zhōng guó zhé xué rén wù : shī rén : míng rén : wén yì : wén xué xiě zuò : wài jiāo yǔ guó jì guān xì : jūn shì : zhèng zhì xué > máo zé dōng



mùlù ·zuòzhě: máo zé dōng Mao Zedong ·máo zé dōnɡ máo zé dōnɡ ·No. 3 ·lì shǐ yòu yǐng xiǎng 100 rén History, 100 people affected ·bǎi kē cí diǎn Encyclopedia · máo zé dōng ( jiàn máo zé dōng zhé xué sī xiǎng ) Mao Zedong (see Mao Zedong's philosophical thought) ·yīngwénjièshì ·jìnyící ·xiàngguāncí ·bāo hán cí ·gèngduōjiéguǒ... máo zé dōng Mao Zedong (1893~1976) hú nán xiāng tán sháo shān chōng máo >máozé >zédōng >dōngMaoZedong Mao Zedong     zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó   (1893niánshíèryuè26rì～1976niánjiǔyuè9rì)  shīcí： 《qìn yuán chūn · cháng shā s poem Changsha Municipality》   《pú sà mán · huáng hè lóu Song Form Tower of Yellow Crane》   《xī jiāng yuè · jǐng gǎng shān The west point on the horizon where the sun _set_s the moon's reflection on a river Jing-gang Mountain》   《qīng píng lè · jiǎng guì zhàn zhēng Qingping yue Jiang Gui outbreak》   《cǎi sāng zǐ · chóngyáng Cai Sangzi the Double Ninth Festival》   《rú mèng lìng · yuán dàn s Day》   《jiǎn zì mù lán huā · guǎng chāng lù shàng Jianzimu orchid Guangchang parking lane》   《dié liàn huā · cóng tīng zhōu xiàng cháng shā Butterfly in love Loose the Changsha Municipality》   《yú jiā 'ào · fǎn dì yī cì dà wéi jiǎo Yu jia ao anti- First big encircle and annihilate》   《yú jiā 'ào · fǎn dì 'èr cì dà wéi jiǎo Yu jia ao anti- Second big encircle and annihilate》   gèngduōshīgē... 毛泽东 　　zì rùn zhī， bǐ míng zǐ rèn。 1893 nián 12 yuè 26 rì shēng yú hú nán xiāng tán sháo shān chōng yī gè nóng mín jiā tíng。 1976 nián 9 yuè 9 rì zài běi jīng shì shì。 zhōng guó rén mín de lǐng xiù， mǎ kè sī zhù yì zhě， wěi dà de wú chǎn jiē jí gé mìng jiā、 zhàn lüè jiā hé lǐ lùn jiā， zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng、 zhōng guó rén mín jiě fàng jūn hé zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó de zhù yào dì zào zhě hé lǐng dǎo rén， shī rén， shū fǎ jiā。 　　　　 zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng zhōng yāng jūn shì wěi yuán huì zhù xí（ 1936 ～ 1976）， zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng zhōng yāng zhèng zhì jú zhù xí（ 1943～ 1945） hé zhōng yāng wěi yuán huì zhù xí（ 1945～ 1976）， zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó zhōng yāng rén mín zhèng fǔ zhù xí（ 1949～ 1954） hé zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó zhù xí（ 1954～ 1959）。 　　　　 zǎo qī gé mìng huó dòng 1911 nián xīn hài gé mìng bào fā hòu， máo zé dōng jiā rù hú nán qǐ yì de xīn jūn。 1913～ 1918 nián zài hú nán dì yī shī fàn xué xiào xué xí。 1919 nián zài cháng shā chuàng bàn《 xiāng jiāng。 píng lùn》。 1920 nián fā qǐ zǔ zhì xīn mín xué huì hé 'é luó sī yán jiū huì， jī jí xuān chuán mǎ kè sī zhù yì。 tóng nián zài hú nán chuàng jiàn gòng chǎn zhù yì zǔ zhì。 1921 nián 7 yuè， chū xí zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng dì yī cì quán guó dài biǎo dà huì。 hòu rèn zhōng gòng xiāng qū wěi yuán huì shū jì， zhōng guó láo dòng zǔ hé shū jì bù hú nán fēn bù zhù rèn hé hú nán shěng gōng tuán lián hé huì zǒng gān shì， lǐng dǎo cháng shā、 ān yuán děng dì gōng rén yùn dòng　　 guó gòng dì yī cì hé zuò shí qī 1923 nián 6 yuè， máo zé dōng chū xí zhōng gòng sān dà， dāng xuǎn wéi zhōng yāng zhí xíng wěi yuán， cān jiā zhōng yāng lǐng dǎo gōng zuò。 1924 nián cānyù zhōng gòng bāng zhù sūn zhōng shān gǎi zǔ guó mín dǎng de huó dòng。 zài guó mín dǎng yī dà、 èr dà shàngdàng xuǎn wéi zhōng yāng hòu bǔ zhí xíng wěi yuán， rèn xuān chuán bù dài lǐ bù cháng。 1926 nián zhù bàn dì liù jiè guǎng zhōu nóng mín yùn dòng jiǎng xí suǒ。 11 yuè dào shàng hǎi dān rèn zhōng gòng zhōng yāng nóng mín yùn dòng wěi yuán huì shū jì。 1927 nián dào wǔ hàn rèn quán guó nóng mín xié huì zǒng gān shì， zhù chí zhōng yāng nóng mín yùn dòng jiǎng xí suǒ。 zài cǐ qī jiān xiān hòu fā biǎo《 zhōng guó shè huì gè jiē jí de fēn xī》 hé《 hú nán nóng mín yùn dòng kǎo chá bào gào》， míng què tí chū wú chǎn jiē jí lǐng dǎo quán hé yǐ kào nóng mín tóng méng jìn xíng gé mìng de zhù zhāng， pī píng liǎo chén dú xiù de yòu qīng tóu jiàng zhù yì， biāo zhì zhe máo zé dōng sī xiǎng de méng yá。 　　　　 jiàn lì gé mìng wǔ zhuāng hé fā zhǎn nóng cūn gé mìng gēn jù dì guó gòng hé zuò quán miàn pò liè hòu， zhōng gòng zhōng yāng yú 1927 nián 8 yuè 7 rì zài hàn kǒu zhào kāi jǐn jí huì yì， máo zé dōng zài huì shàng tí chū “ qiānggǎn zǐ lǐ miàn chū zhèng quán ” de zhù míng lùn duàn， dāng xuǎn wéi lín shí zhōng yāng zhèng zhì jú hòu bǔ wěi yuán。 huì hòu dào xiāng gàn biān fā dòng hé lǐng dǎo qiū shōu qǐ yì， jiàn lì gōng nóng gé mìng jūn dì 1 shī， hòu shuài bù shàng jǐng gāng shān， fā dòng tǔ dì gé mìng， jiàn lì dì yī gè nóng cūn gé mìng gēn jù dì。 　　　　 1928 nián 4 yuè， shuài bù yǔ zhū dé、 chén yì shuài lǐng de nán chāng qǐ yì yú bù huì shī hòu， zǔ chéng zhōng guó gōng nóng hóng jūn dì sì jūn， rèn dǎng dài biǎo。 5 yuè， zài zhōng gòng xiāng gàn biān jiè dì yī cì dài biǎo dà huì shàngdàng xuǎn wéi tè wěi shū jì， hòu rèn zhōng gòng dì sì jūn qián dí wěi yuán huì shū jì。 6 yuè， zài zhōng gòng liù dà shàng bèi xuǎn wéi zhōng yāng wěi yuán。 zài cǐ qī jiān de gé mìng shí jiàn zhōng， máo zé dōng rèn zhēn zǒng jié jīng yàn， xiān hòu xiě liǎo《 zhōng guó de hóng sè zhèng quán wèishénme néng gòu cún zài》、《 jǐng gāng shān de dǒu zhēng》、《 xīng xīng zhī huǒ， kě yǐ liáo yuán》 děng zhù zuò， chuàng zào xìng dì tí chū liǎo nóng cūn bāo wéi chéng shì， wǔ zhuāng duó qǔ zhèng quán de zhàn lüè sī xiǎng， kāipì liǎo yī tiáo jù yòu zhōng guó tè sè de xīn mín zhù zhù yì gé mìng qǔ dé shèng lì de wéi yī zhèng què de dào lù， biāo zhì zhe máo zé dōng sī xiǎng kāi shǐ xíng chéng。 　　　　 1930 nián 8 yuè， rèn zhōng guó gōng nóng hóng jūn dì yī fāng miàn jūn qián wěi shū jì jiān zǒng zhèng zhì wěi yuán。 1931 nián rèn zhōng gòng zhōng yāng sū qū zhōng yāng jú wěi yuán， dài lǐ shū jì， zhōng yāng gé mìng jūn shì wěi yuán huì fù zhù xí jiān zǒng zhèng zhì bù zhù rèn。 tóng nián 11 yuè， zhōng huá sū wéi 'āi gòng hé guó lín shí zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ zài jiāng xī ruì jīn chéng lì， bèi xuǎn wéi zhù xí。 cóng 1930 nián 12 yuè dào 1933 nián 2 yuè， tóng zhū dé lǐng dǎo hóng yī fāng miàn jūn xiān hòu fěn suì liǎo guó mín dǎng de sì cì dà guī mó de jūn shì“ wéi jiǎo”。 1933 nián bèi bǔ xuǎn wéi zhōng gòng zhōng yāng zhèng zhì jú wěi yuán。 yǐ wáng míng wéi dài biǎo de“ zuǒ” qīng mào xiǎn zhù yì fǎn duì máo zé dōng guān yú zhōng guó gé mìng hé zhōng guó gé mìng zhàn zhēng de zhǐ dǎo fāng zhēn， zài tā men jìn rù zhōng yāng gé mìng gēn jù dì yǐ hòu， jiù bǎ máo zé dōng pái chì yú dǎng hé hóng jūn de lǐng dǎo zhī wài， zhí xíng bù tóng de zhàn lüè hé zhèng cè， cóng 'ér dǎo zhì dì wǔ cì fǎn“ wéi jiǎo” de shī bài。 　　　　 1934 nián 10 yuè， zhōng gòng zhōng yāng hé hóng yī fāng miàn jūn bù dé bù tuì chū sū qū， kāi shǐ cháng zhēng。 1935 nián 1 yuè， cháng zhēng tú zhōng， zài guì zhōu zūn yì zhào kāi zhōng gòng zhōng yāng zhèng zhì jú kuò dà huì yì（ jiàn zūn yì huì yì）， què lì liǎo máo zé dōng de lǐng dǎo dì wèi， jié shù liǎo wáng míng“ zuǒ” qīng lù xiàn de tǒng zhì。 suí hòu yòu fěn suì liǎo zhāng guó dào de yòu qīng fēn liè zhù yì， shèng lì wán chéng cháng zhēng。 hóng yī、 èr、 sì fāng miàn jūn sān dà zhù lì hóng jūn zài shǎn běi huì shī， kāi chuàng liǎo kàng rì jiù wáng de xīn jú miàn。 1935 nián 12 yuè， zhēn duì rì běn dì guó zhù yì jiā jǐn qīn huá zào chéng de wēi jī， máo zé dōng zài wǎyáobǔ huì yì hòu zuò《 lùn fǎn duì rì běn dì guó zhù yì cè lüè》 de bào gào， chǎn míng jiàn lì kàng rì mín zú tǒng yī zhàn xiàn de lǐ lùn hé zhèng cè。 　　　　 1936 nián rèn zhōng yāng jūn shì wěi yuán huì zhù xí， dān rèn zhè yī zhí wù zhí zhì shì shì。 wèile yíng jiē kàng rì zhàn zhēng， tí gāo gànbù shuǐ píng， kè fú jiào tiáo zhù yì， 1937 nián xiě liǎo《 shí jiàn lùn》、《 máo dùn lùn》 zhé xué zhù zuò， fēng fù hé fā zhǎn liǎo mǎ kè sī zhù yì de rèn shí lùn hé biàn zhèng fǎ。 　　　　 zhǐ dǎo kāi zhǎn dí hòu yóu jī zhàn zhēng， jiàn lì kàng rì gēn jù dì 1937 nián 7 yuè， kàng rì zhàn zhēng quán miàn bào fā hòu， máo zé dōng lǐng dǎo rén mín kāi zhǎn dí hòu yóu jī zhàn zhēng， jiàn lì kàng rì gēn jù dì。 xiě liǎo《 kàng rì yóu jī zhàn zhēng de zhàn lüè wèn tí》、《 lùn chí jiǔ zhàn》 děng zhù zuò， pī pàn liǎo wáng guó lùn、 sù shèng lùn de cuò wù sī xiǎng， zhǐ míng liǎo zhēng qǔ kàng rì zhàn zhēng shèng lì de tú jìng。 1938 nián 11 yuè， wèile kè fú wáng míng de yòu qīng tóu jiàng zhù yì de cuò wù， zài zhōng gòng liù jiè liù zhōng quán huì shàng fā biǎo《 tǒng yī zhàn xiàn zhōng de dú lì zì zhù wèn tí》 de jiǎng huà。 　　　　 1942 nián hào zhào quán dǎng kāi zhǎn zhěng fēng yùn dòng， shǐ zhōng gòng zài sī xiǎng shàng、 zhèng zhì shàng、 zǔ zhì shàng dá dào gāo dù de tǒng yī， wéi zhàn shèng kùn nán hé qǔ dé kàng rì zhàn zhēng de shèng lì diàn dìng liǎo jī chǔ。 1943 nián 3 yuè， dāng xuǎn wéi zhōng gòng zhōng yāng zhèng zhì jú zhù xí、 zhōng yāng shū jì chù zhù xí， yǐ hòu zài lì jiè zhōng yāng wěi yuán huì dū lián xù dāng xuǎn wéi zhù xí zhí dào shì shì。 kàng rì zhàn zhēng shí qī， xiān hòu fā biǎo liǎo《 zhōng guó gé mìng hé zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng》、《 xīn mín zhù zhù yì lùn》、《 lùn lián hé zhèng fǔ》 děng zhòng yào zhù zuò， chǎn míng liǎo zhōng guó xīn mín zhù zhù yì gé mìng de lǐ lùn、 zhèng cè hé zhèng zhì、 jīng jì、 wén huà gāng lǐng， biāo zhì zhe máo zé dōng sī xiǎng de chéng shú。 　　　　 lǐng dǎo rén mín jiě fàng zhàn zhēng kàng rì shèng lì hòu， máo zé dōng zhēn duì jiǎng jiè shí qǐ tú xiāo miè gòng chǎn dǎng jí qí wǔ zhuāng lì liàng de xiàn shí， tí chū“ zhēn fēng xiāng duì” de dǒu zhēng fāng zhēn。 1945 nián 8 yuè， máo zé dōng qīn fù chóngqìng yǔ jiǎng jiè shí tán pàn， qiān dìng《 shuāng shí xié dìng》。 1946 nián xià， jiǎng jiè shí fā dòng quán miàn nèi zhàn。 máo zé dōng fēn xī liǎo shuāng fāng lì liàng duì bǐ， tí chū liǎo zhàn lüè shàng miǎo shì dí rén， zhàn shù shàng zhòng shì dí rén hé dǎ bài jiǎng jiè shí de zhèng zhì fāng zhēn yǔ jūn shì yuán zé， zài fěn suì jiǎng jiè shí quán miàn jìn gōng、 zhòng diǎn jìn gōng hòu lì jí zhuǎn rù zhàn lüè fǎn gōng。 1948 nián 9 yuè～ 1949 nián 1 yuè， zhǐ huī liáo shěn zhàn yì、 huái hǎi zhàn yì、 píng jīn zhàn yì sān dà zhàn yì， qǔ dé liǎo zhàn lüè jué zhàn de shèng lì。 jiē zhe， hào zhào“ jiāng gé mìng jìn xíng dào dǐ”， fā dòng dù jiāng zhàn yì， mìng lìng zhōng guó rén mín jiě fàng jūn jìn jūn dà xī nán、 dà xī běi， tuī fān liǎo guó mín dǎng zhèng fǔ。 1949 nián 3 yuè， zhù chí zhào kāi zhōng gòng qī jiè 'èr zhōng quán huì， bìng zuò zhòng yào bào gào， jué dìng bǎ dǎng de gōng zuò zhòng xīn cóng nóng cūn zhuànxiàng chéng shì， guī dìng liǎo dǎng zài quán zhōng guó shèng lì yǐ hòu de gè xiàng jī běn zhèng cè。 tóng nián 6 yuè， fā biǎo《 lùn rén mín mín zhù zhuān zhèng》， chǎn míng zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó zhèng quán de xìng zhì jí qí nèi wài zhèng cè。 9 yuè， zhù chí zhào kāi zhōng guó rén mín zhèng zhì xié shāng huì yì dì yī jiè quán tǐ huì yì， zhì dìng bìng tōng guò liǎo《 zhōng guó rén mín zhèng zhì xié shāng huì yì gòng tóng gāng lǐng》， xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng liǎo zhōng yāng rén mín zhèng fǔ， dāng xuǎn wéi zhù xí。 10 yuè 1 rì， zài běi jīng tiān 'ān mén xiàng quán shì jiè zhuāng yán xuān gào zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó chéng lì。 　　　　 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó jiàn lì hòu de gōng jì yǔ guò shī zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó jiàn lì hòu de tóu sān nián， yǐ tā wéi shǒu de zhōng gòng zhōng yāng hé zhōng yāng rén mín zhèng fǔ lǐng dǎo quán guó rén mín yī miàn zài guó nèi wán chéng liǎo fán zhòng de tǔ dì zhì dù gǎi gé hé qí tā mín zhù gǎi gé rèn wù， yī miàn pò yú měi guó jūn duì gōng rù běi cháo xiān、 wēi xié zhōng guó dōng běi bù de xíng shì， jìn xíng liǎo kàng měi yuán cháo zhàn zhēng， tóng shí xùn sù huī fù liǎo guó mín jīng jì。 　　　　 1953 nián， àn zhào tā de jiàn yì， zhōng gòng zhōng yāng xuān bù liǎo dǎng zài guò dù shí qī de zǒng lù xiàn， kāi shǐ yòu xì tǒng dì shí xíng shè huì zhù yì gōng yè huà hé duì shēng chǎn zī liào sī yòu zhì de shè huì zhù yì gǎi zào。 1954 nián， dì yī jiè quán guó rén mín dài biǎo dà huì dì yī cì huì yì tōng guò liǎo yóu tā zhù chí qǐ cǎo de《 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó xiàn fǎ》， bìng xuǎn jǔ tā wéi zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó dì yī rèn zhù xí， rèn zhí dào 1959 nián。 1956 nián 4 yuè zuò《 lùn shí dà guān xì》 de jiǎng huà， duì shì hé zhōng guó guó qíng de jiàn shè shè huì zhù yì de dào lù jìn xíng liǎo yī xiē chū bù de tàn suǒ。 tóng nián 9 yuè， shēng chǎn zī liào sī yòu zhì de shè huì zhù yì gǎi zào jī běn wán chéng， zhōng gòng zhào kāi dì bā cì quán guó dài biǎo dà huì， zhǐ chū quán guó rén mín de zhù yào rèn wù yǐ jīng zhuǎn biàn wéi jí zhōng lì liàng fā zhǎn shè huì shēng chǎn lì。 dàn shì zhè gè fāng zhēn bìng méi yòu dé dào rèn zhēn de zhí xíng， yīn 'ér dǎo zhì liǎo yǐ hòu de yī xì liè zhǐ dǎo gōng zuò shàng de cuò wù hé cuò zhé。 1957 nián 2 yuè， tā zuò《 guān yú zhèng què chǔlǐ rén mín nèi bù máo dùn de wèn tí》 de jiǎng huà， tí chū zhèng què qū fēn hé chǔlǐ shè huì zhù yì shè huì zhōng rén mín nèi bù hé dí wǒ liǎng lèi bù tóng xìng zhì máo dùn de xué shuō， zhè gè xué shuō zài tā yǐ hòu de huó dòng zhōng yě méi yòu dé dào zhēn zhèng de shí xíng。 zhōng nán hǎi fēng zé yuán。 　　　　 1958 nián， tā fā dòng dà yuè jìn hé nóng cūn rén mín gōng shè huà yùn dòng。 cóng 1960 nián dōng dào 1965 nián， zài zhōng gòng zhōng yāng de lǐng dǎo xià， duì guó mín jīng jì shí xíng“ tiáozhěng、 gǒng gù、 chōng shí、 tí gāo” de fāng zhēn， chū bù jiū zhèng“ dà yuè jìn” hé rén mín gōng shè huà yùn dòng zhōng de cuò wù， shǐ guó mín jīng jì dé dào bǐ jiào xùn sù de huī fù hé fā zhǎn。 zài zhè qī jiān， tā tí chū liǎo yī xì liè cuò shī， chū bù jiū zhèng liǎo nóng cūn gōng zuò zhōng hé qí tā fāng miàn de“ zuǒ” de cuò wù。 dàn bù jiǔ， tā yòu bǎ zhù yào de zhù yì lì zhuànxiàng liǎo tā suǒ rèn wéi yǐ jīng zài cì chéng wéi guó nèi zhù yào máo dùn de xīn de jiē jí dǒu zhēng。 　　　　 cóng 50 nián dài mò kāi shǐ， tā lǐng dǎo zhōng gòng tóng sū gòng lǐng dǎo rén fèng xíng de dà guó zhù yì hé gān shè、 kòng zhì zhōng guó de qǐ tú jìn xíng liǎo jiān jué dǒu zhēng。 70 nián dài， tí chū sān gè shì jiè huàfēn de zhàn lüè sī xiǎng（ jiàn sān gè shì jiè lǐ lùn）， bìng qiě kāi shǐ dǎ kāi liǎo duì wài gōng zuò de xīn jú miàn， wéi zhōng guó jìn xíng xiàn dài huà jiàn shè chuàng zào liǎo yòu lì de guó jì tiáo jiàn。 1966 nián yóu yú duì guó nèi guó wài xíng shì zuò chū liǎo jí duān de gū jì， tā cuò wù fā dòng liǎo wén huà dà gé mìng， bèi lín biāo、 jiāng qīng liǎng gè fǎn gé mìng jí tuán cāo zòng hé lì yòng， zào chéng 10 nián zhī jiǔ de quán guó dà dòng luàn， shǐ zhōng guó de xǔ duō fāng miàn shòu dào yán zhòng de pò huài hé sǔn shī。 　　　　 máo zé dōng shǐ zhōng jiān chí fǎn duì dì guó zhù yì、 bà quán zhù yì， wéi hù mín zú de dú lì hé guó jiā de zhù quán， wéi hù shì jiè hé píng。 jiù tā yī shēng lái kàn， tā duì zhōng guó gé mìng jiàn lì de bù kě mó miè de jù dà gōng jì， yuǎn yuǎn dà yú tā de guò shī， tā réng rán shòu dào zhōng guó rén mín de chóng gāo zūn jìng。 1981 nián 6 yuè， zhōng gòng zhōng yāng shí yī jiè liù zhōng quán huì tōng guò de《 guān yú jiàn guó yǐ lái dǎng de ruò gān lì shǐ wèn tí de jué yì》， duì máo zé dōng de lì shǐ dì wèi zuò chū quán miàn、 gōng zhèng、 shí shì qiú shì de kē xué jié lùn。 máo zé dōng sī xiǎng zuò wéi mǎ kè sī zhù yì zài zhōng guó de fā zhǎn， réng rán shì zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng de zhǐ dǎo sī xiǎng， shì zhōng guó rén mín bǎo guì de jīng shén cái fù。 qí zhù yào zhù zuò shōu rù《 máo zé dōng xuǎn jí》， qí tā yǐ gōng kāi fā xíng de zhù zuò yòu《 máo zé dōng shū xìn xuǎn jí》、《 máo zé dōng nóng cūn diào chá wén jí》、《 máo zé dōng xīn wén gōng zuò wén xuǎn》 hé《 máo zé dōng shī cí xuǎn》 děng。 　　Mao Zedong (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976) (also Mao Tse-tung) was a Chinese Marxist military and political leader and philosopher, who led the Communist Party of China (CPC) to victory against the Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War, and served as leader of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. Mao is also recognized as a poet and calligrapher. 　　 　　Regarded as one of the most important figures in modern world history, Mao is still a controversial figure today, over thirty years after his death. He is held in high regard in China where he is often portrayed as a great revolutionary leader and a military and political genius who defeated Chiang Kai-shek in the Civil War, and transformed the country into a major power through his Maoist social and economic reforms. However, many of Mao's policies and socio-political programmes such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution are blamed by critics from both within and outside China for causing severe damage to the culture, society, economy and foreign relations of China, as well as enormous and unnecessary loss of lives, claiming that the total number of lives lost ranged from 40,000,000 to 78,860,000 people. 　　 　　Although still officially held in high regard in China, his influence has been largely overshadowed by the political and economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping and other leaders since his death. 　　 　　Early life 　　The eldest child of a relatively prosperous peasant family, Mao was born on December 26, 1893 in a village called Shaoshan in Xiangtan County (湘潭縣), Hunan province. His ancestors migrated from Jiangxi province during the Ming Dynasty, and had settled there as farmers. Due to his family's relative wealth, his father was able to send him to school and later to Changsha for more advanced schooling. 　　 　　During the 1911 Revolution, Mao enlisted as a soldier in a local regiment in Hunan which fought on the side of the revolutionaries. Once the Qing Dynasty had been effectively toppled, Mao left the army and returned to school. 　　 　　After graduating from the First Provincial Normal School of Hunan in 1918, Mao traveled with Professor Yang Changji, his high school teacher and future father-in-law, to Beijing during the May Fourth Movement in 1919. Professor Yang held a faculty position at Peking University. Because of Yang's recommendation, Mao worked as an assistant librarian at the University with Li Dazhao as curator. Mao registered as a part-time student at Beijing University and audited many lectures and seminars by famous intellectuals, such as Chen Duxiu, Hu Shi, Qian Xuantong, etc. During his stay in Beijing, he read as much as possible, and through his readings, he was introduced to Communist theories. He married Yang Kaihui, Professor Yang's daughter and also his fellow student, despite an existing marriage arranged by his father at home. Mao never acknowledged this marriage. In October 1930, the Kuomintang captured Yang Kaihui with her son, Anying. The KMT put them in prison. Anying, then 8, was forced to watch as the KMT tortured and killed her.[citation needed] 　　 　　Mao turned down an opportunity to study in France because of poverty. Later, he claimed that it was because he firmly believed that China's problems could be studied and resolved only within China. Unlike his contemporaries, Mao concentrated on studying the peasant majority of China's population. 　　 　　On July 23, 1921, Mao, age 27, attended the first session of the National Congress of the Communist Party of China in Shanghai. Two years later, he was elected as one of the five commissars of the Central Committee of the Party during the third Congress session. Later that year (1923), Mao returned to Hunan at the instruction of the CPC Central Committee and the Kuomintang Central Committee to organise the Hunan branch of the Kuomintang. In 1924, he was a delegate to the first National Conference of the Kuomintang, where he was elected an Alternate Executive of the Central Committee. In 1924, he became an Executive of the Shanghai branch of the Kuomintang, and Secretary of the Organisation Department. 　　 　　For a while, Mao remained in Shanghai, an important city that the CPC emphasized for the Revolution. However, the Party encountered major difficulties organizing labor union movements and building a relationship with its nationalist ally, the Kuomintang. The Party had become poor, and Mao was disillusioned with the revolution and moved back to Shaoshan. During his stay at home, Mao's interest in the revolution was rekindled after hearing of the 1925 uprisings in Shanghai and Guangzhou. His political ambitions returned, and he then went to Guangdong, the base of the Kuomintang, and took part in the preparations for the second session of the National Congress of Kuomintang. In October 1925, Mao became acting Propaganda Director of the Kuomintang. 　　 　　 　　Political ideas 　　Main article: Maoism 　　Mao had a great interest in academic study as a child, encouraged by his father. In addition to his limited formal education, Mao spent six months studying independently, and two years studying at a teacher training college in the United States. Mao was first introduced to communism while working at Peking University, and in 1921 he co-founded the Chinese Communist Party (or CCP). 　　 　　In 1920, Mao also developed his theory of violent revolution. His theory was inspired by the Russian revolution and was likely influenced by the Chinese literary works: Outlaws of the Marsh and Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Mao sought to subvert the alliance of imperialism and feudalism in China. He thought the Nationalists to be both economically and politically vulnerable and thus that the revolution could not be steered by Nationalists. He concluded that violent revolution must be conducted by the proletariat under the supervision of a Communist party. 　　 　　Throughout the 1920s, Mao led several labor struggles based upon his studies of the propagation and organization of the contemporary labor movements. However, these struggles were successfully subdued by the government, and Mao fled from Changsha after he was labeled a radical activist. He pondered these failures and finally realized that industrial workers were unable to lead the revolution because they made up only a small portion of China's population, and unarmed labor struggles could not resolve the problems of imperial and feudal suppression. 　　 　　Mao began to depend on Chinese peasants who later became staunch supporters of his theory of violent revolution. This dependence on the rural rather than the urban proletariat to instigate violent revolution distinguished Mao from his predecessors and contemporaries. Mao himself was from a peasant family, and thus he cultivated his reputation among the farmers and peasants and introduced them to Marxism 　　 　　 　　War and Revolution 　　In 1927, Mao conducted the famous Autumn Harvest Uprising in Changsha, Hunan, as commander-in-chief. Mao led an army, called the "Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants", but was defeated and scattered after fierce battles. Afterwards, the exhausted troops were forced to leave Hunan for Sanwan, Jiangxi, where Mao re-organized the scattered soldiers, rearranging the military division into smaller regiments. Mao also ordered that each company must have a party branch office with a commissar as its leader who would give political instructions based upon superior mandates. This military rearrangement in Sanwan, Jiangxi initiated the CPC's absolute control over its military force and has been considered to have the most fundamental and profound impact upon the Chinese revolution. Later, they moved to the Jinggang Mountains, Jiangxi. 　　 　　In the Jinggang Mountains, Mao persuaded two local insurgent leaders to pledge their allegiance to him. There, Mao joined his army with that of Zhu De, creating the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army of China, Red Army in short. (the Fourth Front of Workers' and Peasants' Red Army of China). 　　 　　From 1931 to 1934, Mao helped establish the Soviet Republic of China and was elected Chairman of this small republic in the mountainous areas in Jiangxi. Here, Mao was married to He Zizhen. His previous wife, Yang Kaihui, had been arrested and executed in 1930, just three years after their departure. 　　 　　In Jiangxi, Mao's authoritative domination, especially that of the military force, was challenged by the Jiangxi branch of the CPC and military officers. Mao's opponents, among whom the most prominent was Li Wenlin, the founder of the CPC's branch and Red Army in Jiangxi, were against Mao's land policies and proposals to reform the local party branch and army leadership. Mao reacted first by accusing the opponents of opportunism and kulakism and then set off a series of systematic suppressions of them. Later the suppressions were turned into bloody physical elimination. It is reported that horrible forms of torture and killing took place. Jung Chang and Jon Halliday claim that victims were subjected to a red-hot gun-rod being rammed into the anus, and that there were many cases of cutting open the stomach and scooping out the heart. The estimated number of the victims amounted to several thousands and could be as high as 186,000. Through the so-called revolutionary terrorism, or red terrorism, Mao's authority and domination in Jiangxi was secured and reassured. 　　 　　Mao, with the help of Zhu De, built a modest but effective army, undertook experiments in rural reform and government, and provided refuge for Communists fleeing the rightist purges in the cities. Mao's methods are normally referred to as Guerrilla warfare; but he himself made a distinction between guerrilla warfare (youji zhan) and Mobile Warfare (yundong zhan). 　　 　　Mao's Guerrilla Warfare and Mobile Warfare was based upon the fact of the poor armament and military training of the red army which consisted mainly of impoverished peasants, who, however, were all encouraged by revolutionary passions and aspiring after a communist utopia. 　　 　　Around 1930, there had been more than ten regions, usually entitled "soviet areas," under control of the CPC. The prosperity of "soviet areas" startled and worried Chiang Kai-shek, chairman of the Kuomintang government, who waged five waves of besieging campaigns against the "central soviet area." More than one million Kuomintang soldiers were involved in these five campaigns, four out of which were defeated by the red army led by Mao. By June 1932 (the height of its power), the Red Army had no less than 45,000 soldiers, with a further 200,000 local militia acting as a subsidiary force. 　　 　　Under increasing pressures from the KMT encirclement campaigns, there was a struggle for power within the Communist leadership. Mao was removed from his important positions and replaced by individuals (including Zhou Enlai) who appeared loyal to the orthodox line advocated by Moscow and represented within the CPC by a group known as the 28 Bolsheviks. 　　 　　 　　Mao in 1935 　　Mao in 1938, writing On Protracted WarChiang Kai-shek, who had earlier assumed nominal control of China due in part to the Northern Expedition, was determined to eliminate the Communists. By October 1934, he had them surrounded, prompting them to engage in the "Long March," a retreat from Jiangxi in the southeast to Shaanxi in the northwest of China. It was during this 9,600 kilometer (5,965 mile), year-long journey that Mao emerged as the top Communist leader, aided by the Zunyi Conference and the defection of Zhou Enlai to Mao's side. At this Conference, Mao entered the Standing Committee of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China. 　　 　　According to the standard Chinese Communist Party line, from his base in Yan'an, Mao led the Communist resistance against the Japanese in the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).[citation needed] More critical examinations of his role reveal that Mao was primarily concerned with expanding CPC influence and weakening the KMT[citation needed]; Under Mao's leadership CPC officials arranged ceasefires with the Japanese in central areas to protect Japanese train lines and allow time for an increase in CPC membership, all while pretending to be vigorously opposing the Japanese. In fact, as of late 1940, Mao was so focused on opposition to the KMT that he confided to top CPC officials that he wished for continued Japanese occupation of China. Mao further consolidated power over the Communist Party in 1942 by launching the Zheng Feng, or "Rectification" campaign against rival CPC members such as Wang Ming, Wang Shiwei, and Ding Ling. Also while in Yan'an, Mao divorced He Zizhen and married the actress Lan Ping, who would become known as Jiang Qing. 　　 　　 　　Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong met in the wartime capital of Chongqing, to toast to the Chinese victory over Japan, but their shaky alliance was short-lived.During the Sino-Japanese War, Mao Zedong's strategies were opposed by both Chiang Kai-shek and the United States. The US regarded Chiang as an important ally, able to help shorten the war by engaging the Japanese occupiers in China. Chiang, in contrast, sought to build the ROC army for the certain conflict with Mao's communist forces after the end of World War II. This fact was not understood well in the US, and precious lend-lease armaments continued to be allocated to the Kuomintang. In turn, Mao spent part of the war (as to whether it was most or only a little is disputed) fighting the Kuomintang for control of certain parts of China. Both the Communists and Nationalists have been criticised for fighting amongst themselves rather than allying against the Japanese Imperial Army. However the Nationalists were better equipped and did most of the fighting against the Japanese army in China. 　　 　　In 1944, the Americans sent a special diplomatic envoy, called the Dixie Mission, to the Communist Party of China. According to Edwin Moise, in Modern China: A History 2nd Edition: 　　 　　Most of the Americans were favourably impressed. The CPC seemed less corrupt, more unified, and more vigorous in its resistance to Japan than the Guomindang. United States fliers shot down over North China...confirmed to their superiors that the CPC was both strong and popular over a broad area. In the end, the contacts with the USA developed with the CPC led to very little. 　　Then again, modern commentators have disputed such claims. Amongst others, Willy Lam stated that during the war with Japan: 　　 　　The great majority of casualties sustained by Chinese soldiers were borne by KMT, not Communist divisions. Mao and other guerrilla leaders decided at the time to conserve their strength for the "larger struggle" of taking over all of China once the Japanese Imperial Army was decimated by the U.S.-led Allied Forces. 　　 　　Mao in 1946 at Yan'anAfter the end of World War II, the US continued to support Chiang Kai-shek, now openly against the Communist Red Army (led by Mao Zedong) in the civil war for control of China. The US support was part of its view to contain and defeat world communism. Likewise, the Soviet Union gave quasi-covert support to Mao (acting as a concerned neighbor more than a military ally, to avoid open conflict with the US) and gave large supplies of arms to the Communist Party of China, although newer Chinese records indicate the Soviet "supplies" were not as large as previously believed, and consistently fell short of the promised amount of aid. 　　 　　On January 21, 1949, Kuomintang forces suffered massive losses against Mao's Red Army. In the early morning of December 10, 1949, Red Army troops laid siege to Chengdu, the last KMT-occupied city in mainland China, and Chiang Kai-shek evacuated from the mainland to Taiwan (Formosa) that same day. 　　 　　 　　Leadership of China 　　The People's Republic of China was established on October 1, 1949. It was the culmination of over two decades of civil and international war. From 1954 to 1959, Mao was the Chairman of the PRC. During this period, Mao was called Chairman Mao (毛主席) or the Great Leader Chairman Mao (伟大领袖毛主席). The Communist Party assumed control of all media in the country and used it to promote the image of Mao and the Party. The Nationalists under General Chiang Kai-Shek were vilified as were countries such as the United States of America and Japan. The Chinese people were exhorted to devote themselves to build and strengthen their country. In his speech declaring the foundation of the PRC, Mao announced: "The Chinese people have stood up!" 　　 　　Mao took up residence in Zhongnanhai, a compound next to the Forbidden City in Beijing, and there he ordered the construction of an indoor swimming pool and other buildings. Mao often did his work either in bed or by the side of the pool, preferring not to wear formal clothes unless absolutely necessary, according to Dr. Li Zhisui, his personal physician. (Li's book, The Private Life of Chairman Mao, is regarded as controversial, especially by those sympathetic to Mao.) 　　 　　Zedong’s first political campaigns after founding the People’s Republic were land reform and the suppression of counter-revolutionaries, which centered on mass executions, often before organized crowds. These campaigns of mass repression targeted former KMT officials, businessmen, former employees of Western companies, intellectuals whose loyalty was suspect, and significant numbers of rural gentry. The U.S. State department in 1976 estimated that there may have been a million killed in the land reform, 800,000 killed in the counterrevolutionary campaign. Mao himself claimed a total of 700,000 killed during these early years (1949–53). However, because there was a policy to _select_ "at least one landlord, and usually several, in virtually every village for public execution", 1 million deaths seems to be an absolute minimum, and many authors agree on a figure of between 2 million and 5 million dead. In addition, at least 1.5 million people were sent to "reform through labor" camps (laogai). Mao’s personal role in ordering mass executions is undeniable. He defended these killings as necessary for the securing of power. 　　 　　Following the consolidation of power, Mao launched the First Five Year Plan (1953-8). The plan aimed to end Chinese dependence upon agriculture in order to become a world power. With the USSR's assistance, new industrial plants were built and agricultural production eventually fell to a point where industry was beginning to produce enough capital that China no longer needed the USSR's support. The success of the First Five Year Plan was to encourage Mao to instigate the Second Five Year Plan, the Great Leap Forward, in 1958. Mao also launched a phase of rapid collectivization. The CPC introduced price controls as well as a Chinese character simplification aimed at increasing literacy. Land was taken from landlords and more wealthy peasants and given to poorer peasants. Large scale industrialization projects were also undertaken. 　　 　　Programs pursued during this time include the Hundred Flowers Campaign, in which Mao indicated his supposed willingness to consider different opinions about how China should be governed. Given the freedom to express themselves, liberal and intellectual Chinese began opposing the Communist Party and questioning its leadership. This was initially tolerated and even encouraged. However, after a few months, Mao's government reversed its policy and persecuted those, totalling perhaps 500,000, who criticized, and were merely alleged to have criticized, the Party in what is called the Anti-Rightist Movement. Authors such as Jung Chang have alleged that the Hundred Flowers Campaign was merely a ruse to root out "dangerous" thinking. Others such as Dr Li Zhisui have suggested that Mao had initially seen the policy as a way of weakening those within his party who opposed him, but was surprised by the extent of criticism and the fact that it began to be directed at his own leadership.[citation needed] It was only then that he used it as a method of identifying and subsequently persecuting those critical of his government. The Hundred Flowers movement led to the condemnation, silencing, and death of many citizens, also linked to Mao's Anti-Rightist Movement, with death tolls possibly in the millions. 　　 　　 　　Great Leap Forward 　　Main article: Great Leap Forward 　　In January 1958, Mao launched the second Five Year Plan known as the Great Leap Forward, a plan intended as an alternative model for economic growth to the Soviet model focusing on heavy industry that was advocated by others in the party. Under this economic program, the relatively small agricultural collectives which had been formed to date were rapidly merged into far larger people's communes, and many of the peasants ordered to work on massive infrastructure projects and the small-scale production of iron and steel. All private food production was banned; livestock and farm implements were brought under collective ownership. 　　 　　Under the Great Leap Forward, Mao and other party leaders ordered the implementation of a variety of unproven and unscientific new agricultural techniques by the new communes. Combined with the diversion of labour to steel production and infrastructure projects and the reduced personal incentives under a commune system this led to an approximately 15% drop in grain production in 1959 followed by further 10% reduction in 1960 and no recovery in 1961. In an effort to win favour with their superiors and avoid being purged, each layer in the party hierarchy exaggerated the amount of grain produced under them and based on the fabricated success, party cadres were ordered to requisition a disproportionately high amount of the true harvest for state use primarily in the cities and urban areas but also for export. The net result, which was compounded in some areas by drought and in others by floods, was that the rural peasants were not left enough to eat and many millions starved to death in what is thought to be the largest famine in human history. This famine was a direct cause of the death of tens of millions of Chinese peasants between 1959 and 1962. Further, many children who became emaciated and malnourished during years of hardship and struggle for survival, died shortly after the Great Leap Forward came to an end in 1962 (Spence, 553). 　　 　　The extent of Mao's knowledge as to the severity of the situation has been disputed. According to some, most notably Dr. Li Zhisui, Mao was not aware of anything more than a mild food and general supply shortage until late 1959. 　　 　　"But I do not think that when he spoke on July 2, 1959, he knew how bad the disaster had become, and he believed the party was doing everything it could to manage the situation" 　　Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, in Mao: the Unknown Story, alleged that Mao knew of the vast suffering and that he was dismissive of it, blaming bad weather or other officials for the famine. 　　 　　"Although slaughter was not his purpose with the Leap, he was more than ready for myriad deaths to result, and hinted to his top echelon that they should not be too shocked if they happened (438-439)." 　　Whatever the case, the Great Leap Forward led to millions of deaths in China. Mao lost esteem among many of the top party cadres and was eventually forced to abandon the policy in 1962, also losing some political power to moderate leaders. However, he was able to use his propaganda base to mitigate the damage caused by the failure of the programme, implying that he was only partly to blame. As a result, he was able to remain Secretary of the Communist Party. 　　 　　The Great Leap Forward was a disaster for China. Although the steel quotas were officially reached, almost all of it made in the countryside was useless lumps of iron, as it had been made from assorted scrap metal in home made furnaces with no reliable source of fuel such as coal. According to Zhang Rongmei, a geometry teacher in rural Shanghai during the Great Leap Forward: 　　 　　We took all the furniture, pots, and pans we had in our house, and all our neighbors did likewise. We put all everything in a big fire and melted down all the metal. 　　Moreover, most of the dams, canals and other infrastructure projects, which millions of peasants and prisoners had been forced to toil on and in many cases die for, proved useless as they had been built without the input of trained engineers, whom Mao had rejected on ideological grounds. 　　 　　 　　Mao, shown here with Henry Kissinger and Zhou Enlai.In the Party Congress at Lushan in July/August 1959, several leaders expressed concern that the Great Leap Forward was not as successful as planned. The most direct of these was Minister of Defence Peng Dehuai. Mao orchestrated a denouncement of Peng and his supporters, stifling criticism of the Great Leap policies. 　　 　　There is a great deal of controversy over the number of deaths by starvation during the Great Leap Forward. Until the mid 1980s, when official census figures were finally published by the Chinese Government, little was known about the scale of the disaster in the Chinese countryside, as the handful of Western observers allowed access during this time had been restricted to model villages where they were deceived into believing that Great Leap Forward had been a great success. There was also an assumption that the flow of individual reports of starvation that had been reaching the West, primarily through Hong Kong and Taiwan, must be localised or exaggerated as China was continuing to claim record harvests and was a net exporter of grain through the period. Censuses were carried out in China in 1953, 1964 and 1982. The first attempt to analyse this data in order to estimate the number of famine deaths was carried out by American demographer Dr Judith Banister and published in 1984. Given the lengthy gaps between the censuses and doubts over the reliability of the data, an accurate figure is difficult to ascertain. Nevertheless, Banister concluded that the official data implied that around 15 million excess deaths incurred in China during 1958-61 and that based on her modelling of Chinese demographics during the period and taking account of assumed underreporting during the famine years, the figure was around 30 million. The official statistic is 20 million deaths, as given by Hu Yaobang. Various other sources have put the figure between 20 and 72 million. 　　 　　On the international front, the period was dominated by the further isolation of China, due to start of the Sino-Soviet split which resulted in Khrushchev withdrawing all Soviet technical experts and aid from the country. The split was triggered by border disputes, and arguments over the control and direction of world communism, and other disputes pertaining to foreign policy. Most of the problems regarding communist unity resulted from the death of Stalin and his replacement by Khrushchev. Stalin had established himself as the successor of "correct" Marxist thought well before Mao controlled the Communist Party of China, and therefore Mao never challenged the suitability of any Stalinist doctrine (at least while Stalin was alive). Upon the death of Stalin, Mao believed (perhaps because of seniority) that the leadership of the "correct" Marxist doctrine would fall to him. The resulting tension between Khrushchev (at the head of a politically/militarily superior government), and Mao (believing he had a superior understanding of Marxist ideology) eroded the previous patron-client relationship between the USSR and CPC. 　　 　　Partly-surrounded by hostile American military bases (reaching from South Korea, Japan, Okinawa, and Taiwan), China was now confronted with a new Soviet threat from the north and west. Both the internal crisis and the external threat called for extraordinary statesmanship from Mao, but as China entered the new decade the statesmen of the People's Republic were in hostile confrontation with each other. 　　 　　At a huge Communist Party conference in Beijing in January 1962, called the "Conference of the Seven Thousand," State President Liu Shaoqi denounced the Great Leap Forward as responsible for widespread famine. The overwhelming majority of delegates expressed agreement, but Defense Minister Lin Biao staunchly defended Mao. A brief period of liberalization followed while Mao and Lin plotted a comeback. Liu, who had became state president in 1959, and Deng Xiaoping rescued the economy by disbanding the people's communes, introducing elements of private control of peasant smallholdings and importing grain from Canada and Australia to mitigate the worst effects of famine. 　　 　　 　　Cultural Revolution 　　Main article: Cultural Revolution 　　Following the economic failure of the Great Leap Forward and a series of other events, other prominent members of the Communist Party, including Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, decided that Mao should be removed from actual power and be reduced to a largely ceremonial and symbolic role. They attempted to marginalize Mao, and by 1959, Liu Shaoqi became State President, but Mao remained Chairman of the Communist Party of China. Liu and Deng worked together to reinstate some pre-leap policies, and reduced the idealistic dogma that prevailed during the Leap. 　　 　　Facing the prospect of losing his place on the political stage, Mao responded to Liu and Deng's movements by launching the Cultural Revolution in 1966. Under the pretext that certain liberal "bourgeois" elements of society, labeled as class enemies, continue to threaten the socialist framework under the dictatorship of the proletariat, the Cultural Revolution allowed Mao to circumvent the Communist hierarchy by giving power directly to the Red Guards, groups of young people, often teenagers, who set up their own tribunals. During the Cultural Revolution, Mao closed the schools in China and the young intellectuals living in cities were ordered to the countryside. They were forced to manufacture weapons for the Red Army. The Revolution led to the destruction of much of China's cultural heritage and the imprisonment of a huge number of Chinese citizens, as well as creating general economic and social chaos in the country. Millions of lives were ruined during this period, which is depicted by such Chinese films as To Live, The Blue Kite and Farewell My Concubine. 　　 　　 　　Mao greets United States President Richard Nixon (right) during his visit to China in 1972It was during this period that Mao chose Lin Biao to become his successor. Mao and Lin Biao formed an alliance leading up to the Cultural Revolution in order for the purges to succeed. Mao needed Lin's clout for his plan to work. In return, Lin was made Mao's successor. By 1971, however, a divide between the two men became clear, and it was unclear whether Lin was planning a military coup or an assassination attempt. Lin Biao died trying to flee China, probably anticipating his arrest, in a suspicious plane crash over Mongolia. It was declared that Lin was planning to depose Mao, and he was posthumously expelled from the CPC. At this time, Mao lost trust in many of the top CPC figures. The highest-ranking Soviet Bloc intelligence defector, Lt. Gen. Ion Mihai Pacepa described his conversation with Nicolae Ceau?escu who told him about a plot to kill Mao Zedong with the help of Lin Biao organized by KGB. 　　 　　In 1969, Mao declared the Cultural Revolution to be over, although the official history of the People's Republic of China marks the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976 with Mao's death. In the last years of his life, Mao was faced with declining health due to either Parkinson's disease or, according to Li Zhisui, motor neurone disease, as well as lung ailments due to smoking and heart trouble. Mao remained passive as various factions within the Communist Party mobilized for the power struggle anticipated after his death. 　　 　　 　　Death 　　Mao Zedong died at the age of 82, on September 9, 1976 at 10 minutes past midnight in Beijing. He died of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, commonly known in the U.S as Lou Gehrig's Disease and elsewhere as Motor Neurone Disease. Mao had been in poor health for several years and had declined visibly for some months prior to his death. His body lay in state at the Great Hall of the People. A memorial service was held in Tiananmen Square on September 18, 1976. There was a three minute silence observed during this service. His body was later placed into the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong, although he wished to be cremated and had been one of the first high-ranking officials to sign the "Proposal that all Central Leaders be Cremated after Death" in November 1956. 　　 　　As anticipated after Mao’s death, there was a power struggle for control of China. On one side was the left wing led by the Gang of Four, who wanted to continue the policy of revolutionary mass mobilization. On the other side was the right wing opposing these policies. Among the latter group, the restorationists, led by Chairman Hua Guofeng, advocated a return to central planning along the Soviet model, whereas the reformers, led by Deng Xiaoping, wanted to overhaul the Chinese economy based on market-oriented policies and to de-emphasize the role of Maoist ideology in determining economic and political policy. Eventually, the reformers won control of the government. Deng Xiaoping, with clear seniority over Hua Guofeng, defeated Hua in a bloodless power struggle shortly afterwards. 　　 　　 　　Cult of Mao 　　Mao's figure is largely symbolic both in China and in the global communist movement as a whole. During the Cultural Revolution, Mao's already glorified image manifested into a personality cult that stretched into every part of Chinese life. Mao presented himself as an enemy of landowners, businessmen, and Western and American imperialism, as well as an ally of impoverished peasants, farmers and workers. 　　 　　At the 1958 Party congress in Chengdu, Mao expressed support for the idea of personality cults if they venerated figures who were genuinely worthy of adulation: 　　 　　“ There are two kinds of personality cults. One is a healthy personality cult, that is, to worship men like Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin. Because they hold the truth in their hands. The other is a false personality cult, i.e. not analysed and blind worship. ” 　　 　　In 1962, Mao proposed the Socialist Education Movement (SEM) in an attempt to "protect" the peasants against the temptations of feudalism and the sprouts of capitalism that he saw re-emerging in the countryside (due to Liu's economic reforms). Large quantities of politicised art were produced and circulated — with Mao at the centre. Numerous posters and musical compositions referred to Mao as "A red sun in the centre of our hearts" (我们心中的红太阳) and a "Savior of the people" (人民的大救星). 　　 　　The Cult of Mao proved vital in starting the Cultural Revolution. China's youth had mostly been brought up during the Communist era, and they had been told to love Mao. Thus they were his greatest supporters. Their feelings for him were so strong that many followed his urge to challenge all established authority. 　　 　　In October 1966, Mao's Quotations From Chairman Mao Tse-Tung, which was known as the Little Red Book was published. Party members were encouraged to carry a copy with them and possession was almost mandatory as a criterion for membership. Over the years, Mao's image became displayed almost everywhere, present in homes, offices and shops. His quotations were typographically emphasised by putting them in boldface or red type in even the most obscure writings. Music from the period emphasized Mao's stature, as did children's rhymes. The phrase Long Live Chairman Mao for ten thousand years was commonly heard during the era, which was traditionally a phrase reserved for the reigning Emperor. 　　 　　After the Cultural Revolution, there are some people who still worship Mao in family altars or even temples for Mao. 　　 　　 　　Legacy 　　Mao's legacy has produced a large amount of controversy. Many historians and academics are critical of Mao, especially his many campaigns to suppress political enemies and gain international renown, some comparing him to Hitler and Stalin. 　　 　　Supporters of Mao credit him with advancing the social and economic development of Chinese society. They point out that before 1949, for instance, the illiteracy rate in Mainland China was 80 percent, and life expectancy was a meager 35 years. At his death, illiteracy had declined to less than seven percent, and average life expectancy had increased to more than 70 years (alternative statistics also quote improvements, though not nearly as dramatic). In addition to these increases, the total population of China increased 57% to 700 million, from the constant 400 million mark during the span between the Opium War and the Chinese Civil War. Supporters also state that, under Mao's government, China ended its "Century of Humiliation" from Western imperialism and regained its status as a major world power. They also state their belief that Mao also industrialized China to a considerable extent and ensured China's sovereignty during his rule. Many, including some of Mao's supporters, view the Kuomintang, which Mao drove off the mainland, as having been corrupt. 　　 　　They also argue that the Maoist era improved women's rights by abolishing prostitution, a phenomenon that was to return after Deng Xiaoping and post-Maoist CPC leaders increased liberalization of the economy. Indeed, Mao once famously remarked that "Women hold up half the heavens". A popular slogan during the Cultural Revolution was, "Break the chains, unleash the fury of women as a mighty force for revolution!" 　　 　　Skeptics observe that similar gains in literacy and life expectancy occurred after 1949 on the small neighboring island of Taiwan, which was ruled by Mao's opponents, namely Chiang Kai-Shek and the Kuomintang, even though they themselves perpetrated substantial repression in their own right. The government that continued to rule Taiwan was composed of the same people ruling the Mainland for over 20 years when life expectancy was so low, yet life expectancy there also increased. A counterpoint, however, is that the United States helped Taiwan with aid, along with Japan and other countries, until the early 1960s when Taiwan asked that the aid cease. The mainland was under economic sanctions from the same countries for many years. The mainland also broke with the USSR after disputes, which had been aiding it. 　　 　　Another comparison has been between India and China. Noam Chomsky commented on a study by the Indian economist Amartya Sen. 　　 　　He observes that India and China had "similarities that were quite striking" when development planning began 50 years ago, including death rates. "But there is little doubt that as far as morbidity, mortality and longevity are concerned, China has a large and decisive lead over India" (in education and other social indicators as well). In both cases, the outcomes have to do with the "ideological predispositions" of the political systems: for China, relatively equitable distribution of medical resources, including rural health services and public distribution of food, all lacking in India. 　　The United States placed a trade embargo on China as a result of its involvement in the Korean War, lasting until Richard Nixon decided that developing relations with China would be useful in also dealing with the Soviet Union. 　　 　　Mao's military writings continue to have a large amount of influence both among those who seek to create an insurgency and those who seek to crush one, especially in manners of guerrilla warfare, at which Mao is popularly regarded as a genius for. As an example, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) followed Mao's examples of guerrilla warfare. 　　 　　 　　One of the last publicly displayed portraits of Mao Zedong at the Tiananmen gate.The ideology of Maoism has influenced many communists around the world, including Third World revolutionary movements such as Cambodia's Khmer Rouge, The Communist Party of Peru, and the revolutionary movement in Nepal. The Revolutionary Communist Party, USA also claims Marxism-Leninism-Maoism as its ideology, as do other Communist Parties around the world which are part of the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement. The Revolutionary Internationalist Socialist Party, USA (RISP-USA) claims that Marxism-Leninism-Maoism-RISP Thought (MLMRT) is a modern day extension and advance of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism. China itself has moved sharply away from Maoism since Mao's death, and most people outside of China who describe themselves as Maoist regard the Deng Xiaoping reforms to be a betrayal of Maoism, in line with Mao's view of "Capitalist roaders" within the Communist Party. 　　 　　As the Chinese government instituted free market economic reforms starting in the late 1970s and as later Chinese leaders took power, less recognition was given to the status of Mao. This accompanied a decline in state recognition of Mao in later years in contrast to previous years when the state organized numerous events and seminars commemorating Mao's 100th birthday. Nevertheless, the Chinese government has never officially repudiated the tactics of Mao. 　　 　　In the mid-1990s, Mao Zedong's picture began to appear on all new renminbi currency from the People’s Republic of China. This was officially instituted as an anti-counterfeiting measure as Mao's face is widely recognized in contrast to the generic figures that appear in older currency.[citation needed] On March 13, 2006, a story in the People's Daily reported that a proposal had been made to print the portraits of Sun Yat-sen and Deng Xiaoping. 　　 　　In 2006, the Chinese government issued a new set of high school history textbooks which omit Mao, with the exception of a single mention in a section on etiquette. Chinese students now only learn about Mao in junior high school. 　　 　　Mao lived in the government complex in Zhongnanhai, Beijing. 　　 　　 　　Genealogy 　　Mao Zedong had several wives which contributed to a large family. These were: 　　 　　Luo Yixiu (罗一秀, 1889-1910) of Shaoshan: married 1907 to 1910 　　Yang Kaihui (杨开慧, 1901-1930) of Changsha: married 1921 to 1927, executed by the Kuomintang in 1930 　　He Zizhen (贺子珍, 1910-1984) of Jiangxi: married May 1928 to 1939 　　Jiang Qing: (江青, 1914-1991), married 1939 to Mao's death 　　 　　His ancestors were: 　　 　　Wen Qimei (文七妹, 1867-1919), mother. She was illiterate and a devout Buddhist. 　　Mao Yichang (毛贻昌, 1870-1920), father, courtesy name Mao Shunsheng (毛顺生) or also known as Mao Jen-sheng 　　Mao Enpu (毛恩普), paternal grandfather 　　He had several siblings: 　　 　　Mao Zemin (毛泽民, 1895-1943), younger brother 　　Mao Zetan (毛泽覃, 1905-1935), younger brother 　　Mao Zehong, sister (executed by the Kuomintang in 1930) 　　Mao Zedong's parents altogether had six sons and two daughters. Two of the sons and both daughters died young, leaving the three brothers Mao Zedong, Mao Zemin, and Mao Zetan. Like all three of Mao Zedong's wives, Mao Zemin and Mao Zetan were communists. Like Yang Kaihui, both Zemin and Zetan were killed in warfare during Mao Zedong's lifetime. 　　Note that the character ze (泽) appears in all of the siblings' given names. This is a common Chinese naming convention. 　　 　　From the next generation, Zemin's son, Mao Yuanxin, was raised by Mao Zedong's family. He became Mao Zedong's liaison with the Politburo in 1975. Sources like Li Zhisui (The Private Life of Chairman Mao) say that he played a role in the final power-struggles. 　　 　　Mao Zedong had several children: 　　 　　Mao Anying (毛岸英): son to Yang, married to Liu Siqi (刘思齐), who was born Liu Songlin (刘松林), killed in action during the Korean War 　　Mao Anqing (1923-2007): son to Yang, married to Shao Hua (邵华), son Mao Xinyu (毛新宇), grandson Mao Dongdong (last surviving known male line of Mao). 　　Li Min (李敏): daughter to He, married to Kong Linghua (孔令华), son Kong Ji'ning (孔继宁), daughter Kong Dongmei (孔冬梅) 　　Li Ne (Chinese:李讷; Pinyin: L? Nè): daughter to Jiang (whose birth given name was Li), married to Wang Jingqing (王景清), son Wang Xiaozhi (王效芝) 　　Sources suggest that Mao did have other children during his revolutionary days; in most of these cases the children were left with peasant families because it was difficult to take care of the children while focusing on revolution. Two English researchers who retraced the entire Long March route in 2002-2003 Stepping into history (English) (HTML). China Daily (2003-11-23). Retrieved on 2007-07-31.　　 located a woman who they believe might well be a missing child abandoned by Mao to peasants in 1935.[citation needed] Ed Jocelyn and Andrew McEwen hope a member of the Mao family will respond to requests for a DNA test.[citation needed] 　　 　　Writings 　　Mao was a prolific writer of political and philosophical literature. Mao is the attributed author of Quotations From Chairman Mao Tse-Tung, known in the West as the "Little Red Book" and in Cultural-revolution China as the "Red Treasure Book" (紅宝书): this is a collection of short extracts from his speeches and articles, edited by Lin Biao and ordered topically. Mao wrote several other philosophical treatises, both before and after he assumed power. These include: 　　 　　On Practice (《实践论》); 1937 　　On Contradiction (《矛盾论》); 1937 　　On Protracted War (《论持久战》); 1938 　　In Memory of Norman Bethune (《纪念白求恩》); 1939 　　On New Democracy (《新民主主义论》); 1940 　　Talks at the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art (《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》); 1942 　　Serve the People (《为人民服务》); 1944 　　On the Correct Handling of the Contradictions Among the People (《正确处理人民内部矛盾问题》); 1957 　　The Foolish Old Man Who Removed the Mountains (《愚公移山》); 1957 　　Mao was also a skilled calligrapher with a highly personal style. In China, Mao was considered a master calligrapher during his lifetime. His calligraphy can be seen today throughout mainland China. 　　 　　Literary Figure 　　Politics aside, Mao is considered one of modern China's most influential literary figures, and was an avid poet, mainly in the classical ci and shi forms. His poems are all in the traditional Chinese verse style. Mao was also an ardent calligrapher, giving rise to a new form of Chinese calligraphy called "Mao-style" or Maoti, which had gained increasing popularity since his death. There currently exists various competitions specializing in Mao-style calligraphy. 　　 　　As did most Chinese intellectuals of his generation, Mao received rigorous education in Chinese classical literature. His style was deeply influenced by the great Tang Dynasty poets Li Bai and Li He. He is considered to be a romantic poet, in contrast to the realist poets represented by Du Fu. 　　 　　Many of Mao's poems are still popular in China and a few are taught as a mandatory part of the elementary school curriculum. Some of his most well-known poems are: Changsha (1925), The Double Ninth (1929.10), Loushan Pass (1935), The Long March (1935), Snow (1936.02), The PLA Captures Nanjing (1949.04), Reply to Li Shuyi (1957.05.11), and Ode to the Plum Blossom (1961.12). máo zé dōnɡ máo zé dōnɡ 毛泽东 　　(1893 nián 12 yuè 26 rì -1976 nián 9 yuè 9 rì ) mǎ kè sī zhù yì zhě， zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng、 zhōng guó rén mín jiě fàng jūn、 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó de zhù yào dì zào zhě hé lǐng dǎo rén 〓 nán xiāng tán sháo shān chōng ( jīn shǔ sháo shān shì ) rén。 1921 nián chū xí zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng dì yī cì quán guó dài biǎo dà huì。 1925 nián fā biǎo《 zhōng guó shè huì gè jiē jí de fēn xī》 děng wén zhāng， tí chū jiān chí wú chǎn jiē jí duì mín zhù gé mìng de lǐng dǎo quán hé yǐ kào nóng mín tóng méng jūn de zhù zhāng。 1927 nián tí chū qiānggǎn zǐ lǐ miàn chū zhèng quán” de lùn duàn， lǐng dǎo liǎo xiāng gàn biān jiè qiū shōu qǐ yì， zài jǐng gāng shān chuàng lì liǎo dì yī gè nóng cūn gé mìng gēn jù dì， bìng zǔ jiàn liǎo zhōng guó gōng nóng hóng jūn。 cóng 1928 nián qǐ， xiě liǎo《 zhōng guó de hóng sè zhèng quán wèishénme néng gòu cún zài ?》 děng zhù zuò， tí chū jiàn lì nóng cūn gēn jù dì， yǐ nóng cūn bāo wéi chéng shì， zuì hòu duó qǔ chéng shì de zhàn lüè sī xiǎng， kāi chuàng liǎo wǔ zhuāng duó qǔ zhèng quán de gé mìng dào lù。 1935 nián 1 yuè zūn yì huì yì hòu， chū bù què lì liǎo zài hóng jūn hé zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng zhōng de lǐng dǎo dì wèi， bìng shuài lǐng hóng jūn wán chéng cháng zhēng。 1936 nián 12 yuè qǐ rèn zhōng gòng zhōng yāng jūn wěi zhù xí。 1937 nián xiě liǎo《 shí jiàn lùn》、《 máo dùn lùn》， fēng fù hé fā zhǎn liǎo mǎ kè sī zhù yì zhé xué。 1943 nián rèn zhōng gòng zhōng yāng zhèng zhì jú zhù xí。 yǐ hòu zài lì jiè zhōng yāng wěi yuán huì shàng lián xù dāng xuǎn wéi zhōng yāng wěi yuán huì zhù xí、 zhōng yāng zhèng zhì jú zhù xí， zhí zhì qù shì。 lǐng dǎo zhōng guó rén mín qǔ dé liǎo kàng rì zhàn zhēng hé jiě fàng zhàn zhēng de shèng lì。 1949 nián 9 yuè rèn zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó zhōng yāng rén mín zhèng fǔ zhù xí。 jiàn guó hòu lǐng dǎo zhōng guó rén mín jìn xíng liǎo shè huì zhù yì jiàn shè。 1966 nián cuò wù dì fā dòng hé lǐng dǎo liǎo wén huà dà gé mìng”。 zhù zuò biān wéi《 máo zé dōng xuǎn jí》、《 máo zé dōng zhù zuò xuǎn dú》 děng。 No. 3 　　wěi dà de mǎ kè sī zhù yì zhě， wú chǎn jiē jí gé mìng jiā、 zhàn lüè jiā hé lǐ lùn jiā， zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng、 zhōng guó rén mín jiě fàng jūn hé zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó de zhù yào dì zào zhě hé lǐng dǎo rén。 hú nán xiāng tán rén。 1893 nián 12 yuè 26 rì shēng yú yī gè nóng mín jiā tíng。 xīn hài gé mìng bào fā hòu zài qǐ yì de xīn jūn zhōng dāng liǎo bàn nián bīng。 1914～ 1918 nián， zài hú nán dì yī shī fàn xué xiào qiú xué。 bì yè qián xī hé cài hé sēn děng zǔ zhì gé mìng tuán tǐ xīn mín xué huì。 wǔ sì yùn dòng qián hòu jiē chù hé jiē shòu mǎ kè sī zhù yì， 1920 nián， zài hú nán chuàng jiàn gòng chǎn zhù yì zǔ zhì。 　　1921 nián 7 yuè， chū xí zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng jiàn dǎng de dì yī cì quán guó dài biǎo dà huì， hòu rèn zhōng gòng xiāng qū wěi yuán huì shū jì， lǐng dǎo cháng shā、 ān yuán děng dì gōng rén yùn dòng。 1923 nián， chū xí zhōng gòng dì sān cì quán guó dài biǎo dà huì， bèi xuǎn wéi zhōng yāng zhí xíng wěi yuán， cān jiā zhōng yāng lǐng dǎo gōng zuò。 1924 nián guó gòng hé zuò hòu， zài guó mín dǎng dì yī、 dì 'èr cì quán guó dài biǎo dà huì shàng dū dāng xuǎn wéi hòu bǔ zhōng yāng zhí xíng wěi yuán， céng zài guǎng zhōu rèn guó mín dǎng zhōng yāng xuān chuán bù dài lǐ bù cháng， zhù biān《 zhèng zhì zhōu bào》， zhù bàn dì liù jiè nóng mín yùn dòng jiǎng xí suǒ。 1926 nián 11 yuè， rèn zhōng gòng zhōng yāng nóng mín yùn dòng wěi yuán huì shū jì。 　　1925 nián dōng zhì 1927 nián chūn， xiān hòu fā biǎo《 zhōng guó shè huì gè jiē jí de fēn xī》、《 hú nán nóng mín yùn dòng kǎo chá bào gào》 děng zhù zuò， zhǐ chū nóng mín wèn tí zài zhōng guó gé mìng zhōng de zhòng yào dì wèi hé wú chǎn jiē jí lǐng dǎo nóng mín dǒu zhēng de jí duān zhòng yào xìng， pī píng liǎo chén dú xiù de yòu qīng sī xiǎng。 　　 guó gòng hé zuò quán miàn pò liè hòu， zài 1927 nián 8 yuè zhōng gòng zhōng yāng jǐn jí huì yì shàng， tā tí chū“ zhèng quán shì yóu qiānggǎn zǐ zhōng qǔ dé de”， jí yǐ gé mìng wǔ zhuāng duó qǔ zhèng quán de sī xiǎng， bìng bèi xuǎn wéi zhōng yāng zhèng zhì jú hòu bǔ wěi yuán。 huì hòu， dào hú nán、 jiāng xī biān jiè lǐng dǎo qiū shōu qǐ yì。 jiē zhe shuài qǐ yì bù duì shàng jǐng gāng shān， fā dòng tǔ dì gé mìng， chuàng lì dì yī gè nóng cūn gé mìng gēn jù dì。 1928 nián， tóng zhū dé lǐng dǎo de qǐ yì bù duì huì shī， chéng lì gōng nóng gé mìng jūn（ bù jiǔ gǎi chēng hóng jūn） dì sì jūn， tā rèn dǎng dài biǎo、 qián dí wěi yuán huì shū jì， zhū dé rèn jūn cháng。 yǐ tā wéi zhù yào dài biǎo de zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng rén， cóng zhōng guó de shí jì chū fā， zài guó mín dǎng zhèng quán tǒng zhì bǐ jiào bó ruò de nóng cūn fā zhǎn wǔ zhuāng dǒu zhēng， kāi chuàng liǎo yǐ nóng cūn bāo wéi chéng shì、 zuì hòu duó qǔ chéng shì hé quán guó zhèng quán de dào lù。 tā zài《 zhōng guó de hóng sè zhèng quán wèishénme néng gòu cún zài？》、《 xīng xīng zhī huǒ， kě yǐ liáo yuán》 děng zhù zuò zhōng duì zhè gè wèn tí cóng lǐ lùn shàng zuò liǎo chǎn shù。 　　1930 nián 5 yuè， xiě《 fǎn duì běn běn zhù yì》， tí chū“ méi yòu diào chá， méi yòu fā yán quán” de zhù míng lùn duàn。 tóng nián 8 yuè， hóng jūn dì yī fāng miàn jūn chéng lì， rèn zǒng zhèng zhì wěi yuán。 1931 nián， zhōng huá sū wéi 'āi gòng hé guó lín shí zhèng fǔ zài jiāng xī ruì jīn chéng lì， bèi xuǎn wéi zhù xí。 1933 nián， bèi bǔ xuǎn wéi zhōng gòng zhōng yāng zhèng zhì jú wěi yuán。 cóng 1930 nián dǐ qǐ， tóng zhū dé lǐng dǎo hóng yī fāng miàn jūn zhàn shèng liǎo guó mín dǎng jūn duì de duō cì“ wéi jiǎo”。 yǐ wáng míng wéi dài biǎo de“ zuǒ” qīng lù xiàn lǐng dǎo jí tuán jìn rù zhōng yāng gé mìng gēn jù dì yǐ hòu， jiāng máo zé dōng pái chì yú dǎng hé hóng jūn de lǐng dǎo zhī wài， tā men zhí xíng bù tóng de zhàn lüè hé zhèng cè， dǎo zhì dì wǔ cì fǎn“ wéi jiǎo” zhàn zhēng shī bài。 1934 nián 10 yuè， cān jiā hóng yī fāng miàn jūn cháng zhēng。 cháng zhēng tú zhōng， 1935 nián 1 yuè zhōng gòng zhōng yāng zhèng zhì jú zài guì zhōu zhào kāi kuò dà huì yì（ jí zūn yì huì yì）， què lì liǎo yǐ máo zé dōng wéi dài biǎo de xīn de zhōng yāng lǐng dǎo。 10 yuè， zhōng gòng zhōng yāng hé hóng yī fāng miàn jūn dào dá shǎn běi， jié shù cháng zhēng。 12 yuè， zuò《 lùn fǎn duì rì běn dì guó zhù yì de cè lüè》 de bào gào， chǎn míng liǎo kàng rì mín zú tǒng yī zhàn xiàn zhèng cè。 1936 nián 10 yuè， hóng sì fāng miàn jūn hé hóng 'èr fāng miàn jūn jīng guò cháng zhēng dào dá gān sù jìng nèi， xiān hòu tóng hóng yī fāng miàn jūn huì shī。 tóng nián 12 yuè， tóng zhōu 'ēn lái děng cù shǐ xī 'ān shì biàn hé píng jiě jué， zhè chéng wéi yóu nèi zhàn dào dì 'èr cì guó gòng hé zuò、 gòng tóng kàng rì de shí jú zhuǎn huàn de shū niǔ。 1936 nián 12 yuè， xiě《 zhōng guó gé mìng zhàn zhēng de zhàn lüè wèn tí》。 1937 nián xià， xiě《 shí jiàn lùn》 hé《 máo dùn lùn》。 　　 kàng rì zhàn zhēng kāi shǐ hòu， yǐ tā wéi shǒu de zhōng gòng zhōng yāng jiān chí tǒng yī zhàn xiàn zhōng de dú lì zì zhù yuán zé， nǔ lì fā dòng qún zhòng， kāi zhǎn dí hòu yóu jī zhàn zhēng， jiàn lì liǎo xǔ duō dà kuài de kàng rì gēn jù dì。 zhè xiē kàng rì gēn jù dì dà bù fēn shì zài huá běi shān qū， dàn yě yòu de shì zài hé běi píng yuán hé sū běi píng yuán。 1938 nián 10 yuè， zài zhōng gòng kuò dà de liù jiè liù zhōng quán huì shàng tí chū“ mǎ kè sī zhù yì zhōng guó huà” de zhǐ dǎo yuán zé。 zài kàng rì zhàn zhēng shí qī， tā fā biǎo《 lùn chí jiǔ zhàn》、《 〈 gòng chǎn dǎng rén 〉 fā kān cí》、《 xīn mín zhù zhù yì lùn》 děng zhòng yào zhù zuò。 1942 nián， lǐng dǎo quán dǎng kāi zhǎn zhěng fēng yùn dòng， jiū zhèng zhù guān zhù yì hé zōng pài zhù yì， shǐ quán dǎng jìn yī bù zhǎng wò liǎo mǎ kè sī liè níng zhù yì de pǔ biàn zhēn lǐ hé zhōng guó gé mìng de jù tǐ shí jiàn xiāng jié hé de jī běn fāng xiàng， wéi duó qǔ kàng rì zhàn zhēng hé quán guó gé mìng de shèng lì diàn dìng liǎo sī xiǎng jī chǔ。 1943 nián， lǐng dǎo gēn jù dì jūn mín kāi zhǎn shēng chǎn yùn dòng， dù guò liǎo yán zhòng de jīng jì kùn nán。 tóng nián 3 yuè， bèi xuǎn wéi zhōng gòng zhōng yāng zhèng zhì jú zhù xí。 1945 nián， zhù chí zhào kāi zhōng gòng dì qī cì quán guó dài biǎo dà huì， zuò《 lùn lián hé zhèng fǔ》 de bào gào。 dà huì zhì dìng liǎo“ fàng shǒu fā dòng qún zhòng， zhuàng dà rén mín lì liàng， zài wǒ dǎng de lǐng dǎo xià， dǎ bài rì běn qīn lüè zhě， jiě fàng quán guó rén mín， jiàn lì yī gè xīn mín zhù zhù yì de zhōng guó” de zhàn lüè。 máo zé dōng sī xiǎng zài zhè cì dà huì shàng bèi què dìng wéi zhōng gòng de zhǐ dǎo sī xiǎng。 tā cóng qī jiè yī zhōng quán huì qǐ zhì 1976 nián shì shì wéi zhǐ， yī zhí dān rèn zhōng gòng zhōng yāng zhù xí。 　　 kàng rì zhàn zhēng shèng lì hòu， zhēn duì jiǎng jiè shí qǐ tú xiāo miè gòng chǎn dǎng jí qí wǔ zhuāng lì liàng de xiàn shí， tā tí chū“ zhēn fēng xiāng duì” de dǒu zhēng fāng zhēn。 1945 nián 8 yuè fù chóngqìng tóng jiǎng jiè shí tán pàn， biǎo míng zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng zhēng qǔ guó nèi hé píng de yuàn wàng。 　　1946 nián xià jiǎng jiè shí fā dòng quán miàn nèi zhàn hòu， máo zé dōng tóng zhū dé、 zhōu 'ēn lái lǐng dǎo zhōng guó rén mín jiě fàng jūn jìn xíng jī jí fáng yù， jí zhōng yōu shì bīng lì， gè gè jiān miè dí rén。 1947 nián 3 yuè zhì 1948 nián 3 yuè， tóng zhōu 'ēn lái、 rèn bì shí zhuǎn zhàn shǎn běi， zhǐ huī xī běi zhàn chǎng hé quán guó de jiě fàng zhàn zhēng。 1947 nián xià， zhōng guó rén mín jiě fàng jūn cóng zhàn lüè fáng yù zhuǎn rù zhàn lüè jìn gōng， zài yǐ tā wéi shǒu de dǎng zhōng yāng lǐng dǎo xià， jīng guò liáo shěn、 huái hǎi、 píng jīn sān dà zhàn yì hé 1949 nián 4 yuè dù cháng jiāng yǐ hòu de zuò zhàn， tuī fān liǎo guó mín dǎng zhèng fǔ。 1949 nián 3 yuè， zhù chí zhào kāi zhōng gòng qī jiè 'èr zhōng quán huì， bìng zuò zhòng yào bào gào， jué dìng bǎ dǎng de gōng zuò zhòng xīn cóng nóng cūn zhuǎn dào chéng shì， guī dìng liǎo dǎng zài quán guó shèng lì yǐ hòu de gè xiàng jī běn zhèng cè， hào zhào quán dǎng wù bì bǎo chí qiān xū、 jǐn shèn、 bù jiāo、 bù zào de zuò fēng， wù bì jì xù bǎo chí jiān kǔ fèn dǒu de zuò fēng。 7 yuè 1 rì， fā biǎo《 lùn rén mín mín zhù zhuān zhèng》， guī dìng liǎo rén mín gòng hé guó de zhèng quán de xìng zhì jí qí duì nèi duì wài de jī běn zhèng cè。 　　1949 nián 10 yuè 1 rì， zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó jiàn lì， tā dāng xuǎn wéi zhōng yāng rén mín zhèng fǔ zhù xí。 1950 nián 6 yuè， zhù chí zhào kāi zhōng gòng qī jiè sān zhōng quán huì， tí chū wéi zhēng qǔ guó jiā cái zhèng jīng jì zhuàng kuàng de jī běn hǎo zhuǎn 'ér dǒu zhēng de zǒng rèn wù。 tóng nián 10 yuè， pò yú měi guó jūn duì gōng rù cháo xiān mín zhù zhù yì rén mín gòng hé guó、 wēi xié zhōng guó dōng běi bù de xíng shì， yǐ tā wéi shǒu de zhōng gòng zhōng yāng jué dìng jìn xíng kàng měi yuán cháo zhàn zhēng。 1950～ 1952 nián， zài tā de lǐng dǎo xià， jìn xíng liǎo tǔ dì gǎi gé、 zhèn yā fǎn gé mìng hé qí tā mín zhù gǎi gé， kāi zhǎn liǎo fǎn duì tān wū、 fǎn duì làng fèi、 fǎn duì guān liáo zhù yì de“ sān fǎn” yùn dòng hé fǎn duì xíng huì、 fǎn duì tōu shuì lòu shuì、 fǎn duì dào piàn guó jiā cái chǎn、 fǎn duì tōu gōng jiǎn liào、 fǎn duì dào qiè jīng jì qíng bào de“ wǔ fǎn” yùn dòng。 1953 nián， àn zhào tā de jiàn yì， zhōng gòng zhōng yāng xuān bù liǎo dǎng zài guò dù shí qī de zǒng lù xiàn， kāi shǐ yòu xì tǒng dì jìn xíng shè huì zhù yì gōng yè huà hé duì shēng chǎn zī liào sī yòu zhì de shè huì zhù yì gǎi zào。 1954 nián， dì yī jiè quán guó rén mín dài biǎo dà huì dì yī cì huì yì tōng guò liǎo yóu tā zhù chí qǐ cǎo de《 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó xiàn fǎ》， tā zài zhè cì huì yì shàngdàng xuǎn wéi zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó dì yī rèn zhù xí， rèn zhí dào 1959 nián。 　　1956 nián 4 yuè， zuò《 lùn shí dà guān xì》 de jiǎng huà， zhè gè jiǎng huà duì shì hé zhōng guó guó qíng de jiàn shè shè huì zhù yì de dào lù jìn xíng liǎo yī xiē chū bù de tàn suǒ。 jiē zhe， zài zhōng gòng zhōng yāng zhèng zhì jú kuò dà huì yì shàng tí chū“ bǎi huā qí fàng， bǎi jiā zhēng míng” de fāng zhēn。 1956 nián， shēng chǎn zī liào sī yòu zhì de shè huì zhù yì gǎi zào jī běn wán chéng。 tóng nián 9 yuè， zhōng gòng zhào kāi dì bā cì quán guó dài biǎo dà huì， zhǐ chū quán guó rén mín de zhù yào rèn wù yǐ jīng zhuǎn biàn wéi jí zhōng lì liàng fā zhǎn shè huì shēng chǎn lì。 dàn shì zhè gè fāng zhēn hòu lái méi yòu dé dào rèn zhēn de zhí xíng， yīn 'ér dǎo zhì liǎo yǐ hòu de yī xì liè zhǐ dǎo gōng zuò shàng de cuò wù hé cuò zhé。 1957 nián 2 yuè， tā zuò《 guān yú zhèng què chǔlǐ rén mín nèi bù máo dùn de wèn tí》 de jiǎng huà， tí chū zhèng què qū fēn hé chǔlǐ shè huì zhù yì shè huì zhōng dí wǒ zhī jiān hé rén mín nèi bù liǎng lèi bù tóng xìng zhì máo dùn de xué shuō。 　　 tóng nián 7 yuè， tí chū yào“ zào chéng yī gè yòu yòu jí zhōng yòu yòu mín zhù， yòu yòu jì lǜ yòu yòu zì yóu， yòu yòu tǒng yī yì zhì、 yòu yòu gè rén xīn qíng shū chàng、 shēng dòng huó pō， nà yàng yī zhǒng zhèng zhì jú miàn” de yào qiú。 1958 nián， fā dòng“ dà yuè jìn” hé nóng cūn rén mín gōng shè huà yùn dòng。 1959 nián， zhù chí zhào kāi lú shān huì yì。 tā běn xiǎng jiū zhèng yǐ jīng jué chá dào de cuò wù， dàn zài huì yì hòu qī cuò wù dì fā dòng liǎo duì péng dé huái de pī pàn， huì hòu zài quán dǎng cuò wù dì kāi zhǎn liǎo“ fǎn yòu qīng” dǒu zhēng。 cóng 1960 nián dōng dào 1965 nián， zài yǐ tā wéi shǒu de zhōng gòng zhōng yāng lǐng dǎo xià， duì guó mín jīng jì shí xíng“ tiáozhěng、 gǒng gù、 chōng shí、 tí gāo” de fāng zhēn， chū bù jiū zhèng“ dà yuè jìn” hé rén mín gōng shè huà yùn dòng zhōng de cuò wù， shǐ guó mín jīng jì dé dào bǐ jiào xùn sù de huī fù hé fā zhǎn。 zài zhè qī jiān， tā tí chū liǎo yī xì liè cuò shī， chū bù jiū zhèng liǎo nóng cūn gōng zuò zhōng hé qí tā fāng miàn de“ zuǒ” de cuò wù。 　　 dàn zài 1962 nián 9 yuè zhào kāi de zhōng gòng bā jiè shí zhōng quán huì shàng， tā bǎ shè huì zhù yì shè huì zhōng yī dìng fàn wéi nèi cún zài de jiē jí dǒu zhēng kuò dà huà hé jué duì huà， fā zhǎn liǎo tā zài 1957 nián fǎn yòu pài dǒu zhēng yǐ hòu tí chū de wú chǎn jiē jí tóng zī chǎn jiē jí de máo dùn réng rán shì zhōng guó shè huì de zhù yào máo dùn de guān diǎn。 1963～ 1965 nián， fā dòng nóng cūn hé chéng shì shè huì zhù yì jiào yù yùn dòng， tí chū yùn dòng de zhòng diǎn shì zhěng suǒ wèi“ dǎng nèi zǒu zī běn zhù yì dào lù de dāng quán pài”。 cóng 50 nián dài kāi shǐ， tā lǐng dǎo zhōng gòng tóng sū gòng lǐng dǎo rén fèng xíng de dà guó zhù yì hé gān shè、 kòng zhì zhōng guó de qǐ tú jìn xíng liǎo jiān jué de dǒu zhēng。 　　1966 nián， yóu yú duì guó nèi jiē jí dǒu zhēng xíng shì zuò chū liǎo jí duān de gū jì， tā fā dòng liǎo“ wén huà dà gé mìng” yùn dòng， zhè gè yùn dòng yīn shòu lín biāo、 jiāng qīng liǎng gè fǎn gé mìng jí tuán cāo zòng 'ér biàn dé tè bié kuáng bào， dà dà chāo chū liǎo tā de yù jì hé tā de kòng zhì， yǐ zhì yán xù shí nián zhī jiǔ， shǐ zhōng guó xǔ duō fāng miàn shòu dào yán zhòng de pò huài hé sǔn shī。 zài“ wén huà dà gé mìng” zhōng， máo zé dōng yě zhì zhǐ hé jiū zhèng guò yī xiē jù tǐ cuò wù。 tā lǐng dǎo liǎo fěn suì lín biāo fǎn gé mìng jí tuán de dǒu zhēng， bù ràng jiāng qīng、 zhāng chūn qiáo děng duó qǔ zuì gāo lǐng dǎo quán de yě xīn dé chěng。 　　 zài duì wài zhèng cè fāng miàn， tā tí chū“ sān gè shì jiè” huàfēn de zhàn lüè hé zhōng guó yǒng yuǎn bù chēng bà de zhòng yào sī xiǎng， bìng qiě kāi shǐ dǎ kāi duì wài gōng zuò de xīn jú miàn， wéi zhōng guó jìn xíng xiàn dài huà jiàn shè chuàng zào liǎo yòu lì de guó jì tiáo jiàn。 1976 nián 9 yuè 9 rì， zài běi jīng shì shì。 　　 máo zé dōng zài tā de wǎn nián suī rán fàn liǎo yán zhòng de cuò wù， dàn shì jiù tā de yī shēng lái kàn， tā duì zhōng guó gé mìng de bù kě zhēng lùn de gōng jì yuǎn dà yú tā de guò shī， tā de gōng jì shì dì yī wèi de， cuò wù shì dì 'èr wèi de， tā réng rán shòu dào zhōng guó rén mín de chóng jìng。 zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng zài tā shì shì 5 nián yǐ hòu， duì tā de quán bù gé mìng huó dòng hé gé mìng sī xiǎng yǐ zhōng yāng wěi yuán huì jué yì de xíng shì zuò chū liǎo quán miàn de píng jià。 máo zé dōng sī xiǎng zuò wéi mǎ kè sī zhù yì zài zhōng guó de fā zhǎn， réng rán shì zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng de zhǐ dǎo sī xiǎng。 tā de zhù yào zhù zuò shōu rù《 máo zé dōng xuǎn jí》（ sì juàn）、《 máo zé dōng wén jí》（ bā juàn）。 lì shǐ yòu yǐng xiǎng 100 rén History, 100 people affected 　　　　 gōng yuán 1893～ gōng yuán 1976　　 máo zé dōng zài zhōng guó lǐng dǎo gòng chǎn dǎng duó qǔ liǎo zhèng quán， bìng zài cǐ hòu de 'èr shí qī nián zhōng， duì zhè gè dà guó jìn xíng liǎo qí lì shǐ shàng chéng xiào zuì xiǎn zhù、 yì yì zuì shēn yuǎn de gǎi zào。　　 1893 nián máo zé dōng dàn shēng zài zhōng guó hú nán shěng sháo shān chōng。 nà shí tā fù qīn shì yī gè xiāng dāng fù yù de nóng mín。 1911 nián， zài máo zé dōng hái shì yī gè 18 suì de xué shēng de shí hòu， zhōng guó bào fā liǎo yīcháng fǎn duì tǒng zhì zhōng guó dá bǎi nián zhī jiǔ de qīng wáng cháo de gé mìng， zài jǐ gè yuè zhī nèi， jiù tuī fān liǎo fǔ bài de qīng wáng cháo zhèng fǔ， zhōng guó shí xíng liǎo gòng hé zhì。 bù xìng de shì gé mìng de lǐng xiù men wèi néng zài zhōng guó jiàn lì yī gè wěn dìng de、 tǒng yī de zhèng fǔ， zhè chǎng gé mìng shǐ zhōng guó cháng qī chǔyú dòng dàng bù 'ān、 jūn fá hùn zhàn de jú miàn， zhè zhǒng jú miàn shí jì shàng yī zhí chí xù dào 1949 nián。　　 qīng nián shí dài de máo zé dōng shì yī gè zhèng zhì sī xiǎng shàng de jī jìn pài， dào 1920 nián tā jiù yǐ biàn chéng yī gè jiān dìng de mǎ kè sī zhù yì zhě， chéng liǎo zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng zuì chū de shí 'èr wèi chuàng shǐ rén zhī yī。 dàn shì tā shàng shēng dào dǎng de zuì gāo lǐng dǎo dì wèi què jīng lì liǎo xiāng dāng cháng de shí jiān， zhí dào 1935 nián cái chéng wéi dǎng de lǐng xiù。　　 zài zhè gè shí qī nèi， zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng wèile duó qǔ zhèng quán， jīng lì liǎo màn cháng de、 jiān nán qū zhé de dào lù。 dǎng zài 1927 nián hé 1934 nián zāo shòu liǎo zhòng dà cuò zhé， dàn què xìng cún xià lái liǎo。 1935 nián yǐ hòu， zài máo zé dōng de lǐng dǎo xià dǎng de lì liàng zài wěn dìng dì zēngzhǎng。 1947 nián， tā zhǎn kāi liǎo tuī fān jiǎng jiè shí guó mín zhèng fǔ de quán miàn zhàn zhēng。 1949 nián gòng chǎn dǎng de jūn duì qǔ dé liǎo shèng lì， gòng chǎn dǎng wán quán kòng zhì liǎo zhōng guó dà lù。　　 zhōng guó zài guò qù sān shí bā nián zhōng， yóu yú dà bù fēn shí qī lǐ chǔyú zhàn zhēng zhuàng tài， rén mín bǎo jīng liǎo kǔ nán hé yōu huàn。 xiàn zài cái kāi shǐ yóu dǎng de lǐng xiù máo zé dōng lái tǒng zhì。 zhōng guó shì yī gè pín qióng luò hòu de guó jiā， qí zhòng duō de rén kǒu zhù yào shì méi yòu wén huà de nóng mín， shòu zhe chuán tǒng sī xiǎng de shù fù。 máo zé dōng zì jǐ dāng shí wǔ shí liù suì， qí shēng yá de zhù yào shí qī sì hū yǐ jīng guò qù。　　 rán 'ér shì shí shàng máo zé dōng zuì yòu yǐng xiǎng de jiē duàn cái gāng gāng kāi shǐ， dào 1976 nián tā qù shì shí， tā de zhèng cè yǐ jīng shǐ zhōng guó fā shēng liǎo chè dǐ de zhuǎn biàn。 zhè zhǒng zhuǎn biàn de yī gè fāng miàn jiù shì duì zhōng guó quán miàn dì shí xíng xiàn dài huà。 jù tǐ shuō lái jiù shì gōng yè huà yòu liǎo xùn sù de fā zhǎn， gōng gòng jiào yù yòu liǎo jù dà de zēngzhǎng， gōng gòng wèi shēng yòu liǎo xiǎn zhù de gǎi shàn。 zhè xiē biàn huà xiǎn rán shì hěn zhòng yào de， dàn zài cǐ qī jiān qí tā jǐ gè guó jiā yě fā shēng liǎo lèi sì de biàn huà， jǐn píng zhè xiē biàn huà hái méi yòu zú gòu de lǐ yóu ràng máo zé dōng zài běn cè zhōng míng liè qián pái。　　 zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng zhèng fǔ de dì 'èr xiàng chéng jiù shì shǐ guó jiā jīng jì tǐ zhì yóu zī běn zhù yì zhuǎn biàn wéi shè huì zhù yì。 dāng rán cóng zhèng zhì shàng lái kàn shì jiàn lì liǎo yī gè cán kù de jí quán zhù yì tǐ zhì。 cǐ wài， máo zé dōng tōng guò zhèng fǔ bù mén de bù duàn xuān chuán， bù jǐn zài zhèng zhì hé jīng jì gé mìng zhōng huò dé liǎo chéng gōng， ér qiě zài shè huì gé mìng zhōng yě qǔ dé liǎo shèng lì。 zài guò qù de sì fēn zhī yī de shì jì lǐ， zhōng guó de zhōng yú jiā tíng de guān niàn zài hěn dà chéng dù shàng zhuǎn biàn wéi zhōng shí yú zhěng gè guó jiā de guān niàn。 zhè zhǒng zhuǎn biàn yóu wéi xiǎn zhù， yīn wéi cóng lì shǐ lái kàn， zhōng guó rén yī zhí yòu zhe tè bié qiáng de zhōng yú jiā tíng de guān niàn。 zhōng guó zhèng fǔ hái fā dòng liǎo yīcháng fǎn duì kǒng zǐ sī xiǎng de yòu lì de xuān chuán yùn dòng， zhè chǎng yùn dòng kàn lái zài hěn dà chéng dù shàng huò dé liǎo chéng gōng。　　 dāng rán， gòng chǎn dǎng zhèng fǔ de zhèng cè bìng bù shì yóu máo zé dōng yī gè rén jué dìng de。 tā cóng láidōu méi yòu xiàng sī dà lín zài sū lián nà yàng yī gè rén shuō liǎo suàn。 dàn shì máo zé dōng zài zhōng guó zhèng fǔ nèi xiǎn rán shì zuì zuì zhòng yào de rén wù。　　 yòu yī xiàng yùn dòng tā sì hū yào fù zhù yào zé rèn， zhè jiù shì wǔ shí nián dài hòu qī de“ dà yuè jìn” yùn dòng。 zhè zhǒng yùn dòng shì kě yǐ zài nóng cūn gōng shè kāi zhǎn de， tā qiáng diào xiǎo guī mó hé zhòng tǐ lì láo dòng fāng shì， xǔ duō guān chá jiā rèn wéi zhè gè yùn dòng shì yī gè shī bài（ bù guǎn zěn yàng tā zhōng yú bèi fàng qì liǎo）。 máo zé dōng suǒ zhī chí de lìng yī gè fǎn duì xǔ duō qí tā zhōng guó lǐng dǎo rén de yùn dòng jiù shì liù shí nián dài hòu qī de“ wén huà dà gé mìng”。 zhè shì yīcháng dà dòng luàn ── cóng mǒu zhǒng yì yì shàng lái shuō shì yīcháng yǐ máo zé dōng jí qí zhī chí zhě wéi yī fāng、 yǐ dǎng nèi de dāng quán pài wéi lìng yī fāng de nèi zhàn。　　 rén men huì yòu qù dì zhù yì dào： máo zé dōng zài 65 suì shí hào zhào kāi zhǎn“ dà yuè jìn”， zài 70 duō suì shí fā dòng“ wén huà dà gé mìng”， zài kuài dào 80 suì shí huī fù yǔ měi guó de yǒu bāng guān xì。　　 máo zé dōng qǐ chū xiāng xìn chéng shì chǎn yè gōng rén shì gòng chǎn dǎng zuì jiān qiáng de hòu dùn， zhè hé mǎ kè sī běn rén de sī xiǎng shì yī zhì de。 dàn shì， dà yuē zài 1925 nián máo zé dōng dé chū liǎo gòng chǎn dǎng de zhù yào zhī chí lì liàng shì nóng mín de jié lùn， zhì shǎo zài zhōng guó shì rú cǐ。 yīn 'ér tā bǎ zhè zhǒng sī bǎi kē cí diǎn Encyclopedia 　　Mao Zedong 　　 máo zé dōng 　　　　 guó gòng chǎn dǎng、 zhōng guó rén mín jiě fàng jūn hé zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó de zhù yào dì zào zhě hé lǐng dǎo rén , wěi dà de mǎ kè sī zhù yì zhě , wú chǎn jiē jí gé mìng jiā、 zhàn lüè jiā hé lǐ lùn jiā。 zì rùn zhī。 1893 nián 12 yuè 26 rì（ qīng guāng xù shí jiǔ nián shí yī yuè shí jiǔ） shēng yú hú nán shěng xiāng tán xiàn sháo shān chōng yī gè nóng mín jiā tíng。 bā suì kāi shǐ zài jiā xiāng sháo shān de sī shú dú shū， bìng bāng zhù jiā zhōng láo dòng。 shí sān suì zhì shí wǔ suì tíng xué zài jiā , cān jiā tián jiān gēng zuò。 1910 nián qiū dào xiāng xiāng dōng shān gāo děng xiǎo xué táng dú shū。 cǐ jiān， dú liǎo《 xīn mín cóng bào》 děng shū kān， shòu dào kāng yòu wéi、 liáng qǐ chāo děng rén de zī chǎn jiē jí mín zhù sī xiǎng de yǐng xiǎng。 1911 nián rù cháng shā xiāng xiāng zhù shěng zhōng xué xué xí， kāi shǐ jiē shòu zī chǎn jiē jí mín zhù gé mìng pài sī xiǎng , yōng hù tóng méng huì“ qū chú dá lǔ , huī fù zhōng huá， jiàn lì mín guó， píng jūn dì quán” de zhèng zhì gāng lǐng。 　　　　 zǎo qī gé mìng huó dòng　 xīn hài gé mìng bào fā hòu， máo zé dōng cān jiā xiǎng yìng wǔ chāng qǐ yì de hú nán xīn jūn。 1912 nián， tuì chū xīn jūn。 1913 nián chūn kǎo rù hú nán shěng lì dì sì shī fàn（ 1914 nián chūn bìng rù dì yī shī fàn）， shòu dào yáng chāng jì、 lí jǐn xī、 xú tè lì děng jiào shī jìn bù sī xiǎng de yǐng xiǎng， jī jí cān jiā fǎn dì fǎn fēng jiàn de huó dòng。 1918 nián 4 yuè， tóng cài hé sēn、 hé shū héng děng fā qǐ zǔ zhì jìn bù tuán tǐ xīn mín xué huì。 dì yī shī fàn bì yè hòu dào běi jīng， tóng cài hé sēn děng zǔ zhì hú nán qīng nián fù fǎ qín gōng jiǎn xué， zhù zhāng qīng nián xué xí xī fāng xiān jìn de kē jì wén huà。 10 yuè， dào lǐ dà zhāo rèn zhù rèn de běi jīng dà xué tú shū guǎn gōng zuò， bìng cān jiā běi jīng dà xué zhé xué yán jiū huì hé xīn wén yán jiū huì de huó dòng， guǎng fàn dì jiē chù bāo kuò mǎ kè sī zhù yì zài nèi de gè zhǒng xīn sī cháo。 1919 nián 4 yuè huí dào cháng shā。 wǔ sì yùn dòng bào fā hòu， jī jí cānyù lǐng dǎo hú nán xué shēng de 'ài guó yùn dòng。 7 yuè , yóu tā zhù biān de yǐ xuān chuán xīn sī cháo wéi zōng zhǐ de《 xiāng jiāng píng lùn》 chuàng kān。 1920 nián， tā què lì liǎo duì mǎ kè sī zhù yì de jiān dìng xìn niàn hé zhuī qiú， bìng zài hú nán chuàng bàn wén huà shū shè、 é luó sī yán jiū huì， zǔ zhì shè huì zhù yì qīng nián tuán hé gòng chǎn zhù yì xiǎo zǔ， hái lǐng dǎo liǎo hú nán rén mín qū zhú jūn fá zhāng jìng yáo de dǒu zhēng。 1921 nián 7 yuè , dài biǎo hú nán gòng chǎn zhù yì xiǎo zǔ chū xí zài shàng hǎi zhào kāi de zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng dì yī cì quán guó dài biǎo dà huì。 huì hòu huí hú nán， xiān hòu dān rèn zhōng guó láo dòng zǔ hé shū jì bù hú nán fēn bù zhù rèn、 zhōng gòng xiāng qū wěi yuán huì shū jì、 cháng shā shè huì zhù yì qīng nián tuán zhí xíng wěi yuán huì shū jì、 hú nán quán shěng gōng tuán lián hé huì zǒng gān shì děng zhí， jī jí lǐng dǎo cháng shā、 ān yuán děng dì de gōng rén yùn dòng。 　　　　 guó gòng dì yī cì hé zuò shí qī　 1923 nián 6 yuè， máo zé dōng chū xí zài guǎng zhōu zhào kāi de zhōng gòng dì sān cì quán guó dài biǎo dà huì， bèi xuǎn wéi zhōng yāng zhí xíng wěi yuán。 dà huì què dìng guó gòng hé zuò， jiàn lì gè mín zhù jiē jí de tǒng yī zhàn xiàn。 huì hòu bèi xuǎn wéi zhōng yāng jú chéng yuán bìng rèn mì shū， cān jiā zhōng gòng zhōng yāng lǐng dǎo gōng zuò , bìng hé lǐ dà zhāo děng yī qǐ jī jí tuī dòng sūn zhōng shān gǎi zǔ guó mín dǎng。 1924 nián 1 yuè， chū xí zài guǎng zhōu zhào kāi de zhōng guó guó mín dǎng dì yī cì quán guó dài biǎo dà huì， dāng xuǎn wéi hòu bǔ zhōng yāng zhí xíng wěi yuán。 huì hòu rèn guó mín dǎng shàng hǎi zhí xíng bù zǔ zhì bù mì shū。 tóng nián dōng， yīn bìng huí hú nán xiū yǎng， bìng zài sháo shān děng dì kāi zhǎn nóng mín yùn dòng。 1925 nián 9 yuè dào guǎng zhōu rèn guó mín dǎng zhōng yāng xuān chuán bù dài lǐ bù cháng。 10 yuè， chū xí guó mín dǎng guǎng dōng shěng dì yī cì dài biǎo dà huì， bìng dān rèn xuān yán qǐ cǎo wěi yuán huì wěi yuán。 11 yuè， chū xí guó mín dǎng zhōng yāng zhí wěi、 jiān wěi jí gè bù bù cháng lián xí huì yì， huì yì tōng guò yóu tā qǐ cǎo de《 zhōng guó guó mín dǎng zhī fǎn fèng zhàn zhēng xuān chuán dà gāng》。 12 yuè 1 rì , zài zhōng guó guó mín gé mìng jūn dì 'èr jūn sī lìng bù zhù bàn de《 gé mìng》 bàn yuè kān shàng shǒu cì fā biǎo《 zhōng guó shè huì gè jiē jí de fēn xī》。 12 yuè 5 rì , rèn guó mín dǎng zhōng yāng xuān chuán bù zhù bàn de《 zhèng zhì zhōu bào》 zhù biān， zhè gè kān wù duì dǎ pò guó mín dǎng yòu pài de jìn gōng qǐ liǎo zhòng yào zuò yòng。 1926 nián 1 yuè , chū xí zài guǎng zhōu zhào kāi de zhōng guó guó mín dǎng dì 'èr cì quán guó dài biǎo dà huì， zài huì shàng zuò《 xuān chuán bù liǎng nián jīng guò zhuàng kuàng》 de bào gào， zài cì dāng xuǎn wéi hòu bǔ zhōng yāng zhí xíng wěi yuán。 2 yuè rèn guó mín dǎng zhōng yāng nóng mín yùn dòng wěi yuán huì wěi yuán。 zhù bàn liǎo dì liù jiè nóng mín yùn dòng jiǎng xí suǒ , péi yǎng liǎo dà pī nóng mín yùn dòng gǔgàn。 11 yuè , dào shàng hǎi rèn zhōng gòng zhōng yāng nóng mín yùn dòng wěi yuán huì shū jì。 1927 nián chū， dào xiāng tán、 xiāng xiāng、 héng shān、 lǐ líng、 cháng shā wǔ xiàn kǎo chá nóng mín yùn dòng。 3 yuè， chū xí zài wǔ hàn zhào kāi de guó mín dǎng 'èr jiè sān zhōng quán huì , bèi dì bǔ wéi zhōng yāng zhí xíng wěi yuán。 3 yuè dǐ , chū xí gè shěng nóng xié wěi yuán lián xí huì yì， bèi tuī xuǎn wéi zhōng huá nóng mín xié huì lín shí zhí xíng wěi yuán huì cháng wěi jiān zǔ zhì bù cháng。 3～ 4 yuè , zài《 zhàn shì》 zhōu bào fā biǎo《 hú nán nóng mín yùn dòng kǎo chá bào gào máo zé dōng ( jiàn máo zé dōng zhé xué sī xiǎng ) Mao Zedong (see Mao Zedong's philosophical thought) 　　 máo zé dōng ( jiàn máo zé dōng zhé xué sī xiǎng ) 　　MaoZedong(MaoTse-tung) 　　　　 MaoZedong 　　 máo zé dōng jiàn máo zé dōng zhé xué sī xiǎng。 　　　　 yīngwénjièshì n.:  Mao Zedong jìnyící rùn zhī xiàngguāncí lǐ lùn zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng mǎ kè sī zhù yì hú nán dì lǐ chéng shì lǚ yóu zūn yì huì yì zūn yì shì zhì bǎi kē dà quán lì shǐ péng dé huái lín biāo shào yáng máo zé dōng lǎo shī shào yáng míng rén zhōu 'ēn lái sì rén bāng gé mìng yùn dòng wén huà zhèng zhì wén huà dà gé mìng dǎng shǐ jūn shǐ gé mìng shǐ rén wù gé mìng jiā hóng jūn yǒng xīn cí wén xué gèng duō jiēguǒ ... bāo hán cí máo zé dōng de máo zé dōng fù máo zé dōng chuán máo zé dōng hào máo zé dōng zhù yì máo zé dōng shí dài máo zé dōng xiǎo dào máo zé dōng bīng fǎ máo zé dōng zài 1925 máo zé dōng shāng dào máo zé dōng zhēn yán máo zé dōng zhī lù xún zōng máo zé dōng máo zé dōng zìzhuàn mèi lì máo zé dōng máo zé dōng nǎi chá tú shuō máo zé dōng qīng nián máo zé dōng máo zé dōng xuǎn jí máo zé dōng sī xiǎng máo zé dōng jiù jū máo zé dōng gù jū máo zé dōng shī cí máo zé dōng wén jí máo zé dōng de 1949 tǒng shuài máo zé dōng máo zé dōng shū fǎ máo zé dōng jiǎn jiè máo zé dōng zì shù shàonián máo zé dōng máo zé dōng dú shǐ zǒu jìn máo zé dōng máo zé dōng jīn bì máo zé dōng tóng xiàng shī rén máo zé dōng zhòng dú máo zé dōng máo zé dōng shī jí máo zé dōng jiā shǔ máo zé dōng fù qīn máo zé dōng yán jiū máo zé dōng lǎo shī máo zé dōng zhù zuò máo zé dōng wǎn nián máo zé dōng mǔ qīn máo zé dōng yìn xiàng xún fǎng máo zé dōng máo zé dōng shì shì xiǎng niàn máo zé dōng máo zé dōng yíng lián máo zé dōng bié míng máo zé dōng dàn shēng máo zé dōng tóng zhì máo zé dōng zhù yì zhě zhū dé yǔ máo zé dōng máo zé dōng yǔ chén yì máo zé dōng yǔ hè lóng máo zé dōng qù 'ān yuán máo zé dōng pǐn guó xué dú máo zé dōng zhá jì máo zé dōng yǔ zhōng guó máo zé dōng yǔ fó jiào máo zé dōng tú shū guǎn máo zé dōng jì niàn yuán máo zé dōng hào jī chē máo zé dōng yǔ sī nuò máo zé dōng de gù shì máo zé dōng shī cí jí máo zé dōng wén wù guǎn máo zé dōng de dào lù máo zé dōng de qīn rén máo zé dōng de tóng xué máo zé dōng jì niàn guǎn máo zé dōng wén xué yuàn máo zé dōng zhōu nián fēng wàng dà tóng máo zé dōng máo zé dōng shī cí jù máo zé dōng mǎn jiāng hóng máo zé dōng xiào xiàng liáng piào máo zé dōng lǐng dǎo zhì huì máo zé dōng jiàn kāng zhī dào máo zé dōng dú lì rén gé gēn máo zé dōng xué sī wéi máo zé dōng yǔ kǒng fū zǐ gēn máo zé dōng xué fāng fǎ máo zé dōng dà chéng zhì huì máo zé dōng yǔ yáng kāi huì máo zé dōng zhé xué sī xiǎng máo zé dōng lún lǐ sī xiǎng máo zé dōng jūn shì wén jí máo zé dōng xīn wén sī xiǎng máo zé dōng shī cí xuǎn dú máo zé dōng yǔ dèng xiǎo píng liú cūn máo zé dōng jiù jū gēn máo zé dōng xué xiū cí máo zé dōng shī cí jīng dú kāi guó lǐng xiù máo zé dōng máo zé dōng yǔ zhōu 'ēn lái yī shēng jǐn suí máo zé dōng gēn máo zé dōng xué shī cí máo zé dōng qīng nián sù xiàng máo zé dōng zhēn yóu dà diǎn máo zé dōng tóng xiàng guǎng chǎng máo zé dōng xī xíng màn jì máo zé dōng cái fù dà diǎn máo zé dōng chóngfǎn rén jiān wǒ de fù qīn máo zé dōng máo zé dōng jūn shì sī xiǎng máo zé dōng sī xiǎng yán jiū máo zé dōng sān luò sān qǐ máo zé dōng shī cí xīn jiě máo zé dōng shū xìn shǎng xī máo zé dōng shī cí jiàn shǎng gēn máo zé dōng xué lǐng dǎo máo zé dōng míng yán gù shì xiǎn nán zhōng de máo zé dōng máo zé dōng sī xiǎng zōng lùn máo zé dōng sī xiǎng wàn suì máo zé dōng bīng fǎ jīng yào nì jìng zhōng de máo zé dōng máo zé dōng yǔ péng dé huái máo zé dōng píng diǎn zhì náng dà jǐng máo zé dōng jiù jū jūn shì tǒng shuài máo zé dōng máo zé dōng shī fù rén shēng máo zé dōng shū xìn xuǎn jí máo zé dōng jiàn dǎng sī xiǎng máo zé dōng sī xiǎng gài lùn jiě mí máo zé dōng zìzhuàn gēn máo zé dōng dú lùn yǔ máo zé dōng yǔ hè zǐ zhēn máo zé dōng tóng zhì gù jū máo zé dōng tóng zhì jiù jū máo zé dōng shī cí bēi lín máo zé dōng zhù zuò xuǎn dú máo zé dōng shēng huó jì shì xiǎng niàn xiǎng niàn máo zé dōng máo zé dōng xīn lù jiě dú máo zé dōng wén yì sī xiǎng máo zé dōng jūn shì zhù zuò hóng jūn xiǎng niàn máo zé dōng máo zé dōng jūn shì lǐ lùn máo zé dōng jūn shì wén xuǎn máo zé dōng yǔ zhōng guó jīng jì máo zé dōng jì niàn xiàng biāo zhǔn máo zé dōng de dú shū shēng huó máo zé dōng fěi cuì jīn zuàn biǎo máo zé dōng de jūn shì yì shù máo zé dōng yǐ hòu de suì yuè máo zé dōng de zhèng zhì zhé xué máo zé dōng xiàng zhāng jì niàn guǎn xué shēng shí dài de máo zé dōng máo zé dōng jì niàn shōu cáng guǎn máo zé dōng de qīng chūn suì yuè máo zé dōng de wěi rén qì zhì sháo shān chōng máo zé dōng gù jū máo zé dōng hào zhēng qì jī chē máo zé dōng shēng píng quán jì lù sháo shān shì máo zé dōng gù jū sháo shān máo zé dōng tú shū guǎn sháo shān máo zé dōng jì niàn yuán máo zé dōng shì chá jì niàn guǎn máo zé dōng gù jū chén liè guǎn máo zé dōng hé tā de 'ér zǐ lì shǐ xuǎn zé liǎo máo zé dōng zhèng zhì zhàn lüè jiā máo zé dōng jīng jì zhàn lüè jiā máo zé dōng máo zé dōng tóng zhì jì niàn guǎn máo zé dōng de dú shū rén shēng hú qiáo mù huí yì máo zé dōng máo zé dōng yòng bīng zhēn rú shén máo zé dōng xiàng zhāng chén liè guǎn zhōng guó chū liǎo gè máo zé dōng cóng máo zé dōng dào mò zhā tè máo zé dōng jūn shì móu lüè lùn dòng kǒu píng máo zé dōng zhù jū zán men de lǐng xiù máo zé dōng máo zé dōng zhé xué pī zhù jí máo zé dōng lái 'ān yuán zhù chù sháo shān máo zé dōng jì niàn guǎn máo zé dōng guān cháo shī bēi tíng máo zé dōng dú fú céng wén zhèng máo zé dōng zài yī jiǔ 'èr wǔ nián máo zé dōng pǐn píng dì míng xìng míng máo zé dōng : rén lèi zhì huì de yí chǎn máo zé dōng de qìngjiā zhāng wén qiū gēn máo zé dōng xué wéi rén chù shì máo zé dōng shī cí shū fǎ yì shù ( shàng xià ) máo zé dōng jiào wǒ men xué jiāo wǎng máo zé dōng jiào wǒ men xué yòng rén dīng jiā shān máo zé dōng dú shū chù gēn máo zé dōng xué níng jù rén xīn zǒu jìn máo zé dōng de zuì hòu suì yuè máo zé dōng píng shù zhōng guó lì dài dì wáng gēn máo zé dōng xué dú shū xiě zuò máo zé dōng miào yòng diǎn gù jīng cuì máo zé dōng 、 jiǎng jiè shí de rén shēng dào lù máo zé dōng zhōu 'ēn lái yǔ cháng zhēng dú lǐng fēng sāo héng máo zé dōng shī cí shǎng xī máo zé dōng píng shuō zhōng guó lì shǐ máo zé dōng zhǔ mùdì dì wáng zǎixiàng gèngduōjiéguǒ...