美學是以對美的本質及其意義的研究為主題的學科。美學是哲學的一個分支。研究的主要對象是藝，但不研究藝中的具外表電表現問題，而是研究藝中的哲學問題，因此被稱為“美的藝的哲學”。美學的基本問題有美的本質、審美意識同審美對象的關係等。
詞語來源
美學一詞來源於希臘語aesthesis。最初的意義是“對感觀的感受”。由德國哲學家亞山大·戈特利·鮑姆加登首次使用的。他的《美學（Aesthetica）》一書的出版標志美學做為一門獨立學科的産生。
直到19世紀，美學在傳統古典藝的概念中通常被被定義為研究“美 ”(Schönheit)的學說。現代哲學將美學定義為認識藝，科學，設計和哲學中認知感覺的理論和哲學。一個客的美學價值並不是簡單的被定義為“美”和“”，而是去認識客的類型和本質。
展歷史
美學作為獨立的學科是從德國十八世紀的鮑姆嘉登開始的，但它的産生建立在自古希臘以來代思想關於美的理論探討之上，是以往美學理論的唔系化、科學化。而古希臘以來的美學理論探討又建立在人們審美欣賞和審美創造活動基礎之上，是人們審美活動的哲學反思。因此，我們要瞭解美學就必須到它的源頭去，開始一次美的旅行。
考古學和藝史告訴我們：人類自脫離動物以來就開始審美欣賞和審美創造活動。舊石器時代的山頂洞人，就用石珠、獸牙、海蚶殼等染上紅、黃、緑等各種不同的顔色佩帶在身上。不僅原始人的裝飾品能見出人類這早期的審美活動，尤其原始藝更是集中反映人類早期審美活動。文字記載和留下的圖案推測，原始藝有詩歌、舞蹈、音樂等，但現已蕩然無存。惟洞穴壁畫與陶器是我們今天所能見到的最早的兩項原始藝記錄。前者主要以各種動物為題材，生動細緻，色彩絢麗。者不僅造型優美、圖案豐富，而且色彩對比鮮明。
人們總是先有某生活、某現象，爾高才口才奴才蠢才天才人才之才英才多才賢才群才唯才幹才詩才降才五才乏才文才懷才奇才才能才路才力才高才伐才格才望才理才思才郎才哲才智才雄才英才情才分才略才貌才人才子才疏開始思考、探討，在思考、探討的基礎上建立相應的學科。對人類早期審美現象的思考、探討始於古希臘。那時的畢達哥拉斯、赫拉鄰里里程特、格拉底、柏拉圖、亞士多德等大哲學家都參與美的探討和爭論。但他們關於美的觀點、見解常常和他們關於真、善的認識混在一起，成為他們哲學思想、道德思想、神學思想以及政治思想和文藝思想的附庸。另外，當時也沒有一部美學專著。思想們的美學觀點夾雜在政治、哲學、宗教、道德、藝甚至史傳、書札、批註等論著中。人們還沒有從那些混雜交織的思想唔系中為美學尋找出一個獨立、特殊的研究對象。這狀況一直延續到18世紀中葉以前。
18世紀以，隨着歐洲工業革命的展，自然科學、哲學、倫理學、心理學和文藝學等近代學科進入逐步形成和展的時期。尤其是與美學密切相關的哲學，自近代以來生認識論轉，為美學學科的建立提供必要的歷史條件。正是在這樣的歷史條件下，鮑姆加登在自己的哲學唔系中，第一次把美學和邏輯學區分開來。在嚴格規定邏輯學的研究對象是形成概念和進行推理的抽象思維的同時，也給美學規定自己獨特的研究對象。寫出美學專著，初步形成美學學科的基本框架以及探討美學的一些基本問題。故此，美學學科誕生，而鮑姆嘉登也因此成為美學之父。
鮑姆嘉登（A.G.Baumgarten 1714-1762）是德國普魯士哈利大學的哲學教授。他關於美學的主要觀點集中在兩個方面：一是他把美學規定為研究人感性認識的學科。鮑姆嘉登認為人的心理活動分知、情、意三方面。研究知或人的理性認識有邏輯學，研究人的意志有倫理學，而研究人的情感即相當於人感性認識則應有"Aesthetic"。"Aesthetic"一詞來自希臘文，意思是"感性學"，來翻譯成漢語就成"美學"。1750年鮑姆嘉登正式用"Aesthetic"來稱呼他研究人的感性認識的一部專著。他的這部著作就被當作歷史上的第一部美學專著。二是鮑姆嘉登認為："美學對象就是感性認識的完善"。
美學何以與感性認識相關？鮑姆嘉登的老師的老師、德國哲學家萊尼茲對此有一段生動的解釋，他說：畫和其他藝學家全家家庭家乡們對於什麽好和什麽不好，儘管很清楚地意識到，卻往往不能替他們的這審美趣味找出理由，如果有人問到他們，他們就會答說，他們不歡喜的那作品缺乏一點"我說不出來的什麽"。
知道作品美或不美，卻說不出個中緣由，在萊尼茲和鮑姆嘉登看來就屬於一種模糊的、混亂的感性認識。
鮑姆嘉登之，美學的展經受不了德國古典美學、馬思主義美學、西方近現代美學三個重要階段。
在德國古典美學階段，康德和黑格爾對美學卓有貢獻，形成美學學科産生以來第一個，也是西方美學史上的第三個高峰。康德以他的三大批判著稱於世，在《判斷力批判》中，康德提出並論證一列美學根本問題，形成較為完整的美學理論唔系。康德之，黑格爾把德國古典美學推到頂峰，成為德國古典美學以及馬思主義美學以前的西方各美學思潮的集大成者。
馬思雖不曾寫有專門的美學著作，但他在其他許多著作中論及大量的美學問題，尤其是他把實驗的觀點引入美學研究，從而把關於美的探討建立在主客辨證統一的基礎上，為美學研究提供一種全新的思路。
19世紀中葉以，美學展流派紛呈，但總的來說有一重要傾，即逐漸脫離"美是什麽"的純哲學討論，而側重於"在美感經驗中我們的心理活動如何"這審美心理的描述，把美學逐漸變成一種經驗描述科學。這便是美學史上所說的由"自上而下""自下而上"的歷史轉型。20世紀的美學更是形成一股強烈的反傳統潮流。它一方面是對傳統形而上學的反叛和對經驗實證方法的張揚，另一方面是對理性主義的反叛和對人的非理性的張揚，在此基礎上逐步形成科學主義美學與人本主義美學兩大思潮。近現代西方美學的主要代人物和美學思潮有德國費希納的"實驗美學"、英國貝爾的"有意味的形式"、美國杜威的"經驗美學"、意大利羅齊的"形象直覺說"、英國洛的"心理距離說"、德國李普斯的"移情說"、弗洛伊德的"比多"理論以及來的分析美學、現象學美學、存在主義美學、接受美學等等。
研究對象
儘管鮑姆嘉登在歷史上第一次明確美學的研究對象，但他的意見沒有在學界獲得一致響應。鮑姆嘉登之，“美學究竟研究什麽”一直是一個引起熱烈爭議的問題。但迄今為止基本形成三傾性的意見：
第一種意見認為，美學的研究對象就是美本身。在持這意見的人看來，美學要討論的問題不是具的美的事物，而是所有美的事物所共同具有的那個美本身，那個使一切美的事物之所以美的根本原因。
第二意見認為，美學的研究對象是藝，美學就是藝的哲學。這個觀點在西方美學史上得到相當一批美學家的認同。
第三意見認為，美學的研究對象是審美經驗和審美心理。這意見是隨着１９世紀心理學的興起，主張用心理學的觀點和方法來解釋和研究一切審美現象，把審美心理和審美經驗置於美學研究的中心。
總之，以上關於美學研究對象的各種意見雖都有其一定的道理，但亦有各自的缺陷，因而都難以取得學界的公認。我們基本傾於第一種意見，因為以美本身作為美學的研究對象一來比較符美學學科的性質；二來無論是藝還是審美經驗的解釋，都有賴於美本身的解釋。但傳統思辨美學把對美本身的研究置於主客對峙的思維模式中，套用技術理性的方法，這是我們所不能贊同的。其最終結果會象現代西方美學那樣導致美學學科本身的危機和消解。
當代的國際美學研究更傾於藝研究，甚至將美學稱作藝哲學，因為對當代的藝不能進行研究或闡釋，是驗證當代的美學的有效性的標志之一，特是當代藝的形形色色已經完全不是傳統的美學含義所能定義。“美”已不是當代美學的作核心概念，這是美學需要註意的，否則將有生機的美學研究引文字遊戲。
與其他學科關係
美學與哲學：
在與美學相關的學科中，美學與哲學的關係最為密切。美學本身就是一門哲學性質的學科。這是因為:
美學的基本問題就是一個哲學思辨性質的問題。任何理論的形成及其性質取决於它的提問以及提問方式。美學産生於柏拉圖之問："美是什麽？"這裏所問的美，不是具的美的事物，而是使一切美的事物之所以美的根本原因。這把人的註意力從雜然紛陳的感性現象引統攝一切的抽象的本質，從變動不居的美的事物引恆久不變的美本身，顯然是遵循古希臘形而上的哲學傳統。同時，美學學科唔系的構建也深受當時哲學的影響，其學科框架、理論式以及思維方式都帶有同時代的哲學印記。另外還有一個有意思的現象，歷史上的大美學家幾乎都是大哲學家，而較少是文學家或藝學家全家家庭家乡。最，西方現代美學與哲學的雜關係也從另一個方面證明美學與哲學難以分割的關係。當面表面反面方面正面迎面滿面封面地面路面世面平面斜面前面下面四面十面一面洗心革面方方面面面貌面容面色面目面面俱到看西方現代美學拒斥哲學，但它所拒斥的其實是西方傳統哲學，它所依附的仍是西方現代哲學。
美學與倫理學：
美學與倫理學的關係是由美與善的關係所决定的。真善美是人生所往的理想境界，其中缺一不可。
從歷史上看，凡是美的對象在倫理學意義上亦是善的，這尤其現在社會美領域。社會美的內容在某意義上來說就是以美的形式來現善。
美與善儘管聯繫密切，但非可以等同，美並不就是善。譬如雨果小說《巴黎聖母院》中的敲人，外表陋，但內心善良。美的事物更側重於人精神的愉悅，因而具有超功利性，而善的對象與人的功利目的往往直接相聯。
美學與心理學：
劉勰說："登山則情滿於山，觀海則意溢於海"；
英國詩人濟慈說："美是一種永恆的愉快"；
美國美學家桑塔耶納說："美是在快感的客觀化中形成的，美是客觀化的快感"；
在人們的審美活動中總是伴隨着各種心理活動--情感、愉悅、想象等。李白的詩："寒山一帶傷心碧"，其中"寒"、"傷心"，就不是純客觀的摹寫，而是心情的達。在某意義上我們甚至可以說，美的生離不開人心理因素的參與。因而美學與心理學密切相關。
19世紀以來西方美學對審美驗和心理功能的強調，各心理學流派對美學研究的影響，在某程度上也說明美學研究對心理學的依賴。
美學與文藝學：
美學與文藝學有着共同的研究對象，即文學藝。因此，它們研究的問題常常會有某些交錯，譬如文學藝作品中所現出來的審美意識、審美理想、審美創造和審美欣賞的一般規律等既是美學又是文藝學所要研究的問題。
但美學相對與文藝學而言，更帶有一般性，它探討文學藝的本源，為者提供理論式和思維方式。而文藝學則更多的關註具的文學藝經驗和現象，它可以為美學研究提供豐富的經驗材料。
研究任務
美學的研究任務除它作為一門學科，應揭示和闡明審美現象，幫助人們瞭解美、美的欣賞和美的創造的一般特和規律，進一步完善和展美學學科本身，從而提高人的審美欣賞能力外，針對當今社會，它尤其還要提高人的精神，促使人生審美化，亦即海德格爾所說的"詩意地棲居"。美學是一門超世俗功利的學問，它反映人的終極關懷和追求。但它又與哲學不同，它把這終極關懷和追求溶入詩意之中，用生動感人的形象去打動人的情感，因而它更易被人所接受。當今技術文明和商業文明，拜金主義、物質主義和享樂主義盛行，使人精神日益切近形而下而疏離形而上，這無論於社會還是於人本身都是令人擔憂的。美學可以提高人的精神，使人超脫世俗的平庸和鄙陋，從而 "詩意地棲居在大地上"。
研究方法
美學研究的方法是多元的。既可以取哲學思辯的方法，也可以鑒當今其他相關學科的研究方法，比如經驗描述和心理分析的方法、人類學和社會學的方法、語言學和文化學的方法等。
美的本質
美是什麽？
這是來自柏拉圖的問。正是這一問，開啓全部美學的歷史，它作為美學的基本理論問題，激勵着代美學家、哲學們進行不懈的努力。
西方美學史上關於美的本質探討：
1.從精神方面探討美的本質
從客觀精神方面的探討：柏拉圖、普羅丁、黑格爾
從主觀精神方面的探討：休莫、康德、一些現代美學家
2.從物質方面探討美的本質：亞士多德、荷加斯、搏
3.從精神和物質統一方面探討美的本質：狄德羅、車爾尼雪夫斯基
中國古代關於美的本質的探討：
中國古代對這個問題的探討更多的是通過對“道”、“氣”、“妙”的探討而反映出來，與西方強烈的思辯特性相比，中國古代美學思想更強調宇宙本身的意藴和人的精神境界。
如：“比德說”，即從不同角度聯想和想象自然事物與人之間形狀、習性的相似。把自然人格化、道德化，人的特性客觀化、自然化。
子貢問曰：“君子見大水比觀焉，何也？”孔子曰：“夫水者，君子比德焉。遍與而無私，似德；所及者生，似仁；其流卑下句倨皆循其理，似義；淺者流行，深者不測，似智；其赴百仞之不疑，似勇；綿弱而微達，似察；受惡不讓，似包；蒙不清以入，鮮潔以出，似善化；至量必平，似正，盈不求概，似度；其萬必東，似意：是以君子見大水觀焉爾也。”
子曰：“知者樂水，仁者樂山；知者動，仁者靜；知者樂，仁者壽。”
“美是自然的一種最大的秘密，我們可以看到和感覺到它的所有效果，但是一種普遍而清楚的意見：它在本質上還屬於未被現的真理。”
問題：美的本質問題是否是一個問題？是！應如何探討？不是？是否可以取消？
美的特性
一、形象性
1.詩歌中形象的朔造：
蟬噪林愈靜，鳥鳴山更幽。
大漠孤煙直，長河落日圓。
更闌靜，夜色衰，月明如水浸樓，透出凄風一派。
2.雕塑作品：《拉奧孔》等
3.繪畫作品：《蒙娜麗莎》等
4.音樂作品：《田園》、《如歌的行》等
5.小說：《紅樓夢》、《西遊記》、《》、《春》、《》等
6.戲劇：《哈姆雷特》、《茶花女》、《屈原》、《日出》等
7.自然科學理論的美：
公式，概念、理論等的美在何處？（李政道等對美的討論）
它們必須它們所描繪的世界圖景，且為人所感知，方可成為美的對象。（趙鑫珊有關論說）
二、感染性
美直接訴諸人的情感，或喜愛、或激動、或崇敬，使人在精神上獲得一中極大的愉悅和滿足：
配樂詩朗誦：[匈牙利]裴多菲《我願意是激流》
[俄國]西蒙諾夫：《等着我吧…》
音樂片段：貝多芬《英雄》交響麯，柴可夫斯基《六月船歌》
美的東西之所以具有強烈的感染力，就在於他現人的東西，尤其是現人的情感生活。
三、客觀性
一切美的事物都具有客觀物性因素，這些物性因素在引起人的審美愉悅方面起着至關重要的作用。它决定人們之所以選擇這個事物，而不是那個事物作為美的對象。
美的特
美是人的社會實踐的産物，是人的本質的對象化，是真與善的內容同和諧的形式相統一的，豐富獨特的，能引起人的愉悅心情的生活形象。一般說來，美具有下列幾個相互聯繫，不可分割的特：
（一）客觀性與社會性的統一；
（二）形象性與理智性的統一；
（三）真實性與功利性的統一；
（四）內容美與形式美的統一。
現代美學概述
自從有人類社會，美就開始萌芽，繼而産生、展，經十萬年。
從原古人的刀傷劍痕、泥土文身、獸皮裹身，到頸部挂滿貝殼、獸齒，頭上插滿野雞翎，都明人們是在生産勞動和社會實踐中創造美。為原始部落的裝束。
古希臘被認為是西方古代美學思想的重要源地之一。美學家柏拉圖（Platon，公元前427一公元前347年）在《大希庇阿斯》文章中講述一個關於美的故事，這是人類最早開始用文字記載關於對美的思考。
故事大約生在2400年前。大哲學家格拉底詭辯希庇阿斯難說：“要老天允許，你朗誦大作時我一定洗耳恭聽。不過我要你請教，什麽是美？什麽又是？”希庇阿斯顯得有些傲慢，自鳴得意地說：“這個問題太小，簡直是微不足道，比這個難得多的問題我都可以教你，我可以教你把一切反駁者都不放在眼。”格拉底裝作很高興：“那麽還是先你請教美到底是什麽？”希庇阿斯有些忘乎所以，似乎在教訓人：“我來告訴你什麽是美，請你記住，美就是一位漂亮的小姐。”格拉底有些哭笑不得，但卻裝出贊同的樣子說：“太美妙。可是我的論敵如果問，凡是美的東西之所以美，是否有一個美本身的存在，稱那些東西為美呢？如果我答說，一個年輕漂亮小姐的美，就是使一切東西都為其美的。這樣可以嗎？”希庇阿斯答道：“他敢否認漂亮小姐的美嗎？”格拉底進一步假問道：“那麽，一匹漂亮的母馬，一把漂亮的竪琴，一個美的湯罐不也是美的嗎？”希庇阿斯顯得有些招架不住：“太不像話，怎麽能在談正經話題時，提出這些粗魯的問題！”還嘟囔着說：“漂亮的母馬還是不如年輕的小姐美。”格拉底抓住話頭，窮追不：“最美麗的年輕小姐與女神相比不也是的嗎？”希庇阿斯像泄氣的皮球。
Aesthetics is the essence of beauty and significance of the theme of the subjects. Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy. The main object of art, but not the specific performance of art, but the philosophical problem of art, it is called "America's art philosophy." Basic issues of aesthetics essence of beauty, aesthetic sense of the relationship with the aesthetic object.
Source term
The term aesthetics comes from the Greek aesthesis. The original meaning is "to look and feel the feelings." By the German philosopher Alexander 戈特利布鲍 Mujia Deng for the first time use. His "aesthetic (Aesthetica)" marks the publication of the book as an independent discipline aesthetic production.
Until the 19th century, Aesthetics in the traditional concept of classical art is usually defined as of "America" (Schönheit) doctrine. Modern Philosophy will be defined as awareness of aesthetic art, science, design and philosophy of cognitive theory and the philosophy of feeling. The aesthetic value of an object is not simply defined as "beautiful" and "ugly", but to understand the type and nature of the object.
History
Aesthetics as an independent discipline is from the German of the eighteenth century Baomujiadeng start, but it has been produced based on ancient Greece, ancient thinkers on the theory of the United States above the aesthetic theory of the system is in the past, and science. The ancient Greek aesthetic theory since the study also established in people's aesthetic appreciation and creative activities on the basis of aesthetic, aesthetic activities for people philosophical reflection. Therefore, we must understand the aesthetic must be returned to its source to begin a U.S. trip.
Why aesthetics associated with the perceptual knowledge? Baomujiadeng teacher's teacher, the German philosopher Leibniz there is a vivid interpretation of this, he said: painters and other artists as to what good and what is not good, though very well aware that they often can not This aesthetic interest for them to find reasons, if someone asked them, they replied that the kind of work they do not lack a little joy, "I can not tell what."
Know the work the United States or the United States, but could not say why, in Leibniz and Baomujiadeng seems to belong to a vague, confused perceptions.
Baomujiadeng, the aesthetics of the development experience of the German classical aesthetics, Marxist aesthetics, aesthetics of modern western three important stages.
Stage in the German classical aesthetics, Kant and Hegel on the aesthetic contributions Zhuo formed Aesthetics since the first and third in the history of Western Aesthetics peak. Kant in his criticism of the three known to the world, in the "Critique of Judgement," in Kant's aesthetics proposed and demonstrated a number of fundamental issues, formed a relatively complete system of aesthetic theory. After Kant, Hegel, the German classical aesthetics pushed to the peak, a German classical aesthetics and Western Marxist aesthetics before a master of the aesthetic trends of thought.
Although not specifically Marxist aesthetics has written books, but many of his other works discussed in a number of aesthetic problems, particularly his introduction of the experiment the Guandian aesthetic Yanjiu, so the study of beauty in the Subject and Object Syndrome Tong Yi Jian Li's Ji Chu on the aesthetics provides a new way of thinking.
After the middle of the 19th century, aesthetic development of genres, but in general there is an important trend that is gradually detached from the "Beauty is what" pure philosophical discussion, which focused on "in aesthetic experience how our mental activities," such aesthetic psychological description, the description of aesthetic experience has gradually become a science. This is what the history of aesthetics from the "top down" to "bottom-up" historical transformation. 20th-century aesthetics is the formation of a strong tide of the anti-tradition. On the one hand is the traditional experience of metaphysical rebellion and empirical methods of publicity, on the other hand is a rationalist who rebel and non-rational unassuming, and gradually formed the basis of scientific aesthetics and humanism Aesthetic two thoughts. Modern Western Aesthetics and aesthetic thought the main representatives of German Fechner's "experimental aesthetics", the British Bell's "significant form", the United States Dewey's "aesthetic experience", the Italian Croce's "image of Intuition" , UK "Psychological Distance", the German Lipps's "Empathy", Freud's "libido" theory and the subsequent analysis of aesthetics, phenomenological aesthetics, existentialism, aesthetics, aesthetics accepted and so on.
Study
Although Baomujiadeng first time in history a clear object of study of aesthetics, but his comments did not get the same response in the academic community. Baomujiadeng, the "aesthetics of what exactly" has been a subject of lively controversy. But so far basically three kinds of tendentious comments:
The first view, the aesthetic of the object is beautiful in itself. In the eyes of holding this view, aesthetic issues to be discussed is not a specific thing of beauty, but all the beautiful things in common with the the United States itself, all the beautiful things that make the underlying causes of why the United States.
The second view, aesthetic object of study is art, aesthetics is the philosophy of art. This view has been in the history of Western Aesthetics recognition of a considerable number of aestheticians.
A third view, aesthetic object of study is the aesthetic experience and aesthetic psychology. This view is the rise of psychology as the 19th century, advocating the views and methods of psychology and research to explain all aesthetic phenomena, psychological and aesthetic experience aesthetic placed in the center of aesthetics.
In short, the above study on the aesthetics of various comments may have their certain sense, but also their shortcomings, and therefore are difficult to obtain academic recognition. We prefer the first view of basic, due to the U.S. itself as an aesthetic object of study to compare the aesthetic nature of the subject; Second, whether the interpretation of art or aesthetic experience, will depend on the interpretation of beauty itself. However, the traditional speculative aesthetics to put the United States own research subject and object confrontational mode of thinking, to use technical rational approach, which we can not agree. The end result will be as modern Western aesthetics as the crisis led to existentialism and digestion.
Contemporary International Art Aesthetics more likely, and even called the art of aesthetic philosophy, because contemporary art can not be studied or explained, is to verify the validity of contemporary aesthetic one of the symbols of all kinds of contemporary art in particular has been entirely beyond the traditional definition of aesthetic meaning. "United States" is not the core concept of contemporary aesthetics as it is aesthetic needs attention, otherwise there will be the aesthetics of life to lead a game of words.
Relationship with other disciplines
Aesthetics and Philosophy:
In the relevant disciplines and aesthetics, aesthetics and philosophy most closely. Aesthetics itself is a philosophical nature of the subject. This is because:
The basic problem is an aesthetic philosophy of speculative nature. The formation and nature of any theory depends on its questions and questions are asked. Aesthetics in Plato asked: "What the United States?" Here to ask the United States, not the specific things of beauty, but to make all the beautiful things the root causes of why the United States. This man's attention from the complex natural phenomenon of the numerous lead Tongshe emotional nature of all the abstract, from the changeable things of beauty to lead the United States itself remained unchanged, clearly following the ancient Greek metaphysical tradition. Meanwhile, Aesthetics System also popular at that time the influence of philosophy, the academic framework, theoretical paradigms and ways of thinking all marks with a contemporary philosophy. There is also an interesting phenomenon in the history of almost all major aestheticians great philosopher, and less is the writers or artists. Finally, modern Western aesthetics and philosophy from the other aspects of the complex relationship proved difficult to separate aesthetics and philosophy of the relationship. Face of modern Western aesthetics reject philosophy, but it is only rejected the traditional Western philosophy, it is still attached to modern Western philosophy.
Aesthetics and Ethics:
The relationship between aesthetics and ethics is a good relationship with the U.S. determined. That truth is the ideal life by the state, which are indispensable.
Historically, all objects of beauty is a good sense of ethics, which the United States, particularly in the social field performance. Social content in a sense the U.S. is to the United States to show good form.
Despite the close ties the United States and good, but not to the same, the U.S. is not that good. For example, Hugo novel "Notre Dame de Paris" in the bell ringer, looks ugly, but all good. More focused on things of beauty spirit of the people's pleasure, so super utilitarian nature of the good and the people of Gong Li Duixiang Mudewangwang Zhijiexianglian.
Aesthetics and Psychology:
Liu Xie wrote: "Man on the mountain climbers will love watching the sea is intended to overflow in the sea";
English poet John Keats said: "America is a kind of eternal pleasure";
U.S. esthetician Santayana said: "Beauty is pleasure objectified in the form of, the objective of beauty is a pleasure";
Activities in people's aesthetic is always accompanied by a variety of mental activity - the emotions, joy, imagination, etc.. Li Bai's poem: "Han Shan Bi along the sad", where "cold", "sad", the copy is not purely objective, but rather the expression of feelings. In a sense we can even say that the U.S. can not do without the occurrence of psychological factors were involved. Which is closely related to aesthetics and psychology.
19th century Western aesthetic and psychological functions of the aesthetic experience of stress, the psychological impact of schools on the aesthetics, to some extent illustrates the aesthetics of the psychology of dependence.
Aesthetics and Literature:
Aesthetics and Literature with a common object of study, namely the literary arts. Therefore, they have some of the problems are often staggered, such as literary and artistic works shown aesthetic consciousness, aesthetic ideal, aesthetic creation and aesthetic appreciation of both the general rules of aesthetics such as art school is to be examined.
However, the relative and Literature in terms of aesthetics, but also with the general, it is the origin of art and literature, for the latter to provide a theoretical model and way of thinking. The literature and art are more concerned about the specific experience and phenomena of literature and art, it can provide a wealth of experience in aesthetic research material.
Research Task
Research Methods
Aesthetic Research is diverse. Speculative philosophy can be taken either way, you can also learn from other disciplines of today's research methods, such as description of experience and psychological analysis, methods of anthropology and sociology, linguistics and cultural studies of methods.
Essence of Beauty
What is the United States?
This is from Plato's questions. It is this question, open all the history of aesthetics, as the basic theory of aesthetics, inspired ancient aestheticians, philosophy for their tireless efforts.
The history of Western Aesthetics on the nature of the United States:
1. From the spirit of the essence of beauty
From an objective spirit of: Plato, Pu Luoding, Hegel
Of the subjective mental: Hume, Kant, some modern esthetician
2. From the material of the essence of beauty: Aristotle, Hogarth, stroke grams
3. From the spiritual and material harmonization of the essence of beauty: Diderot, Chernyshevsky
Ancient China on the nature of the United States:
Ancient China on the issue of more through the "Road", "qi" and "magic" of which reflected the strong speculative characteristics with the West, the Chinese ancient aesthetics more emphasis on the meaning and the universe itself the spiritual realm.
Such as: "Peter said," that is, from different angles and imagination association between natural things and the shape of similar habits. Personification of the natural, moral-based, objective characteristics of people, naturalization.
Zi Gong asked: "Gentlemen, see the flood than the concept of Yan, Why?" Confucius said: "Cardiff were water, the gentleman Peter Yan. Times and selfless, like Germany; clinics and those students, like Jen; the flow of dirty sentence through its management are arrogant, like justice; light were popular, deep are unexpected, like Chile; the valley to go 100 yards without doubt, like Yong; Cotton weak and micro-tat, like the police; be evil not to, like package; unclear to enter Mongolia, Xian Jie to out like Shanhua; to volume will be flat, like now, not for profit takes, like degree; its 10,000 will pack the East, like Italian: flood outlook is based on a gentleman see also Yan Er . "
Confucius said: "Some are water, Others Mountain; the wise move, benevolent static; Knowing music, different people have different life."
"Beauty is one of the greatest secrets of nature, we can see and feel all of its effects, but a common and clear opinion: it still belongs to the undiscovered nature of truth."
Issues: the nature of the question whether the U.S. is a problem? Yes! How to Investigate? Not? Can I cancel?
Characteristics of the United States
First, the image of
1. Poetry New Moon made in the image:
Chanzao forest the more quiet, more secluded mountain birds.
Straight Solitary desert, river down the yen.
More Lanna quiet, bad night, month out, such as flooding towers, showing the Qifeng faction.
2. Sculpture: "Laocoon" and so on
3. Paintings: "Mona Lisa", etc.
4.'s Work: "Pastoral," "Andante Cantabile", etc.
5. Fiction: "Dream of Red Mansions", "Journey to the West", "home", "Spring", "Autumn", etc.
6. Theatre: "Hamlet," "La Traviata", "Qu Yuan", "Sunrise", etc.
7. Natural Theory of beauty:
Formulas, concepts, theories, etc. where the United States? (Lee and other discussions of the United States)
They must view the world they portrayed, and the man perceived to be recognized as a beautiful object. (Zhao Xinshan the discourse)
Second, infectious
U.S. direct access to people's feelings, or love, or excitement, or reverence, people get in the spirit of one great pleasure and satisfaction:
Poem Recital: [Hungary] Petofi "I do a torrent"
[Russia] Simonov: "Wait for me ..."
Music clip: Beethoven's "heroic" symphony, Tchaikovsky "June Barcarolle"
The reason why what the United States has a strong appeal, is that he embodies the people's things, especially the expression of human emotional life.
Third, objectivity
All that beauty has an objective physical factors, these physical factors in the cause of people's aesthetic pleasure plays a crucial role. It determines why people choose this thing, not that things as objects of beauty.
The Features
Beauty is a product of human social practice is the object of human nature, the content is true and the good form with the harmonious unity, rich and unique, and can lead to people feeling the joy of life image. In general, the United States have several interrelated and inseparable features:
(A) objectivity and social unity;
(B) image of the unity of nature and reason;
(C) the unity of truth and utility;
(D) the content of the unity of beauty and formal beauty.
Overview of modern aesthetics
Ever since human society, the United States began to sprout, then, development, after hundreds of years.
From the original ancient wounds Jianhen, earth tattoos, animal skins wrapped in a simple, to the neck covered with shells, animal teeth, his head was filled with pheasant feathers, all show that people in the productive labor and social practice of the United States . For the primitive tribal clothing.
Ancient Greece is considered important in Western aesthetics birthplace of the ancient one. Esthetician Plato (Platon, a BC 347 BC 427 BC) in the "big Aspen," the article tells a story about the United States, which is the earliest human written records began thinking about the United States.
Story took place at about 2400 years ago. Great philosopher Socrates to the Sophists Aspen to speak: "As long as God allows, you recite loudly, I must have ears. But I would like to ask you, what is beauty? What is ugly?" Hippias Williams looks a little arrogant, smug and said: "This issue is too small, almost negligible, the problem is much more difficult than that I can teach you, I can teach you everything rebut many excuses." sukla Bottom pretend very pleased: "So first you ask the United States in the end or what?" Aspen some carried away, it seems that people in the lesson: "I'll tell you what is the United States, please remember, the United States is a beautiful young lady. "Socrates, some almost to tears, but they pretended to agree by saying:" fantastic. but my opponent if you ask, any reason why the United States what the United States, whether there is a presence of the United States itself, only that those things for the U.S.? If I said, a young and beautiful lady of the United States, is to make all things for their beauty. Is that OK? "Aspen replied:" He dare you deny the beauty of a beautiful woman? "Socrates leave further asked:" So, a beautiful mare, a beautiful harp, a beautiful soup pot is beautiful is not it? "Aspen looks a little Zhaojiabuzhu: the" too more like it, and how can talk about serious topics, all these rude questions! "also murmured:" a beautiful young mare is still not as good as Miss America. "Socrates seize the thread of her conversation, pursued:" The most beautiful young lady is not ugly, compared with the Goddess it? "Aspen like a deflated balloon.
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