“直书”思想有关。《论语·子路》记载说，叶公语孔子曰：“吾党有直躬者，其父攘羊，而子证之。”孔子曰：“吾党之直者异于是，父为子隐，子为父隐，直在其中矣。”孔子通过玩弄概念的方式表达了他对春秋时期“臣弑其君，子弑其父”社会现实的批评，但他在这里所追求的“直”显然并非事实的真相，而只是论者心中“善”的道德观念。是的，孔子曾有诸如“多闻阙疑，慎言其余”之类的话，足见他确有注重客观事实的可贵思想；但由于《春秋》是孔子藉以表达政治理想的政治学著作而非历史学著作，所以贯穿其中的并不是这种求真思想，相反，指导作者进行“笔削”的正是《论语》中“父为子隐，子为父隐”那种的“直”的观念而已。这种意义上的“直”与历史学家对史学客观性的追求恰好相悖逆，遗憾的是以往很少有人注意到上述两种观念间的名实之辨。
　　
　　【相关评论】
　　《春秋》大义”并非“史义”。史学作品不仅应记载事实还要展示作者的思想，这是历史上多数学者都赞同的看法。但史学思想源于史实，且不能脱离史实而独存，这点即使极端如克罗齐、科林伍德者也不曾否认。《春秋》大义不同于历史学家的思想，《春秋》只是作者将政治理想赋予历史的形式而已：“《春秋》系以先王之志，亦即是以政治的理想为归趋；但乃随史实之曲折而见，故谓之‘志而晦’”，“孔子因乐尧舜之道（‘先王之志’），以尧舜之道为基准，是非于二百四十二年之中，作拨乱反正的凭借”。《春秋》大义源于作者的政治观，而历史思想来自史家对史实的思考，足见两者根本不同。不幸的是，有学者将《春秋》的“微言大义”与历史学家的史学思想相提并论，或以之为早期史家主体意识的嚆失而予以表彰，或以之为古代刀笔吏史学的首恶而大加贬斥。实则就《春秋》而言，历史是形式、皮毛，政治是内容、核心，以褒贬、曲笔为形式的“春秋笔法”正是《春秋》微言大义之所系，去此则大义不存。至于效法《春秋》任情褒贬，当受其批评的无疑应当是后世的误解者，又岂能以此归咎于《春秋》及其作者？
　　首先，认为《春秋》为孔子所修，在这个意义上，我们将“调和说”视为对顾、钱等人观点的修正也未尝不可。其次，认为《春秋》是中国第一部历史学著作，而孔子则是中国的“史学之父”或“史学之祖”。有学者认为：正如希罗多德是希腊史学之父一样，孔子是中国史学之父；孔子的《春秋》，正如希罗多德的《历史》一样，是世界上最早的历史专著。有学者则说：“当西方史学之父希罗多德写出他的《希波战争史》时，中国的史学之父孔子的《春秋》已经问世30多年了。”还有学者主张：“我国学术界曾把司马迁誉为‘中国古代史学之父’，我认为孔子可称为中国古代史学之祖。”实际上，凡此种种说法中无不充斥着误解，只可惜学者的理性每每为热情所蒙蔽，以致陷入为古人争讼的怪圈而习焉不察。再者，“调和论”者认为《春秋》的“微言大义”不仅存在，同时正是《春秋》之所以为史学著作的关键。有作者这样评论说：“孔子对于历史编年的革新，即赋予历史记录之中以褒贬的历史评判，使历史记录具备了崭新的姿态。《春秋》因此成为我国第一部历史学著作，而不再是历史记录，孔子因此而成为中国史学之父。”实际上，论者之所以将《春秋》的微言大义解释为“史义”，乃是源于对近代西方史家关于史学著作应表现作者思想这一观点的误解。
　　
　　【作品价值】
　　《春秋》虽然不是历史学著作，却是可贵的史料著作，因而对于研究先秦历史、尤其对于研究儒家学说以及孔子思想意义重大。因此，从史料学的角度利用《春秋》不仅符合《春秋》性质的本来，而且比将它视为“断烂朝报”的历史学著作更具价值。先秦诸子著作无一属于史学著作，却都是今人研究古史所必需的史料，《春秋》的史实和大义因“三传”而明，这实在是它的特点和优势所在。
　　遗憾的是，多数学者长期以来一直对《春秋》的重要史料价值保持着令人吃惊的冷漠。单就对孔子思想的研究而言，若干年来人们始终局限于一部《论语》而已，有学者曾做过这样的调查：“建国以来，关于讨论孔子和他的思想的文字，见诸报刊的，迄今不下八百篇。撇去十年动乱期间所谓‘批儒评法’的渣滓，可作为研究史资料留存的，大约有四五百篇。那中间的见解，色彩各异，精当与否，姑且不论，但如说引据的材料，多半没有超出今本《论语》一书，也许不会被斥为无稽之谈。”针对这样一种普遍蔓延的奇怪现象，论者意识到：“倘说要谈孔子其人其学，《论语》是唯一可信可据的材料，此外诸书都不足征，那就成问题了。”超出《论语》研究孔子及其思想，首当其冲的是利用《春秋》，恐怕是论者上述这段话的题中应有之意吧？
　　再者，《春秋》是政治学著作，它的政治思想通过今文经学家的解说而得以体现，但由于误解了《春秋》的性质，现代学者对今文经的学术价值始终未能给予应有的重视。公羊学、榖梁学甚至一度成为现代学术史上的无人问津的领域，治先秦史而不读《公羊传》，这在今天的学者看来已不算什么不可思议之事，而研究今文经学反被目为惊世骇俗之举。当今学者蒋庆曾就此批评道：“降及晚清，奇葩再发，康崔独秀，经苑芬芳。岂思室内起火，疑古蜂起；歆学余绪，作浪兴风。于是辩有为亡，非圣无法；托治国故，以史乱经。自此而后，斯学扫地，无人讲习，更糟践踏，旨丧义缺。此间虽有一二贤者如北流陈柱欲挽狂澜而崇正学，然旷野孤歌，其学无闻。至今，又忽忽六十载矣，公羊已为绝学。”蒋氏的复兴儒学之议是否恰当姑且不论，但作为古代政治思想史的重要内容，今文经学无疑应被纳入研究者的视野，则是不容置疑的。
　　
　　【“春秋”“战国”名称的来历】
　　鲁国史官把当时各国报导的重大事件，按年、季、月、日记录下来，一年分春、夏、秋、冬四季记录，简括起来就把这部编年史名为“春秋”。孔子依据鲁国史官所编《春秋》加以整理修订，成为儒家经典之一。《春秋》记录了从鲁隐公元年（前722年）到鲁襄公十四年（前481年）共242年的大事。由于它所记历史事实的起止年代，大体上与一个客观的历史发展时期相当，所以历代史学家便把《春秋》这个书名作为这个历史时期的名称。为了叙事方便，春秋时期开始于公元前770年（周平王元年）周平王东迁东周开始的一年，止于公元前476年（周敬王四十四年）战国前夕，总共295年。
　　春秋以后，齐、楚、燕、韩、赵、魏、秦七大诸侯国连年战争，当时人们就称呼这七大诸侯国为“战国”。《战国策·燕策一》载苏秦的弟弟苏代说：“凡天下之战国七，而燕处弱焉。”可见当时七大诸侯国都有战国的称呼。到西汉初年，“战国”这个名词的含义还没有变化。到西汉末年刘向编辑《战国策》一书时，才开始把“战国”作为特定的历史时期的名称。战国时期开始于公元前475年（周元王元年）《史记》的《六国年表》开始的一年，止于公元前221年（秦王政二十六年）秦灭齐统一六国的一年，共255年。
　　
　　【政治学家】
　　儒家：孔子、孟子、荀子；主要思想：“仁政”“民贵君轻”，反对兼并战。
　　墨家：墨子， 主要思想：“人定胜天”。
　　
　　【春秋时期主要诸侯国】
　　东周前期又称春秋（前770年-前476年），是我国历史上的第一次全国性大分裂形成的时期。史家一般以“三家分晋”作为春秋时代的结束和战国时代的开始。公元前770年平王东迁，建立了东周王朝。但此时周已衰弱到了极点，统治范围方圆不足六百里，各诸侯国纷纷割据称雄，不再朝见周王，其统率诸侯的权利也是名存实亡。此间，全国共分为一百四十多个大小诸侯国，而其中以楚国、齐国、晋国、吴国、越国、秦国为大。
　　楚国：
　　楚国是三苗人在长江中下游建立起的一个国家，它在周初曾参加了武王伐纣的战争，后得到周的封号，居楚地丹阳（今湖北姊归县）。春秋初期，楚国日益强大。前704年，楚君熊通自号为武王，有地千里。因其地处中国南方，故而楚国与中原的华夏各诸侯经常发生一些战事。通过战争，楚国先后吞并了四十五个较弱小的诸侯方国，并逐步成为春秋前期中国南方的主要强国之一。
　　齐国：
　　齐国的祖先是周文王的谋臣姜尚之族，姜尚因助周灭商有功被封为齐侯，同时周统治者赐予齐国一种特权——可以讨伐有罪的诸侯，凭借这项特权，齐国在西周时期已发展成为东方的大国。春秋年间，齐国出现了一位历史上著名的政治家——齐桓公。他依靠谋士管仲整顿国政，设各种官吏，各司其职，并分全国为二十一乡，其中工商六乡、士十五乡，此十五乡即为农乡，乡中之人在和平时专心务农，战时当兵。如此几年之间，齐国国富民强，到公元前679年，齐国已称霸北方。后来，齐国又于前567 年消灭了东夷大国——莱，使之土地扩大了一倍以上，成为真正数一数二的大国。
　　晋国：
　　晋国原处于戎狄游牧地区，东周初期，晋献公（前676年-前651年）建都绛（山西翼城县），开始了晋国的霸业。晋国先后消灭霍、耿、魏、虞、虢等一些北方小诸侯国，统一了汾河流域。前六三六年，献公之子重耳即位，他曾被献公放逐十九年之久。在这十九年之中，重耳周游列国，积累了丰富的政治经验，故而他回国后便立即着手整顿政事，他与大臣们君臣一心，先后两次率晋、秦、宋、齐四国联军南击楚国，占领了南方的大片领土。晋军南征促使华夏文明进一步流传到长江以南地区，加快了中华民族大融合的步伐。到了春秋后期，晋国的统治出现危机，并最终分裂成韩、赵、魏等几个独立的诸侯国家，史称“三家分晋”。
　　吴国：
　　吴国是春秋中前期发展起来的新兴诸侯国家，它本是楚国的属国，但随着后来的强大逐渐脱离了楚国的统治。前506年，吴国大举进攻楚国。在战争中，吴国五战五捷攻破了楚国两百年经营的都城成郢（今湖北江陵），掠去大量的物资。这场吴楚大战是春秋时期的第一大战事，战争的结果使楚国受到空前的创伤，而吴国则渐渐取代了楚国的位置成为南方大国。
　　越国：
　　越国与吴国相同，都是楚的属国，但越的兴起比吴还要晚一些，直至允常执政时期，越主才始称为王。在此之后，越王在楚的旧臣文种和范蠡的协助下，击退来犯的吴国。后吴王夫差任又用吴子胥为将，大胜越国，使之臣服。但越王勾践并不甘心失败，他住于薪柴之中，并每日尝一次苦胆，以示不忘国仇。经过几年的准备，越王勾践于公元前473年灭吴，成为继吴之后的又一个南方大国。
　　秦国：
　　在几大强国中，秦国并不是最强大的国家，但凭借优越的地理位置，秦成为春秋时期发展最快的国家。在秦穆公执政期间，曾任用谋臣百里奚，使秦国强盛一时。但秦国地处中原之北，与戎狄、羌等北方诸族混居，故华夏诸侯一直以秦为戎狄国，禁止其会盟中原，而这却给了秦一个良好的发展机会，到后来战国时期，秦才能以强大的实力消灭六国统一天下。
　　春秋时期，各个诸侯国纷纷兼并其他小国，其中以楚、齐等大国甚之。到春秋末年，大部分中小国家以逐渐退出历史舞台，取而代之的是齐、楚、燕、韩、赵、魏、秦七国统治的的时代。至此，中国历史上的春秋时代便告一段落，随之而来的是另一个割据时代——战国。
Chun Qiu  

mysterious：《求爱淑女》

chūn qiū
　　Year, the Four Seasons
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No. 4
　　Spring bandit solution, offer sacrifice and not Intuit. - "Ode to Bi Shi Lu Gong"
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No. 5
　　Rain several times, several times the Spring and Autumn
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No. 6
　　Age
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No. 7
　　China's ancient name, and that BC 770 - 476 BC Chinese hegemony in the era of the princes of the country
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No. 8
　　History of the title. One of the Confucian classics, Confucius is said amendments made under Lu's Chronicle
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No. 9
　　This the "Spring" so its off. - Liu, "A Weizhong Li of the teaching profession book"
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No. 10
　　Spring and autumn. "Book of North Song": "Spring and Autumn taught to" Li "" Music ", winter and teaching of" Poems "and" book "." Jin Tao Qian "settle" the second poem: "Spring and Autumn Period more than Yash, climbing Fu Poetry." Shen From the article "From the Autobiography where I grow": "Spring in the second quarter beginning with the end of farming, as usual, there are elderly people to accumulate around to Sajik wooden puppet to sing God."
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No. 11
　　That spring and autumn rituals. "Chu Mandarin language on": "Only the Spring and Autumn so from Xianjun, please for the 'spirit' if 'Li'." Wei Zhao Note: The "Spring and Autumn, the words spring ancestor worshiping, Xia."
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No. 12
　　Refers to worship. "Zuo Xi public 10 years": "Spring and Autumn grave things."
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Refers 4:00
　　Used to signify the four seasons. "Poetry Lu Chung Bi Gong": "Spring bandit solution, offer sacrifice and not Aphrodite." Zheng Xuan 笺: "Spring and Autumn still made by four o'clock." Han Heng "Tokyo Fu": "Then change the Spring and Autumn Festival, 4:00 iteration . "Southern Liang Liu Xiaobiao" Debate On Life ":" now its a fragment to debate their interest, He Yi almost like the eve of death, the Spring and Autumn terms of the Change zai. "
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No. 14
　　Time; years. "Xianzheng": "Come the Spring and Autumn suddenly its not flooded, Xi stay long in this residence." "Han Chao Cuo Biography": "carved in jade, hidden in Golden, calendar of spring and autumn, century after the world, those ancestors for the emperor, and the world with end. "Guo Xiaochuan" board the nine Mountain "poem:" look, think, who does not feel wasted the Spring and Autumn. "
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No. 15
　　With; years. "Warring States Chu policy 4": "Spring and Autumn this king of high-men, and the king of the manor, can not not be too early." Wei Yang and the "Yongning Temple in Luoyang": "The Emperor, upon the death, Spring 19 . "Guangtian" Old Ferry ":" In this case he has spent several spring 50. "
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No. 16
　　Chronological history of the title. According to legend, the history of amendments made Confucius, according to Lu. The recall was hidden Lu AD, the ends Lu Aigong 14 years, where 240 years. Narrative minimalism, with the words Apartments Judgments. For those who pass to "Zuo Zhuan", "ram", "Gu Liang," most famous. "Mencius Tengwen Gong under the": "Confucius fear, as" Spring and Autumn "." Song Zhongyan "near name of": "Confucius," Spring ", that book also Norm. Good and praise of, the poor are banished, so that Later monarch and his subjects, love that name and to persuade, fear stigma and carefully carry on. "Fan Wenlan Cai Meibiao such as" Chinese History "section X, Part IV:" "Spring" is a chronological history. "
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No. 17
　　The generic term for the ancient chronicles. Such as weeks, "Spring", Yan of "Spring and Autumn" and so on. There came later, "Chu Hanchun Autumn", "Annals of Wu" and so on. Also refers to history, history. "Historical and Yue Biography": "Chenwenxiansheng of Jun, Gong Li and not waste, it was in the Spring and Autumn." Liu Zhi Tang, "History through 6": "Mo said, 'I see 100 countries Autumn ', cover all that this has. "Kang," Wen Feng Xu Zijing assistant minister that pardon hi back cried "Poetry:" miscarriage of justice and two years of Dong sad, Restoration veterans remember the Spring and Autumn. "Light is imperative for" drilling team hero "Poetry:" oath offer oil for the motherland, be willing to sacrifice blood to write the Spring and Autumn. "
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No. 18
　　Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States thinkers of the book, but also to "Spring" in their titles, such as "Yan", "Spring and Autumn Annals," and so on.
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No. 19
　　(10). That no judgments. "Spring" with the word meaning Apartments no judgments, because, by its meaning. Seiwa state the amount of "Night with the recorded CUI Xiu Tan only": "Jing Wei own chest, where skin from a spring." Qing Pu "Liao Kuo students": "Wang (Wang) meaning to play for, they Tu left, seems to be the Spring and Autumn. "
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No. 20
　　(11). Era names. Confucius "Spring and Autumn" notebook, from King Ping of Zhou forty-nine, heaven Analyzing Jing Wang 30 years (722 BC - 481 BC). Total 240 years, known to history as Spring and Autumn Period. This moved over to Zhou Ping Wang Han, Zhao, the three sub-Jin Wei (770 BC - 476 BC) of 290 years, the Spring and Autumn Period. "Mencius dedication under the": "Spring and Autumn is no just war, he was good at this, there shall carry on." Southern Liang Liu Xie "Latitude": "Spring and Autumn the end, the group prepared by the parties." Han Yu " Scholars Policy Questions ":" Spring and Autumn when more than 100 countries. "
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No. 21
　　② refers to history: willing to sacrifice blood to write the Spring and Autumn.
　　⑤ generic term for the ancient history books.
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A
　　① In the ancient era is dominated farming, spring is an important year in the two seasons, spring planting autumn to spring as the most important turn of the year, so spring is said on behalf of one year. Therefore, "Spring" literally means history. It also refers to the years and time. One that was not originally suspected in the ancient Spring and Autumn seasons only, so in ancient books, "a spring" refers to one year.
　　② refers to history: willing to shed blood to write the Spring and Autumn.
　　③ era name. Chronicle for Lu, "Spring" name. Generally refers to 770 years to 476 years before this period.
　　④ one of the Confucian classics. Chronological history of the Spring and Autumn. According to legend, by the historian, compiled by Confucius, according to Lu, "Spring" tidying amendments made to record from 722 BC to 481 years before a total of $ forty-two years between the historical events, is China's first chronological history books.
　　⑤ ancient history books known.
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Two
　　Confucius, the founder of Confucian culture, China has compiled a historical record of the history of Lu was called "Spring", and this time span recorded in history books and constitute a historical stage of the Spring and Autumn Period roughly the same, so future generations will This historical period known as the Spring and Autumn Period, is the time from 770 BC to 476 BC, is basically the first half of the Eastern Zhou period.
　　East beginning Monday, downhill left the Zhou Dynasty, the royal family decline, power changed hands, among vassal state conquest, war was frequent. Small vassal state have been annexed, the powerful vassal state in some areas to achieve unity. The most powerful vassal state can dominate, has appeared in Duke, Gong, King Zhuang of Chu, Duke Xiang of Song, Qin Mugong 5 overlord, known as "Five Hegemons." However, in the Spring and Autumn Period, there has been a relatively peaceful period, because countries are very tired of war and made need to rest, then by 546 BC by 14 countries to participate in the second "Mi Bing Club" agreement the war had subsided temporarily. But, during this period in the Yangtze River, Wu, Chu, the more they repeatedly broke out between the three hegemonic struggle. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, as the popularity of cattle farming and iron farm applications, the economy has developed rapidly, there has been private land development and well-field system of the collapse of the profound social changes. In some vassal state of the internal, powerful nobles and began to struggle for power to the monarch. Jin appeared in 453 BC, Han, Zhao, Wei big three, the Jin were divided up their own countries were established, is the famous "three sub-Jin." Thus, Qi-Xiong side by side, each era hegemony gradually coming to the Spring and Autumn Period Warring States period.
　　Spring and Autumn period, referred to as the Spring and Autumn Period, 770 years to 476 years ago (the other said, 770 years to 403 years), belonging to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, a period of Spring and Autumn Period Week weaken the forces of the king, princes warlords disputes, Duke, Duke Wen of Jin , Duke Xiang of Song, Qinmu Gong, King Zhuang of Chu have to dominate, called the "Five Hegemons." (I said the Duke, Gong, King Zhuang of Chu, king lu, Goujian). Spring and Autumn Period Warring States period, followed by generations.
　　Spring and Autumn period, named, is amended by Confucius' Spring and Autumn "and its name. This book documents the years from Lu implicit AD (722 years) to Lu Aigong fourteen years (before 481 years) history. Modern scholars, for convenience, usually from King Ping of Zhou Dynasty (770 years) Eastern Zhou Liguo, the forty-three years to the Zhou Jing Wang (previous 477 years), the known as the "Spring and Autumn Period."
　　[History event]
　　King Ping of Zhou moved the capital:
　　770 BC, because of civil strife and Quanrong frequent invasion, soon hit the Gao Jing, the King Ping of Zhou was forced to relocate capital from Hao Luo Yi. Because in the Gao Jing Luo Yi east, then known as the Eastern Zhou Dynasty Zhou Dynasty (770 BC - 221 BC).
　　Week Room decline:
　　Duke dominate:
　　Song Chu dispute:
　　Gong system of hegemony:
　　In the north of the Jin, and Zhou room clan. Love Ji Jin Xiangong favoritism, so that the country NCCU chaos. 636 years ago, Jin Xiangong son of Chong Er sent in troops to escort Qinmu Gong Jin Guojun bit under the inheritance, is Gong. His political reform, economic development, fought through, credibility, stability and the royal family, friendship and the state of Qin, the princes of high prestige. Zhou King Xiang two decades (633 years ago), surrounded by Song Chu capital Shangqiu. Times a year, Gong Song shuaibing rescue, defeated in the Battle of Cheng Pu Chu, become dominant.
　　Ba Jin Xianggong received:
　　Gong's death, his son Jin Xianggong the throne, became the new monarch and princes Ren Jinguo dominant. 628 years ago, while wengong new funeral Qinmu Gong, Zheng sent warlords. Jin Xianggong Qianjun defeated in the Battle of xiao Qin, Qin three prisoners will. After the Qin Jin repeated attack. Jin is still unable to break the blockade strategy, Jin Xianggong has firmly secured a hegemony of the place.
　　Dominate Qinmu Gong Xi Rong:
　　Qinmu Gong in Gong's death, to seek development to the east, was promoted by the resistance. Xiaoshan war, war Ya Peng, Qin are defeated. Qinmu Gong decisive adjustment policy, turned to the West, the annexation of some of the Rong and Di tribes dominate the Xi Rong.
　　Chu aspirations to the Central Plains:
　　Chu Cheng Pu of the war, keeping a low profile, eastward, off the many small countries, this forces south to Yunnan, north of the Yellow River. King Zhuang of Chu internal reforms, quell riots, irrigation, national strength is more powerful, actually given to the king's messenger asks week festival of heaven and earth the size of light and heavy tripod, intended to eliminate Zhou Zili, namely, "aspirations" in the source. Zhou Ding Wang ten years (597 years), Chu and Jin battle in the Bi (Henan Wuzhi southeast), victory. Soon after into the Bing Wei Song, Jin can not save, so Central Plains have come back to the small country in the Chu Chu Chen Ba Central Plains.
　　Jin Chu saw:
　　The first 591 years after the death of King Zhuang of Chu, Chu dominance gradually decline. Experience Jinjing Gong Jin, Jin Li operation of public two generations, gradually beyond the state of Chu. Jin the first 589 years of war with the saddle 578 years before the Battle of the tunnel Ma, Qi and Qin were defeated, the potential of reviving the country. Chu Jin broke out again between the two countries was the third huge battle - the Battle of Yanling, Jin winning end, Chu hegemony weakened by the more serious. But the civil unrest in the near Jin, Jin Li is killing the public. Jin Chu roughly the same strength at this time, the formation of the Central Plains tug of war.
　　Jin Dao Gong Fu Pa:
　　Public after the death of Jin Li, Jin Dao Gong succession, internal reform of the political, with either yin energy, control the ministers, foreign joint Song Na Wu, relying on deterrence Qin Qi, Jin-third, fight fatigue Zheng Chu, total control strategic initiative, overwhelming stronger than the state of Chu, the Central Plains princes are attached to Jin, Jin Dao Gong for eight of nine co-princes. Jin BR revival. Chu Jin forced the re strong, had to give up on the Central Plains hegemony is.
　　Mibing the league:
　　Jin Dao Gong's death, the throne down again, Jin six ministers Zhuanshan national policy, flourished in the internal friction, Italy, and Chu and Union. Continuous war has brought great disaster to the people, tired of the country also caused small, Jin Chu be evenly matched the two countries, no one could eat each other. Then initiated by the Song, Jian Wang in seven weeks (before 579 years) and Zhou King Ling of 26 years (546 years before), held two "Mibing" to the league, after the war greatly reduced.
　　Wu Yuexiong Pa Southeast:
　　Three sub-Jin:
　　Duke Wen of Jin came to the throne back in time, many followers with him to return, the results of these people after a long battle baptism, gradually in the Jin Guocheng the nobility, to the previous 550 years, the country's government fall into the intellectual, Zhao, Han, Wei, Fan, Bank of China's hand. 455 years ago, Jin Guogui family left in intellect, Zhao, Han, Wei four. Bing Gong Zhi Chao's out, and two stress Wei Han's troops. The war continued for two years, after two defections Han Wei Zhao lobby, off Chi's, divide and control Jinguo Guo Zhi to the government. 438 years before the three sub-Jin Han, Zhao Wei, Jin quiet public remaining purple, Quwo two. 403 years before the book up weeks Weilie Wang Han, Zhao, Wei Hou three of the country, in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period is the restructure of the demarcation point.
　　[Statistics]
　　According to historical records, between spring and two hundred and forty years, there forty-three monarch or enemy killed by the subjects as of 52 vassal state were destroyed, the size of the war more than four hundred and eighty, the princes and the League of Zhaopin four hundred and fifty dozen.
　　[Political]
　　Spring and Autumn Period, Zhou royal family decline, in fact, the status of vassal state and a similar medium. Among countries attack the war continued, the small country was annexed. Within countries, Bureaucrats powerful, riots have occurred, Regicide common occurrences. "Spring" and "Zuo Zhuan" Regicide recorded from as many as 43 events, mainly in the early spring, which also reflects the power of the Western Zhou Dynasty Eastern Zhou Dynasty, when dramatic changes in the turn.
　　[Economic]
　　Spring and Autumn Period, more use of iron tools and to promote cattle farming, which greatly increased agricultural productivity. Many of wasteland have been reclaimed as farmland, shift from extensive intensive farming techniques, agricultural production is greatly increased. Increase in private fields, field system crashes, the relationship to the privatization of land. Princes had to gradually reform, recognition of private ownership of land, allowing the sale of land, and land owners to levy land tax, farmers' production enthusiasm high. As the needs of war, the number of horses increased. Central Plains agriculture animal husbandry is basically changed the client, who specializes in small animal production.
　　Spring and Autumn Period, resulting in a new tax system. Lu Xuangong fifteen years (594 years before) the early implementation of tax acres, the state land to the landowner under the levy of taxes in kind. This is the beginning of the ancient land tax. Lu Chenggong first year (before 590), make a mound, according to levy a certain amount of land area military Fu (A), so that the tax and assigned into one. The occasion of the Spring and Autumn, rent collection has become quite common. Qin Jian public in seven years (408 years before) the implementation of "early tax Wo" in-kind land tax system. Warring States Period, different national tax system. First, the implementation of the household registration system Qin, and, according to levy land tax and then head charge "head will" (population tax).
　　[Culture]
　　Spring and Autumn is a period of great development of Chinese culture, the history of Chinese thought and culture to achieve a witch by the BU's religious superstition in people-centered culture to a rational transformation of the history of human culture. In the spring of this transition, although since the traditional concept of Shang and Zhou still plays a huge role in people's minds, generally occurring effects. Zhou emperor and princes, shaken and the decline of political authority, the official school situation is broken down along with the emergence of academic, books, and other social aspects of folk culture to change is causing some people's ideas change, Spring and Autumn period of these changes is the realization of the ideological and cultural transformation of historical conditions.
　　[Religious]
　　Spring and Autumn period and do not have a wide range of popular religion, because Taoism is the only began to emerge from the Han Dynasty, Buddhism is introduced to China in the Western Han Dynasty. However, the Spring and Autumn period, there may be some less well-known primitive religion.
　　Three-legged sheep, the first tripod [Art]
　　Spring and Autumn Period of art, mainly above the bronze sculpture. The famous three-legged sheep, the first is the Spring and Autumn Period bronze tripod works of art. In 1923, in Xinzheng unearthed bronze tripod Spring and Autumn Period, Jazz, and the Western Zhou Dynasty bronze comparison process has been greatly developed. The decoration on the bronze is also very particular about.
　　[Technology]
　　"Mozi," a secretary described a similar scale leverage. This is the first of leverage theory.
　　Iron and cattle farming have been promoted in the Spring and Autumn period, to promote the development of history.
　　In astronomy, physics, medicine, Spring and Autumn Period of China in the world leading level.
　　Formed in the Spring and Autumn when the yin and yang, says that the entire world, including astronomy are included in the five elements system. "Heaven" is not only to Sky, but also a variety of images to display the "destiny", so people should go to in order to understand the various characters 'destiny', changes the destiny with the people to understand the method. These characters should be displayed in the "five virtues turn." Shown in the "five elements of transport." Sky observation applies not only to national politics, especially the unusual astronomical phenomena, because the matter of "destiny", is being focused upon. Spring and Autumn Period, a number of sophisticated medical technology was invented and applied in clinical practice. "Lingshu pm steam," the earliest record of Chinese medical history of abdominal puncture.
　　Chinese traditional agriculture began to form in the Spring and Autumn period. Spring and Autumn period, people were not there before the invention of iron Plowshare, Tiechu, flail, stone and other new tools.
　　Spring and Autumn Period of bronze casting is also characteristic of this era to have the country and Chu, Xu bronze represented.
　　[Philosophy]
　　China is the ideological and cultural sources of "easy." As one of the Six Classics of the Confucian "Book of Changes", a long process of the formation and development. Was later known as Riverside, Los things the book is burning Bogu performance, is the ancient ancestors of life and fortune in the long-term practice of sentiment out of rational thinking and thinking in images to link to each other, penetrate each other's reflection.
　　According to legend, Fu Xi to the summary, repeated arrangement of yarrow, and painting for the gossip, the things between heaven and earth in which the phenomena are included, this is the original and easy. Later, the emperor said after careful study, to be standardized, structured, interpreted as hexagrams, and three hundred eighty-four Yao, with the hexagram, Ci, called the "Book of Changes." It is a simple image and numeric, yin and yang of the opposition to change, to explain diverse complex social phenomenon, display until the infinite number of thousands, have to show much less to simply show complex, full of changes in characteristics. The so called "easy" Zheng Xuan explains there are three meanings: First, Jane, second shift, third is not easy. About the myriad things that have changed are the same, the phenomenon is changing, and some basic principles and tools will not change, which from the dialectical development of the objective world out of abstract theory, very rich simple dialectics. Speaking of the old Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius' Book of Changes "for interpretation and discourse, complete 10 wing, the" easy pass. " In this way, "Book of Changes" on the development of a profound exposition of the contents of the universe changes in philosophy. The origins of early Chinese civilization academic, but to the Spring and Autumn Period was developed. At this time of academic thinking, can be said that the great golden age of Chinese civilization. Chinese people regard this period as "philosophers" period.
　　[Political scientist]
　　Confucianism: Confucius, Mencius, Xun Zi; main idea: "benevolence", "China Gui-Jun light" against the merger battle.
　　Mohist: Mo, the main idea: "everything becomes possible."
　　[Spring and Autumn period of main vassal state]
　　Eastern Zhou Dynasty Spring and Autumn, also known as early (before 770 years - 476 years ago), is the first time in our history during the formation of large national division. Historians generally "three sub-Jin" as the end of Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States era. 770 BC WANG dongqian, the establishment of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. But now weeks have been weakened to the extreme, the range area of ​​less than 600 years ruled, the vassal state have carved out rule the roost, no audience with King Zhou, the command of the rights of princes is in name only. Here, the country is divided into more than one hundred and forty size vassal state, and which the state of Chu, Qi, Jin, Wu, Yue, Qin is great.
　　Chu:
　　Chu is a three Hmong in the Yangtze River to build a country that has participated in the week King Wu of the war, to be weeks after the title, ranking Chu Danyang (now owned by the county, Hubei percent). Early spring, the increasingly powerful state of Chu. Previous 704 years, since the number of pass Chujun Bear King Wu, there are places thousands of miles. Because it is located in southern China, and the Central Plains of China therefore Chu frequent some of the princes of the war. Through war, Chu has annexed forty-five weaker the various Houfang Guo, and early spring in southern China has gradually become the main powers.
　　Qi:
　　Jin:
　　Wu:
　　Wu is developed in the early spring and the emerging feudal state, which this is a vassal state of Chu, but with the subsequent strong rule gradually from the state of Chu. 506 years ago, a massive attack on Wu Chu. During the war, Wu 5 wins five games to break the business capital of two hundred years of Chu Ying Cheng (now Hubei Jiangling), snatched a lot of material. Wu and Spring and Autumn period of this war is the first war thing, the war resulted in unprecedented trauma by Chu and Chu Wu is gradually replacing the position to become South powers.
　　Yue:
　　Wu Yue and the same is the vassal state of Chu, but the rise of the more even later than some of Wu, often up to allow the ruling party, the more it came to be called Lord King. After this, the old veterans in the Chu Wen Yue species and Fan Li's help, defeat the invading Wu. After King Wu of Wu to the appointment, victory of Vietnam, so surrender. But Goujian and willing to fail, he lived among in firewood, and a daily taste gall to show their hatred of the country did not forget. After years of preparation, years Goujian Conquest of Wu in 473 BC, becoming Miss South powers after another.
　　Qin:
　　In several major powers, the state of Qin is not the most powerful country, but with location, Qin became the fastest-growing state during the Spring and Autumn. During the administration of the Qin Mugong, served with policy makers Baili Xi, the Qin Guoqiang Sheng moment. But Qin located northwest of the Central Plains, and the Rong and Di and Qiang Ethnic Groups in northern mixed, so the Chinese as the Rong and Di Qin princes have been in the country, the league banned the Central Plains, which gave a good opportunity for development Qin, later Warring States Period, Qin order to eliminate the powerful strength of the unity of the six countries the world.
　　Spring and Autumn Period, each vassal state mergers and other small countries have, in which Chu, Qi and other major powers even of. Spring and Autumn Dynasty, most of the small countries to gradually withdraw from the stage of history, replaced by Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, Qin Qiguo rule era. At this point, Spring and Autumn Period in Chinese history will come to an end, followed by another separatist era - Warring States Period.
Translated by Google
Three
　　"Spring", also known as "Lin Jing" ("Lun history"). Is a chronicle of Lu, Confucius after revision. Lu hidden records from the years AD (722 years) to Lu Aigong fourteen years (before 481 years) history of China's earliest extant chronological history books. "Spring," a book of historical value is high, but not complete, Wang and even said "Spring" is "off the rotten DPRK." Is one of the Confucian classics.
　　In Chinese ancient times, spring and autumn are the royal princes pilgrimage season. In addition, also represents the ancient Spring and Autumn seasons. The historical records are in the main events throughout the year, so "spring" is referred to the history books. And Lu is the official name of the history books, "Spring." Traditionally considered "spring" is a work of Confucius, it was considered the collective works of Lu historian.
　　"Spring" in the text is very concise, event records are sketchy, but attack the princes 242 years, League, usurped the throne and ritual killing, Calamity customs, etc., are recorded. It's the world record times on behalf of Lu twelve years, absolutely correct, written by Western scholars as _set_ out in the solar eclipse with "eclipse by" more, have met each other 30 times, confirming "Spring" is not empty essays with the ancients, can be defined as the messenger. However, the spread of long-term process, it is inevitable that some commentators on the text off by channeling the type of problems.
　　"Spring" was originally only 18,000 original characters, only existing version of the more than 16,000 words. Very concise in language, words and orderly. The text is too simple because of the quality, and their descendants are difficult to understand, so the interpretation of the succession for the emergence of the book to interpret and explain records, called "Biography." One Hengyu "Spring Tso Chuan," Ram high "Spring Gongyangzhuan" Gu Liang Chi "Spring Guliang" collectively, the "Spring three pass" into the Confucian classics. Now, "Spring" into the original general co-editor, "Zuo Zhuan" as "after", "Tso" Add content as a "pass." According to "Han Yi Wen Zhi" records, for the Spring and Autumn for those who pass a total of five:
　　"Tso Chuan" 30 volumes;
　　"Kung-yang," 11 volumes;
　　"Guliang" 11;
　　"Zou's Biography" 11 volumes;
　　"Folder's Biography" Volume 11.
　　The latter two of which no longer exist. Kung-yang and the book in the Western Han Dynasty Valley Liangzhuan Cheng, written by the then prevailing official script, called New Text. Zuo, there are two, one for the wall into the old home of Confucius, the ancient font used to write before the Qin Dynasty, known as classical; one is from the Warring States period Xunqing handed down.
　　Gongyangzhuan and Guliang and Tso are very different. Gongyangzhuan and Guliang stresses "Weiyantaiyi" in the hope trying to explain clearly the intention of Confucius (authors believe that "Spring" by Confucius), far-fetched that some of the content is suspect. Zuo to historical facts-based, add the "spring" does not record the event, some of the records and "Spring" discrepancy was greater than the historical value that Tso Kung-yang and Guliang.
　　At the latest from the Western Zhou Dynasty, the records of national importance have Taishi; the beginning of each season, usually write "spring" to "fall" season of seasons. But the ancients attention in the spring and autumn, so the national history record is called "Spring", which may be a "spring" as the reason behind the title history of strike. Existing "Spring", hidden from the public account to Luai Gong Lu, Li twelve generation of monarch, namely, two hundred and forty-four years (according to the "Kung-yang" and "Guliang" _set_ to Duke Ai fourteen years only for two one hundred forty-two years, "Zuo Zhuan" many years), it is basically the original historical Lu.
　　According to legend, "Spring" book out of the hands of Confucius, there is the old "Book of King Wen arrest and speech, Chung Nye and for spring," said. However, there are different versions later, Qing Yuan Gufang "Spring calligraphy," said: "Spring," who is also the history of Lu. Books of the Shi Lu, Confucius possession of the record in order to pass the letter to future generations of those who are. Shi Yun-yu, "Spring Independent School House on the first draft," also said: "Spring," who, Lu is also the history of the old text. "Spring" twelve public matters, the calendar two hundred and forty years old, holds the book choosing the pen and dozens more. The dozens of people who home from a teacher, one from the school, its calligraphy, how to do the same? Although the authors of the controversial spring, but after Confucius hand instead of repair, there was no great difference. In fact, Lu's Spring and Autumn history books as one of its role in the history books far beyond the scope of the Spring and Autumn term removal period, "every word skewer" a unique style, known as the Spring and Autumn Annals, successive generation of historians regarded as a classic text. "Spring and Autumn 'of the mind, is two hundred and forty years of spring national event, now kept full, but more than sixteen thousand words, but when, according to Zhang Wei Yan and Xu Yan cited the late Tang Dynasty, when people" Spring said, "say this is a 18,000 words (see Zhang said, "Records of the Historian Sima Qian preface Variorum" drawing, Xu said, see "Kung-yang Zhao Gong Shu years" drawing), showing that "spring" the original, off the dew from the three countries after a thousand words. Many major omission.
　　Because the "Spring" is a broad-brush pen and ink. To complement this was filled, and later appeared in the Spring-based 'mass', that is handed down today, "Spring and Autumn Gongyangzhuan" "Spring Guliang" and "Spring and Autumn Tso Chuan," three, and said spring three pass. "Biography" and "Spring Classic" are basically the same text, there are some differences, Chuan-wen annual merger, after the first pass through. Spring for the booklet in this column, please pass the other three books Pavilion Thirteen Classics part read or download.
　　[Product] read method
　　"Spring" is a rather unusual history books. Read "Spring" of the law, must respect in order to read the by then to be pregnant to Fidelity, the heart of Reading. This can not be out of their non-righteous lies. If mixed with the Twenty-Four Histories with the reading, students will be perverse of heart, is bound to narrow-minded thinking. The case of life can not be out on the road are saints.
　　"Spring" to the word to speak ill, Weiyandayi, care about them carry on. Confucius Spring and Luanchenzeizi fear, Why is it? Only fear of the Yi smell through the ages, for all ages are reprimanded, by the otherworldly vocal ear. It is the "spring" for the classics, to the righteous cause of the Cunyan. Such profound meaning, though in the history of the Yin and can not move and. Or Qubi ridicule of modern people, but also its profound absurdity! So Yi Tan.
　　[Nature] works
　　Confucius' Spring and Autumn "is a profound political and ideological implication of the author's political science book, which is from the pre-Qin Meng, Xun to the Han Dynasty horse, the correct course consistent view of the various companies. After the Han Dynasty, the decline of the New Text school, classical scholars by the impact of sectarianism by the school, wrongly, as "Spring" for the history books, and thus lead to the long-Ju Song diverse "Spring" nature of the dispute.
　　Around the "Spring" is a book of history or political science books in this issue, more than a thousand years has formed the following three perspectives: First, the traditional New Text scholars of the correct view that the "spring" for political science books, hold this Pi Xi-Rui Qing Dynasty, such as the speaker, neighbor, Hsu Fu-kuan, Lv Si-mian, and Hu; Second, the classical and the modern by the scientists, "Gushi Bian" scholars of the view that that "spring" is a history book, classical scholars, such as promoted by the man Du Yu, neighbor QIAN, Gu Jie-gang, Liu, who adhere to this view section; third, to reconcile that, namely, that "Spring", "also by the also history", such as those who hold this said Qian, McGregor. In fact, "has also been the history of" that is a contradiction in terms, we might be slightly on the analysis of the evidence of anything wrong. Qian that "spring" is a "history also has a word by" on the grounds of the ancient without, the difference between history, economics, history of the points is only the concept of future generations, "If we will say" Spring "is The non-history, this is really saw its views for future generations, according to the writings of the ancient struggle a bit vain scratching their primary concern. " This looks like a fair reason to reconcile theory does not hold for two reasons: First, the "classics, history, regardless" of the ancient classics, history, say in line with the actual relationship. On this point, Mr. Zhong Zhaopeng in the 1960s was an article dedicated to the Analysis and effectively explained by the history of ancient China are different, the first in history by the fact, therefore it goes without modern people interfere. Second, a theory of the nature is constant, but are differentiated by the history of academic distinction is a dynamic process, the two should not be confused. As the classics, history is the essence of the difference between the two there is no room for reconciliation, of course, there is not some sort of intermediate forms. In saying so, "also by the also the history," said is tantamount to cancel, rather than solving the "Spring" nature of the problem, not surprising since its inception, and only a handful. In contrast, the "Spring and Autumn" as the historical works of the misconceptions, but due to some historical facts and theories involved in the Analysis and complicated; coupled with the well-known scholars from the mouth of that, which has long been the rarely questioned by. As modern people's misunderstanding caused by multi-line blindly worthies, so first unite the traditional "spring" for historical works that argue the error to be analyzed, is undoubtedly a correct understanding of our "Spring" where the nature of artifice.
　　[Motivation] Writing
　　Truth documentary book on the history of the historian in terms of both principle purpose is thus called to determine whether a history book on the touchstone. Jiang Qing rightly pointed out: "Why Confucius 'Spring and Autumn", is to understand the "Spring and Autumn," a book critical nature. "Why Confucius' Spring and Autumn"? The author's goal is also to documentary truth it? The answer is clearly no. Doubt was to consider themselves Hu stated that: "" Spring, "that the Department of the book, can only be used as reference to see the Confucian doctrine of rectification of names, but not as a model for the history books to see later historians the" Spring and Autumn "as a model for history, then a big mistake. Why? because history aims to 'tell the truth, remember facts'." spring, "the purpose, does not remember facts, only facts in the written judgments of the individual mind. "Mr. Xu Fuguan also said:" The repair can be concluded that Confucius' Spring and Autumn, "the motive, purpose, and not today's so-called 'historians', but play a good ancient history, the history of the trial to trial instead of the solemn mission of God can be said that this is history The mission of the above, it is by not history. "these statements are based on the author's motives, correctly pointed out the" Spring "nature of political science, the conclusion is sufficient to convince the people.
　　The reason why people long for Confucius' Spring and Autumn, "the motivation and all the" "Spring" for the history books, "said a significant contradiction between the blind and misunderstanding and confusion when Confucius" straight "concept and" straight book "thinking about. "Analects Zi" recorded, said Ye language Confucius said: "I party with Naomi who his father busy movement of sheep, but evidence of the child." Confucius said: "I were different from straight party, the implicit parent for the child, the child parent hidden, which carry on straight. "Confucius, the concept of the way through the play expressed his Spring and Autumn Period," Chen killing his lord, son killing his father, "the criticism of social reality, but where he pursued a" direct "is clearly not the truth, but only on the hearts of "good" moral values. Yes, there have been such as Confucius, "Tamon Que suspect, cautious the rest" kind of thing, which shows that he does pay attention to the objective facts of the valuable ideas; but because of "Spring" is the expression of political ideals of Confucius in order to work rather than the history of political science school books, so this is not the truth through which ideas, on the contrary, to guide the author of "pen cut" is the "Analects", "father of the child hidden, child parent hidden" kind of "straight" concept only. In this sense, the "straight" and the objectivity of historians on the history of the pursuit phase just disobedient, unfortunately, few people noticed the past between these two concepts were real Distinction.
　　【Related Comments】
　　"Spring" righteous cause "is not" history of meaning. "Documented facts of history should not only work but also show the author's thinking, this is history, the views of most scholars agree, but the idea of ​​history from the facts, and can not be divorced from facts and keep alone, Even if this extreme, such as Croce, Collingwood were not denied that. "spring" righteous cause is different from the historian of ideas, "Spring" is just the author gives the history of political ideals in the form of it: "" Spring "series to kings ambition, which is ideal for the political fate; but the facts are with the twists and turns and see, so that the 'chi and unlucky', "" Confucius for Le Yao and Shun Road ('Kings of the Chi'), to Yao and Shun way as the base, among the non-two hundred forty-two years, to make things right with "." spring "righteous from the author's political outlook, ideology and history facts from historians of thought, which shows the two fundamentally different. Unfortunately, some scholars the "Spring" and "Weiyandayi" historian's historian and compare ideas, or the consciousness of early historians to be lost in the recognition of Hao, or the history of the ancient Dao Bili culprits and large plus denigration. but in reality the "Spring", the history is in the form, fur, politics is the content of the core, to appraise, Qubi the form of "Spring and Autumn Annals" is "Spring" Weiyandayi of the system, to the righteous cause of this is not deposit. As for the follow, "Spring" Renqing Judgments, when the criticism is no doubt by their misunderstanding of who should be the future generations, how can this be attributed to "Spring" and its author?
　　First, that "Spring" for the repair of Confucius, in this sense, we will "reconcile that" as for care, money, who might also be correct view. Secondly, that "Spring" is China's first history book, and Confucius is China's "Father of History" or "History of the ancestors." Some scholars believe that: as the Greek historian Herodotus was the father, as Confucius is the father of Chinese historiography; Confucius 'Spring', as Herodotus 'history', is the world's first historical monograph. Some scholars said: "When the father of Western historians Herodotus wrote his" hippo War ", the father of Confucius, China's history of" spring "has been around for 30 years." Another scholar claims: " Sima Qian, China's academic circles once hailed as 'the father of ancient Chinese history', I think Confucius may be called the ancestor of the ancient Chinese history. "In fact, all these statements is all filled with misconceptions, but unfortunately often the enthusiasm of rational scholars blinded, which fall into the cycle of litigation for the ancients and Xi Yan inspection. Moreover, the "harmonic" theory is that "Spring" and "Weiyandayi" not only exists, but it is "spring" the key reason for the history books. There are authors commented that: "Confucius chronological history of innovation, which gives the record of history to appraise the verdict of history, the history has a new attitude." Spring "become China's first history book, but is no longer history, Confucius, thus becoming the father of Chinese historiography. "In fact, the reason critics" Spring "Weiyandayi interpreted as" the history of justice ", but from the historians of the modern West should show the author of historical works thought the idea of ​​misunderstanding.
　　[Value] works
　　"Spring", though not in history books, but it is a valuable historical works, so the study pre-Qin history, especially for the study of Confucianism and Confucian thought is of great significance. Therefore, the perspective from historical use of "Spring" is not only "spring" the original nature, but more than it as "breaking bad DPRK," the history books more valuable. Qin writings are historical works without one, they are all necessary for modern people of ancient history, historical, "Spring," the facts and the cause and result of the "three pass" and that, which is really its features and advantages.
　　Moreover, the "Spring" is a political science book, it's political thought by scientists to explain the New Text to be reflected, but because of misunderstanding of the "spring" in nature, modern scholars of the New Text of the academic value has not been able to give should be some attention. Ram School, Valley Liang became the modern academic study or even no one is interested in the history of the area, without reading the history of Qin rule, "Kung-yang," which in today's scholars have been nothing strange things, but this study Wen Jing Xue was also regarded as anti-shock move. Jiang Qing scholars have criticized this today: "The fall and late Qing, wonderful recurrence, Hong Cui Duxiu, the Court fragrance. Qi thinking indoor fire, Doubt uprisings; Xin Xu Xue-Yu, Xing for wind waves. So promising death debate , non-holy can not; care rule, therefore, to the history of chaos through. Since then, Sri Lanka sweeping study, no lectures, even worse abuses, lack of justice aimed funeral. here as the north, although the twelve sages want to turn the tide and Chen-chu Tsung Tsin School, then the wilderness alone song, the school is no smell. so far, and containing Huhu sixty men, and Ram has his secrets. "Chiang Kai-shek's proposed revival of Confucianism Regardless of whether it is appropriate, but the ancient history of political thought as an important , New Text School undoubtedly should be included in the vision of the researchers, it is beyond doubt.
　　["Spring", "Warring States" origin of the name]
Translated by Google
Four
　　[Album name]
　　Album: Spring
　　Artist: Xu Xin
　　Language: Mandarin
　　Date: 2003.09.00
　　Tracks:
　　[01] Spring
　　[02] Chen Sui
　　[03] Tianshan Spring
　　[04] Wei-shui love
　　[05] Prairie Little Sisters
　　[Band name]
　　Spring band formed in 2000. Style to heavy metal as the base, into the Chinese folk music, songs and other musical elements of the European war, full spring musical atmosphere, in the strength, content, music, beauty is in place on the combined, high-pitched free and easy with the nomads, but also tribal music and court music, oriental the mysterious, unique in the Chinese music circle, spring the old generation inherited the tradition of rock music systems plot, but also learn from the integration of the new generation of musicians looking. Precision special sound characteristics of the preparation is one of the Spring and Autumn, the band has a strong live performance capabilities. See today's spring - the lure of cold weapons
　　Singer: Yang Meng
　　Guitarist: Kuo wide
　　Guitarist: Kou Zhengyu
　　Bass: Bo
　　Drummer: Lei Diao
　　Keyboard: Li Meng
　　[Song name]
　　Artist Li Shuo, included in the 2006 album "Dreams to keep people" in the lyrics:
　　Spring Hill pavilion warm days and wind curtain rod cage Yang Liuqiu Lanna House of Yang Liuqiu one thousand one thousand homes in the
　　Gucun sun_set_ Canxia smoke trees Jackdaws point Snapshots Snapshots shadow shadow under the next point
　　Yan Ying cry dance dance bridges Fei Ying sings bridges Fei Yan
　　Penni_set_um Penni_set_um mountains mountains yellow leaves yellow leaves
　　[Books]
　　"Spring Dream"
　　If the stay is a natural beauty girl, spring will be how to rewrite history?
　　Stories about:
　　Notorious ended, the king hidden under subjugation Suicide What truth?
　　Eat, drink, _insert_ Section slack is Hong Bao's ultimate goal in life.
　　Her fate with a sort of a small open joke, obviously not the heroine of the material, has chosen to bear the glory does not belong to her.
　　Say that the roots of the troubles, the roots of What's wrong?
　　Who cares who is the main spring?
　　Who whom do-the world?
　　The roots of troubles, as she, but in spring and chaos in guarding love; arrogant overlord if he was willing to become a beauty reign.
　　Let us look beautiful country, who is sitting on an empty world full of universal life care workers.
　　Let us look at Wuyuechunqiu, who abandoned the picturesque landscape only for her smiling flower.
　　"Beauty robbery" completely change the ancient version.
　　When Hong Bao never what will happen across the ... ... ... ...
　　[TV]
　　"Eastern Zhou: Spring and Autumn / Warring States articles"
　　Chinese name: Eastern Zhou | Warring States articles
　　Resource type: RMVB
　　Version: (update to 32 _set_s / 32 _set_s all)
　　Release Date: January 1, 2000 Location: mainland
　　Language: Mandarin
　　Cast: Liu Wei Liu Weiwei, etc.
　　=========================
　　Spring articles:
　　The flames of the first episode Lishan
　　Episode mother recognized their lives
　　Proclamation that monarch
　　Episode IV-law building a terrace satisfied
　　Episode various children Wenjiang
　　Di Liuji Guan worship phase
　　Sevens Zunwangrangyi
　　Diba Ji dominant Qihuan
　　Di Jiuji banner of righteousness
　　Li Ji Jin random _set_ X
　　XI _set_ sheepskin commutation
　　Jun repay twelfth _set_ of _select_ion
　　Chong Er inspirational collection XIII
　　_Set_ back to the fourteenth Jin Chong Er
　　10th _set_ wengong into Pa
　　XVI _set_ sin crying Xiaoshan
　　XVII _set_ Zhaodun Regicide
　　Eighteenth _set_ Orphan
　　Blockbuster _set_ XIX
　　Zhuang Wang Chih-chu, the twenty _set_s
　　Dominant finish the twenty-first _set_
　　Cui Qing-second _set_ of random
　　Twenty _set_s of Qi Yan Zi
　　Twenty-fourth _set_ Gaoshanyangzhi
　　Twenty-fifth _set_ to escape zhaoguan
　　Liao Zhuan Zhu stabbed twenty-sixth _set_
　　_Set_ of three twenty-seventh of about Attacks Upon Chu
　　Twenty-eighth _set_ gravedigger Bianshi
　　The shame of the twenty-ninth _set_ Hueiji
　　Conquest of Wu thirty _set_s Gou
　　=========================
　　Warring States articles:
　　Chapter slain Yu Rang (1-3 _set_s)
　　Chapter Wei Palace Pavilion (4-5 _set_s)
　　Chapter Shang Yang (6-9 _set_s)
　　Chapter Sun Pang battle of wits (10-12 _set_s)
　　Chapter Su Zhang aspect (13-15 _set_s)
　　King Wuling of Zhao Chapter VI (16-18 episodes)
　　Chapter Tiandan Zionist (19-21 _set_s)
　　Chapter VIII of the force Fan Qiu Ju (22-24 _set_s)
　　Chapter stolen character to save Zhao (25-26 _set_s)
　　Chapter Spring and Autumn Annals (27-29 _set_s)
　　Jing Ke Ci Qin XI (30-32 _set_s)
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Chinese history
　　"Spring," according to Lu Confucius was originally compiled from the annals of classic, "Spring" for the early annals of China, Lu twelve public as to the order, since implicit in Lu year (BC 722, when Lu Implicit public came to the throne), as in the Lu Aigong fourteen years (481 BC, when Confucius passed away). Although the simple text, such as memorabilia, and attack the princes 242 years, League, usurped the throne and ritual killing, Calamity customs, etc., are recorded. It's the world record time of Lu twelve years, absolutely correct, written by Western scholars as _set_ out in the solar eclipse with "eclipse by" more, have met each other 30 times, confirming "Spring" is not empty essays with the ancients, can be defined as the messenger. However, the spread of long-term process, it is inevitable that some commentators on the text off by channeling the type of problems. "Spring" in a very concise language, words and orderly. The text is too simple because of the quality, and their descendants are difficult to understand, so for the interpretation of the succession, both of which Hengyu "Spring Tso Chuan," Ram high "Spring Gongyangzhuan" Gu Liang hi "Spring Guliang" co- called "Spring three pass" into the Confucian classics. Now, "Spring" into the original general co-editor, "Zuo Zhuan" as "after", "Tso" Add content as a "pass." Spring and Autumn period (680 years ago - before 476), or Spring and Autumn Period, referred to as the Spring and Autumn. When the emperor of its weakness, the government by the five-Bo. Five-Bo who, Qi Huan, Jin-wen, Song Xiang, Chu Zhuang, Wu Fu Chai also. Zheng Chong, Qin Mu, the more Gou Bo are small. Spring and Autumn period, named, is due to "spring" and its name. This book documents the years from Lu implicit AD (722 years) to Lu Aigong fourteen years (before 481 years) history. Modern scholars, for convenience, usually from King Ping of Zhou Dynasty (before 680) Eastern Zhou Liguo, to the week Jing Wang forty-three years (477 years ago), the known as the "Spring and Autumn Period." Spring and Autumn Dynasty, the size seen by the mass of the vassal state has more than 170 months, and then its the league, Chang Chang conquest stories can test persons, no more than Qi, Jin, Chu, Qin, Lu, Song Wei, Yan, Chen , Cao, Cai, Zheng, Wu, such as a dozen more countries. WANG Rong patricide vote, benevolent decline. And Li Wang abuse, people riot, benevolent to this bad carry on. Son of Heaven do not repair the political and not for the emperor also. Xuan Wang who is also longer than the public response, fruit calendar Dauphin Down? King Xuan of both mourning and southern division, and defeat at the Xi Rong, is expected to the people in Taiyuan, Min Jie complain. You Wang drama princes, princes are anti. You Wang did not eliminate, Li Shen Hou King, but also cast Quanrong kill You Wang. Cover Zongzhou only chaos, Zhou Naidong move. Wang decline, princes do not benevolent, ritual conquest point out the princes, not the emperor; and government from the five-Bo, not by the emperor. Huan Wang ten and two years (before 708), Wang Shih-cutting Zheng, Bor against the Wang Shi defeat, WANG Yi-injury. Spring and Autumn Period, were found in history books of the vassal state of 120 eight, but more important, but a dozen, they are mainly located in today's Shandong Qi and Lu, in today's Henan Wei, Song, Zheng, Chen, Tsai, in Today Shanxi Jin, located in Beijing and its surrounding areas today, Yan, located in Shaanxi Qin today, in today's Henan, Anhui, Hunan and Hubei in the south and Chu, Wu in the Department today and is located in southern Shanghai and Zhejiang in the vicinity of today's more. These relatively large vassal state by virtue of its strength, to expand the territory of war, forcing the weaker countries to obey his orders, and competing with each other, forming a rivalry princes. Pa (ancient sound praks), and writing Bo (ancient sound prak), nine lives as Peter, so Peter as Wang Chao, and spring off the emperor's righteous princes conquest. First to dominate the Duke. Qi is the grandfather of the Feng Shang, its ancient monarchy and political commitment to rectify, to play the advantages of coastal fish and salt, to promote the family textile industry, the development of commerce and handicrafts. Zongzhou chaos, Qi Dong Yi people off, is not the emperor order. Duke (previous 685 - 643 before the reign) to the throne, as compared to Guan Zhong, rectify national policy, abolition of public land system, by land, Fei Ji, determine the tax, _set_ of salt, iron officer and mint coins, increasing revenues, and combine soldiers in agriculture, the primary administrative and military organizations into one, increasing the manpower and capability, and quickly became China's most prosperous countries in the country. Then playing the "Zunwangrangyi" slogan, a number of conferences princes, or interfere with other countries to help combat the barbarians of the intrusion, and finally in week three-Xi Wang (formerly 679) to become dominant. Zhou Hui Wang twenty-one (before 656), Duke led the eight vassal state of the coalition, forcing the state of Chu in order to obey his superior force, entered into Shaoling (Henan Yan city) of the Union, its dominance development to the peak. Duke's death, competition for the throne of the civil strife there Qi, strength weakened. Chu took the opportunity to expand its influence, it has destroyed the north side of several small countries, re-targeting the Central Plains. Duke Xiang of Song (previous 650 - 637 before the reign) to resist the invasion of Chu called the North, attempting to act as overlord of the Central Plains. But in terms of power and performance perspective, Duke Xiang of Song are not enough to dominate. Zhou King Xiang fifteen years (before 638), Chu-Song Wang of water in the two armies met, Song defeated, even the Duke Xiang of Song
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Interpretation of terms
　　1 In the ancient era is dominated farming, spring is an important year in two seasons, spring planting autumn to spring as the most important turn of the year, so spring is said on behalf of one year. Therefore, "Spring" literally means history. It also refers to the years and time. One that was not originally suspected in the ancient Spring and Autumn seasons only, so in ancient books, "a spring" refers to one year.
　　2 refers to history: willing to shed blood to write the Spring and Autumn.
　　3 era name. Chronicle for Lu, "Spring" name. Generally refers to 770 years to 476 years before this period.
　　4. One of the Confucian classics. Chronological history of the Spring and Autumn. According to legend, by the historian, compiled by Confucius, according to Lu, "Spring" tidying amendments made to record from 722 BC to 481 years before a total of $ forty-two years between the historical events, is China's first chronological history books.
　　5 ancient history books known.
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Spring and Autumn Period
　　Confucius, the founder of Confucian culture, China has compiled a historical record of the history of Lu was called "Spring", and this time span recorded in history books and constitute a historical stage of the Spring and Autumn Period roughly the same, so future generations will This historical period known as the Spring and Autumn Period, is the time from 770 BC to 476 BC, is basically the first half of the Eastern Zhou period.
　　East beginning Monday, downhill left the Zhou Dynasty, the royal family decline, power changed hands, among vassal state conquest, war was frequent. Small vassal state have been annexed, the powerful vassal state in some areas to achieve unity. In the Spring and Autumn Period, there has been a relatively peaceful period, because countries are very tired of war and made need to rest, then by 546 BC by 14 countries to participate in the second "Mi Bing Club" agreement, war being able to quell. However, this period in the Yangtze River, Wu, Chu, and Vietnam and has repeatedly erupted between the hegemonic struggle. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, as the popularity of cattle farming and iron farm applications, the economy has developed rapidly, there has been private land development and well-field system of the collapse of the profound social changes. In some vassal state of the internal, powerful nobles and began to struggle for power to the monarch. Jin appeared in 453 BC, Han, Zhao, Wei big three, the Jin were divided up their own countries were established, is the famous "three sub-Jin." Thus, Qi-Xiong side by side, each era hegemony gradually coming to the Spring and Autumn Period Warring States period.
　　Spring and Autumn period, referred to as the Spring and Autumn Period, 770 years to 476 years ago (the other said, 770 years to 403 years), belonging to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, a period of Spring and Autumn Period Week weaken the forces of the king, princes warlords disputes, Duke, Duke Xiang of Song , Gong, Qinmu Gong, King Zhuang of Chu have to dominate, called the "Five Hegemons." (I said the Duke, Gong, King Zhuang of Chu, king lu, Goujian). After the Spring and Autumn Period Warring States Period.
　　Spring and Autumn period, named, is amended by Confucius' Spring and Autumn "and its name. This book documents the years from Lu implicit AD (722 years) to Lu Aigong fourteen years (before 481 years) history. Modern scholars, for convenience, usually from King Ping of Zhou Dynasty (770 years) Eastern Zhou Liguo, the forty-three years to the Zhou Jing Wang (previous 477 years), the known as the "Spring and Autumn Period."
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Historical events
　　King Ping of Zhou moved the capital
　　770 BC, because of civil strife and Quanrong frequent invasion, soon hit the Gao Jing, the King Ping of Zhou was forced to relocate capital from Hao Luo Yi. Because in the Gao Jing Luo Yi east, then known as the Eastern Zhou Dynasty Zhou Dynasty (770 BC - 221 BC).
　　Zhou Room decline
　　Duke dominate
　　Song Chu dispute
　　Gong Takeover
　　In the north of the Jin, and Zhou room clan. Love Ji Jin Xiangong favoritism, so that the country NCCU chaos. 636 years ago, Jin Xiangong son of Chong Er sent in troops to escort Qinmu Gong Jin Guojun bit under the inheritance, is Gong. His political reform, economic development, fought through, credibility, stability and the royal family, friendship and the state of Qin, the princes of high prestige. Zhou King Xiang two decades (633 years ago), surrounded by Song Chu capital Shangqiu. Times a year, Gong Song shuaibing rescue, defeated in the Battle of Cheng Pu Chu, become dominant.
　　Ba Jin Xianggong access
　　Gong's death, his son Jin Xianggong the throne, became the new monarch and princes Ren Jinguo dominant. 628 years ago, while wengong new funeral Qinmu Gong, Zheng sent warlords. Jin Xianggong Qianjun defeated in the Battle of xiao Qin, Qin three prisoners will. After the Qin Jin repeated attack. Jin is still unable to break the blockade strategy, Jin of Xianggong firmly secured a dominant position.
　　Qinmu Gong Xi Rong dominate
　　Qinmu Gong in Gong's death, to seek development to the east, was promoted by the resistance. Xiaoshan war, war Ya Peng, Qin are defeated. Qinmu Gong decisive adjustment policy, turned to the West, the annexation of some of the Rong and Di tribes dominate the Xi Rong.
　　Chu aspirations to the Central Plains
　　Chu Cheng Pu of the war, keeping a low profile, eastward, off the many small countries, this forces south to Yunnan, north of the Yellow River. King Zhuang of Chu internal reforms, quell riots, irrigation, national strength is more powerful, actually given to the king's messenger asks week festival of heaven and earth the size of light and heavy tripod, intended to eliminate Zhou Zili, namely, "aspirations" in the source. Zhou Ding Wang ten years (597 years), Chu and Jin battle in the Bi (Henan Wuzhi southeast), victory. Soon after into the Bing Wei Song, Jin can not save, so Central Plains have come back to the small country in the Chu Chu Chen Ba Central Plains.
　　Jin Chu saw
　　The first 591 years after the death of King Zhuang of Chu, Chu dominance gradually decline. Experience Jinjing Gong Jin, Jin Li operation of public two generations, gradually beyond the state of Chu. Jin the first 589 years of war with the saddle 578 years before the Battle of the tunnel Ma, Qi and Qin were defeated, the potential of reviving the country. Chu Jin broke out again between the two countries was the third huge battle - the Battle of Yanling, Jin to end up winning, Chu hegemony weakened by the more serious. But soon the civil unrest Jin, Jin Li is killing the public. This stage, Jin Chu strength roughly equivalent to the formation of the Central Plains tug of war.
　　Pa Dao Gong Fu Jin
　　Public after the death of Jin Li, Jin Dao Gong succession, internal reform of the political, with either yin energy, control the ministers, foreign joint Song Na Wu, relying on deterrence Qin Qi, Jin-third, fight fatigue Zheng Chu, total control strategic initiative, overwhelming stronger than the state of Chu, the Central Plains princes are attached to Jin, Jin Dao Gong for eight of nine co-princes. Jin BR revival. Chu Jin forced the re-strong, had to give up on the Central Plains hegemony is.
　　弭兵 the league
　　Jin Dao Gong's death, the throne down again, Jin six ministers Zhuanshan national policy, flourished in the internal friction, Italy, and Chu and Union. Continuous war has brought great disaster to the people, tired of the country also caused small, Jin Chu be evenly matched the two countries, no one could eat each other. So by the Song Hua Yuan and Xiang Xu initiated in seven weeks simple King (579 years before) and Zhou King Ling of 26 years (546 years before), held two "Mibing" to the league, after the war greatly reduced.
　　Wu Yuexiong Southeast Pa
　　Three sub-Jin
　　Duke Wen of Jin came to the throne back in time, many followers with him to return, the results were the descendants of these people after a long battle of baptism, for the nobility gradually in Jinguo Cheng. 550 years ago to 497 years ago, Jin Guoguo political control in the Fan,'s Bank of China, Zhao, Han, Chi's, Wei's hands. 455 years ago, Jin Guogui family left in intellect, Zhao, Wei, Han four. Bing Gong Zhi Chao's out, and two stress Wei Han's troops. The war continued for two years, after two defections Han Wei Zhao lobby, off Chi's, divide and control Jinguo Guo Zhi to the government. 438 years before the three sub-Jin Han, Zhao Wei, Jin quiet public remaining purple, Quwo two. 403 years before the book up weeks Weilie Wang Han, Zhao, Wei Hou three of the country, in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period is the restructure of the demarcation point.
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Political
　　Spring and Autumn Period, Zhou royal family decline, in fact, the status of vassal state and a similar medium. Among countries attack the war continued, the small country was annexed. Within countries, Bureaucrats powerful, riots have occurred, Regicide common occurrences. "Spring" and "Zuo Zhuan" Regicide recorded from as many as 43 events, mainly in the early spring, which also reflects the power of the Western Zhou Dynasty Eastern Zhou Dynasty, when dramatic changes in the turn.
　　According to historical records, between spring and two hundred and forty years, there forty-three monarch or enemy killed by the subjects as of 52 vassal state were destroyed, the size of the war more than four hundred and eighty, the princes and the League of Zhaopin four hundred and fifty dozen.
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Economic
　　Spring and Autumn Period, more use of iron tools and to promote cattle farming, which greatly increased agricultural productivity. Many of wasteland have been reclaimed as farmland, shift from extensive intensive farming techniques, agricultural production is greatly increased. Increase in private fields, field system crashes, the relationship to the privatization of land. Princes had to gradually reform, recognition of private ownership of land, allowing the sale of land, and land owners to levy land tax, farmers' production enthusiasm high. As the needs of war, the number of horses increased. Central Plains agriculture animal husbandry is basically changed the client, who specializes in small animal production.
　　Spring and Autumn Period, resulting in a new tax system. Lu Xuangong fifteen years (594 years before) the early implementation of tax acres, the state land to the landowner under the levy of taxes in kind. This is the beginning of the ancient land tax. Lu Chenggong first year (before 590) for a mound, according to levy a certain amount of land area military Fu (A), so that the tax and assigned into one. The occasion of the Spring and Autumn, rent collection has become quite common. Qin Jian public in seven years (408 years before) the implementation of "early tax Wo" in-kind land tax system. Warring States Period, different national tax system. First, the implementation of the household registration system Qin, and, according to levy land tax and then head charge "head will" (population tax).
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Culture
　　Spring and Autumn is a period of great development of Chinese culture, the history of Chinese thought and culture to achieve a witch by the BU's religious superstition in people-centered culture to a rational transformation of the history of human culture. In the spring of this transition, although since the traditional concept of Shang and Zhou still plays a huge role in people's minds, generally occurring effects. Zhou emperor and princes, shaken and the decline of political authority, the official school situation is broken down along with the emergence of academic, books, and other social aspects of folk culture to change is causing some people's ideas change, Spring and Autumn period of these changes is the realization of the ideological and cultural transformation of historical conditions.
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Religion
　　Spring and Autumn period and do not have a wide range of popular religion, because Taoism is the only began to emerge from the Han Dynasty, Buddhism is introduced to China in the Western Han Dynasty. However, the Spring and Autumn period, there may be some less well-known primitive religion.
　　Three-legged sheep, the first tripod
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Art
　　Spring and Autumn Period of art, mainly above the bronze sculpture. The famous three-legged sheep, the first is the Spring and Autumn Period bronze tripod works of art. In 1923, in Xinzheng unearthed bronze tripod Spring and Autumn Period, Jazz, and the Western Zhou Dynasty bronze comparison process has been greatly developed. The decoration on the bronze is also very particular about.
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Technology
　　"Mozi," a secretary described a similar scale leverage. This is the first of leverage theory.
　　Iron and cattle farming have been promoted in the Spring and Autumn period, to promote the development of history.
　　In astronomy, physics, medicine, Spring and Autumn Period of China in the world leading level.
　　Formed in the Spring and Autumn when the yin and yang, says that the entire world, including astronomy are included in the five elements system. "Heaven" is not only to Sky, but also a variety of images to display the "destiny", so people should go to in order to understand the various characters 'destiny', changes the destiny with the people to understand the method. These characters should be displayed in the "five virtues turn." Shown in the "five elements of transport." Sky observation applies not only to national politics, especially the unusual astronomical phenomena, because the matter of "destiny", is being focused upon. Spring and Autumn Period, a number of sophisticated medical technology was invented and applied in clinical practice. "Lingshu pm steam," the earliest record of Chinese medical history of abdominal puncture.
　　Chinese traditional agriculture began to form in the Spring and Autumn period. Spring and Autumn period, people were not there before the invention of iron Plowshare, Tiechu, flail, stone and other new tools.
　　Spring and Autumn Period of bronze casting is also characteristic of this era to have the country and Chu, Xu bronze represented.
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Philosophy
　　China is the ideological and cultural sources of "easy." As one of the Six Classics of the Confucian "Book of Changes", a long process of the formation and development. Was later known as Riverside, Los things the book is burning Bogu performance, is the ancient ancestors of life and fortune in the long-term practice of sentiment out of rational thinking and thinking in images to link to each other, penetrate each other's reflection.
　　According to legend, Fu Xi to the summary, repeated arrangement of yarrow, and painting for the gossip, the things between heaven and earth in which the phenomena are included, this is the original and easy. Later, the emperor said after careful study, to be standardized, structured, interpreted as hexagrams, and three hundred eighty-four Yao, with the hexagram, Ci, called the "Book of Changes." It is a simple image and numeric, yin and yang of the opposition to change, to explain diverse complex social phenomenon, display until the infinite number of thousands, have to show much less to simply show complex, full of changes in characteristics. The so called "easy" Zheng Xuan explains there are three meanings: First, Jane, second shift, third is not easy. About the myriad things that have changed are the same, the phenomenon is changing, and some basic principles and tools will not change, which from the dialectical development of the objective world out of abstract theory, very rich simple dialectics. Speaking of the old Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius' Book of Changes "for interpretation and discourse, complete 10 wing, the" easy pass. " In this way, "Book of Changes" on the development of a profound exposition of the contents of the universe changes in philosophy. The origins of early Chinese civilization academic, but to the Spring and Autumn Period was developed. At this time of academic thinking, can be said that the great golden age of Chinese civilization. Chinese people regard this period as "philosophers" period.
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Political scientist
　　Confucianism: Confucius, Mencius, Xun Zi; main idea: "benevolence", "China Gui-Jun light" against the merger battle.
　　Mohist: Mo, the main idea: "everything becomes possible."
　　Main vassal state
　　Eastern Zhou Dynasty Spring and Autumn, also known as early (before 770 years - 476 years ago), is the first time in our history during the formation of large national division. Historians generally "three sub-Jin" as the end of Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States era. 770 BC WANG dongqian, the establishment of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. But now weeks have been weakened to the extreme, the range area of ​​less than 600 years ruled, the vassal state have carved out rule the roost, no audience with King Zhou, the command of the rights of princes is in name only. Here, the country is divided into more than one hundred and forty size vassal state, and which the state of Chu, Qi, Jin, Wu, Yue, Qin is great.
　　Chu
　　Chu is a three Hmong in the Yangtze River to build a country that has participated in the week King Wu of the war, to be weeks after the title, ranking Chu Danyang (now owned by the county, Hubei percent). Early spring, the increasingly powerful state of Chu. Previous 704 years, since the number of pass Chujun Bear King Wu, there are places thousands of miles. Because it is located in southern China, and the Central Plains of China therefore Chu frequent some of the princes of the war. Through war, Chu has annexed forty-five weaker the various Houfang Guo, and early spring in southern China has gradually become the main powers.
　　Qi
　　Jin
　　Wu
　　Wu is developed in the early spring and the emerging feudal state, which this is a vassal state of Chu, but with the subsequent strong rule gradually from the state of Chu. 506 years ago, a massive attack on Wu Chu. During the war, Wu 5 wins five games to break the business capital of two hundred years of Chu Ying Cheng (now Hubei Jiangling), snatched a lot of material. Wu and Spring and Autumn period of this war is the first war thing, the war resulted in unprecedented trauma by Chu and Chu Wu is gradually replacing the position to become South powers.
　　Yue
　　Wu Yue and the same is the vassal state of Chu, but the rise of the more even later than some of Wu, often up to allow the ruling party, the more it came to be called Lord King. After this, the old veterans in the Chu Wen Yue species and Fan Li's help, defeat the invading Wu. After King Wu of Wu to the appointment, victory of Vietnam, so surrender. But Goujian and willing to fail, he lived among in firewood, and a daily taste gall to show their hatred of the country did not forget. After years of preparation, years Goujian Conquest of Wu in 473 BC, becoming Miss South powers after another.
　　Qin
　　In several major powers, the state of Qin is not the most powerful country, but with location, Qin became the fastest-growing state during the Spring and Autumn. During the administration of the Qin Mugong, served with policy makers Baili Xi, the Qin Guoqiang Sheng moment. But Qin located northwest of the Central Plains, and the Rong and Di and Qiang Ethnic Groups in northern mixed, so the Chinese as the Rong and Di Qin princes have been in the country, the league banned the Central Plains, which gave a good opportunity for development Qin, later Warring States Period, Qin order to eliminate the powerful strength of the unity of the six countries the world.
　　Spring and Autumn Period, each vassal state mergers and other small countries have, in which Chu, Qi and other major powers even of. Spring and Autumn Dynasty, most of the small countries to gradually withdraw from the stage of history, replaced by Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, Qin Qiguo rule era. At this point, Spring and Autumn Period in Chinese history will come to an end, followed by another separatist era - Warring States Period.
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史书《春秋》
Introduction
　　"Spring", also known as "Lin Jing" ("Lun history"). Is a chronicle of Lu, Confucius after revision. Lu hidden records from the years AD (722 years) to Lu Aigong fourteen years (before 481 years) history of China's earliest extant chronological history books. "Spring," a book of historical value is high, but not complete, Wang and even said "Spring" is "off the rotten DPRK." Is one of the Confucian classics.
　　In Chinese ancient times, spring and autumn are the royal princes pilgrimage season. In addition, also represents the ancient Spring and Autumn seasons. The historical records are in the main events throughout the year, so "spring" is a historical collectively. And Lu is the official name of the history books, "Spring." Traditionally considered "spring" is a work of Confucius, it was considered the collective works of Lu historian.
　　"Spring" in the text is very concise, event records are sketchy, but attack the princes 242 years, League, usurped the throne and ritual killing, Calamity customs, etc., are recorded. It's the world record times on behalf of Lu twelve years, absolutely correct, written by Western scholars as _set_ out in the solar eclipse with "eclipse by" more, have met each other 30 times, confirming "Spring" is not empty essays with the ancients, can be defined as the messenger. However, the spread of long-term process, it is inevitable that some commentators on the text off by channeling the type of problems.
　　"Spring" was originally only 18,000 original characters, only existing version of the more than 16,000 words. Very concise in language, words and orderly. The text is too simple because of the quality, and their descendants are difficult to understand, so the interpretation of the succession for the emergence of the book to interpret and explain records, called "Biography." One Hengyu "Spring Tso Chuan," Ram high "Spring Gongyangzhuan" Valley red beam, "Spring Valley Liang Chuan," collectively, the "Spring three pass" into the Confucian classics. Now, "Spring" into the original general co-editor, "Zuo Zhuan" as "after", "Tso" Add content as a "pass." According to "Han Yi Wen Zhi" records, for the Spring and Autumn for those who pass a total of five:
　　"Tso Chuan" 30 volumes;
　　"Kung-yang," 11 volumes;
　　"Valley Liang Chuan," 11;
　　"Zou's Biography" 11 volumes;
　　"Folder's Biography" Volume 11.
　　The latter two of which no longer exist. Kung-yang and the book in the Western Han Dynasty Valley Liangzhuan Cheng, written by the then prevailing official script, called New Text. Zuo, there are two, one for the wall into the old home of Confucius, the ancient font used to write before the Qin Dynasty, known as classical; one is from the Warring States period Xunqing handed down.
　　Kung-yang and the beam transmission with Zuo grains are very different. Gongyangzhuan and valleys beam preaching "Weiyantaiyi" in the hope trying to explain clearly the intention of Confucius (authors believe that "Spring" by Confucius), far-fetched that some of the content is suspect. Zuo to historical facts-based, add the "spring" does not record the event, some of the records and "Spring" discrepancy was greater than the historical value that Tso Kung-yang and valleys beam pass.
　　At the latest from the Western Zhou Dynasty, the records of national importance have Taishi; the beginning of each season, usually write "spring" to "fall" season of seasons. But the ancients attention in the spring and autumn, so the national history record is called "Spring", which may be a "spring" as the reason behind the title history of strike. Existing "Spring", hidden from the public account to Luai Gong Lu, Li twelve generation of monarch, namely, two hundred and forty-four years (according to the "Kung-yang" and "Valley beams pass' _set_ to Duke Ai fourteen years only for two one hundred forty-two years, "Zuo Zhuan" many years), it is basically the original historical Lu.
　　According to legend, "Spring" book out of the hands of Confucius, there is the old "Book of King Wen arrest and speech, Chung Nye and for spring," said. However, there are different versions later, Qing Yuan Gufang "Spring calligraphy," said: "Spring," who is also the history of Lu. Books of the Shi Lu, Confucius possession of the record in order to pass the letter to future generations of those who are. Shi Yun-yu, "Spring Independent School House on the first draft," also said: "Spring," who, Lu is also the history of the old text. "Spring" twelve public matters, the calendar two hundred and forty years old, holds the book choosing the pen and dozens more. The dozens of people who home from a teacher, one from the school, its calligraphy, how to do the same? Although the authors of the controversial spring, but after Confucius hand instead of repair, there was no great difference. In fact, Lu's Spring and Autumn history books as one of its role in the history books far beyond the scope of the Spring and Autumn term removal period, "every word skewer" a unique style, known as the Spring and Autumn Annals, successive generation of historians regarded as a classic text. "Spring and Autumn 'of the mind, is two hundred and forty years of spring national event, now kept full, but more than sixteen thousand words, but when, according to Zhang Wei Yan and Xu Yan cited the late Tang Dynasty, when people" Spring said, "say this is a 18,000 words (see Zhang said, "Records of the Historian Sima Qian preface Variorum" drawing, Xu said, see "Kung-yang Zhao Gong Shu years" drawing), showing that "spring" the original, off the dew from the three countries after a thousand words. Many major omission.
　　Because the "Spring" is a broad-brush pen and ink. To complement this was filled, and later appeared in the Spring-based 'mass', that is handed down today, "Spring and Autumn Gongyangzhuan" "Spring Valley beams pass" and "Spring and Autumn Tso Chuan," three, and said spring three pass. "Biography" and "Spring Classic" are basically the same text, there are some differences, Chuan-wen annual merger, after the first pass through. Spring for the booklet in this column, please pass the other three books Pavilion Thirteen Classics part read or download.
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Method of reading materials
　　"Spring" is a rather unusual history books. Read "Spring" of the law, must respect in order to read the by then to be pregnant to Fidelity, the heart of Reading. This can not be out of their non-righteous lies. If mixed with the Twenty-Four Histories with the reading, students will be perverse of heart, is bound to narrow-minded thinking. The case of life can not be out on the road are saints.
　　"Spring" to the word to speak ill, Weiyandayi, care about them carry on. Confucius Spring and Luanchenzeizi fear, Why is it? Only fear of the Yi smell through the ages, for all ages are reprimanded, by the otherworldly vocal ear. It is the "spring" for the classics, to the righteous cause of the Cunyan. Such profound meaning, though in the history of the Yin and can not move and. Or Qubi ridicule of modern people, but also its profound absurdity! So Yi Tan.
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The nature of work
　　Confucius' Spring and Autumn "is a profound political and ideological implication of the author's political science book, which is from the pre-Qin Meng, Xun to the Han Dynasty horse, the correct course consistent view of the various companies. After the Han Dynasty, the decline of the New Text school, classical scholars by the impact of sectarianism by the school, wrongly, as "Spring" for the history books, and thus lead to the long-Ju Song diverse "Spring" nature of the dispute.
　　Around the "Spring" is a book of history or political science books in this issue, more than a thousand years has formed the following three perspectives: First, the traditional New Text scholars of the correct view that the "spring" for political science books, hold this Pi Xi-Rui Qing Dynasty, such as the speaker, neighbor, Hsu Fu-kuan, Lv Si-mian, and Hu; Second, the classical and the modern by the scientists, "Gushi Bian" scholars of the view that that "spring" is a history book, classical scholars, such as promoted by the man Du Yu, neighbor QIAN, Gu Jie-gang, Liu, who adhere to this view section; third, to reconcile that, namely, that "Spring", "also by the also history", such as those who hold this said Qian, McGregor. In fact, "has also been the history of" that is a contradiction in terms, we might be slightly on the analysis of the evidence of anything wrong. Qian that "spring" is a "history also has a word by" on the grounds of the ancient without, the difference between history, economics, history of the points is only the concept of future generations, "If we will say" Spring "is The non-history, this is really saw its views for future generations, according to the writings of the ancient struggle a bit vain scratching their primary concern. " This looks like a fair reason to reconcile theory does not hold for two reasons: First, the "classics, history, regardless" of the ancient classics, history, say in line with the actual relationship. On this point, Mr. Zhong Zhaopeng in the 1960s was an article dedicated to the Analysis and effectively explained by the history of ancient China are different, the first in history by the fact, therefore it goes without modern people interfere. Second, a theory of the nature is constant, but are differentiated by the history of academic distinction is a dynamic process, the two should not be confused. As the classics, history is the essence of the difference between the two there is no room for reconciliation, of course, there is not some sort of intermediate forms. In saying so, "also by the also the history," said is tantamount to cancel, rather than solving the "Spring" nature of the problem, not surprising since its inception, and only a handful. In contrast, the "Spring and Autumn" as the historical works of the misconceptions, but due to some historical facts and theories involved in the Analysis and complicated; coupled with the well-known scholars from the mouth of that, which has long been the rarely questioned by. As modern people's misunderstanding caused by multi-line blindly worthies, so first unite the traditional "spring" for historical works that argue the error to be analyzed, is undoubtedly a correct understanding of our "Spring" where the nature of artifice.
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Writing Motivation
　　Truth documentary book on the history of the historian in terms of both principle purpose is thus called to determine whether a history book on the touchstone. Jiang Qing rightly pointed out: "Why Confucius 'Spring and Autumn", is to understand the "Spring and Autumn," a book critical nature. "Why Confucius' Spring and Autumn"? The author's goal is also to documentary truth it? The answer is clearly no. Doubt was to consider themselves Hu stated that: "" Spring, "that the Department of the book, can only be used as reference to see the Confucian doctrine of rectification of names, but not as a model for the history books to see later historians the" Spring and Autumn "as a model for history, then a big mistake. Why? because history aims to 'tell the truth, remember facts'." spring, "the purpose, does not remember facts, only facts in the written judgments of the individual mind. "Mr. Xu Fuguan also said:" The repair can be concluded that Confucius' Spring and Autumn, "the motive, purpose, and not today's so-called 'historians', but play a good ancient history, the history of the trial to trial instead of the solemn mission of God can be said that this is history The mission of the above, it is by not history. "these statements are based on the author's motives, correctly pointed out the" Spring "nature of political science, the conclusion is sufficient to convince the people.
　　The reason why people long for Confucius' Spring and Autumn, "the motivation and all the" "Spring" for the history books, "said a significant contradiction between the blind and misunderstanding and confusion when Confucius" straight "concept and" straight book "thinking about. "Analects Zi" recorded, said Ye language Confucius said: "I party with Naomi who his father busy movement of sheep, but evidence of the child." Confucius said: "I were different from straight party, the implicit parent for the child, the child parent hidden, which carry on straight. "Confucius, the concept of the way through the play expressed his Spring and Autumn Period," Chen killing his lord, son killing his father, "the criticism of social reality, but where he pursued a" direct "is clearly not the truth, but only on the hearts of "good" moral values. Yes, there have been such as Confucius, "Tamon Que suspect, cautious the rest" kind of thing, which shows that he does pay attention to the objective facts of the valuable ideas; but because of "Spring" is the expression of political ideals of Confucius in order to work rather than the history of political science school books, so this is not the truth through which ideas, on the contrary, to guide the author of "pen cut" is the "Analects", "father of the child hidden, child parent hidden" kind of "straight" concept only. In this sense, the "straight" and the objectivity of historians on the history of the pursuit phase just disobedient, unfortunately, few people noticed the past between these two concepts were real Distinction.
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Related Comments
　　"Spring" righteous cause "is not" history of meaning. "Documented facts of history should not only work but also show the author's thinking, this is history, the views of most scholars agree, but the idea of ​​history from the facts, and can not be divorced from facts and keep alone, Even if this extreme, such as Croce, Collingwood were not denied that. "spring" righteous cause is different from the historian of ideas, "Spring" is just the author gives the history of political ideals in the form of it: "" Spring "series to kings ambition, which is ideal for the political fate; but the facts are with the twists and turns and see, so that the 'chi and unlucky', "" Confucius for Le Yao and Shun Road ('Kings of the Chi'), to Yao and Shun way as the base, among the non-two hundred forty-two years, to make things right with "." spring "righteous from the author's political outlook, ideology and history facts from historians of thought, which shows the two fundamentally different. Unfortunately, some scholars the "Spring" and "Weiyandayi" historian's historian and compare ideas, or the consciousness of early historians to be lost in the recognition of Hao, or the history of the ancient Dao Bili culprits and large plus denigration. but in reality the "Spring", the history is in the form, fur, politics is the content of the core, to appraise, Qubi the form of "Spring and Autumn Annals" is "Spring" Weiyandayi of the system, to the righteous cause of this is not deposit. As for the follow, "Spring" Renqing Judgments, when the criticism is no doubt by their misunderstanding of who should be the future generations, how can this be attributed to "Spring" and its author?
　　First, that "Spring" for the repair of Confucius, in this sense, we will "reconcile that" as for care, money, who might also be correct view. Secondly, that "Spring" is China's first history book, and Confucius is China's "Father of History" or "History of the ancestors." Some scholars believe that: as the Greek historian Herodotus was the father, as Confucius is the father of Chinese historiography; Confucius 'Spring', as Herodotus 'history', is the world's first historical monograph. Some scholars said: "When the father of Western historians Herodotus wrote his" hippo War ", the father of Confucius, China's history of" spring "has been around for 30 years." Another scholar claims: " Sima Qian, China's academic circles once hailed as 'the father of ancient Chinese history', I think Confucius may be called the ancestor of the ancient Chinese history. "In fact, all these statements is all filled with misconceptions, but unfortunately often the enthusiasm of rational scholars blinded, which fall into the cycle of litigation for the ancients and Xi Yan inspection. Moreover, the "harmonic" theory is that "Spring" and "Weiyandayi" not only exists, but it is "spring" the key reason for the history books. There are authors commented that: "Confucius chronological history of innovation, which gives the record of history to appraise the verdict of history, the history has a new attitude." Spring "become China's first history book, but is no longer history, Confucius, thus becoming the father of Chinese historiography. "In fact, the reason critics" Spring "Weiyandayi interpreted as" the history of justice ", but from the historians of the modern West should show the author of historical works thought the idea of ​​misunderstanding.
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Work value
　　"Spring", though not in history books, but it is a valuable historical works, so the study pre-Qin history, especially for the study of Confucianism and Confucian thought is of great significance. Therefore, the perspective from historical use of "Spring" is not only "spring" the original nature, but more than it as "breaking bad DPRK," the history books more valuable. Qin writings are historical works without one, they are all necessary for modern people of ancient history, historical, "Spring," the facts and the cause and result of the "three pass" and that, which is really its features and advantages.
　　Moreover, the "Spring" is a political science book, it's political thought by scientists to explain the New Text to be reflected, but because of misunderstanding of the "spring" in nature, modern scholars of the New Text of the academic value has not been able to give should be some attention. Ram School, Valley Liang became the modern academic study or even no one is interested in the history of the area, without reading the history of Qin rule, "Kung-yang," which in today's scholars have been nothing strange things, but this study Wen Jing Xue was also regarded as anti-shock move. Jiang Qing scholars have criticized this today: "The fall and late Qing, wonderful recurrence, Hong Cui Duxiu, the Court fragrance. Qi thinking indoor fire, Doubt uprisings; Xin Xu Xue-Yu, Xing for wind waves. So promising death debate , non-holy can not; care rule, therefore, to the history of chaos through. Since then, Sri Lanka sweeping study, no lectures, even worse abuses, lack of justice aimed funeral. here as the north, although the twelve sages want to turn the tide and Chen-chu Tsung Tsin School, then the wilderness alone song, the school is no smell. so far, and containing Huhu sixty men, and Ram has his secrets. "Chiang Kai-shek's proposed revival of Confucianism Regardless of whether it is appropriate, but the ancient history of political thought as an important , New Text School undoubtedly should be included in the vision of the researchers, it is beyond doubt.
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The origins of "Spring", "Warring States" name
　　Lu was the historian of the countries reported major events, by year, quarter, month, day record year in spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons records, put together a nutshell this chronicle called "Spring." Confucius collate Amendment compiled based historian Lu, "Spring", became one of the Confucian classics. "Spring" event records hidden from Lu Year (722 years ago) to Lu Xianggong fourteen years (481 years ago) of 242 years. Since it's the beginning and end of historical facts in mind, generally with a fairly objective historical development period, so the ancient historians put "Spring" as the name of this title historical period. In order to facilitate the narrative, beginning in the Spring and Autumn Period (King Ping Zhou Dynasty) weeks beginning the Eastern Zhou King Ping dongqian year 770 BC and ends on the eve of the Warring States Period 476 BC (Zhou Jing Wang Forty-four years), a total of 295 years.
　　Spring later, Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, Qin seven years of war vassal state, then people will call the seven vassal state of the "Warring States." "Warring Yan policy a" _set_-generation Su Su's brother, said: "Where the world's seven Warring States, and Yan Yan of the weak." It is obvious that the seven vassal state have called the Warring States Period. To the Western Han Dynasty, the meaning of the "Warring States" the term has not changed. When the Western Han Dynasty Liu Xiang Edit "Warring States", which began the "Warring States" as the name of a specific historical period. Began in the Warring States period (Zhou Yuan Wang first year), "Historical Records" and "Chronology of the six countries," the beginning of the year 475 BC, ending in 221 BC (Qin G twenty-six years) Qinmie Tongyiliuguo of Qi year, a total of 255 years.
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Related works
　　Album, "Spring"
　　Album: Spring
　　Artist: Xu Xin
　　Language: Mandarin
　　Date: 2003.09.00
　　Tracks:
　　[01] Spring
　　[02] Chen Sui
　　[03] Tianshan Spring
　　[04] Wei-shui love
　　[05] Prairie Little Sisters Band Name
　　Spring band formed in 2000. Style to heavy metal as the base, into the Chinese folk music, songs and other musical elements of the European war, full spring musical atmosphere, in the strength, content, music, beauty is in place on the combined, high-pitched free and easy with the nomads, but also tribal music and court music, oriental the mysterious, unique in the Chinese music circle, spring the old generation inherited the tradition of rock music systems plot, but also learn from the integration of the new generation of musicians looking. Precision special sound characteristics of the preparation is one of the Spring and Autumn, the band has a strong live performance capabilities. See today's spring - the lure of cold weapons
　　Singer: Yang Meng
　　Guitarist: Kuo wide
　　Guitarist: Kou Zhengyu
　　Bass: Bo
　　Drummer: Lei Diao
　　Keyboard: Li Meng
　　Song "Spring"
　　Artist Li Shuo, included in the 2006 album "Dreams to keep people" in the lyrics:
　　Spring Hill pavilion warm days and wind curtain rod cage Yang Liuqiu Lanna House of Yang Liuqiu one thousand one thousand homes in the
　　Gucun sun_set_ Canxia smoke trees Jackdaws point Snapshots Snapshots shadow shadow under the next point
　　Yan Ying cry dance dance bridges Fei Ying sings bridges Fei Yan
　　Penni_set_um Penni_set_um mountains mountains yellow leaves yellow leaves
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Encyclopedia
　　Chunqiu
　　Spring
　　770 BC Zhou WANG dongqian Luoyi to 476 BC ("Historical Chronology of 12 princes," for the first 477 years, "Historical Records Zhou Ji" for the first 478 years) of Chinese history, Zhou Jing Wang death period, due to Lu History of "Spring" recorded history of this stage is named. As the week moved eastward, this time as their predecessors also called the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
　　Week Moving Eastward, the strength greatly weakened. The country is divided separatist state. Found in "Zuo Zhuan" the size of the country about 120 more. Among them, surnamed person for the highest of Jin (Shanxi Houma in this), Lu (in this Qufu, Shandong Province), Cao (in today's Shandong Dingtao), Wei (Qi County, Henan Province in this first, then moved to Henan Puyang so far) Zheng (Henan Xinzheng in this), Yan (in this Beijing), Teng (in today's Shandong Tengxian), fear (in this flat land, Shanxi), Guo (Shan County in Henan Province today), Xing (early in today's Hebei Xingtai, then moved to Shandong Liaocheng) and other countries; the surname Jiang Qi state (in today's Shandong Linzi), Xu (original in this Xuchang, Henan), Shen (Nanyang in Henan Province today), discipline (in this Shouguang, Shandong); win a surname Qin (Fengxiang in this), River (in today Henan Luoshan Northwest), yellow (in this Henan Huangchuan), Xu (Jiangsu Sihong in this); Chu Mi name has (in this Hubei Jiangling); child name the Song (in this Shangqiu), wearing (in this Henan Lankao); Si Qi surname there (the original in this Qi County, Henan, Shandong Weifang this post moved); Gui Chen surname there (in this Henan Huaiyang); surnamed Cao, ran a Zhu (in today's Shandong Zou County), small Zhu (in today's Shandong Tengxian); any name there Xue (in today's Shandong Tengxian); Man have named Tang (Xiangfan, Hubei Province in this). Another name is the wind, has been named, □ surname, Yan name and other small countries. Among the most powerful countries were as Jin, Chu, followed by Qi, Qin, Zheng was again, Song, Lu, Wei, Cao, Zhu and other countries. Spring rise by the end of Wu, China and Vietnam. Huaxia divided by large and small, mainly outside the country, there are many Rong, Di, Man, Yi staggered meantime. In the long-term mutual infighting among the many small country is powerful by the annexation. Found in the "Tso" in more than 120 countries, to the late spring and only one-third of the original.
　　Economic
　　Ida's ownership of the country or the highest nobility, farmers only the right to use it. Ida in the public fields and private fields of the points. Small piece of private land by the farmers to farm household, the harvest has been normalized. Co-operation from all public fields, harvest owned by the state or the nobility. However, as economic development, farmers growing public enthusiasm fields recession, thus affecting the country's income. So countries also made way for tax changes accordingly. Duke Huan of Qi, when the press had been introduced to acres levy taxes, Lu declared public in the fifteen years (before 594) also announced the "first tax mu", has long been assumed acres of labor service and rental tax in kind tax replaced.
　　In addition to land tax, farmers in the war but also to pay to the state when the military assigned. Well imposed by the military assigned food, forage and livestock. Frequent because of the war, the continual increase in enabling countries such as the mound for Zheng Fu, Lu Ji Sun "with the land tax," are against the old system and increase the burden on peasants, a new measure.
　　In addition to the land is divided into Ida, there is no designated wells scattered land. Such as "Zhou", said the capital near the mandarin, who Tian, ​​Jia Tian, ​​Sakata and so on. Mandarin, Tian Jia is given to serve on the official Xiaoli, business of Lu Tian, ​​Tian is granted to persons who were dependents of the field, "Mencius" said, "There Gui Tian Shi", referring to such irregular the field. Maximum ownership of these fields also belong to the state. Bureaucrats then can be transferred between the land though, but a small elite and the lack of land ownership among the civilian population, especially the sale of land
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English Expression
  1. :  Ch'un-ch'iu,  Chun Qiu
  2. n.:  Spring and Autumn Annals,  a year,  age,  the Spring and Autumn Period,  the Spring and Autumn Annals,  four seasons,  time of year,  season,  annals,  year,  history
French Expression
  1. n.  le printemps et l'automne, an, année; âge
Thesaurus
Spring and Autumn Annals epoch
Spring and Autumn Annals Community, Spring and autumn annals Juweihui
chunqiu Township
Related Phrases
Charactersmilitaristhistorical figures
the state of Wu in the Three KIngdom period and the Warring States periodWikipedia Daquanhistory
geographythe Warring States Periodculture
addresstacticscyclopedia
literaturethe study of the (Chinese) national classicsbecome book containing listsof words and phrases grouped according to their meanings
literature genreliterature collegehuman culture
Confuciusconfucianannal
historical recordsmingchenZhao state
zhaoguojinguodoctor
Chinese historypoliticianideologist
skillfull diplomatsMore results...
Containing Phrases
Spring and Autumn Annals
Classification details
Expandentertain a high ambition to be first-rate or the championExpandSpring and Autumn Annals sovereign
Qin MugongZhou Weiliewang
Zhou Yuanwangthe state of Wu in the Three KIngdom period and the Warring States period
LuQi
plain Regional Districtcontend for hegemony
annalssovereign
in the style of annalshandicraft
bronze warecontravallation
intensive and meticulous farmingcounterbalance
disturbancebe obliged to (do)
hikemoreover
civil strife,internal disorderDominate
purify circulationLife tax
Advanced Technology (AT)a large number of heroes affray
decade apologueYellow Pond
Hangu PassYue
minister of war in ancient chinaFuchai
stoop to conquerChinese culture
the Warring States Period offZhaoling Tomb
Sun WuHueiji
the five princesSpring and Autumn Annals the Warring States Period
seigneur contend for hegemonyYuewang Gou Jian
Gou JianLu Ban
Wu ZixuBeacon to rise everywhere
an old Chinese national defene system, under which soldiers worked as farmers in time of peace and could be mobilized quickly to become(old) minister Doctor
Chuzhuang village kingminister of public works in ancient china
JokeiChengpu Battle
Spring and Autumn Annals the five princesInlay with gold
religious ceremoniesnational power(or strength,might)
Gongthe eldest son of a concubine
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