The position of celestial bodies, distribution, movement, shape, structure, chemical composition, physical properties and the origin and evolution of the discipline. Sub-astrometry, celestial mechanics, astrophysics, space astronomy and astrophysics geology. Astronomy in real life applications is very broad, such as the preparation of the calendar, timing, determination and orientation. China is the earliest astronomy developed countries, solar and lunar eclipses, sunspots, comets and other astronomical phenomena of the record, both to our country as the first.
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No. 2
Of celestial bodies, the universe and the development of science, including the construction of celestial bodies, such as the nature and operation of the law.
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Introduction〗 〖Subject
When you look up the sky, you know those shiny things is? Some are planets, but most of the stars, galaxies and some are huge, each galaxy has billions of stars. Astronomy is the study of the universe, planets, stars and galaxies, science. The task is to explain our astronomers in the night sky can see a variety of objects, they also committed to understanding some other things, for example, the star's age and the distance between them and the earth and so on. "Almost all branches of natural science phenomena on Earth are the only astronomy from the day it was born, and our heads since the elusive bright stars together. Astronomer observing from the planets, stars , galaxies and other celestial bodies to radiation, small interstellar molecules, to the entire universe. astronomers measure their position, calculate their orbits, to study their birth, evolution and death of their energy mechanism. Astronomy and physics, mathematics, geography, biology, is a basic discipline. The emergence of Newtonian mechanics, the discovery of nuclear energy plays an important role in human civilization and astronomical studies of the events are closely linked. Currently, high-energy astrophysics, compact stars and the evolution of the universe, can greatly promote the development of modern science. Of the sun and solar system objects, including satellites to study Earth and space, surveying, communication and navigation, and other departments in many applications. "(Department of Astronomy, Nanjing University, Professor Huang Tianyi) Astronomy originated in ancient human activities, seasonal availability and divination. Based on observation and interpretation of celestial bodies and events based material situation of the subjects. The main object of the distribution, movement, position, status, structure, composition, nature and the origin and evolution. In ancient times, the development of astronomy calendar also the inseparable relationship. Astronomy and other natural sciences difference is that the experimental method is astronomical observations, to collect objects by observing a variety of information. Thus the observation methods and means of observation, the astronomers to study in one direction. Astronomy is also simple, beautiful, fascinating! Many people think that astronomy is far from real life, in fact, this also, but that's not precise enough! Astronomy is not only a natural science, but also a natural philosophy, attract many people study! general, astronomy is a science old and young! astronomical symbol of the development process and the brilliant achievements of human civilization!
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See further〗 〖
Since ancient times, mankind has been very interested in the stars and planets. Ancient astronomers observed the sky naked eye alone, 1608 people invented the telescope, then, astronomers can more clearly observe stars and planets. Italian scientist Galileo, the telescope is the first study to use one space. Today, astronomers use many different types of telescopes to collect the information universe. Some telescopes can collect faint light from distant objects, such as X-rays. Most telescopes are placed in the earth, but some of the telescope placed in space, running along the track, such as the Hubble Space Telescope. Now, the astronomers also be able to launch a space probe to learn about some of the space information.
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History〗 〖
Ancient astronomers observed the Sun, Moon and other celestial bodies and astronomical phenomena to determine the time, direction, and calendar. This is the beginning of astrometry. If the object of human observation, recording astronomical date, the history of astronomy has been at least 5,6 thousand years. Astronomy in the history of early human civilization, occupies a very important position. The pyramids of Egypt, Stonehenge in Europe are very famous prehistoric astronomical sites. Mid-19th century celestial photography and the invention of spectroscopy, astronomers can study further the physical properties of celestial bodies, chemical composition, velocity and evolution and become more deeply into the nature of the problem, which also created a new branch astrophysics. This is a major leap forward in astronomy. 50 years of the 20th century, began to use radio telescopes. By the 20th century, 60 years, has made known as the "Astronomy four discovery" of the achievements of: microwave background radiation, pulsars, quasars and interstellar organic molecules. Meanwhile, human bondage breaking through the earth, objects can be observed in the sky. In addition to visible light, the objects of the ultraviolet, infrared, radio waves, X rays, γ-rays, etc. can be observed. These have made tremendous development space astronomy, but also a significant impact on achievements of modern astronomy.
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〗 〖Subjects and areas
天文学 〖研究对象和领域〗
Study of astronomy is a variety of celestial bodies. Earth is a celestial body, so the Earth as a whole is the object of study of astronomy. Initially, the ancients to observe the sun, moon and stars in the sky to determine the time, direction, and calendars, and records of the heavens. With the development of astronomy, the human detection range reaches about 100 million light years from Earth, the distance, according to size and scale of the study of astronomy can be divided into: Planet level: Line galaxies, including planets, satellites rotating around the planet and the large number of small objects such as asteroids, comets, meteoroids and interplanetary matter and so on. Direct observation of the solar system is only able to planetary. However, there are numerous in the universe such as solar planetary systems. Star levels: Now hundreds of millions of people have observed a star, the sun is very common in many a star. Galaxies levels: Solar system in which human beings only by the countless stars in the Milky Way in the corner. The Milky Way is just an ordinary galaxy, in addition to outside the Milky Way, there are still a lot of extragalactic. Further composed of a larger galaxy's celestial system, galaxies, galaxy clusters and super clusters of galaxies. The entire universe: Some astronomers have proposed a super cluster of galaxies is higher than the level of the total galaxy. According to current understanding, the total galaxy that is currently beyond human range of the observed universe, the radius of more than 100 billion light years. The most popular in astronomy, but also one of the most difficult task convincing origin of the universe and the future research. The emerging theory of the origin of the universe, of which the most representative and influential, is that most people support the American scientists in 1948, Gamow and others made the big bang theory. According to the present continuous improvement of this theory, the universe is about 137 million years ago in a violent birth of the outbreak. Then the universe continue to expand, the temperature continuously decreased, resulting in a variety of elementary particles. As the universe further decline in temperature, the material began to collapse, as gravity, step by step into the group. About 10 years in the age of the universe when galaxies began to form, and gradually evolved into what it is today.
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Astronomy 〖〗 research methods and tools
Object of study of astronomy has great size, very long time, extreme physical properties, and thus difficult to simulate the ground laboratory. Therefore, the research methods rely mainly on astronomical observations. Because ultraviolet radiation on the Earth's atmosphere, X-ray and γ-ray opaque, so many ways and means of space exploration have emerged, such as balloons, rockets, satellites and space vehicles. Theoretical astronomy is often the lack of observational information, astronomers often put forward many hypotheses to explain the astronomical phenomena. Then according to new observations, to modify the original theory or theories to replace with new. This is also the astronomy is different from many other areas of natural science.
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〗 〖Astronomy and astrology
Astronomy and astrology should be separated. The latter is an attempt to predict the state of celestial bodies the fate of a pseudo-science. Although the origin of the two similar, often mixed together in ancient times. But modern astronomy and astrology are obviously different: the use of scientific methods of modern astronomy is to study celestial objects as the subject; and astrology through the analogy, think of other methods and personnel corresponding to positions of celestial bodies; In summary, the astrology focus on the prediction of a person.
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Looking〗 〖
Astronomy has entered a new stage. Over the years, from the traditional means of astronomical observations, optical observations extend from the radio, infrared, and ultraviolet to X-ray and γ-ray all the electromagnetic spectrum. This led to a large number of new astronomical objects and the new find, for example, quasars, active galaxies, pulsars, microwave background radiation, interstellar molecules, X-ray binaries, γ-ray sources, etc., making unprecedented prosperity and active astronomical research. Diameter 2 m class space telescope into orbit has already begun work. A group of 10-meter diameter class optical telescope will be built. Radio's Very Long Baseline Interferometry Very Long Baseline Array and space interferometer, infrared telescope facilities outside the area of space, X-ray X-ray astronomy, senior facilities, and soon will come out. γ-ray observatory has been put into work. These powerful instruments, far more than the existing astronomical equipment. It is expected that these astronomical instruments in use is bound to inject new vitality astronomy, so that people's understanding of the universe to a new level, astronomers are at the eve of the big leap.
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〗 〖And astronomy of ancient Egypt
〖古代埃及与天文学〗
Egyptians all night and the day divided into 12 parts, each part is sunrise to sun_set_ to sunrise or sun_set_ time of 1 / 12. Egyptian stone bowls drip calculation time, a small port at the bottom of stone bowls, water droplets at a fixed rate of leakage from the bowl. Stone bowl for signs marked with a variety of different seasons mark the hour. Do not doubt, the ancient Egyptian astrology, but well-developed. As the characteristics of ancient Egyptian civilization in general, they are also the twelve constellations to the ancient Egyptian god represented. Star of the ancient Egyptians with regard to the accumulation of knowledge originated in ancient agricultural production. Ancient Egypt's agricultural production due to Planting season and fields. Orchard harvest. To be dependent on the Nile's annual flood, and the Nile flood, but also, and stars movements, in particular to 1460 there will be every sunrise, Sirius launch simultaneously with the Nile flood phenomenon. Therefore, the monks began to make objects from the early map. Egyptian astronomy and mathematics, is still in a low stage of development, but also behind the Babylon. In ancient Egyptian literature, neither the account of mathematical instruments, and no eclipses or any other celestial phenomena observed in the records. Egyptians once roaming the planet as the body, and have named as the stars and constellations (which rarely equated with the modern), so that they can only create exaggerated "Astronomy" name. Ancient Kingdom until late in the Ptolemaic era preserved some of the inscriptions of the era, including the sky by the list. By the Greeks called "Decarie" (ten degrees dividing the ecliptic) is depicted in Figure 12 so-called night hours. People use Decarie year by year from 36 weeks of a period of 10 days of continuous composition. 36 Decarie total of 360 days, constitutes a year's time. However, also the lack of 5 days, so every few years, the time each week Decarie appears to be way back. Egyptian concept of the universe is often used to explain the different myths, and to retain a number of different objects in the painting. In the era of the New Kingdom tombs in the screen, we see the image of the sky goddess Nut beetles, her body bent over the earth to form the dome of a temple, and its belly is sky, and decorated with so-called "asteroid belt" . Front and rear along with a two star solar boat, which contained the head of a sun god, his daily evening boat ride on the boat and cruising in the sky. Li Shu the god of the atmosphere in cattle under the belly, and raised his hands to support beef belly, that is the sky. Beetles have two limbs supported by God. In accordance with another myth, the sky goddess Nut and the earth god Gabe hugged the two together, the son of the god Shu atmospheric goddess with both hands on support to make separation and Gabe, just let the goddess Nut the feet and fingers contact with the ground, and Gabe half lying on the ground. These myths and legends reflect the Egyptians on the day, the stars of the vague concept. Egypt, some of the monks were designated as the "time of the recorder." Stars in the night to monitor their daily exercise, they need to record the order of the fixed stars , the movement of the moon and planets. The moon and the sun. the decline of time and a variety of orbits. They also collate the above information, make changes on celestial bodies and their activities. In Ramses VI, VII and IX of the tomb holds the stars at different times by the map, which constitutes from 24 tables, one table for each half of the interval. Together with each table, there is a description of the constellation. Haite Xi in the 18th dynasty reign of Senaimute Park Souter tomb in astronomical map, can be said that so far the earliest known astronomical map. Temple of a group of astronomers known stars as "Yikai Musai library", that "never lost a star." Is obviously the North Star. The second group is "伊凯姆威列杜." That "has never stopped the star." Is actually a planet. Egyptians know the difference between planets and stars, not yet reported. They know the star is Sirius. Orion. Ursa Major. Cygni. Cassiopeia. Draco. Scorpio. Aries so on. They noted that the planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Mars, Venus and so on. Of course, their knowledge is not exactly stellar, very few of stars and constellations can be equated with the modern understanding. The sun worship, occupies an important position in Egypt. Since the time of previous dynasties. The sun is depicted as scarab, the Egyptian religion occupies a prominent position. Moreover, different hour of the sun there are different names in different regions, different times, there are some other sun god. Egyptian civil calendar year is divided into 12 months. 30 per month. 360 days a year, Later, an increase of 5 days to 365 days a year. But, in fact, this calendar is not accurate. Because .1 astronomical year is 365.25 days, so the Egyptian civil calendar every 4 years would more than 1 day behind the astronomical calendar. However. In the ancient world, this is the best calendar. Rome is the Julian calendar Julian Caesar (J · Caesar) by the ancient Egyptian solar calendar plus made a leap year. Middle Ages, Pope Gregory (Gregory) to reform of the Julian calendar, today recognized worldwide as the Gregorian calendar. In this regard, also see a significant contribution to the ancient Egyptians.
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〖Classical astronomy peak: the era of Greek astronomy〗
The level of Hellenistic astronomy, until long after the early modern "re" to achieve. In about four astronomers (and some who are also geographers) before you introduce some background. In the beginning of the Hellenistic period (4th century), there was the ancient version of "geographical discovery." Sail around the British Isles Bi Tee Si edge of the Arctic Ocean; Hanno to sail to the west coast of Africa; Alexander into India, and sent expeditions to investigate whether the lake or the Caspian Sea. With the vision to expand and enhance the knowledge, the earth is a sphere has become the consensus of the scientific community, 埃克潘达斯 (Ecphantus) observed that the length of day and night with the latitude, and then made around the Earth in the universe to the central axis of rotation. Naturally, the determination of the size to become the next global issues. According to Archimedes's records, which clearly put forward Ali Stark at heart: "stars and the sun is not moving, along a circle around the Earth around the sun movement, the sun is the center of the track." Why the face of the earth movement is not observed stellar motions questioned, he also correctly pointed out that this is due to the distance between the star and Earth, with the diameter of Earth's orbit is extremely large compared to the reason. Ali Stark's heart is at the front too far ahead of the times, that even Archimedes are opposed, such as Copernicus, only to re-submit. Prevailing doctrine was still more perfect geocentric system. And more accurately determine the size of Earth and the Sun-Earth distance is Aila Tuo Essenes (Eratoshtenes, before 273 BC - 192 years). Aila Tuo Essenes is not only one of four astronomers, but also long-time Alexandria librarians, and versatile, but also "the father of geography." Old age can not read the blind, the hunger strike himself. He believes that the earth is rotating ellipsoid, by estimating the approximate in two places on the same meridian of latitude and distance, measured the circumference of the Earth's spherical great circle (equator length). His calculations, there are three main error, fortunately, is almost exactly off_set_, so his results (252,000 Stade, about 39,000 km) was close to the correct value (40,000 km). He measured the distance out of date - 149,500,000 km - also close to striking and modern values. Aila Tuo Essenes in geography also has pioneering contribution. He observed that similar to the Atlantic and Indian Ocean tides, which suggests that similarities between the two, that the three continents Asia, Africa and Europe is a big island, you can sail around the southern tip of Africa to India; and that there was a north-south across the Atlantic to the land that inspired future generations to Find the New World; his ideas for the Poseidon Arrhenius (Posidonius) are opposed, which has underestimated the size of the Earth that can only reach the 7000 Stade sailing west India - is this wrong conclusion encouraged Columbus's voyage. The last two, and more important, an astronomer - mathematician - geographers, is Hipparchus (Hipparchus), and Ptolemy. They are (plane and spherical), founder of trigonometry and developers. Hipparchus devised a general way to answer all the geometry of the two different measurements - length and angle of link problems, which is trigonometry. He also proposed the concept of curvature, produced the first arc of the table, and then study the spherical triangle (spherical triangle and the triangle is not equal to π), and points out how to measure latitude and longitude of each point on the earth to determine its position. But Ptolemy improved trigonometry, and emphasized the need to work on a "indisputable arithmetic and geometry approach" above; He further insisted that the map in the mapping must be correct measurement of latitude and longitude. While this can indeed be placed firmly on the basis of geography, but it was not sufficient scientific equipment, Accurate Measurement of longitude. Nevertheless, he combined with merchants and explorers brought out the very enlightening information on the value of drawing a map: east to the Malay Peninsula, west of Gibraltar and the British, Upper Nile, south of a lake to the north Scandinavian Asia and Russia, large areas of grassland. Hipparchus in 127 BC to the previous 160 years between, worked in Rhode Island and work in Alexandria, known as the father of astronomy (to this pioneer of the natural science disciplines are played out almost.) He established the observatory in Rhode Island, according to the Babylonian astronomical instruments on the way the circle is divided into 360 °, and the invention of a number of astronomical instruments, he angle measurement accuracy has been amazing 1 / 150 °. Therefore, he measured the obliquity of the ecliptic Biailatuo Essenes more accurate; his return to determine the length of error of less than 6 minutes; he discovered precession (NEW YORK and the relative position of stars changes slowly from the direction of Earth's rotation axis rotation caused over 258 million years every week rotation) and obtaining the size measured 36 seconds per year (about 50 seconds modern measured value); measured the distance of the Earth's diameter on the 33 2 / 3 times the diameter of Earth's moon 1 / 3. He also drew contains 1080 stars and their relative position in the catalog and in the process found a new star, thus breaking the Aristotle "the sky change" argument.
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〗 〖Summary
Astronomy is the study of celestial bodies, the universe structure and development of natural science, including the construction of celestial bodies, nature and operation rules and so on. All men everywhere, from the very early years in exploring the mysteries of the universe, therefore the most ancient astronomy is a science, it starts to work and live with humans are closely related. It is with mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, earth science with the six basic subjects. Research in astronomy to our lives there is great practical significance, such as timing, calendar preparation, determination and orientation. The development of astronomy view of human nature has a great influence. Copernicus's heliocentric theory of natural science had freed from theology; Kant and Laplace nebular origin of the solar system, said in the eighteenth century metaphysical view of nature to open the first gap. A major topic of astronomy is the origin and evolution of various types of celestial bodies. The main research method is astronomical observation, constantly observing the creation and improvement of means of tireless efforts of astronomers will become an issue. Astronomy and other disciplines, like many of our neighbors are always the same science to each other, penetrate each other. Means of astronomical observations, every development, but also gave a useful application of science to bring something. Astronomy follow the observations - theory - observation of the development of ways to keep the people's vision of the new extension to the depths of the universe.
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88-day constellation table 〖〗
No. Chinese name English name Area (square degrees) position watching stars such as the number of season 1-2-3-4 1 north of Andromeda Andromeda 722 Fall 0-3-1-11 2 Antlia Antlia 239 South Spring 0-0-0-1 3 days Apus * Apus 206 south of the 0-0-0-3 Aquarius Aquarius 980 天 4 red near the Fall 0-0-2-13 Aquila Aquila 652 天 5 near Red Summer 1-0-4-6 6, south of the Temple of Heaven Summer 0-0-3-5 Block Ara 237 Red Aries Aries 441 天 7 near fall 0-1-1-2 8, north of Auriga 657 Auriga Winter 1-1-4-4 9 Bootes Bootes 907 天 red near the spring 1-0-3-10 10 Caelum Caelum 125 south of the winter 0-0-0-0 11 Camelopardalis Camelopardalis 757 north of the winter 0-0-0-4 Cancer Cancer 506 天 12 near Red Winter 0-0-0-6 13 Canes Venatici Canes Venatici 465 North Spring 0-0-1-1 14 Canis Major Canis Major 380 天 red near the winter 1-4-2-11 15 Canis Minor Canis Minor 183 天 red near the winter 1-0-1-0 Capricorn Capricornus 414 天 16, near Red Fall 0-0-2-7 17 south of Winter Carina Carina 494 1-3-3-18 Cassiopeia Cassiopeia 598 north 18 Fall 0-3-2-5 19, south of Centaur Centaurus 1060 Spring 2-2-8-21 Fall 20 north of Cepheus Cepheus 588 0-0-3-10 Cetus Cetus 1231 天 21 near Red Fall 0-2-1-11 22 Chamaeleon * Chamaeleon 132 south of the 0-0-0-4 23 south of Circinus Circinus 93 Spring 0-0-1-1 24 days Columba Columba 270 south of the winter 0-0-2-4 25 Berenices Coma Berenices 386 天 red near the spring 0-0-0-2 26 Corona Australis Corona Australis 128 south of the summer 0-0-0-4 27 Corona Borealis Corona Borealis 179 天 red near the summer 0-1-0-4 Corvus Corvus 184 天 28 near Red Spring 0-0-4-2 29 Crater Crater 282 天 red near the spring 0-0-0-3 30, south of Southern Cross Crux 68 Spring 1-2-1-5 Cygnus Cygnus 804 31 North Summer 1-1-4-18 Delphinus Delphinus 189 天 32, near Red Summer 0-0-0-4 Dorado Dorado 179 33 south in winter 0-0-1-2 Draco Draco 1083 34 North Summer 0-1-5-9 Block Equuleus 72 天 35 red pony near the Fall 0-0-0-1 36 Eridanus Eridanus 1138 天 red winter 1-0-3-24 near 37-day furnace near Red Wing Fornax 398 天 Fall 0-0-0-1 Gemini Gemini 514 天 38, near the winter red 1-2-4-12 39 days Grus Grus 366 south of the Fall 0-2-1-6 Hercules Hercules 1225 天 40 near Red Summer 0-0-6-19 41 Clock Tower Horologium 249 south of the winter 0-0-0-2 Hydra Hydra 1303 天 42, near Red Spring 0-1-5-13 43 Hydrus * Hydrus 243 South Fall 0-0-3-2 44 south of Indus Indus 294 Fall 0-0-1-2 45 north of Lacerta Lacerta 201 Fall 0-0-0-2 Leo Leo 947 天 46, near Red Spring 1-2-3-12 47 Leo Minor Leo Minor 232 天 red near the spring 0-0-0-3 48 days Lepus Lepus 290 天 red near the winter 0-0-4-6 Libra Libra 538 天 49, near Red Summer 0-0-3-4 50 south of the summer Lupus Lupus 334 0-0-4-16 51 days north of Lynx Lynx 545 Winter 0-0-1-5 Lyra Lyra 286 52 North Summer 1-0-2-6 53 Mensa * Mensa 153 south of the 0-0-0-0 54 Microscopium Microscopium 210 South Fall 0-0-0-0 Monoceros Monoceros 482 天 55, near the winter red 0-0-3-6 Block * Musca 138 56 flies south 0-0-2-4 57 Norma Norma 165 south of the summer 0-0-0-1 58 south of the Antarctic Block * Octans 291 0-0-0-3 59 Ophiuchus Ophiuchus 948 天 red near the summer 0-1-7-15 Orion Orion 594 天 60 near Red Winter 2-5-3-15 61 Pavo Pavo 378 south of the summer 0-1-0-10 Pegasus Pegasus 1121 天 62, near Red Fall 0-1-4-9 63 north of the winter 0-2-5-15 Perseus Perseus 615 Phoenix 469, Block 64 south of Phoenix Fall 0-1-2-5 65 Pictor Pictor 247 south of the winter 0-0-1-2 Pisces Pisces 889 天 66, near Red Fall 0-0-0-7 67 Piscis Piscis Austrinus 245 天 Fall 1-0-0-5 near Chek Puppis Puppis 673 天 68 near Red Winter 0-1-7-13 Pyxis Pyxis 221 天 69, near Red Spring 0-0-0-3 70 Reticulum Reticulum 114 south of the winter 0-0-1-4 Sagitta 80 Sagitta 71 days near the summer 0-0-0-4 天 red Sagittarius Sagittarius 867 天 72, near Red Summer 0-2-8-10 Red Scorpio Scorpius 497 天 73 near Summer 1-3-10-10 74 Sculptor Sculptor 475 天 Fall 0-0-0-2 near Chek Scutum Scutum 109 天 75 near Red Summer 0-0-0-2 76a Serpens (head) Serpens 637 天 red near the summer 0-0-0-12 76b Serpens (tail) Sextans 314 天 red near the spring 0-0-0-0 Sextans Taurus 797 天 77, near the winter red 1-1-2-23 78 Taurus Telescopium 252 south of the summer 0-0-0-2 Block Triangulum 132 天 79 red telescope near the Fall 0-0-1-2 80 south of Triangulum Triangulum Austale 110 Summer 0-1-1-2 81 South south of Triangulum * Tucana 295 Fall 0-0-1-3 82 Tucana * Ursa Major 1280 North Spring 0-5-7-8 83 north of Ursa Major Ursa Minor 256 Summer 0-2-1-4 84 Ursa Minor Vela 500 South Spring 0-3-2-14 Vela Virgo 1294 天 85 near Red Spring 1-0-3-11 86 Virgo Volans 141 south 0-0-0-6 87 Volans * Vulpecula 268 天 red near the summer 0-0-0-0 〗 〖Viewing instrument Telescope 1.1 Work Telescope is an amazing instrument, it can seem close to the target distance. To better understand the telescope works, we first consider the question: Why not use the naked eye a distant goal? Why, for example less than 50 meters with the naked eye at the coin it? The answer is simple: because the distance was on target in the retina as the location does not take enough. If you have a pair of big eyes, you can gather more light emitted by the distant target and the formation of your bright image on the retina, then you can see the target. The two pieces of the telescope optics can help you to become a reality this assumption: Objective, it can be sent to distant targets to focus on the convergence of light (in focus was like); Eyepiece, it's like to focus zoom lens, so that was your image on the retina. This is the principle of the magnifying glass, as it amplified the small objects on your retina was like, so that small objects appear to become larger. The main components of the telescope: the main tube, lens, eyepiece. The role of the main tube: fixed lens, so to maintain the proper distance with the lens; to prevent dust, moisture and stray light interference image quality. The role of objective and in focus at the condenser was like. The role of the eyepiece lens focal point is to enlarge the image on your retina after was like. 1.2 types of telescopes Optical structure in accordance with the different telescopes can be divided into many different types, but more commonly used are two: refracting telescope (made with an optical lens objective lens) and the reflective telescope (objective lens with a curved mirror to do.) Although the two can achieve the same effect, but their optical structure is completely different. Refracting telescope: Refracting telescopes are usually coated with two or more pieces from the achromatic lens combination of objective lens. In general, the production of large diameter (100mm or more) of the compound lens is very difficult, so the common aperture refracting telescopes no more than 100mm. Reflecting telescopes: reflecting telescope objective lens is a curved mirror (primary mirror). Placed in the lens of the light path 45 degrees, a small plane mirror tilt (secondary mirror) to turn the lens barrel of light reflected from the side of the eyepiece. Reflecting telescope is relatively easy to do large aperture. This means reflecting telescope condenser can have a strong ability to dim for the observation of deep space targets, and for astronomical photographs. 1.3 Optical Properties Astronomical observations should be based on the _select_ion of the different purposes of different telescopes. In general, popular astronomical observations are mostly integrated, to consider "a multi-mirror." _Select_ telescope, be sure to fully understand its basic optical performance. The quality evaluation of a telescope, first of all depends on its optical properties, second look at its mechanical properties. Telescope optical performance indicators to measure the general use of the following: Effective diameter (D): refers to the effective lens diameter, used to represent D; also that the diameter of light through a telescope. The larger aperture telescope, concentrating skills to the more likely it can be observed more faint objects, it reflects the ability of celestial telescope, so fans in the economic conditions permit, should choose a larger diameter telescope . The specifications described in the telescope, usually to mark it. Focal length (F): the telescope focus mainly refers to the objective lens focal length. Similarly, in the telescope described in the specifications, but also marked it. Relative aperture (NA): also known as optical power relative aperture, which is the effective aperture of a telescope with focal length F D ratio, and its reciprocal is called focal ratio (F / D). Effective aperture of the observation the greater the planets, comets, galaxies, nebulae and other extended objects is very beneficial because of their imaging telescope aperture illumination and proportional to the square; the meteor so-called linear illumination and imaging of objects A and the effective aperture of relative aperture D is proportional to the product of. Therefore, for celestial photography, attention should _select_ the appropriate effective aperture A or coke. In general, the relative aperture refracting telescope are small, usually 1 / 8 to 1 / 20, while the reflecting telescope larger than the relative aperture, usually in the 1/3.5 to 1 / 12. Field (ω): astronomical telescope eyepiece field of view is about astronomical telescope field of view and magnification ratio. Telescope field of view and magnification is inversely proportional to the greater magnification, the smaller field of view. Different caliber, different focal lengths, different optical system, determines the size of the telescope's field of view. Resolving power: that the telescope can distinguish the smallest angular distance. Visual observation, the telescope's resolution angle = 140 (arc seconds) / D (mm), D is the effective lens diameter. Resolving power of telescopes by the reciprocal of the telescope to measure the angle of resolution. The higher the resolution of the telescope, the more can be observed in darker, more objects, so that the high-resolution telescope is one of the most important performance indicators. Through skill: that on a clear night, the telescope can see the most faint stars and other stars. Skills through effective aperture of the telescope primary and relevant. In the absence of clear moonlit night sky, our eyes normally can see about 6 other stars; a telescope can see a few other stars is mainly determined by the size of the telescope's aperture, the larger the diameter, will see higher magnitude ( such as 50 mm telescope can see the 10 other stars, 500 mm telescope you can see the star of 15, etc.). The structure of the telescope Telescope Diameter: The diameter of lens, aperture size determines the telescope's light gathering power and resolution for force, the larger the diameter the more light, higher resolution for force. Focal length: the distance from the lens to focus the general to "f" said the unit is mm. Such that f = 600mm focal length 600mm. Focal ratio: diameter (mm) = coke. Equivalent to the lens aperture, to "F"; said; F lower the value, the higher the brightness. Magnification: lens focal length (mm) ÷ eyepiece focal length (mm), lens focal length, or replace the shorter focal eyepiece, the greater the magnification. Optical axis: the axis of optical telescope, if the optical axis deviation, the telescope will not be able to achieve the best performance may not be severe imaging. Coating: the surface of the lens coated with a layer of special metal compounds, to reduce reflection and increase light transmittance. Finder: is a small telescope with low magnification in the main mirror frame, using the characteristics of their wider vision to facilitate the search for bodies. Mount: mount features in addition to carrying the telescope, the most important thing is driven by stepper motors ascension body, so the telescope can follow the stars move, the common type and fork are two kinds of virtuous, among which the German The most common, the following German equatorial mount made to the brief. Polar Telescope: celestial connection is called Arctic and Antarctic polar axis, polar axis function is to correct the telescope's equatorial right ascension axis, polar axis parallel to and are generally built into the red by the body. Ascension axis: equatorial mount with polar axis parallel to the axis of rotation is called right ascension axis. Declination axis: equatorial mount with the polar axis perpendicular to the axis of rotation is called the declination axis. Hammer: Install the bottom of the declination axis can be adjusted up or down, to balance the weight of the telescope and balanced steps in German equatorial mount is very important, related to the equatorial life. Motor: ascension drive shaft rotation speed to mount synchronized with the Earth's rotation and in line with controller. Dial: ascension axis and declination axis has a dial, limited precision, dials are for reference only. Auto Import: some high mount in the built-in small computer, and store data in many positions of celestial bodies, as long as the object name entered by the control panel, mounts will automatically search for objects, and into the telescope horizon. Appendix: Common optical terms Diameter: means the diameter of the main lens. The diameter is larger, the better image quality, the decomposition can be higher, because the _set_ of light, the stronger. Focal Length: means the light from the main focus of the lens to the imaging distance. Focal ratio: as the camera aperture consent. Lower the number, the brighter the light, for the short-focus; higher the number, the darker the brightness for telephoto. Coke ratio is calculated by: diameter primary mirror focal length ÷ = F (coke ratio). F less than 5 suitable for direct focus photography; F or more than 9 observation or expand more suitable for photography. the other between between 5 and 9, it is to photography, observation and expand the photographic. Magnification: Magnification is calculated by: lens focal length ÷ eyepiece focal length. But when the telescope magnification in improving certain limits, can not increase too much magnification, or see the image will become blurred, dark, and the vision becomes narrow and do not see clear image. the appropriate high-power main lens diameter should be ten times to fifteen times the maximum limit. For example, six-centimeter diameter telescope to six times the appropriate rate, the maximum not more than nine times. Collector power: According to the naked eye pupil at night to maximum (maximum pupil when 6mm 7mm) to light when _set_ to 1. In telescopes, and the size of the primary mirror diameter, larger diameter, the relative light gathering force the more good. but the better _set_ of optical power, the better the image quality. Decomposition can be: simply means that the two very close objects, the solution can detect the smallest angle (angular distance); the smallest angle in seconds (") for that unit. The greater the effective aperture primary mirror, The decomposition can be better, to see the more detailed images; but this value must be in accordance with the state and the lens quality is good or bad vision, but also have great differences. Color: that surrounding the image appear as rainbow colors, usually blue, red or purple. This is because the light in through the lens, because the relationship between the lens material, and light waves have different frequencies will have different refractive index. telescopes in the past constituted by a convex lens, but the color is a very serious situation, then later added a concave lens to achieve the elimination of chromatic aberration, but it also takes only addition to the red color, so the material in the lens to do the research. currently the material for the complete elimination of chromatic aberration 』『 fluorite, but its high cost, it also further developed by other materials, such as the often heard market the ED, SD and so on. Aberration: an ordinary telescope watching the object, perhaps part of the central field of vision is very clear, very clear, but blurred vision, or image around the distortion, deformation, is the aberration of this nature. Almost all telescope are aberrations, but aberrations can affect the size of the value of the telescope. Vision: to see that the range of size, to point that its size. And about the size of the upper and lower eye view of sixty degrees, the extent of about ninety degrees. But when viewed through a telescope, due to rate increase, the relative field of vision will be narrower. In the low magnification field of vision, the vision is bound to high-rate large. now has wide-angle eyepiece market, the largest field of vision has been upgraded to Eighty-four degrees, so that the viewing, enhancing a lot of comfort. Limiting magnitude: When no clouds, no moon, and other artificial light pollution of night, the telescope can see the dark star and so on. The naked eye can see directly the darkest magnitude of about six other stars, but telescope a _set_ of light effects, they are able to see directly the naked eye can not see the light for the dark. relative to the telescope's primary mirror aperture size also determines the limiting magnitude can see. Related letter abbreviation telescope models, sometimes in different brands have different meaning, generally easy to identify the following: (1) CF: Central Focus (2) ZCF: about started the traditional prism of the Baltic type, the central focus (3) ZWCF: than the first (2) more than a "super wide" (W) (4) CR: Camouflage rubber shell (5) BR: black rubber shell shock (6) BCF: black, the central focus (7) BCR: Partial black camouflage rubber shell (8) IR: lightweight aluminum alloy enclosure (9) IF: left and right eyes of individual focus (10) WP: waterproof nitrogen-filled (11) RA: outer with rubber shock protection (12) D: German prism, roof prism (Straight type) (13) HP: High Point (14) SP: High-resolution (15) ED: ultra-low aberration lens (16) AS: Non-spherical lens (17) ZOOM: variable magnification zoom lens (18) WF: Wide-angle view The number of telescopes and accessories represent? Models of the telescope models and accessories are generally composed of a _set_ of numbers. Here we are concerned that these numbers mean anything. We have seen some figures marked goods, such as astronomical telescopes on the 90700,114900. We can draw from these numbers 90 and 114 on behalf of this size is 90mm diameter telescope and the focal length of 114mm and 700mm respectively, and 900mm. But we also have seen a number of products 900 114 or 70090, these two marks are the same. The figures represent the binocular telescope and astronomical figures some differences, for example, binoculars marked with 7X50, then this is 7 times magnification binoculars, lens diameter is 50mm; if marked 10X50, then the magnification is 10 times the lens diameter is 50mm. Telescope eyepiece marked, K15, PL15, H20 letters refer to the letters eyepiece series models, the latter figure represents the focal length of eyepiece (see entry details must-see in the eyepiece) Increased magnification (Barlow lens) on the 3X or 2X, respectively, referring to an increase of 3 times and 2 times Contrast magnification and field of vision 1, magnification comparison: Introduction magnification 2, field of vision compared: Introduction Vision 3, astronomical calendar, catalog, star chart 1. Astronomical Almanac Astronomical Almanac is the use of celestial mechanics, astronomers calculated the astronomical almanac, each of which contained objects (sun, moon, planets and bright stars, etc.) depending on location; this year a special astronomical phenomena (eclipses, comets, January meteor shower and occultation, etc.) The date, time, and changes in light and other variable stars. Purple Mountain Observatory, China, edited and published an annual "Astronomical Almanac", Astronomy enthusiasts magazine edited and published each year "astronomical calendar spread." 2. Catalog Catalog record the basic data types of stars, such as location, magnitude, color index, spectral type. According to the type of object can be divided into variable star catalog tables, catalog nebulae, star clusters form, the galaxy catalog, radio sources and X-ray source catalog catalogs, etc., are given in Appendix V to the common Star Table and astronomical database. Visual catalog of the most important are: (1) "Bonn Sky Survey star catalog" (The Bonner Durchmusterung), referred to as BD It was the first sky survey catalogs. Contains a bright star in the 9.5m 325,037 pieces, it is the 1885 epoch coordinates. (2) HD catalog (Henry Draper Catalogue) It gives the 88,883 stars in the 2000 calendar per location, magnitude, motions, spectral type and other data, is one of the most traditional catalog. (3) "bright stars in the table", (Catalogue of Bright Stars, referred to as BSC) It gives bright day 9110 6.5m bright stars in the position (epoch 2000), and Singapore, BV, spectral type, their own, depending on the speed, parallax, etc., on the binary star is given two parameters such as angular distance . (4) SAO Star Catalog (Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 1966) SAO star catalog is the most commonly used astronomical catalogs, which gives 258,997 stars brighter than 11m of the stars, numbered, self-value, spectral type, V magnitude, the table lists the catalog with the HD and BD (DM) catalog number cross-finder. (5) day U.S. Naval Observatory catalog (The Whole-Sky USNO-B1.0 Catalog) It provides all-day 1045913669 celestial position (epoch 2000), self, BRI magnitude (limiting magnitude is 21m). Film and data accumulated from the past 50 years, 7 435 Schmidt Sky Survey plate. (6) "Boss Star Table" It is commonly used astrometric catalog, which contained 33 342 red stars brighter than 7m diameter, declination (epoch 1950.0) and the data itself. Reprinted in 1985 to correct some erroneous data. (7) "Visual Double Star Table" Collection of the latest by the Hipparcos satellite observations of 41 255 visual binary, and given 2,000 yuan calendar right ascension and declination, magnitude, angular distance, azimuth and HD catalog number and other parameters (8) "Nebula star cluster total form" (referred to as the NGC) It includes the NGC catalog, index (IC) and the second edition of the catalog index (IC) stars form, given by 13 226 non-stellar objects (galaxies, nebulae and star clusters, etc.) position (epoch 2000), where constellations, angle and tired _set_ of diameter magnitude. (9) variable star of the table (abbreviated GCVS) It consists of 28 484 after a cross-license identified variable stars, including variable stars, novae, supernovae, given epoch, respectively, for 2000 and 1950 right ascension and declination, variable star types, optical variable largest and most hours of the magnitude , light variation period, spectral type and other parameters. 3. Star chart The object's apparent position on the celestial sphere projected on the plane of the diagram is plotted on the chart. Practical star maps can help us identify stars, looking for stars, stars and other familiar objects and colors. Chart can be divided into: (1) sky star map Sky star map of the horoscope is accurate, the number of many stars. Sky star map according to a certain epoch, marked on each star's apparent position in the celestial sphere (indicated by the declination and Chek Keng) and magnitude (with the black dots of different sizes), and use different symbols to represent the binary, variable stars and so on. Star map the sky in accordance with the ascension of the district is divided into 24 intervals of latitude 10 ° draw a circle. Generally include the vicinity of the polar regions, including different days of maps and Chek Keng, declination of the points chart. (2) star chart software: In modern astronomical observations, due to the widespread use of computers, by means of star mapping software, make astronomical observations made in a convenient and accurate. If EZC software can display different regions, different times of the sky images, such as monthly, depending on planets trajectory, and a variety of objects such as planets, galaxies, nebula and other images, can also provide the main coordinates of bright stars, star, etc. , direction, altitude and other parameters, and local time conversion. Currently there are Skymap and EZC software such as star charts can also be downloaded from the Internet other related Astronomy software. (3) activities chart
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Encyclopedia
Astronomy astronomy tiQnwenXue infrared astronomy, visible light astronomy (also known as optical astronomy Astronomy (as tronomy) bit of learning objects), ultraviolet astronomy, x-ray astronomy and radio v Purchase, distribution, movement, structure, physical state, chemical group ray astronomy; according to study solar days were divided into And evolution into the science. Is the oldest science literature, solar astronomy, stellar astronomy, galactic One school. The basic means of astronomical research observations (see every day, and extragalactic astronomy literature. In addition, people usually Man observation). Side view of equipment (see astronomical instrument) performance more often seen as the cosmological also a branch of astronomy. Improve human vision the more extended objects and the universe to the space research astronomy makes Distance. From the perspective of basic science, astronomical observations can also be recognized categories: planet earth is the sun, the moon As a special "physics experiment." Astronomy through the Earth's satellite. The sun is the center of the solar system objects, Mathematics, physics, radio electronics, computer science, solar system planets, asteroids, comets, etc., all ring And the achievements of space technology for creating their own development around the sun. Sun as a star not only very general Conditions; and the development of astronomy, but also continue to enrich the communication and very typical, its quality, size, and luminosity in various constant Other sciences. Research in astronomy for the general materialism in both the primary star center. It and most of the energy star Sense view of the world provides an important basis, expanding and deepening a large amount of heat came from nuclear fusion of hydrogen, the hydrogen content sufficient to Material world, the universe of human knowledge. Astronomy of the "burning" 100 million years. The current age of about 50 billion solar Research has also been in the military on a wide range of applications. Years old, middle-aged can be described as legitimate. Sun and its hundreds of billions of dollars A Brief History of the development of astronomy has experienced three major constituted his galaxy of stars together. L tear away from the too recent Stage. Phase 1 began in ancient times. Engels, is the star Proxima Centauri Centauri, which is located about the sun "Dialectics of Nature" in his book: "The first is 4.22 light years astronomical. Star similar chemical composition, quality Science - just to be seasonal, nomadic and agricultural differences between a few thousand times no, but the capacity is very light suspended Nation will definitely need it. "People measure and study special sun and the moon, some super star's luminosity than the sun hundreds of times, The position of stars in the sky and the rules change over time, only some of the white dwarf luminosity dozens of solar extreme Law, the establishment of the astrometry. This is the timing and assign one calendar. Outlines how to successfully star birth, development, Basis. In ancient China, the astronomers had developed the world until the aging and death, but a 20th century astronomy The first star on the table. Use of instruments in ancient China early major achievement. Star dust in interstellar space formerly known as gas Viewing to be years old, hundreds of times to improve the calendar. Clouds in the European Community, under the action of the gravity, these clouds gradually closing Chau, on the planetary positions were measured over a thousand years and sub-contraction, gathered into a prototype star - shining "star before" Analysis, led to the Copernican heliocentric theory of the 16th century, the birth of celestial bodies. They gradually due to their own gravitational contraction, while Thus the originator of modern astronomy. The 17th century, Newton Centre, part of the force becomes more and more of its heat, and even the "light" hot Concepts is used to study the motion of the planets, discovery and validation of nuclear reaction. Nuclear reactions release huge amounts of energy, so that the stars The law of gravity, while the creation of celestial mechanics, the Ministry of radiation pressure and gas pressure to withstand the powerful gravity, Movement of celestial objects from just the study of astronomy the situation, when the star entered into a more stable equilibrium phase. Star To study the reasons causing these movements. This marks the astronomical house
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English Expression
n.: astronomy, astr, scientific study of the sun, moon, stars, planets, etc
