Events: Liang Zhang - be destroyed 400,000 village microcosm of farming and working (Photos)
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Liang Zhang - be destroyed 400,000 village, a microcosm of farming and working (Photo) China Youth Daily
"China Liang Zhang," a book published. This is the hometown of Li Liang Hong for their small mass. She writes, strong labor go out to work, leaving the elderly and children a new house in the village rubbish everywhere, a depression. A village leader told her that we just do not care who in the end when the village director, who when all of a kind. Eight Immortals recount is now in rural areas.
Liang Zhang corner
Village pond
Old man with the common picture of the village children
Locked the door of a new home
One day in mid-December last year, scholars Hong Liang received a stranger's phone. The other a hammer to her say "thank you."
This is a farmer, now a taxi driver in Tianjin. To find Liang Hong, who played 10 consecutive to Beijing over the phone, a good morning with no job pull.
"Thank you, you tell us the voice of rural people." Stranger told her, "you simply write the things in our village, too real." Liang Hong faintly hear the excitement in each other with trace of choking.
This phone a month before, "China Liang Zhang," a book published. This is the hometown of Li Liang Hong for their small mass.
The growth of her own little village in the hinterland of the Central Plains named "Liang Zhang." This fiction, but "in fact very real," the name frequently appeared in 2010 at the end of the various books on the list.
"China Liang Zhang" won "People's Literature" non-fiction works of the Year Award. The magazine editor Li Jingze commented: "Liang Zhang did not know, we might never know the countryside, rural areas did not understand why the understanding of China?"
The "three rural" issue experts Wen Tiejun said: "This book, written Liang Zhang, only the last 30 years 'be' eliminated the 400,000 villages in miniature."
Liang Hong had not expected that these words are on the home provoked response. "I do not think how deep the contents of the book, literary how high, its value may be more instructive is." She said.
Liang Zhang, there zhaozhuang, banks, Sunzhuang, Li Zhuang ... ... Hong Liang wrote in the foreword: "It is my life's most profound and most painful feelings, I can not watch it, can not concerned about it, especially when it, and thousands and thousands of it, is increasingly seen as the focus of China has increasingly become China's sad. "
Back to Liang Zhang
Chong Liang Liang Hong has lived in 20 years. In 1993, she left this small village in Henan Dengzhou, to the field study. Dr. After graduation, she stayed in Beijing, China Youth Political College teaching, work "is nothing more than school writing."
Day day by day, and she began to wonder: "Every time talk in the classroom, but you say you believe it? Each struggling to find information to write articles, do not want to see your finished. To do what is the point? Such a life away from the my heart, and farther away from my hometown. This is not my real life. "
Home has been lingering in her mind, the village ponds, large acacia trees, Qing Shiqiao, often appears in her dreams. She and family members almost every week through several phone calls, listen to them talk about things at home, the village thing. Almost every time off the phone, she must sigh about it, occasionally have the urge to write. Her husband is a journalist, always encouraged her to write down the story of the home.
Doctoral degree at Beijing Normal University, the Hong Liang studied under Professor Wang Furen. Lu Xun Wang Furen famous experts, Hong Liang Lu Xun's writings are often read. Lu Xun's "critical spirit" always inspired her out of the den, to be a "actors."
In 2008, her husband to the field in the station, Liang Hong and his family are linked more closely, the urge to write more and more intense. Summer that year, she decided to return to the old who lives in a period of time, into the lives of villagers.
July 3 that year, she boarded with a 3 year old son to return home to train. Before that, she prepared a lot of things for his son, lest something home "unsanitary."
_Set_ foot on the train that moment, she did not know what to do, let alone how to do.
"There is a problem in rural areas, the problem is what I do not know. Back to say." When she described her mental.
Nearer home, she and her son early on standing car door. Doors opened, the son burst into tears, do not want to get off. His tender little fingers with the ground, said: "dirty."
Just been to rain the night before, the ground is covered with fruit leather, paper and other garbage, flies buzzing around the garbage flying. In Hong Liang seems, this is not, but was born in Beijing in Beijing, the son of a long but not accept it.
To take their families, after hearing the words of a child laughing. Liang Hong is thoughtfully.
Father was with the eldest daughter to Dengzhou city to live. Liang Hong made the next day will live in the village is still my brother home.
The first month, she did not sort out any clue. Accompanied by her father, "measured by the pace and vision," the village's land, trees, ponds and rivers, searching for random people from the village meal and chat with them. Back home at the residence of his brother to record. Slowly, she has a direction and started to look for some destinations.
"I hope that through my eyes, so that the village's past and present, the village experienced the joy and pain, and slowly float out." Liang Hong said. She also hopes to find the contemporary Chinese political and economic reforms, the pursuit of modernity and the relationship between villages.
The more in-depth investigation, she found herself did not understand that she has more than 20 years of village life. "When I look at home to examine the eyes, the home is so strange."
This time, she lived for nearly two months, Liang Zhang. Winter of 2009, she once again deeper into the village.
This gave birth to two surveys out of a book. First, the "People's Literature," published excerpts, titled "Liang Zhang." The time of publication, Liang Hong renamed "China Liang Zhang."
Had asked her only visit to a village, how to dare to conclude that "China Liang Zhang"? She replied: "Even if only one China Liang Zhang, it is also China's Liang Zhang, it is worth, it should be our concern. What's more, China is not only the only one Liang Zhang."
Depression village
Liang Zhang Dengzhou area from nearly 30 km. Village on the side of the road, new houses built along the road, and gradually phase with the town. On the wide asphalt road, a vehicle sped past, but most of them have, and Liang Zhang does not matter.
Liang Zhang is a million villages in China, the ordinary one. In the total population of nearly 2,000 people, less than 3,000 yuan per capita annual income of the village, is full of new houses, but mostly locked the door. Some new homes even in front of glowing yellow weeds, apparently vacant for a long time.
There is a new house being built in the village. I asked to know, the family has two daughters, have been married. But the house still have to cover, or "lose face."
"Build so many houses do? Are not no place to live." Liang Hong's father muttered LEUNG Kwong is, "to know a good face, is not practical."
Ponds everywhere. Some pond near the green ink black, floating plastic bottles, cans, paper and other garbage. Hong Liang call this the "black silt flow."
When she was young, full of the lotus pond where. One summer, green lotus leaves spread across the pond, occasionally with pink flowers emerge, swaying. After the seeds mature, and she often secretly and small partners hand in hand, in series,
Aunt family new house on the Chicago side of the road, facing a pond. 3-story building, a total of 16. 2008 Xiatian Liang Hong with his son back to the village, the pond gives off a pungent odor. At that time, Aunt Chi grandson at home, the son of similar age and Liang Hong. Quickly familiar with two children, play with them. Playing playing, they came to the edge of ponds. Liang Hong, catching his son ran over and said "dirty", not let him down.孩子哭了。 Liang Hong Zhi aunt to see at a glance, nothing.
"So far I remember Aunt Chi eyes that surprised." Liang Hong embarrassed smile.
Later, Liang Hong will not stop, let the children broke into boisterous play. Son is also in love with the soil. Summer noon, play his basking in the sun earth and say are not willing to enter. Two months down, he became dark solid. It really freaked Liang Hong Gaoxing for a while.
Zhi Liang Hong had asked Aunt, ponds so dirty, why is no one treatment? Chicago aunt replied: "The village is the case. People are not at home, who control pond?"
Aunt Chi village considered "noble." Her husband is a village accountant, the husband's brother had done was a county level cadres. She has a child and a daughter, son, the couple worked in the field, his daughter in the town to work. Great grandson to follow his aunt in the town primary school. Normally, only an old married couple to live 16 houses. Stands a row of hardwood sofa at home, but in addition usually takes two or three positions, the rest are covered with dust, hand touch, you can leave a fingerprint.
Sun Tzu Chi aunt by the possessor of a very young age. Son have a child and wanted to leave her small, the large away. But the Sun Zijian never go back the old Chicago aunt pain, do not want to bring younger children. "Sometimes the grandchildren would like her mother. But they are out is not easy, so what's Siemens that?"
In 2008, Liang Hong has done a rough statistics, surnamed Liang Liang Zhang family of more than 600 people, leaving less than 200 people in the village, there is little strong labor.
People who go out to work, children are usually left to the elderly. This looks like an exchange, the son of parents helping their children to see his son aged parents. "Do not give people watching children walk, who cares me?" Liang Hong has a lot of elderly people had said something similar.
Although as early as 1992, Ministry of Civil Affairs on the adoption of the "basic county-level rural social old-age insurance program (Trial)", can be asked in the village a few old people, no one knows what old-age insurance. Have to rely on old-age sons and daughters.
In recent years, the village's "left-behind children" frequently trouble. Five grandmother's eldest son to work in Qingdao, the 11-year-old child entrusted to her. But this child, "children at brain Hericium (very naughty)", 60-year-old did not control. One day, she was cooking in the house when the grandchildren went to the river play in the water, drowned.
Since then, the old man home from the son to move out to live in a thatched house by the river, a stay is 5 years.
There an old man to look after four grandchildren, one summer they all drowned in the river, the last old man committed suicide by taking poison.
"This is the status of the village. Strong labor to work out, leaving the elderly and children and new house. Garbage over and over the village, a recession." Hong Liang concluded.
Farming and wage
Liang Hong had asked many people, why go out for work? The answer is almost the same: money.
"Children go to school money, the children grew up to marry a wife for money, marry a wife should build a house, build a house but also money, medical care for money, pension money of people. Living for money, even the dead money. Do not make money ye whole? "a villager told the Hong Liang said.
Have calculated that an account of village cadres, Liang Zhang crops a year two seasons, rotation of wheat and corn. Now one year, an acre of land revenue seventy-eight hundred Yuan also money, it had to catch up with the good weather. In addition, there are 80 yuan per mu subsidy a year. And Liang Zhang arable land per capita less than 8 points.
"Farming income on this point, do not go out to work ye live? Even of the children can not earn that." This village cadres said, "Although the abolition of the agricultural tax countries may be the seed, and all fertilizer prices, and some have turned some, not seen on the food prices up too. "
As with other villages, Liang Zhang has experienced vigorous land reform movement, from the primary cooperatives to advanced cooperatives, to the communes. 1953, the implementation of national grain purchase and sale, most sold to the state, farmers busy year, also may not be able to fill his stomach. In 1960, the family surnamed Liang, "sixty to seventy people died of hunger."
After the reforms, land contract home, the peasants life easier, but "heavy tax burden."
Old secretary Liangxing Long still can clearly remember that the tax figures. 80s of last century, Liang Zhang's tax year, the average acre of land one-third of GDP. To 90 years, farmers in addition to pay agricultural taxes, but also turned over to the "three deductions", the tax burden to the value per mu of "half."
Liang Zhang's arable land had been around in 1995, a major adjustment, because the "tax burden is too heavy," many people do not land, a lot of fallow. Town government forcing money, the village had to be paid in equal shares to each of the head tax, "an acre of land equivalent to 200 dollars."
"When taxes in the village worried. Someone can not pay the money, township cadres, village cadres to go to, and sometimes bring the police. Some other family run, and some people had to cross the East Cou Cou West money. I heard some places beaten to death over life. "Liangxing Long said.
The early 90s, the village people have started to go out to work. Earlier, they focus on Beijing and Xi'an, mostly to do in the factory workers, security, or construction sites as unskilled laborer. Later, they spread to Guangzhou, Shenzhen area, is still doing the dirty "low life."
Liang Hong know, Liang Zhang out of these folks, just over two hundred million Chinese migrant workers in the drop in the ocean.
Liang Yi, Zhi her brother back in 1991 to Beijing to work, back off ticket at the train station, in the nursery done live. Busy for a few years, under the money did not earn. Later he returned to the local medical school, upon graduation in the town opened a clinic. Recently, he bought a big house in town, is get together with a hotel.
"Work out, eat well sleep well, have to be sent back everywhere beware." Liang Yi, Zhi said.
Work, he "suffered from discrimination." Once, he wanted to send a letter to ask how to get an old post office. The man told him: "put the letter G, winds to go. You can still see what the post office?"
"I was angry and really wanted to hit him up." Recalling this story, Liang Yi Zhi is still indignant.
Another time, he was off to a black brick, with their own "smart awkward" before sneaking out.
"We do not accept the city, most people want to go home. Our roots in the rural areas. Rural people did not satisfactory, to fill their stomachs on the line. Rural people did not dare to students serious illness, one with serious illness, in this life all over." Of this once young artists said.
Buy a house in the town, he also _set_ up a special own study, but now rarely go.
Pillars of the story is the story of migrant workers Liang Hong heard the most sad one. Tall columns, looked foreign flavor, 16 to go out to work, and later to a jewelry factory in Qingdao work. 10 years later he was sick back home. His disease is very strange, often vomiting, more than two months in hospital, blood had never stopped. The last few months, many of organ failure, gently cough, blood on the emitted. The beginning, brothers and sisters at home has also been actively fundraising for his treatment, the money is almost spent, for the money they give birth to a lot of contradictions. Do not wait until the column dead, we work on their return to their city.
Liang Hong also learned that the last pillars of the factory did not lose a penny.
There are several young women in the village in a very bad smell factory work. Liang Hong asked why they did not leave, I heard the answer is, live easy to find. Totally did not mention the impact of pollution on their health.
Village, a man and his wife married in less than a month after working out more than a year did not come home. Young wife missing her husband, who became the rampage, arrest who is and who noisy. Her mother scolded her in public, "animal in nature," said she wanted a man like crazy. One day, she spread the fertilizer to the other ground, home after drinking dichlorvos suicide.
This story, so Liang Hong is worried. "Go to work, stay at home, are not their own lives. We are talking about social transformation, are in the social transformation, they are the victims of the natural?" She said.
Schools and farms
Past men working in the kitchen, Aunt Chi, the grandson of a man just to go to school playing in the yard glass beads. The yard without the sun, but he played with sweating profusely.
Liang Hong crouch down, hold of the child's hand, stroking his head and asked: "Do you want Mom and Dad?"
"Do not want to." Answered the child altogether. He tried to break Liang Hong hand, continue to play his glass beads. Chicago aunt look, sighed: "This poor child, even one with all. Now the children are poor, no father, no mother."
This makes Hong Liang thinks that his own son, "If my son has put such an environment, who knows what the future he will become?"
Summer 2008, she took his son to his mother went to the grave, the son of long-lived in the city let the sister home, his brother lived in the village home. One day, her sister returned home early. Son was still sleeping, she lies to her son. Son woke up, called out "Mom", eyes suddenly filled with tears. Liang Hong hugging a child, I feel very sad.
Aunt Chicago starting at 7 o'clock every morning, ride electric handlebar grandson nearly 3 kilometers to the town primary school. 6 pm and have to go pick back. Sometimes the road vehicles, she feared that a slip to push grandson away. Less than 3 kilometers of road, she had to walk for nearly an hour. Aunt waist often hurt Chicago, 3 months later, she really can not hold on, let her work in the town to look after grandchildren, ordinary day in her dormitory room and board, Zhu Liangtian home on Sunday.
"Who does not expect children in rural areas can come out ahead. The child of promise, adults too bright out of his face. You see your father, your sister gave him a long face and live more beautiful." Liang Hong Zhi said Aunt on.
Liang Hong memory, young age do not like studying so hard. 6:00, the school bell on the Morning of the ring in the beam above the village, shouting each other small partners, go to school together. At that time, the school in the village, the teachers are "very responsible."
"80 years had never been seen, even a fool can walk as long as the will called him to school. Hundred percent enrollment rate of school-age children, is not ambiguous. Rating in mid-town, village primary school is not the first beam is the second. "At the time of the private teachers Liangwan Ming said.
Now, some children because grandparents can stop, skip school to play the game became routine. Some children will drop out of school early, her parents work outside the home.
Is a two-story brick school building, each floor has 10 rooms. Now, the classroom door has decay, push, splashed down off the dust. Some old furniture piled in the room, bed, sofa, etc., there are scattered do not know what month of the operation of the. Some rooms also reared pigs. Opened the door, cried pig Aoao. A few years ago, where did farm.
Teaching at the front of the building open as a vegetable has been cultivated, and now planted with green onions.
In 1984, this newly completed primary school, the legislature had a tablet. Later, the monuments were pig farms in the pig trough contractor pad below. After the withdrawal of a pig farm, janitor Hing his brother to move it when the stone table with a yard. Liang Hong to see a monument, he quickly sent for a piece of cloth, dampened with water, wipe up. Chilly early winter, but he insisted rub it twice.
This "beam Village monument up schools of all cadres," reads:
"In order to develop intelligence and rejuvenation of China, Liang Village cadres and the masses to respond positively to the call of the party and the government, school fund raising, construction of school buildings, purchase equipment, improve school conditions, has invested thirty-one thousand yuan for the development of rural education to make a contribution. Village on the beam for the four modernizations nurture talents for the benefit of future generations owed up schools, special recognition in monuments, Wing
Later, the students gradually reduced, the school began to shrink, leaving only the three grades. Most of repaying private teachers, public office have to find ways teachers transferred. Finally, only one principal.
No one can remember exactly when school is closed. We only remember, the school closed, the principal sold the flag down to the ground. Still later, the school gives the pig to contract.
Extraoral slogan was originally the school gate, "the revitalization of culture, teaching and educating." After the pigs came in next to the writing of "Liang Zhang pig" 4 words. Village people often read as a mockery, "Liang Zhang farms, teaching and educating."
"Liang Zhang focus on early child education, and now Cheng Shayang it? Looking to make people angry." LEUNG Kwong now says bitterly.
"Cultural Revolution" resorting to violence at the beginning, has been denounced LEUNG Kwong is over. One morning, the village organizations, who denounced him. Found him, he is working on the school site.
"LEUNG Kwong is the criticism you, return with me." Bearer cried.
"I did not see me trying to fix schools? Afternoon to say it." LEUNG Kwong are answered.
Come and said "Okay", and turned to leave. Until the afternoon, LEUNG Kwong is to accept public criticism before.
"Politics in command of the age, education did not dare relax. Now that the economy so well, the school was closed. After the children how to do?" The old man sighed.
Burial and cremation
Liang Hong back to the village in early summer of 2008 when the Chicago Aunt's husband had invited her to dinner. Day of the accounting house to help many people. We laugh in the Gongchoujiaocuo in, is very lively. After dinner, some dishes, some people clear the table, to raise the remaining part of the "Landlord."
Such a lively scene, not only Hong Liang, and even Chicago aunt, rarely seen in recent years.
People who work outside the home, most will go home in the New Year. At that time, the village will be busy for a while. They will be stopping by each other, drinking, playing mahjong, "Landlords." Usually the Lantern Festival is over, they locked the door of a new house, the children were left to their parents, went their separate ways.
However, even the Chinese New Year, nor is it the scene of childhood Liang Hong. In the ancient tradition, each New Year's Day have to do a Da Guocai, ready, in accordance with the seniority order to send a bowl, so that we enjoy. Therefore, each eat the food, have each speaker. This tradition, as we move new homes, and gradually disappeared.
End of the village has a large locust trees. Under the tree was one of the most popular village. If the summer, dinner hours, many people holding bowls in a large acacia trees at random to find a rock to sit down to discuss the village, nothing new happened. Of course, they will judge each meal.
"It's like a news conference. Trivial things, will be on everyone's lips to talk to." LEUNG Kwong is recalled.
But now, the road leading to a large locust tree, covered with weeds. A gust of wind blowing over, leaves filled the air.
Lost a lot of things in the village, and even crying.
For the conservation of land, rural areas of Henan early 90s in the last century requires cremation. In the local culture, burial is the best choice. Therefore, some families to escape the cremation.
Liang Hong of the Jiuye death, the elderly requires burial. Families did not know how to do, to discuss the puzzle together with cement to the coffin, "Who wants to, and who desperately Pa grave." Finally trust relationship, pay a fine, burial of the.
After the death of her other relatives, family members dead in one night and secretly buried in the ground. Family did not dare to wear mourning clothes, did not dare to _set_ up mourning, but no one would dare to cry, "do not have the atmosphere a bit sad." But soon or be discovered. Several people in town, to dig up the bodies of the dead burned. Family members have repeatedly blocked. Finally, under a local prominent figures in the negotiations, to pay a sum of money only.
A few years ago in the implementation of cremation, burning dead things gravedigger had happened. Later, more and loose control. Liang Dao said the former secretary, now find the relationship between mostly stuffed with a thousand dollars and secretly buried, "hard to see your relationship is not hard." He still had an account. County pulled the body cremated, the one to get 300 yuan for a cremation urn also have fees and 400 yuan. After cremation, the farmers still have to Mai Guancai buried into the ground. Before burial, the village planning a cemetery, cremation began, no cemetery, we can only be buried in his own ground, "instead of wasting a lot of land."
Fields outside the village, there are many graves. A villager said that these graves, mostly repair in recent years.
It does not matter burial is also trying to meet their aspirations. Liang Hong of the capitalist uncle, died in 2004, the left would have to burial. Helpless family, please, Mr. pointing a yin and yang, by pointing to the dead hand of the nails, feet, nails cut, save up. Back after cremation, the ashes of the deceased family spread by human figures in the coffin will be placed nails and toenails should be in place.
"Coffin lift of fact, will certainly change the shape of the ashes." Liang Hong said.
Even if the relationship between spending money to buy burial, the deceased's family did not dare to cry, afraid to pay homage to great fanfare, but "if the cremation to be fine."
Liang Hong is impossible to understand this phenomenon. "Crying is the most primitive human beings express their feelings, are now Lianku are afraid, the people of the more depressed?"
Every time back home, the first thing she does is to give mothers grave. 2008 back to the village that the whole family more than 20 mouths, burning paper went to the graves of his mother. The sound of firecrackers, Liang Hong and his family have knelt down and bowed. Her 3-year-old son also "very clever" to follow. Burn paper, the whole family sat on the edge of the cemetery, a homely chatter, then carry the food eating until the sun _set_s before leaving. This is their home habits.
After the first knock, the son asked Liang Hong, who is lying on the tomb.
"Grandma. She is a mother's mother, is the closest person to her mother." Liang Hong said.
"Mom is not my mother, my mother are so poor." His son said.
He then asked my mother why is the grandmother bowed. Liang Hong told him that this is a way to express their feelings, "like mother like you hold."
Liang Zhang of China
Two investigations, Liang Hong deeply puzzled. Until the completion of this book, she could not judge what happened in this village is a kind of "progress" or "backwards."
"From a peasant family's total income of view, rural economic development indeed. But, whether from the sense of moral tradition and customs, the culture or knowledge, but are in a break with the recession." She writes.
She once made aware of the various phenomena and Dengzhou talked to an official, official "is deeply felt." But he then preaching to the Lianghong Xuan, the Government has been to increase economic support for rural, rural areas will face a new look. Some villages have been carried out remediation, some villagers even live in the villa. Furthermore, the official also specifically highlighted the grass-roots democracy.
However, farmers do not seem to them, they do not even concerned with their own hands the vote. During the last session of the village committee election, vote only 100 villagers, less than one-tenth of the voters should go to.
"People who do not care about in the end when the village chief. Who will have a kind. Baxianguohai recount is now in rural areas." A village cadre told her.
Liang Hong said many villagers now do not say vote, the village side of the village director who would like to see is very difficult. Hong Liang is also the home one month later, the mayor helped by invitation only, to see the village director. I saw him, the Director apparently just had a drink. Director also serves as the village party secretary, which is a common phenomenon in the local.
Liang Zhang Liang Hong miss even a little old secretary. Her youth, often able to meet tunic and yellow shoes by wearing the old secretary, holding a pipe down bar in the village cruise.
Village survey in the beam, she can always hear folks say, such as "That means it has even" kind of thing. Recently the back, there are a few old people complained to her, not qualified to eat the minimal needs of the people eat the minimal needs, but could not get the food. "That means there are even? People to discipline an officer." Said an old man.
Of course, these old people will never forget the benefits of the government to. Once, Hong Liang, and a few old people chatting, talking about rural medical cooperative, tax exemptions, subsidies and so on. Old people are very excited, and even North Korea said it was a few generations have not had to do.
Liang Hong in the book, comments: "stop the rural policies of the contemporary changes in the body in which the farmers do not know what kind of thing has truly their own, including land. Because never had rights, farmers do not think those are they should be concerned about things, state that of course is good, do not give is a natural. "
Engage in literary criticism of a friend after reading the manuscript, and Hong Liang said: "I can not imagine, in rural areas will now become like this." The next day, he was back bags and return to their homeland to live a fortnight . Came back, he told Hong Liang: "Rural really the same as you write, very depressed."
A reader sent her text message said: "The village is so similar to the original, from the emotion to life, from suffering to the situation ... ... I must go back this year New Year!"
This is the story of Liang Zhang, hundreds of millions of farmers who are rarely part of the story. On the cover of the book, printed with the words: "Some Chinese in Beijing, some Chinese in Chongqing, some Chinese in the northwest, some Chinese in the coastal areas, but, more Chinese village in the beam!" |
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