是一种同音乐结合的长短句歌词,经过长期酝酿,到宋金时期又吸收了一些民间流行的曲词和少数民族的乐曲,于是逐步形成了一种新的诗歌形式。金元时在北方流行,故散曲又称北曲。它包括小令、套数和介于两者之间的带过曲等几种主要形式。
散曲或称为"清曲"、"乐府"。它有两种基本类型:小令与套曲。所谓小令主要是指单只曲子,但也包括"带过曲"与"重头小令"。在这两者之中,前者指同一宫调中三个以下单只曲子的联合,它们所使用的韵脚是相同的;後者则由数支小令联合而成,此等小令应该是同题同调,内容相联,首尾句法相同,每首小令可以单独成韵。至于"套曲"之定制一般有三个特征:一是全套必须押韵相同;二是有尾声;三是同宫调的两个以上的只曲组合而成。套曲以其较长的篇幅表达相对复杂之内容,或抒情,或叙事,或抒情叙事兼而有之。
散曲与戏曲虽然不同,但却有密切关系。明代评论家王世贞认为元曲是由早先的"词"变化而来的。自从金朝与元朝入主中国以来,所使用的胡乐嘈杂,凄紧缓急变化迅速,以往的词难以合拍,于是就创作了"新声"。可见,散曲是随着北人入主中原而来,并流行于市井巷陌,以後被文人吸收,成为一种专业创作。
散曲之题材多样,从大量的作品中可以体悟到深远的道家与道教的思想意义。首先,在田园山水题材作品中,"道法自然"的精神可谓充盈于其间。散曲作家通过自然景物的描写来寄托自己幽远情趣,让自我与自然融为一体。其次,在咏物题材中,作者运用诸多意象,以点缀仙境,抒发慕道情怀。复次,在咏史题材中,作者通过纵向的追溯,歌咏隐修道人宁静的生活,反映了烟波钓叟的审美情感。在艺术表达手法上,与道门情趣有关的散曲以烘托空寥、淡泊之意境见长,其风格自然质朴,耐人寻味。
Is a combination of Long Short Sentence lyrics with the music, after long deliberation, to the Song dynasty to the absorption of some non-popular music lyrics and minorities, thus gradually forming a new poetic form. When Jin and Yuan popular in the north, so the crew called the North Qu. It includes small make, copy number and in between the band through songs such as several major forms. Verse and Drama are different, but closely related. Critics of Yuan Ming Wang Shizhen that is earlier "word" change comes. Since the Jin and Yuan Dynasty, China White has been used by Hu noisy music, sad to bear in fast-changing priorities, previous terms is difficult to tune, so he created a "new voice." Visible, the crew is coming with the North Central Plains people, and popular city roadway street, later absorbed by scholars as a kind of professional writing.
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