fāng zhì yī cí， qǐ yuán shèn zǎo。《 zhōu lǐ》 shì yī bù zhuān zài gǔ dài shè guān fēn zhí de zhèng diǎn， yuán xiān de shū míng shì《 zhōu guān》。 zhè bù shū shuō， gǔ dài yòu wǔ lèi shǐ guān。 qí zhōng de “ wài shǐ ” zhí zé shì“ zhǎng sì fāng zhī zhì”（《 zhōu lǐ * chūn guān》）。 zài《 zhōu lǐ * dì guān》 zhōng shuō dé gèng míng què：“ yǒng xùn， zhǎng dào fāng zhì， yǐ zhào guān shì。” zhè kě néng shì wǒ guó gǔ jí zhōng zuì zǎo chū xiàn de“ fāng zhì” yī cí。
fāng zhì， yòu chēng dì fāng zhì。 gù míng sī yì， tā shì zhuān mén jì shù tiān xià sì fāng zhī shì de zhì shū。 wǒ guó jiào zǎo de rú jiā jīng diǎn《 zhōu lǐ》 jí chū xiàn“ fāng zhì” yī cí， ér zuò wéi zhì shū de fāng zhì gèng shì yuān yuán yòu zì。《 shàng shū》 jiù jìzǎi liǎo zhōng guó shàng gǔ shí dài de fāng yù、 shān chuān、 tǔ zhì、 wù chǎn、 gòng fù， kě yǐ rèn wéi shì zhōng guó shàng gǔ shí dài de yī bù quán guó xìng de fāng zhì。 cǐ wài chū xiàn de《 shān hǎi jīng》、《 huá yáng guó zhì》 gèng shì qí jì chéng hé fā zhǎn。 fāng zhì fēn wéi liǎng lèi： yī wéi quán guó xìng de zǒng zhì， jí jìzǎi quán guó gè dì de jiāng yù yán gé、 fēng sú、 wù chǎn、 chéng zhèn、 rén wù、 míng shèng、 gǔ jì hé yì wén děng， rú《 dà yuán yī tǒng zhì》、《 dà míng yī tǒng zhì》、《 dà qīng yī tǒng zhì》； èr shì dì fāng zhì， jí jìzǎi yī dì（ shěng、 fǔ、 zhōu、 xiàn、 zhèn、 sì） děng de yòu guān shàng shù míng mùdì shū， rú《 jī fǔ tōng zhì》、《 shān dōng tōng zhì》、《 shùn tiān fǔ zhì》、《 píng dìng zhōu zhì》、《 jǐn xiàn zhì》、《 wū qīng zhèn zhì》、《 lí lǐ zhì》、《 lú shān zhì》、《 líng yǐn sì zhì》 děng。 yóu yú nián dài jiǔ yuǎn， yǐ jí qí tā yī xiē yuán yīn， dōng hàn yǐ qián de fāng zhì zǎo yǐ shī chuán， dōng hàn yǐ hòu jiàn zhī yú zhù lù de duō chēng wéi“ jì”、“ tú jīng” děng míng mù， dàn liú chuán yú shì de yě jiào shǎo。 sòng dài yǐ hòu，“ zhì” jiàn jiàn qǔ dài liǎo“ jì”、“ tú jīng” děng míng chēng。 míng qīng liǎng dài， yóu yú zhōng yāng hé dì fāng zhèng fǔ de zhòng shì， fāng zhì shù liàng bù duàn zēng duō， juàn zhì yú qū hào fán， tǐ zhì rì jiàn chéng shú， chéng wéi jì shù yī gè dì qū gǔ jīn shì wù fā zhǎn de bǎi kē quán shū。 qīng yōng zhèng qī nián（ 1729）， shì zōng jiàn yú quán guó gè dì yī xiē xīn de fǔ、 zhōu、 xiàn de bù duàn yǒng xiàn， xià zhào“ tiān xià bù zhèng sī zuǎn xiū tōng zhì”， yú shì yōng zhèng、 qián lóng zhī jì xiū fāng zhì zhī fēng mí màn quán guó， bìng shǐ fāng zhì dá dào liǎo fán róng dǐng shèng jiē duàn， duì yú bǎo cún hé hóng yáng zhōng huá gǔ lǎo wén huà， qí gōng shèn wěi， tóng shí yě wéi fāng zhì xué de jiàn lì zhǔn bèi liǎo tiáo jiàn。 qīng zhōng yè， zhù míng shǐ xué jiā、 sī xiǎng jiā zhāng xué chéng zài zhù shù hé biān xiū fāng zhì guò chéng zhōng， gēn jù zì jǐ de xiū shū shí jiàn， yòu zǒng jié liǎo qián rén xiū zhì de chéng bài dé shī， jiàn lì liǎo fāng zhì xué。 tā de míng zhù《 wén shǐ tōng yì》 zhuān mén lì yòu piān zhāng， jí zhōng chǎn shì qí fāng zhì xué sī xiǎng。 zhù míng shǐ xué jiā zhū shì jiā yú 1935 nián chū bǎn liǎo《 zhōng guó dì fāng zhì zōng lù》 yī shū de dì yī bǎn， duì bǎo cún hé jiè shào zhōng guó de fāng zhì qǐ liǎo jī jí de cù jìn zuò yòng。 mù qián， quán guó xiàn cún de zǒng zhì、 fāng zhì yuē zài bā qiān zhǒng zuǒ yòu， zhè zài shì jiè gè guó zhōng yě shì dú yī wú 'èr de。
wǒ guó biān zuǎn fāng zhì de lì shǐ yōu jiǔ， lì dài fāng zhì yuē dá wàn yú zhǒng。 jiāng sū rén wén huì cuì， wén huà fā dá， fāng zhì yòu qiān yú zhǒng， yuē zhàn quán guó 1/8。 jiāng sū hé zhè jiāng shì fāng zhì dà shěng。 lì shǐ shàng zhù míng de fāng zhì xué zhě yě yǐ liǎng shěng zuì duō。
fāng zhì yīnggāi shì lì shǐ xué、 dì lǐ xué de xīn xíng jié hé， shì dì fāng xìn xī de kē xué。 fāng zhì yīngyǒu qiáng liè de dú lì jià zhí hé yì yì。 jì shì yī mén gǔ lǎo de kē xué， yě shì yī mén fù yú xīn de nèi róng hé gài niàn de xué kē。 cóng zhè gè jiǎo dù qù kǎo chá yuán tóu， gǔ jí zhōng xǔ duō nèi róng dōukě néng bāo kuò jìn qù liǎo。
fāng zhì yǐ dì qū wéi zhù， zōng hé jì lù gāi dì zì rán hé shè huì fāng miàn yòu guān lì shǐ yǔ xiàn zhuàng de zhù zuò。 yòu chēng dì zhì huò dì fāng zhì。 yòu guān zhuān zài jiāng hé hú hǎi、 cí miào sì guān、 míng shèng gǔ jì、 shuǐ lì jiāo tōng de zhù zuò， yì kě guī rù qí nèi。 fāng zhì zhǒng lèi dà tǐ shì： ① zōng hé quán guó qíng kuàng de yòu zǒng zhì hé yī tǒng zhì。 ② dì qū xìng fāng zhì， rú shěng zhì、 zhōu zhì、 xiàn zhì、 tīng zhì、 xiāng tǔ zhì děng。 ③ zhuān zhì， zhǐ shān shuǐ chán lín、 sì miào、 shū yuàn、 yóu lǎn shèng jì、 rén wù、 fēng tǔ fāng miàn de zhì shū。 fāng zhì qǐ yuán hěn zǎo。《 zhōu lǐ · chūn guān》 yòu wài shǐ“ zhǎng sì fāng zhī zhì” de shuō fǎ。 dào liǎo xī hàn hé wèi jìn shí qī， fāng zhì yī cí yǐ lǚjiànbùxiǎn。 zài qín hàn wèi jìn nán běi cháo shí qī， fāng zhì shàng chǔyú xíng chéng jiē duàn。 dāng shí， wú lùn shì tǐ lì nèi róng， fāng zhì jiē shǔ dì lǐ shū， qí chēng wèi yì duō wéi dì zhì、 dì jì。 qí nèi róng zhù yào jì xù dì qū de fāng yù jìng jiè、 shān chuān wù chǎn、 fēng sú mín qíng。 xiàn cún de dì yī bù jù yòu bǐ jiào wán zhěng nèi róng de fāng zhì shū《 yuè jué shū》（ xiāng chuán wéi dōng hàn yuán kāng suǒ zhuàn）， jiù chū xiàn zài zhè gè shí qī。 suí táng liǎng cháo， tú jīng shèng xíng， yǐ zhì、 jì wéi míng de fāng zhì shū yě fā zhǎn qǐ lái。 suǒ wèi tú jīng， kāi shǐ duō yǐ tú wéi zhù， biǎo shì jiāng yù、 shān chuān、 tǔ dì， jīng shì tú de shuō míng， shì tú de fù shǔ wù。 suí táng shí qī， tú jīng yǐ yǐ jīng wéi zhù， tú fǎn chéng wéi fǔ liǎo， gèng jiā jiē jìn yú hòu lái suǒ shuō de fāng zhì de xìng zhì。 sòng dài， yǐ jì dì wéi zhù de fāng zhì chéng wéi shǐ xué de yī gè fēn zhī。 zhì cǐ fāng zhì shū shǐ tǐ lì chū bèi， zì chéng yī tǐ。 míng dài de fāng zhì bǐ jiào qián cháo yòu yòu fā zhǎn， shù liàng hé zhǒng lèi dōuyòu zēng jiā。 quán guó yòu yī tǒng zhì， gè shěng pǔ biàn xiū zǒng zhì huò tōng zhì， shěng yǐ xià de fǔ zhōu xiàn yì gè duō cì xiū zhì。 cǐ wài hái chū xiàn liǎo biān guān zhì， yǐ jí cūn zhèn zhì děng děng。 duì yú zhì shū de xìng zhì， míng dài míng què tí chū shǔ yú shǐ de fàn chóu。 qīng dài shì dì fāng zhì de quán shèng shí qī， bù dàn zhǒng lèi quán、 shù liàng duō， zài tǐ lì hé nèi róng fāng miàn yě gèng jiā chōng shí wán bèi。 qīng dài cháo tíng duō cì xià zhào cù lìng gè shěng xiū zhì， xiū shān shuǐ sì miào yǐ jí yuán lín shèng jì de zhuān zhì yě hěn duō， hái xiū guān jīn zhì、 yán jǐng zhì、 xiāng cūn zhèn lǐ chǎng fāng shì lǐ děng zhì。 qīng mò yòu xīn chū xiàn xiāng tǔ zhì。 yǔ qīng dài xiāng bǐ， mín guó shí qī fāng zhì de biān zuǎn， guī mó yào xiǎo dé duō， tǐ lì duō shù yì yán xí jiù zhì， bù guò yě chū xiàn liǎo yī xiē xīn de nèi róng， rú zhù yì jìzǎi nóng gōng shāng yè de shēng chǎn qíng kuàng hé rén men de shēng huó miàn mào， hái zēng jiā liǎo gè zhǒng tǒng jì tú biǎo děng děng。 zhōng guó de fāng zhì， fǎn yìng dì fāng tè diǎn， zhì shū 'àn shí xiū dìng， bāo kuò nèi róng guǎng fàn， jù yòu jiào dà de kě kào xìng hé zhēn shí xìng。 bǎo liú zhì jīn de zhì shū（ bù bāo kuò shān shuǐ cí miào děng zhuān zhì）， yuē 8500 duō zhǒng， qí zhōng qīng dài zuì duō， gòng 6000 duō zhǒng， 10 wàn yú juàn。 fāng zhì shū chú fēn cáng guó nèi gè tú shū guǎn wài， zài guó wài yě yòu bù shǎo， yì yòu sàn cún yú sī jiā de。 20 shì jì 80 nián dài yǐ hòu， zhōng guó fāng zhì biān zuǎn gōng zuò yóu lì shǔ yú guó wù yuàn de zhōng guó dì fāng zhì zhǐ dǎo xiǎo zǔ lǐng dǎo， dào 1995 nián， quán guó xīn chū bǎn de dì fāng zhì yǐ dá 5000 duō bù。
yǐ fāng zhì wéi yán jiū duì xiàng de fāng zhì xué shì yán jiū fāng zhì de chǎn shēng hé fā zhǎn、 xìng zhì hé lèi bié、 tè zhēng hé gōng néng、 biān zuǎn lǐ lùn yǐ jí zhěng lǐ hé lì yòng de xué kē。
Chronicles the word, a very early origin. "Zhou" is a special _set_ of ancient sub-level political officials based code, the original title is "Week official." The book said that there are five categories of the ancient historian. The "Unofficial History" duty "charge of the Quartet of the Chi" ("Zhou * Spring official"). In "Zhou * local officials," said more clearly: "Chung training, palm Road Chronicles, by Chao View of things." This may be the earliest Chinese ancient books in the "Chronicles" is used.
Chronicles, also known as local history. As the name suggests, it is something special account of the historical texts of the world Quartet. China earlier Confucian classics, "Zhou" is a "Chronicles" rather as a source of local records of local history is a self. "Book of History" on the record of China's ancient times Fangyu, mountains and rivers, soil, products, Kung Fu, can be thought of ancient times in China Chronicles of a national. In addition, there's "Shan Hai Jing", "Hua Yang Guo Zhi" is the inheritance and development. Chronicles is divided into two categories: one for the national total chi, that is, the boundaries of strict records all over the country, customs, products, and towns, people, landmarks, monuments and art, etc., such as "Great Yuan Yi Tong Zhi", "Da Ming Yi Tong Zhi "" Great Qing Yi Tong Zhi "; Second, local history, that is recorded in one place (province, government, state, county, town, Temple) and other books relating to the above-mentioned items, such as" Exploitation in Annals "," Shandong Annals " "Shuntian Zhi", "Binh Dinh Chi State", "Jin County," "Town in Chi", "Li Li Zhi", "Lu Zhi," "Lingyin Temple chi" and so on. As the age-old, and some other reasons, the Eastern Han Dynasty had lost the previous Chronicles, after the Eastern Han Dynasty seen in the recorded multi-known as the "mind", "plan after" and other names, but it's also less spread in the world. After the Song Dynasty, "Chi" gradually replaced the "mind", "plan after" and other names. Ming and Qing dynasties, as emphasis on the central and local governments, increasing the number Chronicles, Yu voluminous voluminous trend, system is maturing into account the development of a regional encyclopedia of things past and present. Qing Emperor Yongzheng seven (1729), Sejong view of the new government around the country, state, county, continue to emerge, even ordered, "Annals of the world Chief Compilation", so the Yongzheng and Qianlong occasion Difangzhi wind filled the country, and Chronicles of prosperity to reach its peak phase, the preservation and promotion of Chinese ancient culture, its very Wei Gong, but also to prepare for the establishment of Local Chronicles conditions. Mid-Qing, a famous historian and thinker in the writing and editing Zhang Chronicles process, according to their own practice, repair books, but also summed up the success or failure of previous annals established Local Records. His famous "History through righteousness" special legislation has chapters focused on elaborating the ideas of its Local Records. Well-known historian Zhu Shijia in 1935 published "The Comprehensive Catalog of Chinese Local Chronicles" the first edition of the book, on the preservation and introduce China's Chronicles played a positive role. At present, the total existing blog, about 8000 kinds of local records about, which is unique in the world.
Compilation of local history has a long history in China, about ten thousands of ancient Chronicles. Jiangsu cultural atmosphere, and cultural development, local history over a thousand species, accounting for about 1 / 8. Chronicles of Jiangsu and Zhejiang is a province. Chronicles the history of the famous scholars in most provinces.
Chronicles should be the history, geography of the new combination of local information science. Chronicles should be a strong independent value and significance. Is an ancient science, is a given new content and concept of the subject. From this point of view to examine the source of many ancient elements may include a.
Chronicles district-based, comprehensive record of the natural and social aspects in past and present works. Also known as topography or local history. The ad contained rivers and lakes, shrines, monasteries, monuments, works of water transport, may fall within this zone. Chronicles general types: ① The situation in the country with a total integrated and unified Chi Chi. ② regional gazetteers, such as the province of Chi, Chi State, County, Office of Chi, and other local records. ③ dedication that mountain Buddhist temple, temple, college, tour sites, people, endemic areas of historical texts. Chronicles early origins. "Zhou Chun officials" have Unofficial History "palm Quartet Zhi Zhi" argument. To the Western Han and the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the term local records have been common. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties Qin, Chronicles is still in the formative stage. At that time, the contents of both style, Chronicles both the geography book, its title will rise as the topography, in mind. The contents of the main narrative region Fangyu state, mountains property, customs and culture. The existing contents of the first relatively complete with the Chronicles book "Vietnam must" (the legend for the Eastern Han Yuan Kang Suozhuan), appeared in this period. Sui and Tang dynasties, plans by the popular, to commemorate, remember the name of the local history books have developed. After the so-called plan to start over in order to mainly that territory, the mountains, the land, through a diagram shows a map of the appendage. Sui and Tang dynasties, plans have to been the main plan against a secondary, and even close to what was the nature of local history. Song to remember in history mainly as a branch of local history. Thus local history books until the early style of preparation, self-contained. Comparison of the Ming Dynasty Chronicles former and development and has increased the number and types. Yi Tong Zhi across the country, the provinces generally repair or total Chi Annals of the provincial government the following counties are also the many Local Records. In addition, there border Chi, Chi, etc., as well as towns and villages. The nature of the historical texts, clearly belongs to the history of the Ming Dynasty areas. Qing is the heyday of local history, not only all types and number, in the style and content are more substantial complete. Qing imperial edict to promote so many provinces and Local Records, repair landscape temple and garden are also many famous historical site of the dedication, but also repair relations Jin Chi, Salt chi, rural town Square, the city and other blog site. Qing another emerging local records. Compared with the Qing Dynasty, the Republic of chronicles, a much smaller scale, style most have followed the old local chronicles, but also some new content, such as attention to record production of agricultural businesses and people's living face, but also increase a variety of statistical tables and so on. China Chronicles, which reflect local characteristics, historical texts on time amended to include a wide range, with greater reliability and authenticity. Remained in local records (not including landscapes such as the dedication of Temple), 8500, among which the most Qing Dynasty, a total of more than 6000 kinds, 10 thousand volumes. In addition to possession of the book Chronicles domestic sub-libraries in foreign countries, there are many, some scattered in private for. After 80 years of the 20th century, the Chinese local records under the State Council of China by the Steering Group of local history led to the 1995 National newly published over 5,000 local history department.
Ming and Qing study of local history study was the emergence and development of local history, nature and type of features and functions, consolidation and codification of theory and use of the subject.
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