书法是中国特有的一种传统艺术。中国汉字是劳动人民创造的，开始以图画记事，经过几千年的发展，演变成了当今的文字，又因祖先发明了用毛笔书写，便产生了书法，古往今来，均以毛笔书写汉字为主，至于其他书写形式，如硬笔、指书等，其书写规律与毛笔书写规律相比，并非迥然不同，而是基本相通。基于索本求源（指甲骨文之后），这里重点介绍毛笔书写汉字的规律。只要我们对书法有了“狭义”的理解，那么对领会“广义的书法”也会大有裨益。
从狭义讲，书法是指用毛笔书写汉字的方法和规律。包括执笔、运笔、点画、结构、布局（分布、行次、章法）等内容。例如，执笔指实掌虚，五指齐力；运笔中锋铺毫；点画意到笔随，润峭相同；结构以字立形，相安呼应；分布错综复杂，疏密得宜，虚实相生，全章贯气；款识字古款今，字大款小，宁高勿低等。
从广义讲，书法是指语言符号的书写法则。换言之，书法是指按照文字特点及其涵义，以其书体笔法、结构和章法写字，使之成为富有美感的艺术作品，随着文化事业的发展，书法己不仅仅限于使用毛笔和书写汉字，其内涵己大大增加。例如，从使用工具上讲，仅笔这一项就五花八门，毛笔、硬笔、电脑仪器、喷枪烙具等种类繁多。颜料也不单是使用黑墨块，墨汁、粘合剂、化学剂、喷漆釉彩等五彩缤纷，无奇不有。过去的文房四宝——笔、墨、纸、砚，其涵义也大有扩展，品种之多，不胜枚举；从执笔方式上看，有的用手执笔，有的用脚执笔，就是用其他器官执笔的也不乏其人，甚至有的人写字根本就不用笔，如“指书”“挤漏书”等；从书写文种上说，并非汉字一种，有的少数民族文字也登上了书法艺坛，蒙文就是一例；从书体和章法上看，除了正宗的传统书派以外，在我国又出现了曲直（线）相同、动静结合的“意向”派，即所谓现代书法。它是在传统书法基础上，加以创新，突出"变"字，融诗书画为一体，力求形式和内容统一，使作品成为“意美、音美、形美”的三美佳作。在日本不少书家摒弃文字的语言性，树立文字的“形象性”，出现了“墨象”派，以用笔的轻重和徐疾、笔锋的开合及落笔位置的变化等，写出各种形象的文字。这一书派，虽突出“意象”，其字赏之也新颖，但汉字并非都是“形象”字，因此步履艰难，发展受到限制。所有这些（当然不仅是这些），可以看出书法和其他事物一样，也是在不断地发展和变化着。这一点必须引起书法界人士的高度重视。
【书法的起源】
书法是汉字的书写艺术。它不仅是中华民族的文化瑰宝，而且在世界文化艺术宝库中独放异采。汉字在漫长的演变发展的历史长河中，一方面起著思想交流、文化继承等重要的社会作用， 另一方面它本身又形成了一种独特的造型艺术。 近代经过考证，关于中国文字起源，一般认为在距今约5000、6000年左右中国黄河中游的“仰韶文化时期”，已经创造了文字。仰韶文化因1921年首先在河南绳汕仰韶村发现而得名的。近40余年，又陆续有许多发现。
世界上各民族的文字，概括起来有三大类型，即表形文字；表意文字；表音文字。汉字则是典型的在表形文字基础上发展起来的表意文字。 象形的造字方法即是把实物画出来。不过画图更趋于简单化、抽象化，成为突出实物特点的一种符号，代表一定的意义，有一定的读音…… 我们的汉字，从图画、符号到创造、定型，由古文大篆到小篆，由篆而隶、楷、行、草，各种形体逐渐形成。在书写应用汉字的过程中，逐渐产生了世界各民族文字中独一的、可以独立门类的书法艺术。
【各种书法体简介】
1：甲骨文
古汉字一种书体的名称，也是现存中国最古的文字。刻在甲骨上，先用于卜辞（殷代人用龟甲、兽骨占卜。占卜后把占卜时期、占卜者的名字、所占卜的事情用刀刻在卜兆的旁边，有的还 把过若干日后的吉凶应验也刻上去。学者称这种记录为卜辞）,是对未来事情结果的占卜,盛于殷商。甲骨文发现于1889年,是殷商晚期王室占卜时的记录,发现于河南省安阳小屯村一带，距今已 3000多年。甲骨文是中国书法史上的第一块瑰宝，其笔法已有粗细、轻重、疾徐的变化，下笔轻而疾，行笔粗而重，收笔快而捷，具有一定的节奏感。笔画转折处方圆皆有，方者动峭，圆者柔润。其线条比陶文更为和谐流畅，为中国书法特有的线的艺术奠定了基调和韵律。甲骨文结体长方，奠定汉字的字型。甲骨文的结体随体异形，任其自然。其章法大小不一，方圆多异，长扁随形，错落多姿而又和谐统一。后人所谓参差错落、穿插避让、朝揖呼应、天覆地载等汉字书写原则，在甲骨文上已经大体具备。
2：金文
古汉字一种书体的名称。商、西周、春秋、战国时期铜器上铭文字体的总称。兴盛于周代。 金文为中国书法史上的又一丰碑。依附于青铜器,铸鼎意在“使民知神奸”故是一种宗教祭祀的礼器。金文也被称为钟鼎文,器文,古金文。和青铜器一起铸成的铭文线条较之于甲骨文更为粗壮有力,文字的象形意味也更为浓重,最早的金文见于商代中期出土的青铜器上, 资料虽不多，年代都比殷墟甲骨文早。周代是金文的黄金时代,出土铭文最多。
此时期主要作品有:《利簋》《天亡簋》《大盂鼎》《墙盘》《散氏盘》《虢季子白盘》。尤以《司母戊鼎》《散氏盘》《毛公鼎》最为著名,艺术成就也最高。
3：石刻文
石刻文产生于周代，兴盛于秦代。东周时期秦国刻石文字。在10块花岗岩质的鼓形石上,各 刻四言诗一首，内容歌咏秦国君狩猎情况，故又称猎碣。传说中的最早的石刻是夏朝时的《嵝碑》,刻诗文体格调与《诗经》大小雅相近。字体近于《说文解字》所载籀文，历来对其书法评价甚高 。主要作品有：《石鼓文》《绎山石刻》《泰山石刻》《琅琊石刻》《会稽石刻》等。
4：简帛墨迹
书法艺术最重真迹，但秦汉以前的书法中的真迹，一般只有在简帛盟书中才能见到。古代的简册，以竹质为主，编简的绳用牛筋、丝线、麻绳。考古发现最早的简帛墨迹，有湖北云梦出土的秦简，山西侯马出土的战国盟书(盟书即写于石策或玉策上的文字)，长沙马王堆出土的战国帛书。中国书法经甲骨文、金文，至春秋战国时期，由于诸侯割据，因此殷商以来的文字，在诸侯各国走上了不同的发展道路，这一时期，书法的形态和技巧亦呈现了一种百家争鸣的局面。如北方的晋国的"蝌蚪文"，吴、越、楚、蔡等国的"鸟书"，笔画多加曲折和拖长尾。春秋战国时期的金文已不似西周金文那种浓厚的形态，替之以修长的体态，显示出一种圆润秀美，如《攻吴 王夫差鉴 》。这时期留存的大量墨迹，为简、帛、盟书等。
甲骨文
甲骨文是商朝(约公元前17世纪-公元前11世纪)的文化产物,距今约3600多年的历史。商代统治者迷信鬼神，其行事以前往往用龟甲兽骨占卜吉凶，以后又在甲骨上刻记所占事项及事后应验的卜辞或有关记事，其文字称甲骨文。自清末在河南安阳殷墟发现有文字之甲骨，整整100年了,目前出土数量在15万片之上，大多为盘庚迁殷至纣亡王室遗物。以出至殷墟，故又称殷墟文字；因所刻多为卜辞，故又称贞卜文字。甲骨文目前出土的单字共有4500个,已识2000余字,公认千余字。它记载了三千多年前中国社会政治，经济，文化等各方面的资料。是现存最早最珍贵的历史文物。
契文
甲骨文之别称。契通栔，因以契刀刻于龟甲、兽骨上，故名。清代孙诒让著有〈契文举例〉二卷，为考释甲骨文之始。
刻符
秦代一种有特殊用途的篆书体。东汉许慎《说文解字·叙》：“秦书有八体，三曰刻符。用于符信。 ”段玉裁注：“《魏书·江式表》符下有书字符者，周制六节之一，汉制竹，长六寸，分而相合。”这类篆体专刻于符节上，因系用刀刻在金属上，不能婉转如意，故笔画近于平直，形体近于方正，如现存阳陵虎符上的文字。
大篆
大篆是西周时期普遍采用的字体，相传为益所创。针对不同的书写媒介，大篆亦有金文(或称“钟鼎文”)、籀文之别。
金文比甲骨文稍晚出现的是金文，金文也叫钟鼎文。商周是青铜器的时代，青铜器的礼器以鼎为代表，乐器以钟为代表，“钟鼎”是青铜器的代名词。所以，钟鼎文或金文就是指铸在或刻在青铜器上的铭文。
金文的内容是关于当时祀典、赐命、诏书、征战、围猎、盟约等活动或事件的记录，都反映了当时的社会生活。金文字体整齐遒丽，古朴厚重，和甲骨文相比，脱去板滞，变化多样，更加丰富了。金文基本上属于籀篆体。这些文字，在汉武帝时就已被发现，当时有人将在汾阳发掘出的一尊鼎送进宫中，汉武帝因此将年号定为元鼎(前116)。以后金文又陆续有所发现。宋代文人欧阳修、赵明诚都善书，对金文作过研究和记载。
周宣王时铸成的《毛公鼎》上的金文很具有代表性，其铭文共32行，497字，是出土的青铜器铭文最长者。《毛公鼎》铭文的字体结构严整，瘦劲流畅，布局不驰不急，行止得当，是金文作品中的佼佼者。此外，《大盂鼎》铭、《散氏盘》铭也是金文中的上乘之作。
籀文是古代秦国使用的文字，是小篆的前身，由于在春秋时秦人作的《史籀篇》中收藏有223个字，因此叫籀文，据说“籀”的意思是“诵读”。唐朝时出土的“石鼓文”据考证是秦襄公时所刻，和《史籀篇》中文字相同，是籀文的代表。
小篆
秦权上刻制的小篆，据说是李斯书写的小篆是在秦始皇统一中国后，推行“书同文，车同轨”，统一度量衡的政策，由宰相李斯负责，在秦国原来使用的大篆籀文的基础上，进行简化，取消其他六国的异体字，创制的统一文字汉字书写形式。一直在中国流行到西汉末年，才逐渐被隶书所取代。但由于其字体优美，始终被书法家所青睐。又因为其笔画复杂，形式奇古，而且可以随意添加曲折，印章刻制上，尤其是需要防伪的官方印章，一直采用篆书，直到封建王朝覆灭，近代新防伪技术出现。康熙字典上对所有的字还注有小篆写法。
鸟虫书
亦称“虫书”。篆书中的花体。春秋战国时就有这种字体，大都铸或刻在兵器和钟镈上。往往用动物的雏形组成笔画，似书似画，饶有情趣。东汉许慎《说文解字·叙》记秦书八体，“四曰虫书”；新莽六书，“六曰鸟虫书，所以书幡信也”。段玉裁注：“幡，当作幡，书幡，谓书旗帜；书信，谓书符节。”说明此类书体多用于旗帜和符信，在汉印中也不乏鸟虫书入印的实例。
署书
亦称“榜书”。东汉许慎《说文解字·叙》称：秦书有八体，“六曰署书”。清代段玉裁《说文解字注》载：“检者，书署也，凡一切封检题字，皆曰署，题榜曰署。”
石鼓文
石鼓文比金文规范、严正，但仍在一定程度上保留了金文的特征，它是从金文向小篆发展的一种过渡性书体。传说在石鼓文之前，周宣王太史籀曾经对金文进行改造和整理，著有大篆十五篇，故大篆又称“籀文”。石鼓文是大篆留传后世，保存比较完整且字数较多的书迹之一。
石鼓文，亦称猎碣或雍邑刻石，是我国现存最早的刻石文字。无具体年月，唐人韦应物和韩愈的《石鼓歌》都认为是周宣王时期的刻石。宋人欧阳修的《石鼓跋尾》虽设了三个疑点，但还是认为属周宣王时史籀所作。宋人郑樵《通志略》则认为《石鼓》系先秦之物，作于惠文王之后，始皇之前。近人罗振玉《石鼓文考释》和马叙伦《石鼓文疏记》都认为是秦文公时物，与韦、韩说法出入不大，只相差十七年。据郭沫若考证，《石鼓》作于秦襄公八年，距宣王更近。所不同者，出于宣王时史籀手笔或秦臣手笔罢了。
《石鼓》于唐代初出土于天兴三畴原(今陕西省宝鸡市凤翔三畴原)，以后被迁入凤翔孔庙。五代战乱，石鼓散于民间，至宋代几经周折，终又收齐，放置于凤翔学府。宋徽宗素有金石之癖，尤其喜欢《石鼓》，于大观二年(公元1108年)，将其迁到忭京国学，用金符字嵌起来。后因宋金战争，复迁《石鼓》于临安(今杭州)，金兵进入汴京后，见到石鼓以为是“奇物”，将其运回燕京(今北京)。此后，石鼓又经历了数百年的风雨沧桑。抗日战争爆发，为防止国宝被日寇掠走，由当时故宫博物院院长马衡主持，将石鼓迁到江南，抗战胜利后又运回北京，1956年在北京故宫展出。清乾隆五十五年(1790年)，清高宗为更好地保护原鼓，曾令人仿刻了十鼓，放置于辟雍(大学)。现仿鼓在北京国子监。其形状与刻字部位和原石鼓有不少差别。
石鼓共十只，高二尺，直径一尺多，形象鼓而上细下粗顶微圆(实为碣状)，因铭文中多言渔猎之事，故又称它为《猎碣》。以籀文分刻十首为一组的四言诗。目前其字已多有磨灭，其第九鼓已无一存字。其书传为史籀手笔，体态堂皇大度、圆活奔放，气质雄浑，刚柔相济，古茂遒朴而有逸气。横平竖直，严谨而工整，善用中锋，笔划粗细基本一致，有的结体对称平正，有的字则参差错落，近于小篆而又没有小篆的拘谨。在章法布局上，虽字字独立，但又注意到了上下左右之间的偃仰向背关系、其笔力之强劲在石刻中极为突出，在古文字书法中，是堪称别具奇彩和独具风神的。康有为称其“如金钿委地，芝草团云，不烦整我，自有奇采。”其书体为大篆向小篆过渡时期的文字，学《石鼓文》可上追大篆，下学小篆，百无一失。后世学篆者皆奉为正宗，无不临习。杨沂孙、吴大澄、吴昌硕、王福庵等皆得力于此。
石鼓文的拓本，唐代就有，但没有流传下来。宋安国所藏石鼓宋拓本，被民国秦文锦售给日本东京河井荃庐氏。此外，社会上所流传的早期拓本有北宋的《先锋》、《中权》、《后劲》三种，其中天一阁藏北宋拓存四百二十二字本为最。然原拓己失，现只能见到郭沫若30年代在日本收集的此三种拓本的照片。安国所藏的宋拓本《先锋》本，旧商务印书馆、文物出版社有影印本，收在郭沫若所著《石鼓文研究》一书中。上海艺苑真赏社、日本鳹堂有《中权》本影印本。中华书局、日本二玄社出版的《书迹名品丛刊》中，有《后劲》本影印本。上海书画出版社《书法》1984年第三期，也刊有石鼓文的宋拓影印本。
石鼓为中国第一古物，亦为书家第一法则，具有很高的文史价值和艺术收藏价值。
玉筋篆
亦称“玉箸篆”。篆书的一种。其书写笔道，圆润温厚，形如玉筋(筷子)，故名。始于秦代，唐代齐已《谢昙城大师玉筋篆书》诗称：“玉筋真文久不兴，李斯传到李阳冰。”后人论书，将用笔圆浑遒劲的其他字体亦称为“玉筋”。如明代王世贞评论颜真卿书：“《家庙》、《茅山碑》正书中玉筋笔者。”
铁线篆
小篆的一种。由秦代《泰山刻石》、《琅琊台刻石》等玉筋书风中脱出。用笔圆活，细硬似铁，划一首尾如线，故名。后世称唐代李阳冰的篆书为“钱线篆”。
隶书
亦称“佐书”、“吏书”。字体名。形体扁平方折，便于书写。始于秦代，通用于汉魏。唐代张怀瓘《书断》引东汉蔡邕《圣皇篇》：“程邈删古立隶文。”晋代卫恒《四体书势》：“秦既用篆，奏事繁多，篆字难成，即令隶人(胥吏)佐书，曰隶字。”程邈将当时这种书写体加以搜集整理，后世遂有程邈创隶书之说。秦隶出于秦篆，字形构造仍有较多的篆书形迹，后在汉代通用中不断发展完善，成为笔势、结构与秦篆完全不同的字体。隶书的出现，冲破六书的造字原则，奠定楷书基础，标志汉字演进史和书法史上的转折。魏晋时曾混称楷书为隶书，因别称有波磔的隶书为“八分”。湖北云梦出土的《秦律简》和汉《五凤元年十二月简》，即是秦汉手写隶书的代表作。
草篆
书体名。飞白的别称。东汉蔡邕称：“何草篆之足冥，而斯文之未宣。”《金石林·绪论》：“一曰飞白，篆貌隶骨，杂用古今之法，勉作草篆，为器所使，自我作之，不得不然也。”指以草书笔法书写的篆字。《书史会要》称：“(赵)宦光笃意仓史文学，创作草篆，盖《天玺碑》而小变焉，繇其人品已超，书亦不蹑遗迹。”傅山等都擅长草篆书。
科斗文
亦称“科斗书”、“科斗篆”。篆字(包括古，籀)手写体的俗称。因以笔蘸墨或漆作书，笔道起笔处粗，收笔处细，状如蝌蚪，故名。此名初见于汉末，卢植上书称“古文科斗，近于为实”。郑康成〈尚书赞〉称：“书初出屋壁，皆周时象形文字，今所谓科斗书。”元代吾丘衍论证科斗书形体的形成是：“上古无笔墨，以竹挺点漆书竹上，竹硬漆腻，画不能行，故头粗尾细，似其形耳。”
缪篆
汉代摹制印章用的一种篆书体。王莽六书之一。东汉许慎《说文解字·叙》记新莽六书称：“五曰缪篆，所以摹印也。”形体平方匀整，饶有隶意，而笔势由小篆的圆匀婉转演变为屈曲缠绕。具绸缪之义，故名。清代桂馥《缪篆分韵》则将汉魏印采用的多体篆文统称为“缪篆”。亦称“摹印篆”。
楷书
楷书有两个问题难以定位：一是其名称与正书、隶书、今隶、八分书、章程书混淆而难分；二是其起源定于何时众说纷纭。一般而言楷书的标准在于方正端齐，有别于长纵形的小篆书和横扁形的隶书，有勾起而无波挑。笔画转折处不用转而用折等。另外，行书的行式，甲骨、钟鼎中不固定，左右行不拘。自秦以后，一律从右至左，无不例外。孙过庭《书谱》中说："真以点画为形质，使转为情性。"可说是一种概括。
自秦汉之际产生笔画至三国楷书成型，两晋南北朝是楷书发展的勃兴时期，王羲之楷书为其代表之一。以魏楷为代表，北朝书法的勃兴是楷书兴旺的标志。其质朴雄强的艺术风格，与南方的秀丽典雅，双峰对峙。楷书鼎盛期在盛唐，书家辈出，风格多样，蔚为大观，以"唐楷"称之。初唐楷书承隋楷风格之变；各书家各显其个性体貌，中唐颜真卿以雄风创新；晚唐柳公权以"柳骨"相媲美于"颜筋"，凡此三变，形成唐楷之大貌。五代、宋、元、明、清是楷书式微期。书家无论是个体还是群体，都未能突破晋唐楷书已有的格局。楷书式微的另一些原因还有：印刷文化的兴起，楷书的审美表现性和抒情性均不及行草书。
瘦金书
亦称“瘦金体”。楷书的一种。宋徵宗赵佶楷书学褚遂良、薛曜、薛稷而出以新意，运笔挺劲犀利，笔道瘦细峭硬而有腴润洒脱的风神，成一家法，自号“瘦金书”。明代陶宗仪《书史会要》称其“初学薛稷，变其法度，自号瘦金书。”近人叶昌炽《语石》称其书：“出于古铜甬书，而参以褚登善、薛少保，瘦硬通神，有如切玉，世称瘦金书也。”存世作品有《楷书千字文》、《神霄玉清宫碑》。今之仿宋体，亦是从此中脱出。
草书
字体名。别称“藁书”。广义指不论时代、字体、凡写法潦草者；狭义专指笔画连绵、书写便捷的字体。东汉许慎《说文解字·叙》称“汉兴有草书”。汉初通行的手写体是草隶(即草率的隶书)。后逐渐发展成“章草”。至汉末，相传张芝脱去“章草”中蕴有隶书波磔的笔画和字字不相联缀的形迹，成为编旁相互假借，笔画连绵便捷的“今草”，即后世所称的草书。至东晋王羲之而臻于完善。唐代中期张旭、怀素将“今草 ”写得更为放纵奇诡，笔走龙蛇，被称为“狂草”，以别于“今草”。
狂草
亦称“大草”。草书中最放纵的一种。摆脱东晋王羲之一路草书温文尔雅风格，笔势连绵奔突，字形变化多端，极龙飞蛇舞之致。得名于唐代张旭、怀素。传世的张旭《古诗四帖》及怀素《自叙帖》即为代表。
行书
亦称“行押书”。书体名。相传为汉末刘德升所创。行书一般在楷书形体的基础上，作流畅便捷的书写，既不象草书纵放难辨，又较楷书生动简便，是社会上广泛使用的手写书体。书写行书湏行笔而不停，著纸而不刻，轻转而重按，如水流云行，无少间断，永存乎生意也。南宋姜夔认为行书“以笔老为贵，少有误失，亦可晖映。所贵浓纤间出，血脉相连，筋骨老健，风神洒落，姿态俱全。”
非汉字书法
[越南书法家书写的非汉字书法]
越南书法家书写的非汉字书法
“阿拉伯书法”，梵文字母书写的书法，越南国语字书法，都属于“非汉字书法”的范畴，其中，越南国语字书法是越南特有的一门艺术，近几年来深受人们的喜爱。越南各地都有越南国语字书法俱乐部，其中有不少书法家国语字都写得很好，作品很有收藏价值。越南国语字，就是以拉丁字母为基础的拼音文字，越南国语字书法的特点就经常是在画中题词。左图为钱文忠的梵文书法，梵文书法有点象中国的行书，虽然是手写体，却字迹容易辨认。
【史前至夏—混沌萌生的书法】
中国的书法艺术来开始于汉字的产生阶段，“声不能传于异地，留于异时，于是乎文字生。 文字者，所以为意与声之迹。”因此，产生了文字。书法艺术的第一批作品不是文字，而是一些刻画符号--象形文字或图画文字。
汉字的刻画符号，首先出现在陶器上。最初的刻画符号只表示一个大概的混沌的概念，没有确切的含义。
距今八千多年前，黄河流域出现了磁山、斐李岗文化，在斐李岗出土的手制陶瓷上，有较多的符号，这种符号，是先民们的交际功能、记事功能与图案装饰功能的混沌结合，这些虽不是真正的汉字，但确是汉字的雏形。
紧接着距今约六千年前的仰绍文化的半坡遗址，出土了有一些类似文字的简单刻画的彩陶。这些符号已区别于花纹图案，把汉文字的发展又向前推进了一步。这可以说是中国文字的起源。
接着有二里头文化和二里岗文化。二里头文化考古发掘中发现有刻画记号的陶片，其记号共有二十四种，有的类似殷墟甲骨文字，都是单个独立的字。二里岗文化已发现有文字制度。这里曾发现过三个有字的骨头，两件各一个字，一件十个字，似为练习刻字而刻。这使得文明向前又迈进了一大步。
原始文字的起源，是一种模仿的本能，用于形象某个具体事物。它尽管简单而又混沌，但它已经具备了一定的审美情趣。这种简单的文字因此可以称之为史前的书法。
【商至西汉—浑然入序的书法】
从夏商周，经过春秋战国，到秦汉王朝，二千多年的历史地发展也带动了书法艺术地发展。 这个时期内各种书法体相续出现，有甲骨文、金文、石刻文、简帛朱墨手迹等，其中篆书、隶书 、草书、楷书等字体在数百种杂体的筛选淘汰中定型，书法艺术开始了有序发展。
【开创先河的秦代书法】
春秋战国时期，各国文字差异很大，是发展经济文化的一大障碍。秦始皇统一国家后，臣相李斯主持统一全国文字，这在中国文化史上是一伟大功绩。秦统一后的文字称为秦篆，又叫小篆，是在金文和石鼓文的基础上删繁就简而来。著名书法家李斯主持整理出了小篆。《绎山石刻》《泰山石刻》《琅琊石刻》《会稽石刻》即为李斯所书。历代都有极高的评价。秦代是继承与创新的变革时期。《说文解字序》说：“秦书有八体，一曰 大篆，二曰小篆，三曰刻符，四曰虫书，五曰摹印，六曰署书，七曰书，八曰隶书。”基本概括了此时字体的面貌。由李斯秦之小篆，篆法苛刻，书写不便，于是隶书出现了。“隶书，篆之捷也”。其目的就是为了书写方便。到了西汉，隶书完成了由篆书到隶书的蜕变，结体由纵势变成横势，线条波磔更加明显。 隶书的出现是汉字书写的一大进步，是书法史上的一次革命，不但使汉字趋于方正楷模，而且在笔法上也突破了单一的中锋运笔，为以后各种书体流派奠定了基础。秦代除以上书法杰作外 ，尚有诏版、权量、瓦当、货币等文字，风格各异。秦代书法，在我国书法史上留下了辉煌灿烂的一页，气魄宏大，堪称开创先河。
【求度追韵—东汉至南北朝】
两汉书法
两汉书法分为两大表现形式，一为主流系统的汉石刻；一为次流系统的瓦当玺印文和简帛盟书墨迹。“后汉以来，碑碣云起，”是汉隶成熟的标记。在摩崖石刻中（刻在山崖上的文字）尤 以《石门颂》等为最著名，书法家视为“神品”。于此同时蔡鲨的《嘉平石经》达到了恢复古隶 ，胎息楷则的要求。而碑刻是体现时代度与韵的最主要的艺术形式，中以《封龙山》、《西狭颂》、《孔宙》、《乙瑛》、《史晨》、《张迁》、《曹全》诸碑尤为后人称道仿效。可以说， 每碑各出一奇，莫有同者。北书雄丽，南书朴古，体现了“士”、“庶”阶层的不同美学追求。至于瓦当玺印、简帛盟书则体现了艺术性与实用性的联姻。
法艺术的繁荣期，是从东汉开始的。东汉时期出现了专门的书法理论著作，最早的书法理论提出者是东西汉之交的扬雄。第一部书法理论专著是东汉时期崔瑗的《草书势》。
汉代书法家可分为两类：一类是汉隶书家，以蔡邕为代表。一类是草书家，以杜度、崔瑗、 张芝为代表，张芝被后人称之为“草圣”。
最能代表汉代书法特色的，莫过于是碑刻和简牍上的书法。东汉碑刻林立，这一时期的碑刻，以汉隶刻之，字型方正，法度谨严、波磔分明。此时隶书已登峰造极。
汉代创兴草书，草书的诞生，在书法艺术的发展史上有著重大意义。它标志著书法开始成为 一种能够高度自由的抒发情感，表现书法家个性的艺术。草书的最初阶段是草隶，到了东汉时期，草隶进一步发展，形成了章草，后由张芝创立了今草，即草书。
魏晋南北朝书法艺术
1：三国时期
三国时期，隶书开始由汉代的高峰地位降落衍变出楷书，楷书成为书法艺术的又一主体。楷书又名正书、真书，由钟繇所创。正是在三国时期，楷书进入刻石的历史。三国（魏）时期的 《荐季直表》。《宣示表》等成了雄视百代的珍品。
2：两晋时期
晋时，在生活处事上倡导“雅量”“品目”艺术上追求中和居淡之美，书法大家辈出，简牍为多二王（王羲之。王献之）妍放疏妙的艺术品味迎合了士大夫们的要求，人们愈发认识到，书写文字，还有一种审美价值。最能代表魏晋精神、在书法史上最具影响力的书法家当属王羲之， 人称“书圣”。王羲之的行书《兰亭序》被誉为“天下第一行书”论者称其笔势以为飘若浮云，矫若惊龙，其子王献之的《洛神赋》字法端劲，所创“破体”与“一笔书”为书法史一大贡献。加 以陆机、卫瑾、索靖、王导、谢安、 鉴亮、等书法世家之烘托，南派书法相当繁荣。南朝宋之羊欣、齐之王僧虔、梁之萧子云、陈之智永皆步其后尘。
两晋书法最盛时，主要表现在行书上，行书是介于草书和楷书之间的一种字体。其代表作“三希”，即《伯远帖》《快雪时晴帖》《中秋帖》。
3：南北朝时期
南北朝时期，中国书法艺术进入北碑南帖时代。
北朝碑刻书法，以北魏、东魏最精，风格亦多资多彩。代表作有《张猛龙碑》《敬使君碑》。碑帖之中代表作有：《真草千子文》。北朝褒扬先世，显露家业，刻石为多，余如北碑南帖，北楷南行，北民南土，北雄南秀皆是基差异之处。
如论南北两派之代表作，则是南梁《 鹤铭》。北魏《郑文公碑》可谓南北双星，北派书写者多为庶人，书不具名，故书法时冠冕，被誉为“书中之圣”，北派王右军。
【求规隆法—隋唐五代】
隋朝书法
隋结束南北朝的混乱局面，统一中国，和之后的唐都是较为安定的时期，南帖北碑之发展至隋而混合同流，正式完成楷书之形式，居书史承先启后之地位。隋楷上承两晋南北朝沿革。下开唐代规范的新局，隋有碑版遗世，多为真书，分四种风格：
1：平正淳和如丁道护的《启法寺碑》等
2：峻严方饬如《董美人墓志铭》等
3：深厚圆劲如《信行禅师 塔铭》等
4：秀朗细挺如《龙藏寺碑》等。
【书学鼎盛的唐代】
1：唐朝书法简介
唐代文化博大精深、辉煌灿烂，达到了中国封建文化的最高峰，可谓“书至初唐而极盛”。唐代墨迹流传至今者也比前代为多，大量碑版留下了宝贵的书法作品。整个唐代书法，对前代既有继承又有革新。楷书、行书、草书发展到唐代都跨入了一个新的境地，时代特点十分突出，对后代的影响远远超过了以前任何一个时代。
唐初，国力强盛，书法从六朝遗法中蝉脱而出楷书大家以欧阳询。虞世南。褚遂良，薛稷，欧阳通四家为书法主流。总特点结构严谨整洁，故后代论 书有“唐重间架”之说，一时尊为“翰墨之冠”延至盛唐歌舞升平,儒道结合，李邕变右军行法，独树一帜，张旭，怀素以颠狂醉态将草书表现形式推向极致，孙过庭草书则以儒雅见长，余如贺知章，李隆基亦力创真率夷旷，风骨丰丽之新境界。而颜真卿一出纳古法于新意之中，生新法于古意之外。董其昌谓唐人书取法，鲁公大备。到晚唐五代，国势转衰，沈传师。柳公权再变楷法。以瘦劲露骨自矜。进一步丰富了唐楷之法，到了五代，杨凝式兼采颜柳之长。上蒴二王，侧锋取态，铺毫著力，遂于离乱之际独饶承平之象，也为唐书之回光。五代之际，狂禅之风大炽，此亦影响到书坛，“狂禅书法”虽未在五代一显规模，然对宋代书法影响不小。
唐代书法艺术，可分初唐、中唐、晚唐三个时期。初唐以继承为主，尊重法度，刻意追求晋 代书法的劲美。中唐不断创新，极为昌盛。晚唐书艺亦有进展。
唐代最高学府有六种，即国子监、太学、四门学、律学、书学、算学。其中书学，专门语养书法家和书法理论家，是唐代的创举。历朝名家辈出，灿若繁星。如初唐的欧阳询、虞世南、褚遂良等；中唐的颜真卿、柳公权等，都是书法大家。晚唐有王文秉的篆书，李鹗的楷书和杨凝式 的“二王颜柳”余韵。
隋唐五代书法可分为三个阶段
（1）隋至唐初
隋统一中国，将南北朝文化艺术相容包蓄，至唐初，政治昌盛，书法艺术逐渐从六朝的的遗法中蝉蜕出来，以一种新的姿态显现出来。唐初以楷书为主流，总特点是结构谨严整饬。
（2）：盛唐、中唐阶段
盛唐时期书法，如当时的社会形态追求一种浪漫忘形的方式。如“颠张醉素”（张旭、怀素）之狂草，李邕之行书。到了中唐，楷书再度有新的突破。以颜真卿为代表为楷书奠定了标准，树立了楷模，形成为正统。至此中国书法文体已全部确定下来。
（3）：晚唐五代阶段存唐遗风
西元九零七年，割据者朱全忠灭唐，建立后梁，由此历后唐、后晋、后汉、后周，称五代。由于国势衰弱和离乱，文化艺术亦呈下坡之势。书法艺术虽承唐末之余续，但因兵火战乱的影响， 形成了凋落衰败的总趋势。五代之际，在书法上值得称道的，当推杨凝式。他的书法在书道衰微的五代，可谓中流砥柱。另外还有李煜、彦修等有成就的书家。至此，唐代平正严谨的书风已告消歇，以后北宋"四家" 继之而起，又掀起了新的时代波澜。
【尚意宣情—宋至明中】
宋朝的书法
宋朝书法尚意，此乃朱大倡理学所致，意之内涵，包含有四点：一重哲理性，二重书卷气，三重风格化，四重意境表现，同时介导书法创作中个性化和独创性。这些在书法上有所体现，如果说隋唐五代的尚法，是求“工”的体现，那么到期了宋代，书法开始以一种尚意抒情的新面目出现在世人面前。这就是要墀书家除了具有“天然”“工夫”两个层次外，还需具有“学识”即“书卷气”，北宋四家一改唐楷面貌。直接晋帖行书遗风。
无认是天资既高的蔡襄和自出新意 的苏东坡，还是高视古人的黄庭坚和萧散奇险的米芾，都力图在表现自己的书法风貌的同时，凸现出一种标新立异的姿态,使学问之气郁郁芊芊发于笔墨之间,并给人以一种新的审美意境,这在南宋的吴说.赵佶.陆游。范成大，朱熹，文天祥等书家中进一步得到延伸，然南宋书家的学问和笔墨功底已不能和北宋四家相比了。宋代书法家代表人物是苏、黄、米、蔡。
元代书法艺术
元初经济文化发展不大，书法总的情况是崇尚复古，宗法晋、唐而少创新。虽然在政治上元朝是异族统治，然而在文化上却被汉文化所同化，与宋不拘常法的意境追求不同，元朝之意表现为刻意求工的开式美的追求，所以苏轼标榜的是“我书意造本无法”，赵孟頫鼓吹的是“用笔千古不易”前者追求率意之意，后才强调有意之意。 元朝书坛的核心人物是赵孟頫 ，他所创立的楷书“赵体”与唐楷之欧体。颜体。柳体并称四体，成为后代规摹的主要书体，由于赵孟頫的书法思想绝对不逾越二王一步，所以，他的书法对王派书法的精之处颇有独到的领悟，表现为“温润闲雅”“秀研飘逸”的风格面貌，这也和他信佛教。审美观趋向飘逸的超然之态获得一种精神解脱有一定联系。在元朝书坛也享有盛名的还有 鲜于枢，邓文原，虽然成就不及赵孟頫 ，然在书法风格上也有自己独到之处。他们主张书画同法，注重结字的体态。
纵观元代书法，元代书法的特徵是"尚古尊帖"，其成就大者还在行草书方面。至于篆隶，虽有几位名家，但并不怎么出色。这种以行、草书为主流的书法，发展到了清代才得到改变。有元一代书风，仍沿宋习盛于帖学，宗唐宗晋，虽各有其妙，亦不能以一家之法立于书坛，较之文 学，绘画等艺术门类，尚显冷落无成得多。
明朝书法艺术
明朝书法的发展表现为三个阶段：
1：第一阶段--明初
明初书法“一字万同”，“台阁体”盛行。沈度学粲兄弟推波助澜将工稳的小楷推向极致。“凡金版玉册，用之朝廷，藏秘府，颁属国，必命之书”，二沈书法被推为科举楷则。明初书法 家有擅行草书的刘基、工小楷的宋潦、精篆隶的宋遂和名满天下的章草名家朱克。和祝允明、文徽明、王宠"三子"。
2：第二阶段--明中
明中期吴中四家崛起，书法开始朝尚态方向发展。祝允明、文征明、唐寅、王宠四子依赵孟頫而上通晋唐，取法弥高；笔调亦绝代，这和当时思想观念的开拓解放有关，书法开始迈入倡导个性化的新境域。
3：第三阶段--明末
晚明书坛兴起一股批判思潮，书法上追求大尺幅，震荡的视觉效果，侧锋取势，横涂竖抹，满纸烟云，使书法原先的秩序开始瓦解；这些代表书家有张瑞图、黄道周、王铎、倪元瑞等。而 帖学殿军董其昌仍坚持传统立场。
【抒情扬理—明中至清】
明末与清，美学主潮以抒情扬理为旗帜，追求个性与发扬理性互相结合，正统的古典美学与求异的的新型美学并盛。清代书法的总体倾向是尚质，同时分为帖学与碑学两大发展时期。
明末书坛的放浪笔墨，狂放不 。愤世疾俗的风气在清初进一步延伸，如朱傅山等人的作品仍表现出自我内在的生命和一种不可遇止的情绪表现。这一点在中期“扬州八怪”的身上又一次 复现。于此同时，晚明的帖学统也同时进一步光大发扬，姜英，张照，刘墉，王文治，梁同书翁 方纲等人在刻意尊 传统的时候，力图表现出新面貌，或以淡墨书写，或改变章法结构等。但由于帖学长时期传承，未有很好地加以清理，认识，调整，某种积弊也日益加深，这就使帖学的颓势不可避免地出现了。
正此时，金石出土日多，士大夫从热衷于尺牍转而从事金石考据之学，一时朝野内外，学碑才趋之若鹜，最后成为清朝书坛的发民主流，加之阮元，包世臣。康有为大力张扬，碑学作为一种 与帖学相抗衡的书学系统而存在。当时著名的书家如金农、邓石如、何绍基、赵之谦、吴昌硕、 张裕钊、康有为等纷纷用碑意写字作画，达到了尽性尽理。璀璨夺目的境地。可谓是中国书法文化的一在景观。如果说，帖学家们力图寻找质的愿望没有实现的话，那么这种愿望在碑学那里实现了。
【现代时尚—今天的书法】
在书坛走向多元化的今天，书法艺术升华到观念变革的高层次，这无疑是迈了一大步。书 法现代性并不是简单地取决于书法艺术的形式、结构、线条等外在面貌，而是取决于内在精神的 现代化。书法现代性的精神是指当代书法艺术所体现、传导的现代社会的价值趋向。
书法具有广泛的实用性
学书法最基本的活动是写字，而写字首要的目的是为了记事和交流感情，起码的要求是把字写得规范、整洁、清楚，使人看了乐于接受，如果把字写得杂乱无章，甚至随心所欲，胡乱造字，读者如释"天书"，无法辨认，就失去了它的实用价值。有些人认为写字用毛笔不如用硬笔方便，硬笔完全可以代替毛笔，只有写毛笔字才学书法；有些人认为书法是"天才"的专利，"咱不是学书法的料"。特别是一些年岁稍高些的朋友，受"人过三十不学艺的"陈腐思想的束缚，认为学书法为时己晚。也有人认为书法及神秘，高深莫测，神不可征，形乃难表，好事难成。所有这些想法都是不可取的，因为只要写字就有法则可言，特别是有不少场合没有书法"门面"，绝对不行。例如，商标、广告、标语、对联、字画条幅等都离不开书法。不可否认，使用钢笔、圆珠笔及其他工具定字是方便快捷，但不管用什么工具写字其法则基本与使用毛笔相同，所以无论在何种方式写字都应该学习书法。关于学书法年龄问题，从幼年或少年开始学，无疑优势很大，但上了年岁的人学书法，也有不少长处；有知识、有生活、有阅历、理解快、感受深、善抒发等，年轻人是无法可比的。至于"天才"，是专指"有这种才能的人"，任何聪明智慧都是靠热情、勤奋和科学的学习换来的。"世上无难事，只要肯登攀"，"狠下一条心，不怕事不成"。有位书法家答学生问时几句短语很有教益，言简意明，回味无穷。问"什么年龄学书法最适合？"答："从识字起，任何年龄都适合。"问："我能成为书法家吗？"答："你认为你能---你准能！"学习书法和学习其他艺术一样，只要我们不怀疑自己的能力，有信心，有热情，加上方法得当，定会获得成功。千万不要被一些垄断者的玄学所吓倒。他们把书法说得神乎其神，传授抽象，舍本求末，昧于闭合圈内循环，贻误后学。其实书法也像"窗户纸"，也是"一捅就破"。它的神韵可征，形象可表，技法可取，章法可达。"升堂入室"，望而可及。
书法具有艺术性
中国文字的点画、结构和形体与外文不同。它变化微妙，形态不一，意趣迥异。"通过点画线条的强弱、浓淡、粗细等丰富变化，以书写的内容和思想感情的起伏变化，以字形字距和行间的分布，构成优美的章法布局，有的似玉龙琢雕，有的似奇峰突起，有的俊秀俏丽，有的气势豪放，这些都有使书写文字带上了强烈的艺术色彩。"书法己是民族艺术中一枝永开不败的鲜花，世人赏以欣慰，可从中领略其精神风度，心灵意境，生活情趣，审美追求，时代气息·······这样一种观之激人感奋，聊以励精自慰的艺术，何乐而不为呢！
书法有益健康
“作书能养气，也能助气。”练书时，须绝虑疑神，全躯启动，力送毫端，注于纸上，抒胸中气，散心中郁。这样，对人的心理和生理方面都有一定的调节和锻炼作用，久而久之，可使人灵心焕发，无疾而寿。即便不幸患病，也可通过练习写字，养心愈疾，畅达延年。古往今来说书法能使人健康长寿，并非虚传。如历史上欧阳询、颜真卿、大书法家平均寿命79.2岁，其中颜真卿76岁时遭杀害，不然寿命会更长。另据资料介绍，明清两代著名书画家（书画相通）同高僧比较，28人中，书画家比高僧长寿12.7岁，说明书画活动可能比高僧修行还有利健康，己为世人共识。现己76岁高龄的“将军书法家”李真先生，通过练习写字，心脏病好转，并不再为失眠而苦恼。他深有体会地说，学习书法，“时间一久，必有所得。这“得”不仅在书法上，对身体健康尤为有益”。可见临池泼墨，确属健身之功，只要持之以恒，锲而不舍，便可变“书法”为美妙的“养生之道”。
书法可陶冶情操
情操是感情和思维的综合，书法是一门学问，一种艺术。其美感来源于大自然，来源于生活，来源于社会实践，与其他事物有着密切的互为表里联系。书法的特点、技巧、理论、表达意境极其广泛。“胸中有书，下笔不俗。”学习书法，对文学、哲学、美学、天文、地理、历史等知识无所不及。很显然，我们不能把书法简单地理解为就是写字。书法家吴善茂先生说得好：“书法是写字，但写字不都是书法。”书法的内在规律决定了习书的严肃性。这就要求习书者必须具备良好的心理状态，以高度的学习热情，旺盛的进取精神科学的思维活动，俨然诚恳的态度来对待。必须勤奋不息，孜孜不倦，防止心血来潮，半途而废；必须深入生活，扩大视野，防止狂妄虚伪，恃才傲物；必须加强修养，拓宽意境，防止墨守成规，舍本逐末；必须丰富学识，博古通今，防止不求甚解，出乖露丑；必须贪恋欣赏，鉴往创新，防止陈陈相因，依然故我。否则，会虚度年华，将一事无成。总之，临池泼墨，快乐无涯，愿我们积人类之聪明才智于笔下生花吧！
中国书法是一门古老的艺术，从甲骨文、金文演变而为大篆、小篆、隶书，至定型于东汉、魏、晋的草书、楷书、行书诸体，书法一直散发著艺术的魅力。
中国书法历史悠久，以不同的风貌反映出时代的精神，艺术青春常在。浏览历代书法，“晋人尚韵，唐人尚法，宋人尚意，元、明尚态”。追寻三千年书法发展的轨迹,我们清晰地看到他与 中国社会的法发展同步,强烈的反映出每个时代的精神风貌。 书法艺术是世界上独一无二的瑰宝，是中华文化的灿烂之花。书法艺术最典型的体现了东方艺术之美和东方文化的优秀，是我们民族永远值得自豪的艺术瑰宝。它具有世界上任何艺术都无与伦比的深厚群众基础和艺术特徵。 书法艺术愈加受到大家的青睐。
中国书法史的分期，从总的划分，可将唐代的颜真卿作为一个分界点，以前称作“书体沿革时期”，以后称作“风格流变时期”。书体沿革时期，书法的发展主要倾向为书体的沿革，书法家艺术风格的展现往往与书体相联。风格流变时期的书体已经具备，无须再创一种新的字体。于是书法家就提出“尚意”的主张，“书体”已经固定，而“意”是活的，这就进一步加强了作者的主体作用。
并非只有中国才有书法，日本，韩国，朝鲜，这些受中国文化影响的国家都有书法。
日本的书法称书道。一开始是从中国而来。据《日本书纪》记载，应神天皇58年，朝鲜百济国使王仁进献了《论语》十卷、《千字文》一卷，是汉字传人日本的开始（具体年份不详）。但比它更早的时候，在与中国的交往中已明显知道汉字。是一名叫王仁的到达了日本，带去了系统的汉字和汉文的典籍，因此这算是日本人学汉文的真正开始。后来阿直竣、王仁的子孙到日本后同化为日本人，作为东西文部住在大和、河内之地，任祭扫、出纳等职。到了推古天皇朝代，日本与隋朝建立了邦交，随着留学生和留学僧的归国而带去了中国书法。
日本后又崇拜起王羲之，这对于日本的书法的形成起了很大影响。到后期的假名书法时终于有了自己的特色。
韩国书法源出于汉字的书写形式，每一个字都是在一个想象的方块中由一些形状不同的线组合而成，都是为了表达一个特有的意义。书法在韩国始终与绘画关系密切，他们认为从笔法安排的有力与和谐的角度而言，绘画是受到书法的影响。所以在韩国，书法艺术比绘画艺术更受人们的重视，人们常把书法作品像绘画一样挂在墙上欣赏，而且像对画一样赞赏它的每一笔独到之处，赞赏它用墨的韵味，赞赏它整幅布局的功力、骨格、神韵等等。
韩国的书法有悠久的传统，韩国人从大约公元二世纪或三世纪开始使用汉字表达意愿或行为，即使在 1446年韩国字母韩字创造出来以后，汉字仍然作为官方文字使用。据了解，从那个时候开始，王室的书院和国家办的高等学堂里讲授中国文学。书法的历史如此悠久，无数贵族阶层的人和艺术家又在许多世纪里为促进书法艺术作了显著努力，可惜在经过多次外国入侵和内部纷争之后古代书法作品保存到今的极少。特别是 16世纪末同日本丰臣秀吉军队之间的七年战争，造成的人员死亡自不待言，而且还在韩半岛各地对具有历史意义的石碑和文物造成了严重破坏。因此，属于那场战争以前年代的残存的书法作品现在不到20件。
能藉以了解位于西南部的百济王国的书法艺术所达到的高度的资料更少。根据这个王国的学者水平高、艺术品精致这两点看来，它在书法上很可能也达到相当成熟的程度。1972年在韩国中部百济古都公州偶然发现的武宁王和王后的王陵内发现了许多具有重要考古价值的文物，其中有一块方形石碑对书法家和碑铭学家说来是稀世奇珍。这方石碑置于这座六世纪时的墓的入口处，类似为建造这座陵墓而向地下神祗购买一片土地所立的文契。石碑上所刻的汉字字体优美，表现出很高的技术。
接下来的统一新罗时代，由于崇尚中国唐朝文化，因而产生了许多书法家，如金生、崔致远。他们的字体基本上追随书法大师欧阳询和虞世南。另一位书法大师王羲之也备受仰慕，他的行草书为人们普遍临摹。但是，从新罗王国开始流传的字体方正的欧阳询体在高丽时代仍占主要地位，直到1350年左右。
朝鲜时代最著名的书法家是实学派的金正喜。金正喜是杰出的书法家和学者，他建立了人称“秋史派 ”的风格。他的书法脱胎于中国隶书，但是他在布局上富于画感，善于在不对称中见和谐，而且笔触有力无比，使笔下的字充满活力。由于这些才能，他终于创造了自己特有的生动有力的风格。
在韩国，学书法被认为是有修养人士陶冶情操的必要过程。书法作为书写或者传递信息手段的实际功用往往不如字写得优劣所含有的哲学意义更重要。在韩国如同在中国和日本一样，书法被认为是一种高雅艺术，书法家也受到人们的尊重。韩国的书法组织虽不象中国具有完整的体系，但韩国书法的民间组织却非常普及，而且活动频繁。接待我们访韩的韩国海东研书会就是一个出色的民间组织。海东研书会于1971年8月1 日创立，很具规模的书法活动就组织了200多次，并组织多次国际间的书法交流，这对于一个民间组织来讲，确实是难能可贵的。会长金东渊先生是一个有成就的书法家，在韩国书法界很有影响。金先生崇尚传统，重视基础，他的字有时近乎于篆书，有时近乎于隶书，或在两者之间斟酌取舍，可谓变化奇谲、仪态万方，随心所欲而不逾矩。
【详解书法“米”字格】
爱新觉罗·启骧
“米”字格的用法历来在书法学习者和爱好者中有分歧和争议。启功先生主编的一九八六年出版的《书法概论》中第48页对“米”字格的说明就有误差。启功先生既是我的堂兄，又是我的老师，因而有机会同他面谈这个问题，得到他反复的教授。今天把启功对我所讲和实践的经验详细成文，为后来者在练习书法结构时少走弯路。
启功先生所讲的“米”字格是书法结构的一个重要的规律，也是对书法艺术的重大贡献，它不同于描红模子上打的“米”字或“井”字的格子。描红模子上的格子是为初学者安排笔划的位置作参考的。“米”字格的结构规律是指写米字时，∠为∠1要小于∠3，∠2要小于∠4，∠5要小于∠7，∠6要小于∠8。
也就是说米字上半部的两点要稍立一点儿，下半部的撇和捺要稍平一点儿，这个字才显得好看。
最常见的错误理解是把米字的两点和一撇一捺都写在描红格子上的45度角的斜格上，认为这样才标准。这同所谓的写字要横平竖直一样是要不得的，这样写出来的字没有美感。
《书法概论》写道:如米字，1、2小于3、4，3、4小于5、6，5、6又小于7、8，如反过来效果不问可知了。这里明显地犯了几何上的错误，因为如果∠1＜∠3＜∠5＜∠7且∠2＜∠4＜∠6＜∠8成立，那么就得出 ∠1＋∠2＋∠3＋∠4＜∠5＋∠6＋∠7＋∠8的结论，这就显然违背了∠1＋∠2＋∠3＋∠4=∠5＋∠6＋∠7＋∠8=180°这一基本几何定律。这大概是编撰人的笔误，或对启功先生这个理论有所误解。这里应当是；∠1＜∠3，∠2＜∠4，∠5＜∠7，∠6＜∠8，而∠3和∠5，∠4和∠6之间没有关系，就像附图中的米字，看上去十分漂亮。
汉字中有很多字都可以用到“米”字格的规律。
第一类是上半部有两点一竖的字，如:光、尚、当、肖。
第二类是下半部有一撇一捺中点一竖的字，如:木、东等等。违反了“米”字格规律去写这些字，效果一看便知。
由此延伸出去，有两点对研究书法结构有事半功倍的认识与大家共勉。
一、汉字结构中有很多雷同之处，如果找到一个结构的规律，又把它推广到别的字，便能更快地掌握更多字的写法。
二、汉字结构的美感是有规可循的，在认真研究掌握这些规律之前，不要急忙追求创新革旧。在融会贯通了书法的基本功和结构之后，属于你自己的独特的东西是会自然成就的。
Calligraphy is a traditional art form unique to China. Chinese characters are created by working people, began to picture notes, after several millennia, evolved into today's text, because of their ancestors invented writing with a brush, he produced a calligraphy through the ages, a brush to write Chinese characters are mainly As for other writing forms such as hard brush, means books, the writing brush to write with the law than the law is not very different, but the basic interlinked. Claim based on the source of the request (refer to Oracle later), here focuses on the law of Chinese brush writing. As long as we have in calligraphy, "narrow" understanding, then to the understanding of the "extended the calligraphy" will be a major benefit.
Narrow sense, calligraphy is written in Chinese characters with a brush methods and laws. Including the pen, brush, stippling, structure, distribution (distribution, transportation times, the rules) and so on. For example, the author of that virtual real palm, fingers Qi power; brush center shops cents; dotted with views to the pen, Run-Qiao same; structure to form the word Li, Xiang An echo; distribution complex, density properly virtual and real, the whole chapter consistent gas ; section literacy this ancient section, the word wealthy small, rather high not to low.
Broadly speaking, calligraphy is a symbol of the written rules of language. In other words, calligraphy is in accordance with the characteristics and meaning of the text, written its body style, structure and organization of writing calligraphy, making the rich beauty of works of art, as cultural development, has not only limited to the use of brush calligraphy and writing Chinese characters its meaning has been greatly increased. For example, speaking from the use of tools, only a document that the multifarious, brush, hard brush, computer equipment, spray gun with such a wide range of branding. Paint is not just using black ink blocks, ink, adhesives, chemicals, paint glaze and other colorful, full of wonders. The four treasures of the past - brush, ink, paper and ink stone, its meaning has expanded greatly, species too numerous to list; way from the pen point of view, some hand-write, some write their feet, that is, to other organs authored also no shortage, even some people simply do not use a pen to write, such as "that book" "squeeze leakage book" and so on; from the written text, said species is not a kind of Chinese characters, and some minority languages are also mounted calligraphy art, is a case in Mongolian; from the body and the organization of writing the book point of view, in addition to the traditional book to send authentic than in the country has emerged on the merits (line) the same movement combined with the "intent" faction, known as Calligraphy. It is based on the traditional Chinese calligraphy, to innovate, "change" and into poetry painting as a whole, seek unity of form and content, so the work was, "meaning the United States, Sound and Form" in the three US-masterpiece. Many calligraphers in Japan abandon the language of the text, establish the text "image" of the emergence of "Mexico as" send to a pen and Xu disease severity, stroke of a pen position to open and close and change, write a variety of images of text. This book sent, although prominent, "image", its characters also tour the new, but the characters are not "image", so it become difficult, the development is restricted. All of these (of course not only these) can be seen, like calligraphy and other things, is constantly developing and changing. This must lead to calligraphy circle of people seriously.
Calligraphy 【origin】
Calligraphy is the art of writing Chinese characters. It is not only the Chinese nation's cultural treasures, but also in the world's cultural treasure house of artistic flourish alone. Characters in a long long history of evolution, on the one hand play the exchange of ideas, cultural heritage and other important social role, on the other hand it is itself a unique form of plastic art. After recent research on the origin of Chinese characters is generally believed that in about a year ago about 5000,6000 Yellow River in China's "Yangshao period", has created the text. Yangshao due to rope in Henan in 1921, Shantou Yangshao first found in the village its name. Nearly 40 years, has gradually found there are many.
The text all the nations of the world, summed up in three main types, namely, phenotypic characters; ideographs; phonograph. Chinese is a typical form of the text in the table developed on the basis of the ideographs. The growing number of Characters and method, that is the kind drawn. But drawing tends to be more simplistic, abstract, a prominent physical features of a symbol representing a certain sense, the pronunciation of a certain ... ... of our characters, from pictures and signs to create, shape, from Ancient Seal Script to Xiaozhuan the seal and the scribe, Kai, line, grass, a variety of physical shape. Application of Chinese characters in the process of writing, gradually produced a national language in the world unique, the art of calligraphy can be an independent category.
【Introduction】 various calligraphy body
1: Oracle
A kind of ancient Chinese book of the names, is the oldest existing Chinese characters. Engraved on the bones, the first used for divination (the Yin people use turtle shells, animal bones divination. Divining the period after the divination, diviner's name, the things divination divinations with Knife Carving in the next, Some of them also had a number of the future fate is fulfilled also afterwards. scholars call this record for the inscriptions), is the result of the divination of future things, Sheng Yu Shang. Oracle found that in 1889, is the late Shang Dynasty royal family fortune when the records found in Henan Province, Anyang Xiaozhun Cun area, has more than 3,000 years ago. Oracle is the first piece of Chinese calligraphy in the history of treasure, the strokes have thickness, weight, Ji Xu changes, write light and illness, the line of thick and heavy, closing document fast and the Czech Republic, has a certain rhythm. Stroke the bend radius and recent steep sides were moving, were soft and round. The line is more harmonious than the smooth Tao, the Chinese art of calligraphy unique line _set_ the tone and rhythm. Oracle composition and rectangular, laid the character of the font. Oracle of the guitar body with the body contour, either its natural. The Art of Composition of different sizes, many different radius, with a long flat shape, scattered and diverse yet harmonious unity. The so-called mixed descendants scattered, interspersed avoidance, the DPRK military's echo-day follow-up to _set_ out the principles of Chinese writing, etc., has been generally available in Oracle.
2: Bronze
A kind of ancient Chinese book of the names. Shang, Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States period bronze inscription on the font general. Flourished in the Zhou Dynasty. Bronze was another milestone in the history of Chinese calligraphy. Attached to bronze, cast tripod aimed at "making people aware of God evil" it is a religious ritual ceremonies. Bronze is also known as Zhong Dingwen, devices culture, ancient inscriptions. And the bronze cast of the inscriptions with the lines of Oracle's more sturdy than the strong, mean and more pictographic characters strong, the earliest inscriptions found in the mid-unearthed bronze business, the data was quite small, years earlier than the Oracle Bone Inscription . Zhou Dynasty was the golden age of bronze inscriptions, inscriptions unearthed at most.
Major works of this period are: "Li Gui," "day of death Gui" "Dayu Ding" "wall plate", "s scattered disk", "Guo quarter of sub-white plate." Especially the "mother of E Division Ding", "San's disc" "Maogong Ding," the most famous, also the highest artistic achievement.
3: Culture stone
Stone produced in the Zhou paper, flourished in the Qin Dynasty. During the Eastern Zhou Qin Stele text. In the 10 drum quality granite stone, engraved with four words each poem, the contents of singing Qin Guojun hunting situation, it is also known as hunting stone tablet. The legendary Xia Dynasty when the first stone is a "mountain peak monument" style tone poem engraved with the "Book of Songs" Ya similar size. Font close to "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" contained in the Zhou Wen, calligraphy has always been its high regard. His main works are: "about Mr", "Yi Hill stone," "Tarzan stone" "Langya stone" "Huiji stone" and so on.
4: ink bamboo and silk
Oracle
Qi Wen
Oracle of another name. Lease through carve, because in order to lease Knife Carving on tortoise shells, animal bones, hence the name. A Summary of the Qing Dynasty there <Qiwen example> Volumes I and II, for the Explanation of the beginning of Oracle.
Engraved Symbols
Qin Dynasty, a kind of special-purpose seal script body. Han Xu Shen, "Shuo Wen Jie Zi Syria": "Qin Shu eight bodies, third is carved symbol. To comply with the letter." Duan Note: "" Wei Shujiang style table "book characters who meet under the , one of six weeks of the system, Chinese system of bamboo, long six inches, divide and consistency. "engraved on the character of such Zhuanti special section on the line with a Knife Carving a result of the metal, not mildly smug, it is nearly straight strokes, Founder body close to, such as Yang Ling Fifteen Strings of Coins on the existing text.
Seal Script
Seal Script is a font commonly used in Western Zhou Dynasty, is said to benefit the creators. Writing for different media, also Bronze Seal Script (or "Zhongding Wen"), Zhou Wen difference.
Bronze appeared later than Oracle is inscriptions, inscriptions, also known as Zhong Dingwen. Business Week is the bronze age, bronze ritual vessels, represented by Ding, musical instruments in minutes for the representative, "bronze tripods" is synonymous with bronze. So, Zhong Dingwen or inscriptions refers to cast in bronze or carved on the monument.
Bronze was the sacrifice to the content is about, giving orders, edicts, expedition, hunting, covenants and other activities or events recorded, all reflected the social life. Bronze font neat Qiu Li, simple and heavy, and Oracle Compared off stiff, diverse, and more enriched. Bronze basically Zhou Zhuan Ti. These words, when the Emperor had been found, then someone will find out in Fenyang sent to the palace a tripod, so Han will reign as Yuanding (formerly 116). One after another after they have found inscriptions. Ouyang Xiu Song Dynasty, Zhao Mingcheng all good books, done research on the inscriptions and records.
When King Xuan of Zhou cast of "Maogong Ding" on the inscriptions are representative, the inscription of 32 lines, 497 words, is the longest unearthed bronze. "Maogong Ding" inscription font structure tightly, lean fresh flowing layout is not no hurry Chi, anchor properly, inscriptions works leader. In addition, the "big Yue Ding" Ming, "San's plate," Ming is the superior of the inscriptions for.
Zhou Wen Qin used the ancient text, is Xiao Zhuan predecessor, because people in Spring and Autumn Period to the Qin's "History of Zhou article" in a collection of 223 words, so called Zhou Wen said to "Zhou" means "reading" . Tang dynasty unearthed "about Mr" According to research is the moment when Duke Xiang Qin, and "History of Zhou article" in the same text, is the representative of Zhou Wen.
Xiaozhuan
Bird book worm
Also known as the "bug book." Seal of the flower body. Warring States have this font, most cast or carved on the arms and bells. Often composed of strokes with the shape of animals, like the book like painting, interesting taste. Han Xu Shen, "Shuo Wen Jie Zi Syria" Remember the Qin Shu eight bodies, "Si Yue book worm"; Mang Six, "Liu Yue Bird book worm, so the letter written banner also." Duan Note: "banner, as a banner, banner book, that book banner; letters, that section of the book character." Description of such books for the flag and symbol of multiple letters, printed in Chinese and there are some birds in the book into print examples of insect .
Book Department
Also known as "book list." Han Xu Shen, "Shuo Wen Jie Zi Syria," said: Qin Shu eight bodies, "Liu Yue Department of books." Duan Qing Dynasty "Annotation" contains: "biopsy, the book department also, check where all the letters inscribed Jieyue Department, the title list, saying the department."
About Mr
About Mr norms than Bronze, solemn, but still retains a certain extent, the characteristics of Bronze, which is the small seal from the Bronze to the development of a transitional body of the book. Before the Legend about Mr Zhou Xuan Wang Tai Shi Zhou bronze inscriptions have been conducted on the transformation and consolidation, with a Dazhuan 15, it is also known as Seal Script, "Zhou Wen." About Mr No legacy is the Seal Script, save more complete and sign one of the words more books.
Shek Kwu total of 10 high-two feet, more than a foot in diameter, the image drum and the small circle under the micro-rough top (actually a stone tablet-shaped), due to hunting and fishing inscription to dwell on things, so they call it "hunting stone tablet." Zhou Wen points to 10 for a group of carved four-word poem. Currently the word has more than a forgotten, no longer a deposit on the ninth word drum. The book Communication for the history of Zhou are mine, body grand, generous, round live unrestrained, forceful temperament, hardness and softness, while old Mao Qiu Pu Yi gas. Smooth vertical and horizontal, rigorous and neat, use of center, almost the same stroke thickness, composition and symmetry Pingzheng some, and some words are irregular scattered, small seal near Xiaozhuan without the formality. Layout in the organization of writing, though every word independence, but noted that the vertical and horizontal relations between the Yan Yang Qing Court, which document the strong force is extremely prominent in the stone, in ancient writing calligraphy is called singularly unique color and unique style God. Kang called "such as gold-tin Committee, the Chicago grass cloud, do not bother the whole I, adopted its own strange." Books for the Seal Script its transition to the small seal characters, learning "about Mr" to the chase Seal Script, the next school Xiaozhuan no risk at all. Regarded as a genuine school seal by key later, are all temporary learning. Yang Yi, Sun, Wu Dacheng, Wu Changshuo, Wang Fu-Um h ave effective here.
Shek Kwu first antiquities of China, also the first rule book at home, with high cultural and historical value and artistic collection.
Sand lance seal
Also known as "jade chopsticks seal." A seal script. The written document Road, mellow natured, bar-shaped jade (chopsticks), hence the name. Began in the Qin Dynasty, Tang Qi has "Master Xie Yu Tan City bars Seal" Poetry said: "Jade bars genuine to long-suppressed Hing, Li Si Li Yang reached the ice." Descendants of the book, the pen rounded golden age in the other fonts, also known as "sand lance . " Yen Chen-Ming Wang Shizhen comments as written: "" Family Temple "," Maoshan monument "is the book sand lance writer."
Wire seal
Xiao Zhuan kind. From the Qin Dynasty "Tarzan Stele", "Langyatai Stele" and other books in the wind sand lance prolapse. Live round pen, small hard like iron, flat end to end, such as lines, hence the name. Later Tang Dynasty, said Li Yang ice seal script as the "money line seal."
Official script
Grass seal
Calligraphic name. Another name for white flight. Han Yong said: "What grass seal of feet deep, but gentle s not declared." "Jin Shilin Introduction": "First of white fly, Fragrance appearance attached bone, mixed with ancient and modern methods, mien for grass seal for the device The make, for the self, not otherwise have. "refers to the cursive strokes of seal character writing. "History books will be", said: "(Zhao) official history of optical storage Benedict Italian literature, creative grass seal, cover," Cullinan "Monument to the small and Yan, Yao has exceeded its character, the book does not tread remains." Fu Shan, etc. have good grass Seal.
Division Doo Man
Also known as "Section fight book", "Branch bucket seal." Seal character (including ancient, Zhou) of known handwriting. Due to the pen dipped in ink or paint for books, pens, Road Department started to write rough, closing document of a minor, shaped like tadpoles, hence the name. The name has shown signs in the Han Dynasty, Lu Zhi letter to "the ancient arts fighting, close to reality." ZHENG Kang-Cheng <Book of Zambia> said: "The book first out of the house wall, all weeks, hieroglyphics, the so-called Section fight this book." Qiu Yan Yuan I fight book form demonstrated the formation of families is: "No ancient ink, bamboo very point book paint bamboo, the bamboo tired of the hard paint, painting can not row, so head and thick tail thin, shaped like the ears. "
Mou
Han copy system seal body with a Seal. Six of Wang Mang. Han Xu Shen, "Shuo Wen Jie Zi Syria," Remember the Six Mang said: "Wu Yue Mou, so copy and India also." Leveling the square shape, well-meaning scribe, and the circle gesture absorbed by the Xiaozhuan mildly evolved to buckling winding. With preparations to establish meaning, hence the name. Qing Gui Fu "sub-Yun Mou," Han will be printed with multi-body Zhuanwen collectively referred to as "Mou." Also known as "copy printed seal."
Regular script
Regular script is difficult to locate two questions: First, its name is written, official script, this scribe, eight books, the book confusing and hard to statute; second _set_ when the divergent views of its origin. Generally speaking, the standard regular script is Founder-side homogeneous, unlike the small seal script long longitudinal and transverse Flat Confusion has evoked no wave pick. Strokes off the bend and so on with no turn. In addition, the line running script style, oracle bones, bronze tripods are not fixed, so line informal. Since the Qin later, all from right to left, are all exceptional. Sun-off court, "the book spectrum", said: "True to stipple the form of quality, so to love nature." That is a generalization.
Thin Gold Book
Also known as "Slender Gold." A regular script. Song Zhengzong Chinese calligraphy learning Chu Sui-liang Zhao Ji, Yao Xue Xue Ji out to new, sharp Jin Yun trim, pen Tao Qiao thin thin Run hard and have sweet sublime Fengshen, into a law, since the number "slender gold script." Ming Tao Zongyi "History books will be" called "Beginners Xue Ji, changed their testimonies from No. slender gold script." Neighbor Ye Chang Chi "language Stone" called the book: "For bronze Yong books, and reference to Chu Dengshan, less Xue Bao, Shou Ying truly inspired, like cut jade, the Bank said that the book is also thin gold. "surviving works are" regular script Thousand Character Classic "," Shen Xiao Yu Qing monument. " The italics this is also from the extrusion.
Cursive
Font name. Another name for "Ligusticum book." Generalized means, whether times, fonts, those who drafted illegible; narrow sense refers specifically to strokes rolling, easy to write the font. Han Xu Shen, "Shuo Wen Jie Zi Syria," said, "Hon Hing has cursive." Handwriting is a common early Han grass attached (that is hasty official script). Gradually developed into "Zhang Cao." To the Han Dynasty, is said Zhang Zhi off "Zhang Cao" in the wave of spine-Yun had the stroke and the official script every word suffix of the acting is not associated, under the guise of a code next to each other, rolling strokes convenient "this grass," that is later called cursive . To the Eastern Jin Wang Xizhi and greatly improved. Mid-Tang Zhang Xu, Huai Su to "this grass," written in a more indulgent Strangeness, pens away snakes, known as the "Wild Cursive", as distinct from "this grass."
Cursive
Also known as "big grass." Cursive one of the most indulgent. Jin Wang Xizhi gentle way out of cursive style, rolling Bentu gesture, shape changing, very Tappi induced snake dance. Named after the Tang Zhang Xu, Huai Su. Zhang Xu handed down, "Poetry 4 posts" and the Huai, "Autobiography quote" shall be the representative.
Script
Also known as the "line charge book." Calligraphic name. According to legend, created by the end of Han Liu Sheng. Chinese calligraphy running script generally form the basis for smooth and convenient to write, not as hard to distinguish cursive is placed vertically, but also a vivid than regular script is simple, is the extensive use of hand-written letter body. Script writing and keep the line of Min, the paper rather than carved, turned to re-light, water clouds, line, no less interruption, business has almost forever. Song Jiang Kui that cursive script "to the pen for your old, rarely missed, can illumine. The concentration of fiber in your room out, blood, bones and old healthy, Fengshen crisp, attitude and taste."
Non-Chinese calligraphy
[Vietnamese calligrapher to write the non-Chinese character calligraphy]
Vietnamese calligrapher to write the non-Chinese Calligraphy
"Arabic calligraphy" written in Sanskrit alphabet calligraphy, Vietnamese Mandarin word calligraphy, are "non-Chinese Calligraphy" category, which the Vietnamese Mandarin word calligraphy is an art unique to Vietnam in recent years very popular. Mandarin words in all parts of Vietnam, the Vietnamese calligraphy club, many of which are very well written calligraphers Mandarin words, work is very collectible. Vietnamese Mandarin word is to the Latin alphabet-based phonetic system, the characteristics of the Vietnamese Mandarin word calligraphy is often the inscription in the painting. Left for the money Wenzhong Sanskrit calligraphy Sanskrit bit like Chinese calligraphy running script, although the handwriting, but handwriting is easy to identify.
【Prehistoric to the summer - Chaos initiation of Chinese Calligraphy
Chinese calligraphy in Chinese art to the production phase began, "Sound can not pass on the remote, to stay in the different, the reason that the text of Health. Text, it had traces of the meaning and sound." Therefore, the generated text. The first works of art of calligraphy is not a text, but some depict symbols - hieroglyphic or pictographic writing.
Characterization of Chinese symbols, first appeared in pottery. Characterization of the first symbol that only a rough idea of chaos, there is no precise meaning.
8000 years ago, appeared in the Yellow River Basin magnetic mountains of Fiji Ligang Wen, Fei Li Gang unearthed in hand-made ceramics, there are more symbols, such symbols are inhabitants of their communicative function, Recorder Chaos and pattern combined with decorative features, which although not a real character, but it really is the embryonic form of Chinese characters.
Then back some 6000 years ago, the ruins of Banpo Yang Shao culture, unearthed a number of similar simple text describe the pottery. These symbols have been different from the tread pattern, the further development of Chinese characters step forward. This can be the origin of Chinese characters.
Then there are two cultures and two years post inside culture. Erlitou culture found in archaeological excavations in the characterization of pottery mark, its mark a total of 24 kinds, some of the Oracle Bone Inscription similar words, is a single stand-alone word. 2 Gang culture has been found in the text system. Here the word has been found three bones, two each word, a 10 character, seems to practice lettering and carving. This makes civilization a major step forward in advance.
The origin of the original text is a copy of the instinct for the image of a specific thing. Although it is simple and chaotic, but it already has a certain aesthetic sensibility. This simple text so you can call it prehistoric calligraphy.
【Business to the Western Han Dynasty - unaware into the sequence of Chinese Calligraphy
From the Shang and Zhou, after the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasty, 2,000 years of history, development has also led to development of the art of calligraphy. The period continued with a variety of calligraphy body appears, there is Oracle, inscriptions, stone article, red and black bamboo and silk manuscripts, etc., which seal script, clerical script, cursive script, regular script and other fonts in the screening of hundreds of miscellaneous body out of shape, the art of calligraphy orderly development began.
【First of its kind in the Qin Dynasty Chinese Calligraphy
Spring and Autumn Period, the text very different countries, is developing a major obstacle to economic and cultural. Qin Shi Huang unified country, the minister presided over reunification of the country with Lisi text, which in Chinese cultural history is a great achievement. Qin Qin after the reunification of the text known as the seal, also known as small seal, is the basis of inscriptions and engravings on drum Ethical Functions. Presided over the famous calligrapher Li Si sorted out the characters in seal script. "Interpretation of carved stone," "Tarzan stone" "Langya stone" "Huiji stone" shall be written by Lisi. Through the ages, a high rating. Qin is the inheritance and innovation of the reform period. "Shuo Wen Jie Zi order", said: "Qin Shu eight bodies, one said, Seal Script, second is Xiao Zhuan, third is carved Fu, Si Yue insect books, printed copy Wu Yue, Liu Yue Department of books, say seven books, eight said, official script. "basically sums up this point font face. By the Li Si Qin Xiao Zhuan, the seal demanding, writing inconvenience, there was official script. "Official script, the seal of the Czech Republic also." Its purpose is to facilitate writing. To the Western Han Dynasty, official script completed by the Seal to the official script of the transformation, composition and vertical momentum into horizontal momentum by the lines more apparent wave spine. The emergence of official script is a major step writing Chinese characters, is a revolution in the history of Chinese calligraphy, Chinese tend to side is not only a model, and in calligraphy on a single center, breaking through brush, all kinds of Books for future schools basis. In addition to these masterpieces of the Qin Dynasty calligraphy, there Chao Edition, right quantity, eaves, currency and other text styles. Qin Dynasty calligraphy, calligraphy in the history of our glorious page in the left, the daring, ambitious, called the lead.
【Seeking degrees chase rhyme - the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Northern and Southern】
Han Chinese calligraphy
Law art boom, starting from the Eastern Han Dynasty. Eastern Han period saw the emergence of specialized theoretical works of calligraphy, calligraphy theory first author at the turn of the East and West Han Yang Xiong. The first theoretical monograph calligraphy is the Eastern Han Dynasty Cui Yuan's "cursive potential."
Han Dynasty calligrapher can be divided into two groups: the Han official script is home to Yong represented. One is cursive home to Du degree, Cui Yuan, Chang Chi as the representative, Cecilia Cheung was later known as the "Cao Sheng."
The best features of the Han Dynasty calligraphy, than is the inscriptions and calligraphy on the bamboo slips. Han inscriptions everywhere, this period inscriptions, carved in the Han Li, fonts Founder, and his testimonies precisely in distinct waves hall. At this time official script has reached its apex.
Han Chong Hing cursive, cursive script was born, in the history of the art of calligraphy is of great significance. It marked the beginning of calligraphy into a high degree of freedom to express emotion, the performance art of calligraphy character. Cursive initial stage of grass attached to the Eastern Han Dynasty, the further development of grass attached to form a Zhang Cao, Zhang Zhi created after the grass today, that cursive.
Wei calligraphy
1: Three Kingdoms period
Three Kingdoms period, starting from the Han official script landed Evolution of the peak position of a regular script, regular script calligraphy as another subject. Regular script, also known as the book is really a book by bell created by Yao. It is in the Three Kingdoms period, the regular script into the Stele of history. Three Kingdoms (Wei) era, "straight season recommended the table." "Declared the table" and became a male as one hundred generations of treasures.
2: Jin Dynasties
Jin calligraphy height, the main performance of the running script, the running script is cursive and regular script between a font between. His masterpiece "Three Greek" or "Bo Yuan quote" "quote quick snow and sunshine," "Mid-Autumn Festival posts."
3: Northern and Southern Dynasties
Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Chinese art of calligraphy into North Monument South posts the times.
Northern Dynasties inscriptions calligraphy, to the Northern Wei, Eastern Wei the most refined, colorful style resembles the capital. Includes "Zhang Toronto landmark," "King Shijun monument." Rubbings among the works are: "sub-text of thousands of real grass." Northern praise bloods, revealing the family business, Stele is more posts than the South as the North Monument, North Kai South line, North China Southern soil, the North South show are all male-based differences.
If the representative of North and South factions, it is the South beam, "Crane Ming." Wei, "Zheng Wengong monument" is one of North-South binary, the North sent writers mostly common people, the book is not anonymous, it when the crown of calligraphy, known as "the holy book", the North sent Wang Youjun.
【Seeking Noritaka France - Sui】
Sui Dynasty Calligraphy
Sui Northern and Southern end of the chaos, the unification of China, and are relatively stable after the Tang period, the development of the South Posts Sui Northern monument while mixing with the flow, the formal completion of the form of regular script, the highest historical continuity of the status of the book. Kai Sui Northern and Southern Dynasties History Deck. Open standard under the new Bureau of the Tang Dynasty, Sui has Beiban left the world, mostly true book, divided four styles:
1: Pingzheng sun and protection, such as Ding Road, the "Kai Temple Monument Act", etc.
2: Jun Yan Fang ordered such as "Beauty Dong epitaph" and so on
3: deep round strength, such as "Taming Nobuyuki Zen Master", etc.
4: Xiù Lǎng very small, such as "Long Zang monument" and so on.
【Books】 peak of the Tang Dynasty
1: Tang Dynasty Calligraphy Introduction
Tang and profound culture, brilliant and reached the peak of China's feudal culture, described as "the book to the Tang Dynasty and the zenith." Tang ink has spread before those who took more than a large number of Beiban left valuable calligraphy. The Tang Dynasty calligraphy, another of the former generation of both inheritance and innovation. Regular script, running script, cursive script developed to the Tang Dynasty are entering a new situation, a very prominent characteristics of the times, the impact on future generations far more than any previous era.
Early, national prosperity, calligraphy from the left France in the Six out of cicadas off all regular script to Ouyang Xun. Yu Shinan. Chu Sui-liang, Xue Ji, Ouyang calligraphy through 4 for the mainstream. General characteristics of structured and clean, so future generations of the book as "Tang weight between the frame" approach, momentary respect for "the highest Langhammer," until the Tang merry combination of Confucianism and Taoism, Li Yong change Youjun line method, unique, Zhang Xu, Huai to willow drunkenness will push the extreme form of cursive, cursive Ze Yi Ting Sun had known for elegance, I like Zhizhang, Li Longji Sincere Yi Kuang Chong also force, strength of character Feng Li of the new realm. The Yen Chen a cashier at the novelty among the traditional method, students outside of the new law on old-fashioned. Dong Qichang that book borrowing from Chinese, a large preparation of Lu. To the late Tang and Five Dynasties, national power to slow down, Shen Chuan teacher. Another change to Kai Fa Liu public power. Jin explicit Zijin to thin. Further enriched the Tang Kai of law, to the Five Dynasties, Yen Liu Yang condensing adopting both long. The capsule two kings, side front attitude, focus on laying cents, then at the occasion of Independence Rao Chengping chaos and the like, but also the back light Tang. Five occasion, the wind Wild Zen Chi, the book also goes to affect the altar, "crazy Zen calligraphy" was not a significant scale in the Five Dynasties, Song Dynasty calligraphy course is not a small effect.
Tang Dynasty art of calligraphy can be divided into the Early Tang, Tang, Tang three periods. Early in succession mainly respect the stipulations, deliberate pursuit of Jin Jin calligraphy United States. Tang innovative, extremely prosperous. Progress in the late Tang calligraphy.
The highest institution of the Tang Dynasty, there are six, namely, Imperial College, Imperial College, 4 science, legal science, calligraphy, arithmetic. Books which specialized language support calligraphers and calligraphy theorists, is pioneering the Tang Dynasty. Famous dynasties of giving birth Glowing. If the Early Ouyang Xun, Yu Shinan, Chu Sui-liang, etc.; in the Tang Yen Chen, Liu public rights, are all calligraphy. Late have Wang Wenbing seal script, regular script, and Yang Li Ning E-type "Wang Yan Liu 2," finish.
Sui and Tang Dynasties calligraphy can be divided into three stages
(1) Sui Dynasty to Early
Sui Dynasty unified China, Northern and Southern culture and the arts will compatibility package store, to Early, political prosperity, gradually the art of calligraphy from the legacy of the Six law free oneself out with a new attitude emerged. Early in the mainstream of regular script, the total characteristics is well constructed ramparts.
(2): Tang, Tang stage
Tang Dynasty calligraphy, such as the social form was carried away to pursue a romantic way. Such as "Britain Chang Su drunk" (Zhang Xu, Huai Su) of Wild Cursive, Li Yong of the running script. The mid-Tang, regular script again with a new breakthrough. Represented by Yen Chen laid the standard for the regular script, _set_ an example, the formation of the orthodox. So far Chinese calligraphy style has been fully determined.
(3): Late Tang and Five Dynasties period deposit legacy
AD 90 years, destroy separatist who Zhuquan Zhong Tang, the establishment of Later Liang, Later Tang Dynasty this calendar, Houjin, after the Han, the Later Zhou Dynasty, Five Dynasties said. As the country was on the wane and with scattered, arts and culture was also found downhill trend. Although the late Tang calligraphy while contractors continued, but the impact of war Binghuo formed litter the general trend of decline. Five, in this calligraphy commendable, when push Yang condensing. His calligraphy calligraphy decline in the Five Dynasties, can be described as the mainstay. Another Li Yu, Yan repair accomplished calligrapher, etc.. Thus, Tang Ping Zheng rigorous style has now been silenced book, after the Northern Song Dynasty, "4" next to hit, it _set_ off a new era waves.
【Still intended to declare the situation - the Ming and China】
Song Calligraphy
Song calligraphy is still Italy, This is due to Zhu big advocate of Science, Meaning and content, contains four points: a heavy philosophical, double Knowledgable, stylized triple, quadruple artistic expression, and mediated Calligraphy in the personal and original sex. Reflected in the calligraphy of these, if Sui's still law, is the pursuit of "jobs" reflects, then the maturity of the Song Dynasty, the calligraphy is still intended to start with a lyrical new face appeared in the world. This is the book home to Chi In addition to "natural", "work" two levels, the need has "knowledge" or "bookish" Song 4 changed the face of Tang Kai. Jin posts directly Script legacy.
No recognition is both talented high Cai Xiang and Su from the innovative, or high depending on the ancient Qi Huang Ting and Wen Tong Mi insurance, are trying to express themselves in while the calligraphy style, highlights a kind of maverick attitude to learning The gas luxuriant luxuriant hair in between ink and give people a new aesthetic conception, which in the Southern Song Dynasty, Wu said. Zhao Ji. Lu. Fan Chengda, Zhu, Wen Tianxiang and other books at home has been further extended, however the Southern Song Dynasty calligrapher's ink foundation learning and no longer than four and a Song. Is representative of the Song Dynasty calligrapher Su, Huang, rice, Cai.
Yuan Dynasty Calligraphy
Early Yuan economic and cultural development is not, calligraphy is a nostalgia for the general situation, patriarchal Jin, Tang and less innovation. Although the political rule of the Yuan invaders, however, been a cultural assimilation of Han culture, and Song informal mood often pursue different method, meaning the performance of Yuan deliberately seeking workers for the open pursuit of beauty, it is advertised Sushi "I intended to make this book can not," Zhao Mengfu advocates is the "eternal pen," the former meaning the pursuit of Lv Yi, later emphasized the meaning of intention. Yuan Dynasty calligraphy is the central figure Zhao Mengfu, founded by his regular script, "Zhao" and the European Union and Tang Kai. Yan style. Liu body and said four bodies, a major book future generations regulatory body copy, because thought is not Zhao Meng-fu, calligraphy exceed two kings step, so the king sent his calligraphy calligraphy on fine between quite unique insight, showing " Warm and Elegant, "" Studies show elegant "style look, this is also his Buddhism. Aesthetic attitude towards ethereal detachment of free access to a certain kind of spirit contact. In the Yuan Dynasty calligraphy are still fresh in the prestigious hub, Tang Wen-yuan, Zhao Mengfu although less success, however in the calligraphy style has its own unique. They argued that painting with the law, pay attention to the word node body.
Throughout the Yuan Dynasty calligraphy, calligraphy is characterized by the Yuan Dynasty, "is still Guzun posts" and its achievements are still large areas in cursive. As Zhuanli, although a few famous, but not how well. This kind of line, cursive calligraphy for the mainstream development to be changed before the Qing Dynasty. Yuan Dynasty calligraphy style, is still learning along the Song Sheng in calligraphy, Tang Jin cases, although each has its magic, the law can not stand the book to a forum, than literature or painting, categories, yet were not as much cold.
Ming Dynasty Calligraphy
The development of the Ming dynasty calligraphy in three stages:
1: Phase I - the early Ming
The early Ming calligraphy "with the word million," "Taiwan Pavilion body" prevails. Can brother Shen fueled school will work towards the ultimate stability of the lower case. "Where the Gold jade book, with the court, possession of secret government, awarded vassal state, will command the book", 2 Shen Kai calligraphy pushed for the examination is. Calligraphers are good at the early Ming Liu cursive base, Liaohe Song workers in lower case, then fine Zhuan Li, Song Zhang Cao and renowned the world famous Zucker. And Evaluation on the, Wen-Hui Ming, Wang Chong, "third son."
2: Phase II - Ming
Wu Chung-Ming four mid-rise, calligraphy began to move toward the direction of advocating. Evaluation on the Wen Zhengming, Tang Yin, Wang Chong and the fourth son, according to Zhao Meng-fu through the Point, borrowing from Iyataka; style is peerless, and then that the liberation of the pioneering ideas, calligraphy began to promote personalized into a new area.
3: The third phase - Ming
Ming calligraphy promoting a critical thought, calligraphy and the pursuit of big Kampf, shocks and visual effects, side front to take the situation, Wang Tu vertical wipe, Full of smoke, so that the original order of calligraphy began to collapse; the plan on behalf of books home with Zhang Rui Huang Tao Zhou, Wang Duo, Ni Yuanrui so. The calligraphy rd Runner Dong Qichang insisted traditional position.
【Lyric Yang Li - Ming to Qing】
Ming and Qing Yang aesthetic reasons lyric main current of the banner, the pursuit of individuality and promote the rational combination with each other, legitimate differences to the classical aesthetics and new aesthetics and Sheng. The overall tendency of the Qing Dynasty calligraphy is still quality, and is divided into two calligraphy and stelae and development period.
The Unconventional Ming calligraphy pen and ink, not wild. Cynical atmosphere of the early Qing Dynasty further, such as the works of Zhu Fu Shan and others still show from my inner life and a non-ending case of emotions. This is in the medium term the "Eight Eccentrics" of the body another repetition. Meanwhile, the late Ming calligraphy also further expanded to carry forward the unification, Jiang Ying, Chang, Liu Yung, Wang governance, beam, etc. He takes the book with respect for tradition in a time when deliberate attempt to show a new face, or light ink writing, or change the organization of writing and so on. However, calligraphy long tradition, not good to clean up, understand, adjust, and a long-standing problems have deepened, making the dismal science quote appeared inevitable.
Is at this time, stone unearthed in the day, scholar interested in chido shifted from stone philology, 1:00 opposition inside and outside the monument before school rush, the last Qing dynasty calligraphy of the hair to become democratic stream, combined with Ruan Yuan, Bao Shichen. Kang strongly provocative, stelae and calligraphy as a counterweight to the Books of the system exist. At that time the famous calligraphers, such as gold farmers, Deng Shiru, Ho Shao-chi, Zhao Zhijian, Wu Changshuo, zhao, Kang were all painted with a monument intended to write, to the best of possible reasons. Bright state. Can be called a culture of Chinese calligraphy in the landscape. If that quote scientists trying to find quality has not been fulfilled, then this desire realized in the stelae there.
【Modern fashion - today's Chinese Calligraphy
Forum diversified in the book today, the art of calligraphy to the concept of sublimation of high-level change, this is undoubtedly a major step. Modern calligraphy art of calligraphy is not simply depends on the form, structure, lines of extrinsic features, but on the inner spirit of modernization. The spirit of modern calligraphy is the art of calligraphy by the contemporary manifestation of the value of conductivity trend of modern society.
Calligraphy has a wide range of practical
The most basic activities of calligraphy writing, and write the primary objective is to exchange notes and feelings of characters minimum requirement is to write specifications, clean, clear, people looked happy to accept, if messy handwriting, and even arbitrary, random creation and readers such as the interpretation of "Double Dutch", can not identify, has lost its practical value. Some people think that writing with a brush as easy to use hard brush, hard brush can replace the brush, only the knowledge, calligraphy calligraphy; Some people think that calligraphy is a "genius" of the patent, "Our study calligraphy is not expected." In particular, some slightly higher age Some friends, by the "people over 30 do not learn his craft," the shackles of old ideas that have been too late to learn calligraphy. Some people think that calligraphy and mysterious, inscrutable, God can not sign, shape is difficult to form good hard into. All these ideas are not desirable, as long as there are laws to speak of writing, especially in many occasions, not calligraphy "facade," Absolutely not. For example, trademark, advertising, slogans, couplet, calligraphy scrolls and so inseparable from calligraphy. Undeniably, the use pens and other tools to be a convenient word, but no matter what tools to use to write their brush with the same basic rules, so both should be learning how to write calligraphy. Calligraphy on the age, from childhood or youth begin to learn, no doubt a great advantage, but at the age of people learn calligraphy, but also many strengths; have the knowledge, there is life, there is experience, understanding, quick, deep feelings, good to express so, young people are not comparable. As for the "genius", is designed to mean "there is such a talented man," wisdom is by no passion, hard work and scientific learning in return. "Nothing is difficult to seek, nothing," "ruthless summon up the resolve not afraid nothing will be accomplished." One student asked when the calligrapher A few useful phrases, lessons learned, in simple clear, memorable. Asked "what age the best calligraphy?" A: "From the beginning of literacy, are suitable for any age." Q: "Can I become a calligrapher it?" A: "Do you think you can --- then you will!" Learning Like other arts of calligraphy and learning, as long as we do not doubt their ability, confidence, enthusiasm, coupled with appropriate methods will be successful. Do not be a number of monopolies intimidated by metaphysics. They say marvelous calligraphy, teaching abstract, trifles, ignorant of the closed circle cycle and waste the students. Calligraphy is also a matter of fact such as "windows of paper", is "a barrel on the break." Its charm can be imposed, the image can be expressed, techniques desirable, the rules up. "Shengtangrushi" look and accessibility.
With artistic calligraphy
Calligraphy healthy
"For the book to keep gas, gas can help." Practicing the book, to doubt God must consider the whole hindquarters start, power delivery cents side note on paper, to express the chest gas, loose heart Yu. Thus, on the psychological and physiological aspects of regulation and exercise a certain role, over time, make people spiritual heart glow, no illness and life. Even illness, also can practice writing, the raising of the more heart disease, accessibility sickness. Calligraphy through the ages that make people good health and longevity, not the virtual mass. If the history of Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, the great calligrapher average life expectancy of 79.2 years, of which Yen Chen was killed at age 76, otherwise life will be longer. According to information on the Ming and Qing dynasties famous modern artists (paintings connected) compared with the monk, 28 people, painter monk live longer than 12.7 years, indicating practice calligraphy and painting activities may also benefit health than the monk, had a consensus for the world. 76-year-old now has a "general calligrapher," Mr. Li Zhen, through practice writing, heart disease better, and insomnia is no longer up_set_. He said with deep feeling, learn calligraphy, "Over time, there must be obtained. This" may "not only in calligraphy, especially on health benefit." Ink pond can be seen, indeed the power fitness, as long as the persistence, perseverance, can change "calligraphy" is wonderful "good health."
Calligraphy can mold your
Sentiment is the feeling and thinking, comprehensive, calligraphy is an art, an art. Its beauty comes from nature, from life, from social practice, and other things interacts closely linked. Features calligraphy, techniques, theory, expressing the artistic conception is extremely broad. "The mind is the book, write fairly good." Calligraphy, literature, philosophy, aesthetics, astronomy, geography, history and other knowledge nothing less. Clearly, we can not simply be understood as is the calligraphy writing. Calligrapher Mr. Wu Shanmao he said: "Calligraphy is a write, but not all write calligraphy." Calligraphy study determined the internal laws of the seriousness of the book. This requires learning the book must have a good mental state to a high degree of passion for learning, strong entrepreneurial activities of scientific thinking, as if sincere effort to treat. Must be diligent and persistent, tireless, to prevent impulse, halfway; must go deep into life, expand horizons, to prevent the arrogant hypocrisy, Shicaiaowu; the need to strengthen training and broaden the conception, to prevent rigid, bartering; to be rich in knowledge, erudite, to prevent the careless, the good exposed the ugly; must crave appreciation, Kam to innovation, to prevent the routinization, remains unchanged. Otherwise, idle away, will achieve nothing. In short, a pond ink, happiness knows no boundaries, we would like product described by human ingenuity in the flower it!
Chinese calligraphy is an ancient art, from Oracle, Jin evolution of the Seal Script, characters in seal script, official script, to the shape in the Eastern Han, Wei, Jin cursive script, regular script, running script various body art of calligraphy has always exudes charm.
Chinese calligraphy history stages, from the total of the division, may Tang Yen Chen as a demarcation point, formerly known as "scripts during evolution", since known as the "Style in the period." Books History during the development of calligraphy for the book the main tendency of the evolution of body, calligrapher and art style of the show is often associated with the body of the book. Style in the period of the book already has, not to scale new a new font. So calligrapher of an "Adoration," the idea of "scripts" have been fixed, and the "meaning" is a living, which further strengthened the role of the subject.
Calligraphy is not only can China, Japan, Korea, North Korea, these countries influenced by Chinese calligraphy has.
Wang Xizhi Japan since then worship it for the formation of Japanese calligraphy played a big impact. When the late Kana calligraphy to finally have their own characteristics.
Korean calligraphy derived from the written forms of Chinese characters, each character in an imaginary box in several different shapes of the lines by a combination of all to express a specific meaning. Calligraphy and painting in Korea has always been close, they believe the strong from the brush arrangement and harmony of the point of view, painting is the subject of calligraphy. So in South Korea, the art of calligraphy is more than painting by attention, people often like calligraphy art to hang on the wall, like appreciation, and appreciation of it as the same on each painting a unique appreciation of its charm with the ink appreciation of the skill distribution is the whole site, bone cells, charm and so on.
Able to understand the kingdom of Baekje in the southwest art of calligraphy reached a high degree of information less. According to the scholars of the Kingdom of the high level, these two seem fine art, calligraphy on it is likely to have reached a mature level. 1972, the ancient capital of Baekje in the Korean public and the central state of chance discovery of the Tomb Wuning king and queen found in a number of important archaeological value, including a square stone inscriptions on the calligrapher and the Treasure of scientists said to be rare . This stone placed in this square sixth century, the entrance to the tomb, tomb, similar to that for the construction of underground gods to the purchase of an established land Deeds. Chinese characters inscribed on the stone font and beautiful, showing a very high technology.
The following Unified Silla, due to the respect for the Chinese Tang Dynasty culture, and thus many calligraphers, such as gold health, Cui Zhi. They basically follow the font calligraphy masters Ouyang Xun and Yu Shinan. Another calligrapher Wang Xizhi has been admired, and his cursive is widely copied. However, the font from the new Luowang Guo began to circulate Founder of Ouyang Xun body are still dominant in the Koryo era, until 1350 or so.
North Korea is actually the most famous calligrapher of the Jin Zhengxi school. Jinzheng Xi is an outstanding calligrapher and scholar, he established called "Autumn History of School" style. He emerged from the Chinese calligraphy clerical script, but he painted in the rich sense of layout, good harmony in the asymmetry of view, but extremely powerful strokes, so described by the word dynamic. Because of these abilities, he finally created his own unique style of a lively and vigorous.
【Xiangjie calligraphy "m" word format】
Aixinjueluo Kai Xiang
"M" word has always been the use of cell learners and lovers of calligraphy have differences and disputes. Edited in 1986, Mr. Qi Gong published "Introduction to Calligraphy" in the first 48 pairs of "m" word there is error description format. Qi Gong is not only my cousin, is my teacher, so with an opportunity to interview him this question, repeated by his professor. Today the practice of Qi Gong on the experience I have spoken and written in detail, for the later practice calligraphy in the structure of detours.
Qi Gong has said the "m" word lattice structure is an important calligraphy rules, is also a significant contribution to the art of calligraphy, which is different from the Miao Hong mold on the pretext of "m" word or "well" the word lattice. Miao Hong mold on the lattice are arranged for beginners stroke location for reference. "M" word lattice is written m the structure of the word, ∠ ∠ 1 is smaller than ∠ 3, ∠ 2 is smaller than ∠ 4, ∠ 5 to less than ∠ 7, ∠ 6 to less than ∠ 8.
That is the word on the part of the two meters to stand a little bit, the bottom half and press down to write a little bit flat, it appears the word nice.
The most common mistake is to understand the word of two meters and a write are written with a flick of the Miao Hong grid on the oblique angle of 45 cells, the think, would be the standard. To write this with so-called smooth vertical and horizontal as is undesirable, write the words that no sense of beauty.
"Introduction to Calligraphy" wrote: If m word, less than 3,4,3,4 less 5,6,5,6 1,2 are smaller than 7,8, such as in turn the result is not known a question. Here obviously guilty of geometric errors, because if ∠ 1 <∠ 3 <∠ 5 <∠ 7 and ∠ 2 <∠ 4 <∠ 6 <∠ 8 _set_ up, then come to ∠ 1 + ∠ 2 + ∠ 3 + ∠ 4 < ∠ 5 + ∠ 6 + ∠ 7 + ∠ 8 of the conclusions, which is clearly contrary to ∠ 1 + ∠ 2 + ∠ 3 + ∠ 4 = ∠ 5 + ∠ 6 + ∠ 7 + ∠ 8 = 180 ° the basic laws of geometry. This is probably a clerical error in compilation of people, or a misunderstanding of this theory, Mr. Qi Gong. There should be; ∠ 1 <∠ 3, ∠ 2 <∠ 4, ∠ 5 <∠ 7, ∠ 6 <∠ 8, while ∠ 3 and ∠ 5, ∠ 4 and ∠ 6 no relationship between, like the drawings the m word, and looked very pretty.
There are many Chinese characters can be used, "m" word lattice patterns.
The first is pricked on the part of two words, such as: light, still, when, Shaw.
The second type is lower part of the mid-point pricked with a flick of a written word, such as: wood, East and so on. Violation of the "m" word lattice rule to write these words, the effect see the answer.
By extension out, there are two points on the structure of calligraphy more with less understanding and encourage one another.
First, there are many similar character structure of office, to find a structure if the law and took it extended to other words, can quickly acquire more way of writing.
Second, the structure of the beauty of Chinese characters are rules to follow, in the serious study to master these laws before, do not rush to pursue innovation and reform the old. In the mastery of basic skills and structure of calligraphy after your own unique thing is naturally accomplished.
|