Moscow Hotel "Slavic mall", a waiter Nicholas Rudge Greig Jie Yefu ill. His lower extremity numbness, difficulty walking, the results of one day, he stumbled in the hallway, together with the tray of ham and peas with the fall of the burning. He had to resign. He went to seek medical attention, and his wife spent their savings, have to support themselves, say it is boring without something to do, so he better make up their minds to go back to his home country. Recuperate at home not only convenient, cost of living will be much more provincial. No wonder the saying goes: "a thousand days at home, good, go out temporary difficulties" it. "Our family cat can not hear," the girl said, "It's deaf." Nicholas and Olga look on how to understand life here, but no one say to each other. They quietly put down the package, and quietly walk along the street. Their house is the third entrance to the village, seems to be the poorest, most dilapidated of the. The second is not much, but at the end there is a tin roof, hanging curtains on the windows. This is the solitary house without walls, it is a small restaurant. All the cottages in a row, the small quiet village of Enron, each yard of the willow, elderberry and Huajiao Shu are stuck to the wall, landscape is truly beautiful. Is this time, church bells rang out, calling people to do all night prayer (this is the eve of Sunday). Slope under the two little girls are carrying a bucket of water, they looked back to the church, Listen to the bell. At this time, Nicholas's father and mother came home, two old body is generally high, the same weight loss, hunched back, lost teeth. The two women, Maria, and daughter Carly carats, the other side of the landlords in the home during the day workers, this time also came home. Maria is 哥哥基里亚克 wife, six children. Carly carats is the younger brother Johnny's wife, have two children, Johnny is now outside the army. Nicholas into the wooden houses, we see a child who, all these large and small body in the high Banchuang ①, in the cradle, in the corner all the fruit peristalsis, the elderly and women to see how the black bread soaked in water, eat hungrily, this moment he thought that he, a sick person, no money, also dragged the family to return home to be wrong, wrong! "基里亚克哥哥 Where?" After greeting everyone he asked. Burned to the customer because of a samovar talent. There was a smell of fish in tea. Gray the rest of the candy is bitten; bread, dishes, there are a lot of cockroaches crawling around. This is not going to drink tea Jiaoren, have we not happy talk - talk talk to, not the poor is a disease. But we have not drank a cup of tea, suddenly came from the yard a loud, prolonged, and drunken shouting. We remained silent a. Soon, the cry has sounded gruff, very long delay, as issued from the underground to the: "What are you crying, bastard?" Carly carat her wrist, she is a beautiful woman, the body is sturdy, wide shoulders, "Do not worry, he will not kill you!" "For Christ's sake, help me, pro-people," Maria said with effort, she was breathing heavily, like being thrown into the ice water, like "help me, which pro-people ..." Old woman sat quietly, hunched over a hunched back, thinking mind. Carly carat rocking cradle ... ... apparently Jiliyake feel that you can scare people, very proud, they grabbed Maria's hand, dragged her to the door, in order to become more fierce as wild beasts roar up. But this moment suddenly see the presence of guests, it stopped. "Brother with family back home ... ... so to speak, come from Moscow. Needless to say, Moscow is the capital of ancient times as a city, the mother city of a million ... ... I'm sorry ..." "Oh, well, family children," she lay down on the hay next to Maria and said, "not painful than tears! Forbearance and tolerance even a Saint book says: 'someone hit you on the right cheek, and even left face also turn to him to play. '① Oh, well, family child! " Then she whispers to talk in Moscow lengthened sound, talk in their own lives, about how she furnished the apartment when the maid. "To him!" Author: Chekhov "Father down nothing," Maria speak up, "a grandmother can be powerful, the old quarrel with someone. Home-grown food enough to eat the meat section Xie ①, had bought the flour in the Shop, so she would get angry, old, said: You eat too much. " "Oh, well, family children, forbearance and tolerance even if the Saint is written: 'The people who are weary and burdened, you can come to me.' ②" Olga spoke stable, lengthened sound Man tune, walking like a pilgrimage, as a woman, fast and urgent. Every day she read "Gospel" as loud as the church who recited prayers, though many places do not understand, but the sacred language she always moved to tears, when she read "if" and "until" this class of words, her heart seems to have stopped beating. Her belief in God, faith Lady, serve God's people of all beliefs. She believes that people can not bully; ordinary matter whether Germans worth mentioning, Gypsies worth mentioning, worth mentioning Jews, the world must not bully anyone. She believed that all animals who do not pity distress sooner or later. She believes these are written in the holy book. So when she read the "Bible", even though not read, her face always showing compassion, touched, and the expression of joy. They came to the water. There is a woman standing across the river waters, is to undress. "She do mischief - really incredible!" Mary said again. Read the Gospel, the crowd suddenly move up, to make way for the landlord family. Came in two wearing white dress, wearing broad-brimmed hat of the girl, followed behind a red fat boy wearing a sailor suit. They increase as the arrival of Olivia moved her glance, they are upper-class educated, noble people. Maria was frowned, sullen, depressed looking at them, if not the people come in, but the devil, if she give way, they will be trampled to death like. Three "Ivan MACK Anchorage is my benefactor, I have to ask God to bless him day and night, because thanks to him, I became a decent person." "My God," a tall old woman, the sister of Ivan Maca tears of Anchorage, said, "his old, my family, now that news is no." "Last winter, his poor belongings in Aomeng classic, this season I heard he went to work outside of the garden ... he old friends! Past it, often a summer day can take home a dozen rubles, but now business is light everywhere, which he suffered under the old men. " Old woman and a woman who looked at him to wear shoes in the foot felt, looked at his pale face, sad to say: "You do not earn people, and Nicolas Rao Xipei odd, is not a money person! Where to line it!" We all like Sasha. She has been full of old, but looked thin, looked at most only seven years old. One other girl black tan face, hair casually cut, wearing a faded gown. She does, face white, his eyes large and black, hair red ribbon still tied, they are caught in the middle is a little funny, if it were just a little back to catch the wild animal. "She will be studying it!" Olga looked at her gently, praise Road. "You recite, boy!" She said, and pulled out from the package a "gospel", "Do you recite, read it to those who are followers hear." "Gospel" is very old, very heavy, sheepskin cover, the book has touched dirty side. There are stocks like the smell of books, like monks came into the room. Sasha raised his eyebrows and began loudly, like a choir-like read it: "'Angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph a dream, saying, Arise, take the young child with his mother ... ...'" "With a child with his mother," Olga repeated, her face flushed with excitement. "'Fled to Egypt, lived there, so I told you ... ... ①'" -------- ① See "Bible Mada Fu tone" Chapter XIII. Hear the "other" words, Olga could not help, crying uncontrollably. Maria looked she sobbed sobbing, and then is followed by Ivan's sister Maca Anchorage tears. Old man unable to cough, to roll and looking for pieces of small gift for his granddaughter, but nothing was found, had waved forget. The book finished, the neighbors scattered to go home, one was deeply moved, to Olga and Sasha satisfied. Because this day is a holiday, stay at home all day long the whole family. Old woman, regardless of her husband, daughter, or grandchildren have called her grandmother, put everything to be hands-on, personal health stove, burning samovar in person, even in the afternoon to go and milk the cows, then do not complain about the residence, said she was dry quickly exhausted. She always worried about people eating more at home, fearing the old man and daughter who do not idle work. She heard from time to time, a group of geese Shop home boss like drilling her from behind home vegetable garden, so she picked up a long pole, and quickly ran out of the house, the guarding skinny like her, too tired of cabbage, not Xieqi to a half an hour on Lianhan. Sometimes she seems to me like a crow came for her chicks, while she scolded, while rushed towards the crow. She was angry from morning to night, Hey 00, carrying voice shouting at every turn, which makes the street could not help but stop. She is very kind to her old man, was not called him Lazy Bones, he is called a nuisance. He is not serious, and unreliable farmer, if it is always urging her to catch him, I am afraid he is not really what the living do, all day sitting on the hob gossip. His endless talk of his son, better enemies, neighbors complained that he was bullied by every day, listening to him is really boring. ① Orthodox festival, in the Russian lunar calendar September 14. Because this day is a holiday, they bought the pub from a herring, boil a pot of fish head soup. Before noon we drink tea, drink a lot of time sweating head straight drink, tea seems to stretch the stomach. After that began to drink soup, we would drink a jar. As for the fish body, grandmother was hiding. She was surprised that those who curse words can be continuous, but the most vicious yelled, his voice is definitely the biggest old man who is about people. But listening to children and Guniang Jia was ignoring, apparently they heard in the cradle used to. "Mary - Mary - Asia!" Jiliyake shouted. "I - I love - wild flowers!" The old man suddenly shrill tenor singing, "I - I love - to the wild - pick the flowers!" Grandmother to stay in the vegetable garden Sasha, guarding the cabbage, do not let harm come geese. Have a hot August day. The goose pub landlord family often got into the garden from the back, but now they are doing serious things: pecking around in the pub oats, amicably chatting with, only one raised his head high in the gander, it seems to look the old woman is not holding a pole came up. Other geese may also come from the lower slope, but the group of feeding geese across the river at the moment, out in the green pastures on a long white line. Sasha stood for a moment, I feel very boring to see geese do not come, went to the edge of a steep slope. "Clock - Building - also - fly?" Mo whispered Yiziyidun season card. "You looked at the sky, do not blink, you can see angels." "Invisible," Mo whispered season card. "Granny must have been burning it?" "More fun ah!" Sasha said happily. She saw two little girls, they dropped the pole, picked up a dry branch, out of skinny, stiff, like a hook-like fingers around Sasha's neck, began to beat her. Sasha pains and scared, crying now, this moment would only gander craned his neck, an old woman rocking pendulum to come to him, and rattle roar for a while, when it turned to rejoin, all goose appreciation Welcome to it: a Ga Ga Ga one! Then beat Mo grandmother waving tree season card trick, this next season card tunic and gave Mo lift up. Sasha was heartbroken, crying back to the house, would like to tell wronged. Mo quarter cards behind her, and burst into tears, but she's crying deep, and not tears, her tearful face, like she had just her face into the water like a bubble. "Never mind, it does not matter!" Olga pale, distraught, while stroking Sasha's head, side to comfort her, "she is your grandmother, grandmother raw gas is sin. It does not matter, boy." "Come on you lying on the hob so go die, your ghost this disease!" Carly carat yell at him fiercely, "real hell, eat the bread of idleness who told you back now?" "Ao Liya ①, my dear, I'm not stay here no longer, I exhausted. For God's sake, to see Christ in God sake, you give your sister Clough quarter Yaebola Karimov Na write a letter and let her put all her things are sold, when, and sent her the money, that we leave here. ah, God, "he continued bitterly," even if I look at a Moscow is also good! even if I could dream of Moscow is good too, dear! " Dusk approaching, more and more dark cabin, we worry valve speechless. Angry old lady to love the hard shell breaking off pieces of rye bread in the bowl after the bubble, and then into his mouth slowly chewing, eating almost an hour. Maria finished squeezing the milk, carrying buckets of milk came in, put it on the bench. Grandmother then poured into a bucket of milk in the jar only, deliberately done for a long time. Obviously she was very pleased, because now is the Feast of the Assumption ② fasting period, no Hing drink milk, the milk you have left. She is only down to a small dish, a little, leaving Carly carat baby to drink. Later, she and Maria into a jar just to go to the cellar. Mo quarter card suddenly jumped up, climb down from the stove, went to the bench in front, picked up the dishes, crusty bread to soak bird's throwing a little wooden bowl of milk. Grandmother returned to the house, they reach for their own bowls to eat them. Sasha and Mo quarter card sitting hob looking grandmother, felt very happy: This time she Kaihun, and only later into hell. They get comfort, you lie down to sleep. Sasha is about to fall asleep, you can still imagine the Last Judgement: a pottery kiln, as big as the stove where the fire raging, there is a head with horns like cattle, covered with black devil, holding a long pole to grandmother to catch fire, just in time as her own goose. "Fire! Fire!" Here came the hoarse cries of, "the village on fire!" ① a Russian husband is equal to two thousand one hundred twenty-three meters. Maria anxious in front of the house himself round and round. She was crying, rubbing his hands, scared teeth chattered, though the fire still a long way, the other side of the village. Nicholas wearing Valenki out house, the kids have come out wearing a close tunic. Patrol cabin in the countryside near someone beat the iron. Dangdang's voice resounded through the night sky. This rapid iron endless sound confused in his heart aches, chills. Some grandmothers were all standing holding icons. All the sheep, calves and cows are people from the yard to the street boom, many cages, cooked sheep and barrel are moved out. A coat color black stallion, usually hold it into the horses, because it kicked another old horse, this moment has put out. It is a hoarseness Ming, horseshoe was too, in the village a Lianpao two back, and suddenly stopped near the vehicle in a large, hard kick with hind legs that car. -------- Binge drinking in the pub just the farmers who carried the fire to the machine. They are drunk, stumbling from time to time, stumbled, eyes with tears, a helpless expression. "Good for you, Ann quarter general!" Some people praised, "Come on ah!" Many farmers stood, not doing anything, looked at the fire in a daze. Who do not know what to do, it will not do, and all around the grain pile, hay, plate shelf and pyre. Jiliyake and the old man Aoxi Pu also stood inside, both with a drunk. Like to justify their stand, the old man said to the woman lying on the ground: "Is that the little old man to take the burden, General Zhukov family servant ... he used to cook the family silver in general, like the general's soul in heaven in the evening to my house said:" I stay here Zhuyi Ye ... 'Well, Needless to say, so the two of us to drink a small cup of ... ... busy students samovar old woman, old man would like to drink tea, but the bad luck together, she samovar into the porch, the chimney has been thrust into the roof of Mars, point of the hay, which, under an accident and we almost did not to burn. the old man's hat burned, sin ah. " "They are not allowed to dismantle the house," the crowd came the harsh cry, "No!" "George!" Two girls to blame, anxiety shouted to him, "George!" "You do come from Moscow?" A lady asked. "Thank God, sir, thanks to no wind," he told students that "takes only an hour or else it will burn to the cleaners. Lord, your heart is good," he Yadisangyin, embarrassed added: "Early in the morning is good Cold? ... You really want to warm up good enough to reward a few corners RBI drink. " "They Budehaosi!" Sleep drowsily Carly carat fiercely. "I'd like to look at what you eat here, the nobility of Moscow!" She often gloat that "I'd like to take a look!" She picked up a pole, a hit in Olga's shoulder, surprised to have two wives clap exclaimed: Day later, followed by the long autumn nights. Cabin in the winding wire. Everyone to get, in addition to Ophelia carat: she went across the river to go. This wire is from the neighborhood to a nearby factory, the family relied on to earn some money - one week twenty kopecks. Only point of a small house lights dim light, the wick smoking. If a small light was blocked, there is a vast shadows fall on the window, then you can see the bright moonlight. Ao Xipu old man calmly about the liberation of serfs before ① people how to live. He said, in this area where the days are over now too bored, too poor, I remember when lords often with dogs, Ling * (right-left is anti-dog) ② professional hunters and hunting, hunting time, farmers all drink of vodka. Vehicle after the vehicle was killed wild birds on to a small club in Moscow there. He also said that evil serf be punished, to endure the tree of the whip, but also banished to the territory taken in Tver hereditary serfs; kind of serfs rewarded. Grandmother also say a few memories. She did remember. She talked about his hostess, said she good-natured, adherence to religious rules, but the husband is a drinker and dandy. Said that she had three daughters, and God knows what kind of people are married: one married to an alcoholic, another married man in the street, and the third ran away (grandmother was very young, the busy lady also helped). The three of them died soon have sadness, with their mother, think of them, grandmother or even sobbing a few times. ② one kind of run particularly fast hounds. Come a little bald old man, is that General Zhukov burned hat cook. He sat down, listening, and then began recollection of events, talk in a variety of stories. Nicholas sat hob, two legs hanging, listening, always among gentlemen of that year he eat what food. They talked about the deep-fried meat pie, steak, soup and a variety of condiments. The memory is also very good cook, he also cited some of the dishes do not have, for example, there is a dish made with cow eyes, the name of "morning wake up." Nicholas shook his head, blame, said: Then we lie down quietly to sleep. Elderly confused by those who long time ago distracted, excited, think of young wonderful. Youth, no matter what, always in people's memories stay vivid, happy, and moving impression. As for death, it was not far off, but it is so terrible and merciless - best not to think about it! Lamp goes out. Dark Ye Hao, Ye Hao moonlit two small window, quiet Ye Hao, Ye Hao cradle of crunching sound, I do not know what the reason all the old people think of their life is over, the young never come back ... ... They just have to hazy sleep, suddenly it was bumper to your shoulder, his face blown breath, sleep all disappeared immediately, feel numb body, the idea of all the dead brain drilled straight. Turn over to sleep - forget the dead things down, but the mind is full of poverty, feed, flour prices, and so long people worry about, worry about things. After a child, could not help but think again: life is over, never come back ... ... "Who is it?" Olga cried. "Nonsense those guys across the river, stripped my clothes just to let me come back ..." she said, "I had to go home naked, when it was like the birth. Quick to get me to wear to the point." In fact, the grandmother has to worry about in throat up, old man asked: "Who's there?" Olga own shirt and skirt, went out to help Carly carat wear, and then they tried silently closed the door, light hands and feet went into the cabin light. Room and calm down. The family has always been sleep is not practical: the kind of entanglement, escape the anguish prevent each of them sleep: those who head back pain, full of anxiety and angry grandmother, Maria fear, the children scabies, itching, stomach old hungry. They are also disturbed in his sleep at the moment: they continue to stand up, talking in your sleep, get up and drink water. Looking at the window, it is difficult to make out what it is moonlight, or has dawn. Maria got out of the house after, you can hear her in the yard milking, from time to time, said: "stand!" Grandmother was also out. The house is still dark, but all things are revealed. Nicholas could not sleep the night, climb down from the mantel. He a little green box out his tuxedo, wear to the body, went to the window, and kept flat with the palm of your hand sip sleeves, and stretch stretch Hou Jin. He laughed. Then he carefully took off his coat, incorporated into the box, went to lay down. Maria returned to the house, start health stove. She apparently has not fully awake, and now walked as slowly wake up. What she dreamed about, or thought of last night's story, so she stretched comfortably in front of the stove, said: "No, or free Well!" Seven To the classic car - village people are so called district police chief. When will he come, why come to a week before we know. Ruke Wo village, only forty families, but they owe the tax bureau official and local self-government has accumulated more than two thousand. District police chief, first stopping for a rest in the tavern, he was "show up" drink two cups of tea, then walk to the village home, a group out of the house tax arrears have been waiting for the farmers. Village Chang'an quarter Puxiejieli Kafelnikov although very young - he was only early thirties - is very severe, always speak to help the higher, in fact, he is also very poor and can not pay taxes on time. Obviously he was very pleased when the mayor, like realize that they have the power, this power is tough, and he did not know what else can show the power. Village meeting, and we are afraid of him, by his final say. Sometimes, in the street or around the pub, he would suddenly loud Hechi directed at a drunk, tied his hands, put him into the detention room. Once he even grandmother are closed day and night, because she will be replaced by Ao Xipu to open the village, is still at the squalling. He did not lived in the city, has never read the book, but he did not know from where did you get a lot of esoteric words children, like the one used in conversation with, for which he highly respected villagers, although people do not understand What does it mean. Ao Xipu tax book with his home village into the cabin. District police chief, a thin old man, gray Lianbinhuzi build very long, wearing a gray uniform, was sitting beside the table what to write ① attendance. Clean room, four walls were plastered with torn from the magazine's colorful picture card. In the icon next to the most prominent place, hanging from the former Bulgarian portrait of Grand Duke Batten Baker ②. Village Chang'an quarter Puxiejieli Kafelnikov hands crossed across their chests, standing at the table. -------- ① Russian farmhouse, where the icon on top. -------- ② Batten Baker (one thousand eight hundred fifty-seven - one thousand eight hundred ninety-three), the German Prince, 1879 Prince of any Bulgarian, pro-German and Austrian forces in 1886 to send military officers in the pro-Russian pressure, forced abdication. "Your honor, he owes one hundred and nineteen rubles," turn Aoxi Pu, he said, "before Easter he paid a ruble, pay to play from that day on no greater than a penny." Aoxi Pu District police chief raised his eyes, asked: "This is why, fellow?" "Please show mercy, sir," Ao Xipu said excitedly, "Let me say a few words, Liu Tuo Lieci first year the lords of the village said to me: 'Ao Xipu, sell your hay sold me right ... ... 'how not? I sell out of a hundred Pood hay are cut on the number of gossips in the pasture. OK, we negotiated a good price ... ... Originally, consensual ... " "I do not get out of it!" "Go." Village to take significant steps, going very fast; grandmother Tuozhuo Bei, anger, Fucking, panting, stumbled after him, he dropped her scarf on his shoulders, a pale green glow white hair in the wind in flying. She suddenly stopped, like a real rioters, fists could not help crying, prolonged tone, shouting louder, wailing cry together: Without the samovar, the home of Chiquimula Lijie Aliyev became very boring. Samovar was taken away, this is undignified, unbecoming things, like the family's reputation, like sweeping the floor suddenly. If the mayor took a table and stools, take away all the bottles and jars Dao Yehao some, in that case, some of the room will appear empty. They called grandmother, Maria cry, all they are also looking at the little girl cry wah-wah. The hearts of the old man felt ashamed, dejected in the corner sat silent. Nicholas nothing to say. Grandmother has hurt him, poor him, but forget the compassionate moment, suddenly kept shouting at him, censure, against his face could not shake a fist. She loudly denounced, that was all his fault, still bragging letter, saying that the "Slavic mall" leading fifty rubles a month, can actually give the money remitted is very little, this is why? Why he came home, but also with a family? If he died, to bury him where to get money? ... ... Nicholas, Olga and Sasha looks like child looks really poor. ① Bulgarian Grand Batten Beck hung like an icon next to Ao Xipu busy in the wrong. "I do not get out of it!" Tanning black body at the moment the mayor, looked like a shaman. He turned to Aoxi Pu, right quick and severe: Days later, the district police chief again, and sat for an hour, and later by car away. Those days, wind and cold, the river had frozen, no snow down under, but the difficult road to go, and everyone worried. One day, a festive evening, the neighbors house to Ao Xipu sit and chat. They are talking in a dark room, because the festival should not work, so there is no lighting. Press down a few pieces, but are we not happy. Such as two or three families were arrested and bonded cock, to the town hall, where he died, because no one to feed them. As another example, there are a few to give away the sheep, and they tied up the sheep, mounted on the cart away, each to a village on a cart for the results of a sheep died of suffocation. There is now a question unanswered: Who had germanium? The blame? They arrears, oppressed, poor harvests, and so all things food are blamed on local self-government Council, although I do not know who their local self-government in the Board is how it was. The origin of this situation has been a long time. Some wealthy farmers had opened their own factories, Shop and inn, when local self-government on the Council, has always been disgruntled and, subsequently, in their own factory and shop in local self-cursed Bureau. "Local Self-Government Authority!" Ao Xipu dejectedly said, "do not blame it to blame!" Old man does not believe in God, so he almost never wanted him. He acknowledged the wonderful things, but he thought such things only with the woman. Some people talk about religion or in front of him a miracle of such things, what kind of questions put to him, he always scratched his scalp, not willing to answer: "Our Lady of Kazan Goddess, Smolensk Virgin Goddess, three-arm the Virgin Goddess ..." "God bless me!" ① Orthodox festival, in the Russian lunar calendar July 2. "Protection of God, the Virgin Goddess! To protect God!" Prayer of Thanksgiving, but analysis done, the icon and carried away. All restored to their original, pub drunk came when the rude not cry. They are not afraid of death, but for a variety of disease was estimated too terrible. Could have been some small problems, gastrointestinal disorders, such as friends, with the point of cool friends, grandmother immediately lay hob, cover tightly and began moaning loudly constantly: "I want one man killed it!" Rush to please the old man Father, grandmother to receive Holy Communion, St. James to accept death before the oil ceremony. They often talked about colds, worms, and induration, that naughty worms in the stomach, forming groups to block the chest. They are most afraid of cold, so even if summer is to wear very thick, warm in the oven stage. Granny likes to see a doctor, often go to the hospital by car, where she said 58, did not say 70. As she thought, if the doctors know her actual age, do not give her medical treatment, would only say: She damn, do not need a cure. She usually leave early in the morning to the hospital, and then put twenty-three little granddaughter, to be back at night, hungry, angry, and give ourselves back to the syrup, cream back to the little granddaughter. Once she has brought to Nicholas, then he drank a week-day medicine, old says he feels better now. "This line," the tailor said, "Thank God, like bear fruit." Oh, how harsh, how long winter ah! ① Orthodox festival, the lunar calendar in Russia March 25, said the angel told the Virgin this day: Jesus will be born. Some one thousand other way change the weather warms up, they would leave the road. Olga and Sasha each carrying a line of wings, wearing a shoe tree, _set_ off before dawn. Maria came out to send them a ride. Jiliyake because of poor health, had to be at home again last week. Olga last faced the church sign of the cross, praying silently. She thought of her husband, but did not cry, but her face wrinkled up, as an old woman so ugly. This winter, she was thin, and ugly, a little gray hair, his face no longer looks like the old kind of cute and pleasant smile, endured the pain of bereavement in the future, only a sad look of resignation. Her eyes a bit slow, stiff, as if her ear like. She was reluctant to leave the village and the farmers. She carried away Nicholas recalled the scene, in a seat beside the farmhouse there are people who do requiem prayer, we sympathize with her grief, cried with her, in summer and winter, often have some time, these people like flies worse than animals, living together with them is terrible. They are rude, dishonest, dirty, alcohol; they do not live, always fight, not because they respect each other, but mutual fear and mutual suspicion. Who opened the tavern, the fellow drunk? Farmers. Who is wasted village, schools and churches of public funds, the money for a drink? Farmers. Neighbor who is stealing things, arson, a bottle of vodka for perjury in court? Who is on top of local self-government and other meetings held out against a peasant? Or farmers. Indeed, living together with them is terrible, but they are after all, they feel pain the same as with ordinary people, also crying, but also in their lives where things are not understanding the reason people can not find the. Heavy work to the night on their aching muscles, cold winter, crop failure, crowded housing, but no one to help them, where can not wait to help. Those rich and powerful than they are impossible to help them, because they own it rude, dishonest, alcoholism, blaming liberal and still ugly very. Officer in charge of the small and home treatment to treat farmers as homeless, they even hosted on the mayor and the church are using "you" match, thinking that the right to do so. As for those greedy, stingy, dissolute, lazy people who come to the countryside only to oppress, plunder, frighten the farmers, where farmers still talk about or help _set_ a good example of it? Olga recall, last winter, when Jiliyake pulled to a tree of corporal punishment, the two old people look how pathetic and humiliating ah! Now she is all these poor people for their sad, so she walked as he turned back again to see those cabins. Thus she Kusu for a long time, Olga and Sasha each can always see her back knees, his hands held her head toward what the people do not live next to kowtow. There are a few of her over the rook in the circle. "Orthodox, ah, for Christ's sake, to the point of charity it, ask God to bless you, bless your parents rest in peace in heaven."
Explanation 1 Share or part of the means of production, by working in agriculture for a living. Is based on the disintegration of primitive society with private ownership of production and the emergence of class generation. In different historical periods, the different nature of peasant economy. In the slave society, there are farmers and scribe farmers. The former is a small piece of land ownership, based on the freedom of farmers engaged in individual labor; which is rented to the owners of large plots of land, between the status of free peasants and slaves between the tenant cultivator. In feudal society, in addition to farmers outside China there is a large number of rented land from landlords tenants. With the collapse of feudal society and capitalist development, farmers increased differentiation, the formation of farm laborers, poor peasants, middle peasants and rich peasants and other sectors. Commonly referred to is the production of farmers and workers in the private, the poor peasants and middle peasants. Until the Qing Dynasty and before the Nationalist government moved to Taiwan before its time because of the industrial backwardness of the economy, labor force farmers to a major force in Chinese society, rely mainly on natural and economic life, mostly tenant farmers, farmers (including farming, land-based aquaculture main); this period except as part of the business operators to move into towns or into industrial workers, the vast majority by the time the country's industrial development to the constraints remain in the original place of birth, but not a lot of rural residents rely on the land to the landowners to work life, according to the length of duration more than these people are called "permanent" and "day laborers", long-term workers and day laborers should belong to the professional, long-term basis refers to the year-round employment, day laborers are hired are seasonal workers. Explanation 2 Farmers (farmers), the corresponding English words are more appropriate peasantry, the rural Chinese refers to multi-crop farming, livestock breeding industry for a living collection of social groups, it can mean the rural labor force (human resources); farmer generally as "farm workers" ( including farmers), belongs to a profession; peasant refers to poor farmers. Farmers in rural China refers to agriculture, forestry, fisheries or animal husbandry (natural economy) as the main family. Chinese "farmers" in China in different periods, with the level of economic development, it is their understanding is not identical. Tang Manor of the larger, host clients, up to hundreds of people, a number of ports, _set_ home corner, so manor among the customers place of residence of the village, later known as rural "village", said the farm as a "peasant household." said the farmer as a "banker" and, since its meaning is useless here. (Yellow is Fan of: "Tang Dynasty rough") Explanation 3 Sociologists, rural issues critic Ai-jun in the analysis of modern society on our understanding of phenomena that farmers, farmers in our modern society has been the traditional sense of "engaged in agriculture Industry production workers "turned into a simple and straightforward," all agricultural accounts were. "That is, as" agricultural households "who have become" farmers "synonymous with the dictionary has lost explained "Long-workers to participate in agricultural labor" as a profession within the meaning of simple. He pointed out that the level of awareness now that people see, at this stage in our country if given the "farmers" to define the term, that is, "household registration in rural areas and agriculture accounts for the rural people."
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"Peasant" and "farmer" of the difference
Recommended over the previous year's wheat Tianshu television series "Chinese farmers", made an opening to the film "What is 'Chinese farmers'", the film's answer is to ask those who hide the special, today, quite interesting . In fact, far more than "Chinese" farmers, foreign farmers versa; far more than the community, the farmers of the expert is no different. M · famous British anthropologist Bullock said: academic "talking about what the farmers faced great difficulties." International authority on the books "New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics" and "farmers (Peasants)" entry is also confused wrote: "there is hardly any terms like 'migrant' so to rural sociologists, human scientists and economists caused so many difficulties. What is the 'farmers'? Even in the geographically confined to Western Europe, time limited in the past 1000 years, this definition is still a problem. "Western academics on the rise since the 1960s the "farmer" definition of the debate. To the mid-1970s as the German scholar Hindle complained: "On how to define 'farmers' of the debate has dragged on too long, so many people think that to continue this discussion is a waste of time and effort." But he could not see to: "This controversy is related to the farmers of the future, so the discussion will continue." until the 1990s, "Who is 'the farmers'" still seems to be a problem, so that British farmers scientist T. Shaning published in 1990 an influential book will be to "define the peasants" in the title. "Peasant" is not a living on agriculture farming people? Indeed, in contemporary developed countries, farmers (farmer) is entirely a professional concept, refers to the operation of farm (farm, agriculture) people. The concept and fisher (fishermen), artisan (craftsman), merchant (businessman) and other professional side by side. All of these occupations are employed have the same citizenship (citzen) rights, that they are the people in the law (citizens of Western language, the people of the same word), but there are other occupations. Such a "peasant (farmer)" there is no definition of the problem: who is the farmer farmer, farming is not complex if not for the farmer, but whether or not farming, he and "the public" there is no identity between the class boundaries. However, in many underdeveloped society, farmers are not generally known as the farmer has been regarded as peasant. The peasant (Chinese "farmers" in the main corresponds to the word) than the farmer is defined as a complex. Whether in research or in the context of everyday life, people talk about "farmers" and not just when you think of are a professional, but also a social hierarchy, a status or quasi-identity, a state of survival, a community and the community organization, a cultural model as well as psychological structure. And in general, the more developed society, the meaning behind them becomes more than the "farmer" in the meaning of an important career. In these societies, not only farming people are "farmers", that many people who already do not farm, people who live in the city, is also considered a "peasant" identity. Such as the beginning of this century Bengal region of British India, the vast majority of the underlying population from non-agricultural occupations that are considered still part of "farmers" because they not only are the farm's brother or children and grandchildren, and their "home within the habits and living standards "is no different with the farmers. The survey also showed that: the local farmers themselves "what is the farmers' response has more to do with status, not associated with the occupation. At this point, we Chinese people should be fully understood. For example: Today, living in the city's so-called "migrant workers", 1 / 3 or more (some even say that more than half of survey) into the city they are actually out of school into the world of rural youth, many of them even one day farm work have not done it, but others regarded them as their own "migrant." On the contrary, after the age of 15 I had to jump the queue in the rural farming more than 9 years, but not now I would not have called a "peasant teachers" (such as saying that "migrant workers" do), that is, in the year, "educated youth" and "farmers" in people's minds is still the two concepts. In fact, today's "migrant workers", "farmer entrepreneurs", "township enterprises" and "encouraged farmers to leave their homes," and so on with the "farmers" to the industry, but not change the "identity" with the fact that the logical link. Therefore, the definition in the international discussion on the farmers, Peasant and farmer difference is often mentioned. But the two English words are generally translated as "peasant", which easily lead to conceptual confusion. For example, many foreign discussed "from peasants to farmers" on the process, if the translation process "from farmers to farmers" would be people talking. Therefore, our academic community was translated as "from the poor farmers to the modern farmer", it was translated as "from farmers to farmers", in fact, not very appropriate. We this, "Chinese farmers" magazine is also a problem in English translation: translated Chinese Peasantry it easy to make the Chinese peasant is still the traditional impression of untouchability, translated Chinese Farmers it is hard to reflect object, including a large number of Articles in the non- agriculture, "farmers" in this reality. But the fundamental problem is not in its translation, but rather as a career civil liberties farmers (farmer) and the level of identity as a traditional farmer (peasant) the difference is an objective reality. I propose the reference to "business person", "handicrafts", "freelance" and the like call, the farmer translated as "farmer." Clearly, China's "peasant" identity is still largely a concept rather than a professional concept. "From the farmer to farmer," the evolution in our country is far from complete, there are a large number of farmers of China's status is, the fact that China has a large population than actually working in the fields regarding the more deeply reflects our current state of underdevelopment. Or, more precisely, if the latter fact means that the industry's developed, then fact means that the previous social underdevelopment. The identity of the "farmers" far exceeds the actual weight of a large proportion of farmers who, then China's social development has lagged behind the industry. Farmers (peasant) and farmer (farmer) What is the difference? From the meaning, said, farmer to farm (agriculture) as root, the emphasis is professional meaning; and peasant etymology of the word and word-building from the elements to see the "Agriculture", farming, etc. This has no direct relationship. From the Old French word, derived by the ancient Latin pagus, the Latin word meaning "heathen, uncivilized person, the Fallen", with a strong negative connotation, and therefore the original meaning in ancient peasant is derogatory humble said. Peasant in the Old English can be used as a verb, meaning "a vassal of slavery," and as a noun Shihai both "rogue", "bad guys" was intended. Thus it is not so much a profession, as it is a low status or origin. Since then most humble farming only, the term later have a relationship with agriculture. Not only in English, French, Latin so, Russian, Polish and other European languages, the vocabulary of modern times, said farmers have similar characteristics: no original with "agriculture" definition of the word-building elements, but refers to the humble or the dependents concerned. Ancient Chinese "farmers" word first appeared in the Warring States Period, when the identity of meaning ("the text said" interpretation of the people: "Meng (rip) has no knowledge."), But not as strong in Western languages, and professional implications (Traditional "agriculture" from Chen, refers to the ancient system of shell tools) is very obvious. "Ancient who have Simin: a People's Idea, there are business people, there are farmers, have a job the people" ("Spring and Autumn Guliang"). From these expressions of view, the ancient Chinese "farmers" more than in the West the concept of professional meaning and identity, but more dilute the meaning of humble. This reflects the ancient Chinese occupation of the West was divided over the more obvious barriers are wide as sparse, this is the West was more advanced than China, more civilized expression. Unfortunately, to the middle of this century, due to various reasons, the identity of color in our society but the unprecedented increase concentration. Until the reform era, this situation gradually changed. Economic status of farmers and the natural (or Western economists call a "custom command economy") linked to the farmer is linked with the market economy. E · R · Wolf's argument is quite representative of the foreign scholars: "The main pursuit is to maintain farmers' livelihoods, and social relations in a series of narrow class maintain their social status, so farmers like those designed for production to meet market and make their own social networks in a wide range of exposure within the competitive position among the cultivators, "because he must" stick to traditional arrangements. " "On the contrary, those who are fully into the agricultural market, to make their land and labor is subordinate to an open competition, using all possible options in order to maximize returns and less risk tend to be more on the basis of the production of large profits. "This statement is often said that we have the natural economy of traditional farmers and other modern farm somewhat similar. But it should be pointed out: the contemporary Western scholars before the market economy is different from the traditional economic view of the past "natural economy," said. "Natural economy," said the emphasis on "small-scale production" of self-sufficiency and no contacts, and now it is stressed that the traditional non-market economy, exchanges or say mandatory. Nobel laureate Hicks J · no exchange no real division of labor that the "self" may not exist, the traditional economy, may have a considerable scale division of labor and factor mobility, but it is not because the market into the sky, and "typical bureaucratic politics," "specialized guidance from the top." He was known as "custom Economy" and "command economy" of the combination. In keeping with this, "said the natural economy," stressed the traditional "small" production and the modern "big" production of difference, and the "custom command economy," said the prominent traditional production of non-freedom and autonomy of modern production. Therefore, whether "by the external power control" has become the traditional farmers who not only different from modern agriculture, farmers are also different from the more ancient than the primitive (primitives), or tribal people (tribalpopulation) the main indicator. "People have been accustomed to obey the tyranny of the rural population of the upper state in this kind of political structure and life outside of the rural population against each other, and thus distinguish between the farmers and the primitive: the former are farmers, while the latter is not." 1980s version of "British Encyclopedia, "" farmers "Lexicon is based on this point to the" farmers "to define it. It considered the definition of the farmers "such as self-or small-scale production and other features" are not established, the key is farmers (peasant) "to be dominated by external power." This "integrated into the larger society to the way" is the farmers and other agricultural producers, the fundamental difference: "In the peasant society, the ultimate control over the means of production is not usually rests in the hands of major producers. Health products and services not by producers direct exchange, but are provided to some of the center, re-allocation of things remaining to be transferred to the rulers and other non-agricultural workers (non-farmers) hands. ... This power is often concentrated in a city center , although not always the case. " Obviously, this view is still used in the past, "said the natural economy" perspective on "From farmers to farmer" of evolution, the conclusion will be different: According to the latter point, Stalin-style collective farms as the elimination of "small production ", they can finish became the" transformation of the peasants. " However, according to the previous point, because it reinforces the "external power of dominance", it eliminated the farmer in the hand, while strengthening the "peasant society." According to the latter point of view, China's economic reform after the rise of rural households is "the reconstruction of Rural China", while the former view, because of this family farm has a market-based rather than longer "external power domination," but signs it the "end of the farmers."
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"Peasant" and "village" of difference
What is the farmers as well? Sociologists, rural issues that critics Ai Jun, academia is the most commonly used method to define from the professional point of view the concept of farmers, "workers engaged in agricultural production" is the core of the concept. Based on this standard, any person engaged in agricultural production is that farmers, who are not engaged in agricultural production is not the farmers. Therefore, _select_ion of model workers in trade unions, labor medals, there will always pull in the farmers eligible, farmers and professional attributes can be reflected in this. China's legal profession and policy decision-makers and farmers in the identification when using a very simple way, that is, household standard. In January 1958 the "PRC Regulations account" after the official implementation, China has formed a rural household and urban household "dual structure" of the household registration management system. All those with urban hukou residents (regardless of what profession he) is urban; with the residents of the rural household (no matter what profession he) is the farmers. This is China's current legal recognition of farmers only criterion. That is being turned into farmers, "Agriculture accounts" are synonymous. From now on the level of awareness of people to see, at the moment, if we give "farmers" to define the term, that is, "household registration in rural areas and agriculture accounts for the rural people." This compared with most countries in the world, China's household registration in addition to the family of the implementation of population registration functions, but also with employment, medical care, housing and many other social benefits are closely related. Obviously, the last definition of the concept of farmers in China is not primarily a professional concept, but an identity concept. Ai Jun that modern farmers and traditional farmers explain itself, there are several different perspectives and awareness. If our family generation to address is the responsibility of the implementation of the urban and rural people's food problem, and the industrialization of agriculture in rural areas how to learn to solve market problems, and the connection between the two is in need of tens of thousands of productive power, the right to operate and manage the distribution functions of the greater autonomy of the modern-style collective farms in the rural business entities. This is perhaps the much-needed model of modern agriculture, and farmers naturally it is the entity's agricultural workers. For a long time, China implemented a "dual structure" of the household registration system, the emergence of "Agriculture accounts" and "non-agricultural hukou" system of barriers of this household, so that the "agricultural households" who, even if you are engaged in non-agricultural work out as long as several decades identity does not change, you would still classified as farmers. Therefore, a definition of household and non-peasant farmers impassable fence. Resulting out of the "farmers" by the term has been simplified to the complex. Unified household registration system is not the case we actually referring to the farmers is, "Agriculture accounts", to protect migrant workers actually refers to the protection of "Agriculture accounts for workers." From now on the level of awareness of people to see, at this stage in our country if given the "farmers" to define the term, that is, "household registration in rural areas and agriculture accounts for the rural people." In his view, the concept of farmers' development is a dynamic concept, it is not static, unchanging concept, the farmers are not tenure. Market economy in our country today, in the free flow of talent, free choice of employment, increasing cross-industry division of the integration of today, called workers, intellectuals, Ye Hao, Ye Hao called the peasant has been difficult to find inherent in the concept of tenure many of the concepts with the development of society and people in their social cognitive function, in the event of a change. "Peasant" is already accommodate a number of social factors. Farmers talk about the definition of the term seems outdated and lost its practical significance. "Village" does not mean "peasant." Ai Chun that exist in real life the villagers, the "villagers" are no longer the main industry of agriculture. "The villagers' property is not" redneck ", township, city amphibious" villagers "a significant number. Rural and urban are echoes of the villagers and the public are echoes; a sense of perspective and large, farmers corresponds workers. And from a legal and strict sense: farmers, workers, intellectuals, and so are the workers, but the division is different in different industries. In the implementation of urban and rural integration and the construction of new socialist countryside, only to farmers, rather than as a professional identity, we go to explain and define the concept of the villagers. If the farmer is defined as identity, the villagers can not be defined, because the villagers can not be defined as a career, while the villagers are living in an environment with the associated sites, is associated with the household registration can also be understood as identity. Villagers in the period of time, living in a rural area or village, a region or village organization by the leadership and management of natural persons. The first element of his residence, but also essential elements; and farmers participate in agricultural labor as workers, with employment, labor linked. Living in the countryside, but life is not only engaged in agricultural work, but the villagers can not be called farmers. Villagers living in the village does not mean that farmers, it may be the village teachers, craftsmen, village, or joint ventures, employees are unemployed. In the village of farmers engaged in agricultural production, he may not be the villagers, it may be the city's citizens.
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Song "farmers"
Farmer One of the songs the band BEYOND Lyrics are farmers Whether there is a way to forget the distance Forget about the night dark and stormy Snow, mountain, although getting the old feet But by all hands to Meet to smoke drunk drink Elaborate to mind the rain With non-cross-eyes like smoke blowing Laughing tears infiltrated the old wells The road passing the village duet Spring and autumn covered with hope Seen through the life and death, summer and winter Generation generation generation will always remember Forget the world thousands of broad land Forget whether the sadness and joy in life Smoke and mirrors life thousands of miles away It has about the same reason Meet to smoke drunk drink Elaborate to mind the rain With non-cross-eyes like smoke blowing Laughing tears infiltrated the old wells The road passing the village duet Spring and autumn covered with hope Seen through the life and death, summer and winter Generation generation generation will always remember One day plus one day Farming sweat and blood per minute Capsules are bitter Never change Everything becomes possible Meet to smoke drunk drink Elaborate to mind the rain With non-cross-eyes like smoke blowing Laughing tears infiltrated the old wells The road passing the village duet Spring and autumn covered with hope Seen through the life and death, summer and winter Generation generation generation will always remember
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Game unit
Warcraft human family unit: the peasants (Peasant) Farmers off Danlun recruited from various countries of the continent simple, hard-working labor. Their military operations mining gold and timber required to ensure the smooth progress of the Alliance. They not only mine, but also the construction of various buildings. Farmers to serve the army for the content, while Orcs heard after the atrocities, but also know how to use a hoe and an ax in self-defense. Status Training cost: 75 gold Attack type: Normal Initial Armor: 0 Health: 220 Speed: slow (slow, 190) Training shortcuts: P Operation: Collection Resources will be collected will be sent to city hall, in the acquisition of adequate resources, this command will be executed automatically. Farmers during the construction when it is outside the building. In other words, the enemy can kill them when they work, while building construction work will be back to stop. Also, you can use multiple farmers in the construction. Called militia The farmers to the nearest city hall recall, so they can become a militia to help defend. Game Strategy Warcraft DOTA games in the "farmer" refers to a strategy game, more common in the game novice behavior. Refers to the strange and wild a long time to make money out of equipment, because such acts in the game very boring, like in farming (farm), so called peasant (farmer). Sentence: "When the farmers so long, finally out of the Radiance."
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Encyclopedia
农民 百科辞典
Farmer peasant Farmers (peasant) is mainly engaged in agricultural production or completely by Workers rely on agriculture for their livelihoods. In different historical periods, different socio-economic status of farmers. In Slave society, there are farmers and farmers of the sub-scribe. Small farmers based on soil Land ownership, based on agricultural production activities in the freedom of individual farmers. Scribe a large agricultural farm land is allocated to the owners of small land holdings of their tenant Gengzhe, is a cross between free farmers and agricultural workers among the slaves, Farmers, but in Europe there is a large number of serfs. They use their own Attachment. In China there are a large number of tenant farmers rented land from landlords In the feudal system, the farmers suffered a brutal economic exploitation and political pressure Occurred under the influence of intense differentiation, most of the farmers into bankruptcy Farmers, middle and large farmers. In a capitalist society and semifeudal and semicolonial In rural areas of the bourgeoisie. In old China, and similar semi-feudal, semi- Distribution of land and usury, exploitation of farm laborers is also very cruel, so with Bureaucratic capitalist exploitation and oppression. The majority of farmers working with personal Various kinds of struggle. The fact that education of the peasants, and workers-order only People in anti-imperialist, anti-feudal, anti-bureaucrat-capitalism in the long struggle At the same time period to develop a proper policy towards the peasants. Rely on the poor peasants, group Knot middle peasants, rich peasants restrictions and transformation of the socialist revolution of agricultural Population about 80% of the total population, pay attention to farmers' social construction of meaning More conservative and narrow-minded ideological influence, etc., very claw to
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English Expression
: Farmer
n.: boor, churl, peasant, peasantry, son of the soil
adj.: rustic
French Expression
n. paysan
Thesaurus
Nongmin Village
Related Phrases
history
campaign
cyclopedia
Qing Dynasty
economics
agriculture
country
community
rise
labor
reform and opening-up; reform and opening to the outside world
