以农村生活为题材，具有较浓的乡土气息与地方色彩
九十年代的西北乡土小说
赵学勇 刘颖
20世纪90年代西北乡土小说创作的精神主旨发生了流变：作家们不再以探寻甚至是猎奇的眼光注视西北地区古老原始的地域文化，而是进行了全面的拓展。横向上，扩大了作品中的表现视域，涉及到文化、宗教、民族等各层面；纵向上，不再沉湎于古旧的文化根源，而是关注当下的地理和民生，使作品富于鲜活的时代质感。
西北乡土小说作家们坚守自己的现实主义主旨和文学精神，坚守自身的民间立场和底层体验。这决定了他们小说的叙事场景是：传统文化积习深重，家庭血亲关系稳固的，或是在现代文明和商品意识冲击下发生经济和文化震荡的西北村镇；而叙述对象正是生于斯，长于斯的父老乡亲和他们的凡俗人生。他们对父老乡亲们生活环境和生活状况的关注，是一种真正的对于潜流众生的人道主义的关怀。这势必成为西北乡土小说最重要的文学精神的核体，对于西北乃至全国的乡土文学的发展均有重要的价值。
90年代西北乡土小说的精神内涵总体上讲，是丰富的，多元的，悲剧性的。具体讲就是西北，甚至整个中国西部地区，有着千百年历史，又有新的 90年代时代内容的，蕴藏于地域文化当中的文化特质，或见之于普通民众的思想世界的心理积习。作家们孜孜以求的正是通过西北的自然和民生，来探索人民的精神脉络，从而发现这块土地与整个中华民族的精神联系，最终为西北乡土在民族的文化版图上找到位置，也为在经济浪潮中显得无所适从的西北人民在民族的发展中找到精神依托。
乡土小说最主要的精神诉求是悲剧精神和忧患意识。西北地区自然环境恶劣，乡村人民生活贫困，教育文化落后，形成了与现代文明脱节而导致的苦难和悲剧的两个痼疾——贫穷和愚昧。对这一点，小说家们的笔下不胜枚举。贾平凹笔下高老庄人民的贫穷，以及在商品经济对农村的经济文化的震荡下，人们的浮躁，盲目的心理状态。《大漠祭》中，老顺朴实憨厚的儿子憨头，忍受了难以想象的肉体和精神的折磨，因无钱医治，年纪轻轻就死于肝癌。正是由于父老乡亲的生活状态之艰难，引起了作家们深深的忧患意识。他们提出了大时代浪潮中农村面临和急待解决的诸种复杂问题：如乡村干群关系的恶化对经济发展的阻碍（《选举》）；改革开放中被唤醒的进步意识与人性的缺陷、堕落之间的矛盾（贾平凹《阿吉》）；传统恶俗对农民的思想禁锢（杨争光《鬼地上的月光》）；农村妇女的精神状态和她们的实际地位（邵振国“毛卜喇系列”小说），等等，体现了作家们关注的热情和忧患的焦虑。
内省精神与开拓意识是西北乡土作家鲜明的个性特征。时代的发展使90年代的西北乡土小说家较之以往，有了更开阔的眼界，更好的教育背景，他们对于西北乡土以外的世界的经济、文化的发展状况有着清醒的认识。因而，当他们回望故土时，在关切的目光中，除了乡愁、乡恋以外，更有一种审视和内省的成份蕴于其中。
应该说，体现在乡土社会人们精神世界中的达观态度和无所畏惧的开拓意识才是新时代西北人文精神的内核，过去对这一点的认识是不够的。90年代的中国，开放和创造已经成为时代的主流。在这种大背景下，如果只抱着古老原始的旧有文化和思维定势不放，那么势必将使自身陷于落后和愚昧的泥沼。《白鹿原》中白孝文以自己的信念，走着人生的路，虽然他被各种各样的势力所左右，但他终于是在有意无意间背离了“仁义之乡”的道德传统。毕竟，反叛——其实就是走向开拓的第一步。由于乡土小说创作队伍中中青年作家的崛起，使得这一领域的作品中，注入了新的血液。他们在撷取前辈作家的创作传统精华的同时，以一种更富有新意的目光审视了创作中的诸多因素，而有了自己新的选择。这使得90年代西北乡土小说具有了一种宽广的胸怀，更富于开拓者的精神特质。
作为一种被评论界忽视已久，但其自身却在生生不息努力生长的文学实体，90年代西北乡土小说必须首先被公正地看待。人们必须摒除观念中对于西北地区和乡土文学产生轻视的思维陋规。因为经济上的落后绝不等于人文的赤贫；而市场的萧条也绝不等同于文学精神的荒芜。我们可以有根据地说：90年代西北乡土小说坚持现实主义的创作方法，肩负文学的使命感和责任感，承继西北乡土和中华民族优秀的传统文化，关注底层民众真实的生活状态，同时培养了大量很有潜力的文学新生力量，塑造了作为大众文艺样式的小说在中国西北地区的独特的艺术品格。90年代西北乡土小说是中国当代文学不容忽视的重要组成部分：它是有着悠久传统的中国乡土文学在新时代，新地域上的发展延伸，是在中国处于主流地位的现实主义文学的一个重要的地域性分支，是中国文学本土化发展的中坚力量之一，是担负着坚守中国文学理想，发展中国文学的生力军。在本土化和全球化矛盾运动的今天，西北乡土小说于中国文学，正如中国文学于世界文学的关系，因此关注和研究其发展，对于发展民族文学、文化有着重要的范本和实验意义。
The theme of rural life, with stronger sense of local flavor and local color
Nineties of the Northwest Native Novels
Xue-Yong Zhao Ying Liu
90 Northwest 20th century novels of the spirit of the local thrust occurred Evolution: writers are no longer to explore the novelty of vision or even watch the old original Northwest regional culture, but a comprehensive expansion. Horizontally, the performance of the works to expand the horizon related to cultural, religious, ethnic and other dimensions; vertical, not indulge in old cultural roots, but concerned about the current geographical and people's livelihood, so fresh and rich works age texture.
90 Northwest Native Fiction spiritual connotation generally speaking, is a rich, diverse, and tragic. Specifically, Northwest, and even the whole western China, with thousands of years of history, there's a new era of the contents of 90, stored in cultural characteristics among regional culture, or see the world in the thinking of ordinary people's Xinli habits. Is the sought-after writers of nature and people's livelihood through the northwest, to explore the spiritual context of people to discover this land and the spirit of the entire Chinese nation, which ultimately Northwest native culture in the national map find a location for economic wave appeared at a loss to Northwestern in the national development of the people to find spiritual support.
Local demand is the main spiritual novel spirit and sense of tragedy. Northwest harsh natural environment, rural people living in poverty, education, cultural backwardness, formed out of touch with modern civilization, which led to the suffering and tragedy of two ills - poverty and ignorance. This point, the novelist's pen are too numerous to mention. Implication of poor people, Gao Village, and the commodity economy on rural economy and culture shock, people's impetuous, blind state of mind. "Desert festival", the old plain simple and honest sons of silly smooth head, endured unimaginable physical and mental torture, because without money for treatment, died of liver cancer at a young age. It is because of all the folks living conditions of the hard, causing a deep sense of writers. They made big waves in the era of the rural face and Styles of complex issues need to be solved: if the deterioration of rural masses relations obstacles to economic development ("Election"); reform and opening up in the wake of the progress of consciousness and human shortcomings contradiction between the fall (Jia "Achi"); Traditional vulgar imprison farmers thought (Young glory "ghost moon ground"); rural women's mental state and their actual status (Temporal State "Mao Pu La Series" Novels ), etc., reflects the enthusiasm and attention to writers worry anxiety.
Introspective awareness of spirit and open up the Northwest Native Writers distinct personality characteristics. The development of age 90 years than in the past Northwest Local novelist, with a broader vision, a better educational background, they are native to the world outside the Northwest's economic and cultural development have a clear understanding of the situation. Thus, when they look back to their homeland, the eyes in concern, in addition to nostalgia, Xiang Lian outside, more a kind of examination and introspection of the component in which Yun.
It should be said, reflected in the local community in people's mind and philosophical attitude and fearless pioneering a new era of consciousness is the core of the Northwest humanism, knowledge of the past, this point is not enough. 90 years in China, open and creative has become the mainstream of the times. Under this background, if only to hold the ancient original culture and way of thinking the old link, it is bound to make itself caught in the quagmire of backwardness and ignorance. "White Deer" in Bai Xiaowen own faith, walk the road of life, though he was influenced by various forces, but he finally was intentionally or unintentionally deviate from the "virtue of the township," the moral tradition. After all, the rebels - is actually the first step toward opening up. As the ranks of local novels in the young writer's rise, making this area work, injecting new blood. They capture the traditional essence of the creative senior writer at the same time, a more innovative look at the creation in the eyes of many factors, but with his new choice. This makes the 90's, a Northwest native novels have a broad mind, the spirit of a pioneer character more wealth.
As a long-neglected by the critics, but has its own literature in the perennial effort to the growth of entities, 90 Northwest Native fiction must first be treated fairly. People must put aside the concept of the Northwest Territories and Local literature ignored poor self-regulation of thinking. Because of economic backwardness by no means destitute humanity; the market slump are not the same as the spirit of desert literature. We can base said: Northwest Local 90's novels insist on the creation of realistic approach, literary sense of mission and sense of responsibility to shoulder, inheritance Northwest native and the Chinese excellent traditional culture of the people concerned about the underlying state of real life, while cultivating a large number of very Literature potential new force, shaping the style of the novel as a popular art in northwest China's unique artistic character. Northwest Local 90's novel is a contemporary Chinese literature should not be overlooked important part: it is has a long tradition of Chinese local literature in the new era, the development of new geographical extension, is the reality of China in the mainstream literature of an important regional branches, is the backbone of local development of Chinese literature, one is charged with uphold the ideal of Chinese literature, Chinese literature of force development. Contradictions in the localization and globalization today, the Northwest Native Novels in Chinese literature, Chinese literature in world literature as the relationship between attention and study of its development, therefore, for the development of national literature, culture has an important significance of the model and experiment.
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