lì shǐ： historyhistorical
guǎng yì lì shǐ： kè guān shì jiè yùn dòng fā zhǎn de guò chéng， kě fēn wéi zì rán shǐ hé rén lèi shè huì shǐ liǎng fāng miàn。
xiá yì lì shǐ： rén lèi shè huì fā shēng、 fā zhǎn de guò chéng。
lì shǐ xué： yán jiū lì shǐ de xué wèn， jiǎn chēng shǐ xué。 yǔ lì shǐ de gài niàn xiāng duì yìng， lì shǐ xué yě yòu guǎng yì yǔ xiá yì zhī fēn。
guǎng yì lì shǐ xué： shì jiè shàng yī qiē kē xué dōukě yǐ chēng wéi lì shǐ xué。
（ “ wǒ men jǐn jǐn zhī dào yī mén wéi yī de kē xué， jí lì shǐ kē xué。 ” héng héng mǎ kè sī、 ēn gé sī）
xiá yì lì shǐ xué： yán jiū rén lèi shè huì yǐ wǎng yùn dòng fā zhǎn guò chéng de xué wèn。
lì shǐ kē xué：
tōng cháng wǒ men jiāng mǎ kè sī zhù yì de lì shǐ xué chēng zhī wéi lì shǐ kē xué， yīn wéi zhè shì zài wéi wù shǐ guān kē xué lǐ lùn zhǐ dǎo xià de lì shǐ xué， ér yǐ wǎng de shǐ xué cóng gēn běn shàng lái shuō， hěn duō dōuméi yòu chāo chū lì shǐ wéi xīn lùn de fàn chóu。
lì shǐ yǔ lì shǐ xué de guān xì：
lì shǐ， shì kè guān cún zài de shì shí， zhēn xiāng zhǐ yòu yī gè。 rán 'ér jìzǎi lì shǐ、 yán jiū lì shǐ de xué wèn què wǎng wǎng suí zhe rén lèi de zhù guān yì shí 'ér biàn huà、 fā zhǎn wán shàn， shèn zhì yě yòu wāi qū、 niē zào。 zhèng yīn wéi rú cǐ， dāng nián hú shì cái shuō：“ lì shǐ jiù xiàng yī gè xiǎo gū niàn， nǐ 'ài zěn me dǎ bàn jiù zěn me dǎ bàn。” zhè lǐ de“ lì shǐ” yī cí， yán gé shuō lái， yīnggāi shì xiá yì lì shǐ xué de hán yì。 yě yīn cǐ， wǒ guó gǔ dài yōu xiù de shǐ xué jiā men tè bié zhòng shì“ shǐ dé” héng héng“ shàn 'è bì shū”、“ xī lǐ jū zhèng”， tōng sú dì shuō， jiù shì shí shì qiú shì dì jì lù、 gōng zhèng kè guān dì fēn xī lùn duàn。
cí yuán
“ shǐ” zì zài zhōng guó gǔ dài zhǐ shǐ guān。 zhuàn wén zhōng xiě wéi“”（ jiàn tú）， xǔ shèn zài《 shuō wén jiě zì》 zhōng shuō：“ shǐ， jì shì zhě yě。 cóng yòu chí zhōng。 zhōng， zhèng yě。”
“ lì shǐ” yī cí zé chū xiàn yú qīng mò。
lì shǐ zhè gè cí zài yīng yǔ zhōng wéi History, zài fǎ yǔ zhōng wéi Histoire， èr zhě tóng chū yú xī là yǔ de Histria， qí běn yì wéi“ zhēng wèn”、“ wèn 'ér zhī zhī”。
guó wài duì“ lì shǐ” yī cí de jiě shì
( yī ) zì rán jiè hé rén lèi shè huì de fā zhǎn guò chéng， yě zhǐ mǒu zhǒng shì wù de fā zhǎn guò chéng huò gè rén de jīng lì。
( èr ) guò qù de shì shí , guò shí de shì wù。 lì： zhè jiàn shì zǎo yǐ chéng wéi lì shǐ。
( sān ) duì guò qù shì jiàn de jìzǎi , yán gé , lái lì ; dà shì jì。
( sì ) jìzǎi hé jiě shì zuò wéi yī xì liè rén lèi huó dòng jìn chéng de lì shǐ shì jiàn de yī mén xué kē。
( wǔ ) shū míng。 jí《 xī là bō sī zhàn zhēng shǐ》。 gǔ xī là lì shǐ xué jiā xī luó duō dé zhù。 quán shū gòng jiǔ juàn， qián sì juàn zhù yào zhuī shù 'āi jí、 bā bǐ lún、 bō sī、 lǚ dǐ yà、 xī xú yà jí xī là běn tǔ de lì shǐ， hòu wǔ juàn xù shù xī là yǔ bō sī zhàn zhēng de qǐ yīn hé jīng guò， zhǐ yú gōng yuán qián 479 nián。 shū shàng zá yòu xǔ duō shén huà chuán shuō， bù jìn kě xìn。 dàn cǐ shū wéi 'ōu zhōu dì yī bù zhòng yào de lì shǐ zhù zuò。
( liù ) gè rén de lǚ lì ; jīng lì
( qī ) duì xíng chéng wèi lái de jìn chéng yòu yǐng xiǎng de shì jiàn
（ bā） lì shǐ jìzǎi， zhēng fú zhě měi huà zì jǐ de gōng jù。
（ jiǔ） lì shǐ de zhēn shí， wǎng wǎng huì suí zhe shí jiān de tuī yí zài yǎn biàn。
lì shǐ xué de gōng yòng jí fāng fǎ
lì shǐ xué de gōng yòng
yīng guó shī rén xuě lāi céng zhè yàng xiě dào：“ lì shǐ， shì kè zài shí jiān jì yì shàng de yī shǒu huí xuán shī。”
lì shǐ， tā wǎng wǎng huì yǐ jīng rén de xiāng sì dù zài cì chū xiàn， rú hé cóng guò wǎng xiāng shìde lì shǐ shì jiàn zhōng xī qǔ jīng yàn jiào xùn？ rú hé lì yòng gǔ rén de zhì huì yìng duì jīn tiān de xiàn shí shēng huó？ dá 'àn shì， xué xí yán jiū lì shǐ。
yě yīn cǐ， lì shǐ xué jiù yòu liǎo tā zuì zhòng yào de gōng yòng héng héng jīng shì zhì yòng。
hé wèi jīng shì？ zhì lì yú guó jiā， zhì lì yú shè huì wèi zhī jīng shì； hé wèi zhì yòng， yǐ wǒ zhī suǒ xué， huà wǒ zhī suǒ yòng wèi zhī zhì yòng。
“ yǐ shǐ wéi jiàn”，“ dú shǐ míng zhì” …… dōuzài qiáng diào zhe lì shǐ xué de xiàn shí zhǐ dǎo zuò yòng， duì gè rén、 duì mín zú、 duì rén lèi de qǐ shì hé bāng zhù。
dāng yī gè mín zú chéng wéi néng gòu cóng lì shǐ zhōng bù duàn jí qǔ lì liàng、 bù duàn sī kǎo、 bù duàn chuàng xīn、 bù duàn fǎnxǐng de mín zú shí， nà jiāng shì zhěng gè dì qiú， nǎi zhì yǔ zhòu zhī fú。
lì shǐ xué xí fāng fǎ
lì shǐ kē xué xí zǒng de yào qiú shì jiǎng qiú fāng fǎ， tí gāo xiào yì。 jù tǐ yào qiú shì dǎ shí jī chǔ， tū chū zhòng diǎn； dú lì sī kǎo， shàn yú zhì yí； jí shí zǒng jié， chù lèi bàng tōng； xún xù jiàn jìn， xiàolǜ dì yī。
lì shǐ kē xué xí yào zhǎng wò sān zhǒng zhī shí： zhāng jié zhī shí jié gòu、 zhuān tí zhī shí jié gòu hé lǐ lùn zhī shí， qí zhōng， zhāng jié zhī shí shì jī chǔ。 xià miàn jù tǐ shuō yī xià xué xí de fāng fǎ：
1、 kè wén dà、 xiǎo zì， shì jiào cái de zhù tǐ nèi róng， qí zhōng“ dà zì” shì xué xí de zhòng zhōng zhī zhòng。 zhǎng wò dà zì， shǒu xiān shì jì yào jì“ sǐ”、 bèi yào bèi“ yìng”。 qiáng diào“ zài lǐ jiě de jī chǔ shàng jì yì” wú yí shì zhèng què de， dàn lǐ jiě bù néng dài tì jì yì。 qí cì， lǐ jiě yào shēn。 lǐ jiě zhī shí， jí zhǎng wò lì shǐ shì jiàn de nèi bù jié gòu hé wài bù lián xì， qū fēn lì shǐ shì wù de biǎo céng xiàn xiàng hé nèi hán běn zhì。 rú wèi yuán de“ shī yí zhì yí” sī xiǎng， zì miàn biǎo yì shì xué xí xī fāng hé dǐ yù qīn lüè， yǐn hán de mù de shì“ qiáng guó”； èr shì bù tóng gài niàn zhī jiān de yǐn xìng lián xì， yáng wù pài jì chéng liǎo dǐ kàng pài“ shī yí cháng jì” de sī xiǎng， bìng kuò dà liǎo xué xí xī fāng de nèi róng， dàn liǎng pài dōubù dǒng dé liǎng cì yā piàn zhàn zhēng shī bài de gēn běn yuán yīn shì fǔ xiǔ luò hòu de fēng jiàn zhì dù， gèng bù dǒng dé wǎn jiù mín zú wēi wáng de gēn běn chū lù zài yú gǎi biàn zhè yī zhì dù， zhè yào wā jué de yǐn xìng lián xì。“ xiǎo zì” shì duì dà zì de yán shēn hé bǔ chōng， tā gèng jù tǐ、 xiáng shí， kě shì qíng kuàng zhǎng wò： zhī shí xìng jì shù， nóng suō chéng yào diǎn； qíng jié xìng miáo shù， zhuǎn huà wéi lǐ xìng rèn shí； guān diǎn jié lùn xìng fēn xī， yǔ dà zì tóng děng zhǎng wò。
2、 biǎo gé、 dì tú hé wén xiàn zī liào shì xué xí de zhòng yào nèi róng。 dì tú zhǎng wò zhù yì liǎng diǎn， yī shì yǔ zhòng dà lì shǐ shì jiàn、 xiàn xiàng xiāng lián xì， néng gòu fǎn yìng shí dài tè zhēng hé lì shǐ yǎn biàn qū shì de dì tú； èr shì duì tú zhōng nèi róng， shǒu xiān zhǎng wò jiào cái shù jí de nèi róng。 wén xiàn zī liào shì fù xí shí yì hū lüè de nèi róng， gāo kǎo duì jiào cái wén xiàn zī liào de mìng tí jì shù bù duàn tí gāo。 duì jiào cái wén xiàn zī liào， yī yào dú dǒng， èr yào fēn xī yǔ zhèng wén de guān xì， sān yào néng shuō míng fǎn yìng liǎo shénme xiàn xiàng hé wèn tí。
3、 zhù shì bù shì zhāng jié zhī shí xué xí de zhòng diǎn， kě zuò liú lǎn shì zhǎng wò， dàn zài mǒu xiē zhuān tí zhī shí de xù liè zhōng yòu tā de zhòng yào wèi zhì。 rú“ qí guài zhàn zhēng” shì zhù shì nèi róng， bǎ tā fàng dào suí jìng zhèng cè zhè gè zhī shí jié gòu zhōng， kě yǐ kàn chū tā shì yīng fǎ suí jìng zhèng cè zài zhàn shí de jì xù。 zǒng zhī， shàng shù jǐ zhǒng jiào cái zhī shí， xué xí shí jí yào yòu qīng zhòng huǎn jí cì xù， yòu yào zhù yì gè zì tè diǎn， bù kě piān fèi。
zǒng zhī， yào jì zhù jī běn shǐ shí， zài cǐ jī chǔ shàng bù duàn zǒng jié， zhù yì jiāng lǐ lùn yǔ shǐ shí jié hé qǐ lái， bù duàn tí gāo zì jǐ de fēn xī hé lǐ jiě néng lì。
zhōng guó lì shǐ cháo dài gōng yuán duì zhào jiǎn biǎo
cháo dài qǐ qì dū chéng jīn dì
xià yuē qián 2070 héng yuē qián 1600
yáng chéng hé nán dēng fēng
shāng ① yuē qián 1600 héng yuē qián 1046 bó hé nán zhèng zhōu
yīn hé nán 'ān yáng
zhōu xī zhōu yuē qián 1046 héng qián 771 ② gǎo jīng shǎn xī xī 'ān
dōng zhōu qián 770 héng qián 256 luò yì hé nán luò yáng
qín qián 221 héng qián 206 xián yáng shǎn xī xián yáng
hàn xī hàn ③ qián 206 héng gōng yuán 25 cháng 'ān shǎn xī xī 'ān
dōng hàn 25 héng 220 luò yáng hé nán luò yáng
sān guó wèi 220-265 luò yáng hé nán luò yáng
shǔ 221-263 chéng dū sì chuān chéng dū
wú 222-280 jiàn yè jiāng sū nán jīng
xī jìn 265-315 luò yáng hé nán luò yáng
dōng jìn 315-317 luò yáng hé nán luò yáng
shí liù guó dōng jìn 317-420 jiàn kāng jiāng sū nán jīng
shí liù guó ④ 304-439 héng héng
nán cháo sòng 420-479 jiàn kāng jiāng sū nán jīng
qí 479-502 jiàn kāng jiāng sū nán jīng
liáng 502-557 jiàn kāng jiāng sū nán jīng
chén 557-589 jiàn kāng jiāng sū nán jīng
běi cháo běi wèi 386-534 píng chéng shān xī dà tóng
luò yáng hé nán luò yáng
dōng wèi 534-550 yè hé běi lín zhāng
běi qí 550-577 yè hé běi lín zhāng
xī wèi 535-557 cháng 'ān shǎn xī xī 'ān
běi zhōu 557-581 cháng 'ān shǎn xī xī 'ān
suí 581-618 dà xīng shǎn xī xī 'ān
táng 618-907 cháng 'ān shǎn xī xī 'ān
wǔ dài
shí guó hòu liáng 907-923 biàn hé nán kāi fēng
hòu táng 923-936 luò yáng hé nán luò yáng
hòu jìn 936-946 biàn hé nán kāi fēng
hòu hàn 947-950 biàn hé nán kāi fēng
hòu zhōu 951-960 biàn hé nán kāi fēng
shí guó ⑤ 902-979 héng héng
sòng běi sòng 960-1127 kāi fēng hé nán kāi fēng
nán sòng 1127-1279 lín 'ān zhè jiāng háng zhōu
liáo 907-1125 huáng dū
( shàng jīng ) liáo níng
bā lín yòu qí
xī xià 1038-1227 xīng qìng fǔ níng xià yín chuān
jīn 1115-1234 huì níng 'ā chéng ( hēi lóng jiāng )
zhōng dū běi jīng
kāi fēng hé nán kāi fēng
yuán 1206-1368 dà dū běi jīng
míng 1368-1644 nán jīng běi jīng
tài zǔ héng héng sī zōng
qīng zài gōng yuán 1616 nián jí míng wàn lì sì shí sì nián jiàn lì， guó hào jīn， jiàn dū yú hè tú 'ā lā， hòu qiān dū yǔ shěn yáng， yú 1636 gǎi guó hào wéi qīng， 1644-1912 dū chéng zài běi jīng
zhōng huá mín guó 1912-1949 nán jīng jiāng sū nán jīng
zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó 1949 nián 10 yuè 1 rì chéng lì， shǒu dū běi jīng。
fù zhù：
① yuē gōng yuán qián 14 shì jì pán gēng qiān dū yú yīn， cǐ hòu shāng yě chéng wéi yīn。
② gōng yuán qián 841 nián ( xī zhōu gòng hé yuán nián ) wéi zhōng guó lì shǐ què qiē jì nián de kāi shǐ。
③ bāo kuò wáng mǎng jiàn lì de“ xīn” wáng cháo ( gōng yuán 8 nián héng 23 nián )。 wáng mǎng shí qī， bào fā dà guī mó de nóng mín qǐ yì， jiàn lì liǎo nóng mín zhèng quán。 gōng yuán 23 nián， xīn wáng mǎng zhèng quán miè wáng。 gōng yuán 25 nián， dōng hàn wáng cháo jiàn lì。
④ zhè shí qī， zài wǒ guó běi fāng， xiān hòu cún zài guò yī xiē fēng jiàn zhèng quán， qí zhōng yòu： hàn ( qián zhào )、 chéng ( chéng hàn )、 qián liáng、 hòu zhào ( wèi )、 qián yàn、 qián qín、 hòu yàn、 hòu qín、 xī qín、 hòu liáng、 nán liáng、 běi liáng、 nán yàn、 xī liáng、 běi yàn、 xià děng guó， lì shǐ shàng jiào zuò“ shí liù guó”。
⑤ zhè shí qī， chú hòu liáng、 hòu táng、 hòu jìn、 hòu hàn、 hòu zhōu wài， hái xiān hòu cún zài guò yī xiē fēng jiàn zhèng quán， qí zhōng yòu： wú、 qián shǔ、 wú yuè、 chǔ、 mǐn、 nán hàn、 jīng nán ( nán píng )、 hòu shǔ、 nán táng、 běi hàn děng guó， lì shǐ shàng jiào zuò“ shí guó”。
zhōng guó gǔ dài de 'èr shí sì shǐ
xù hào ｜ shū míng｜ zuò zhě｜ juàn shù
1 shǐ jì xī hàn sī mǎ qiān 130
2 hàn shū dōng hàn bān gù 100
3 hòu hàn shū nán cháo fàn yè 120
4 sān guó zhì xī jìn chén shòu 65
5 jìn shū táng cháo fáng xuán líng děng 130
6 sòng shū nán cháo liáng shěn yuē 100
7 nán qí shū nán cháo liáng xiāo zǐ xiǎn 59
8 liáng shū táng cháo yáo sī lián 56
9 chén shū táng cháo yáo sī lián 36
10 wèi shū běi qí wèi shōu 114
11 běi qí shū táng cháo lǐ bǎi yào 50
12 zhōu shū táng lìng hú dé fēn děng 50
13 suí shū táng wèi zhēng děng 85
14 nán shǐ táng lǐ yán shòu 80
15 běi shǐ táng lǐ yán shòu 100
16 jiù táng shū hòu jìn liú xù děng 200
17 xīn táng shū sòng cháo 'ōu yáng xiū、 sòng qí 225
18 jiù wǔ dài shǐ sòng xuē jū zhèng děng 150
19 xīn wǔ dài shǐ sòng 'ōu yáng xiū 74
20 sòng shǐ yuán cháo tuō tuō děng 496
21 liáo shǐ yuán tuō tuō děng 116
22 jīn shǐ yuán tuō tuō děng 135
23 yuán shǐ míng cháo sòng lián děng 210
24 míng shǐ qīng cháo zhāng tíng yù děng 332
zhù ︰ 1920 nián， kē shào mǐn zhuàn《 xīn yuán shǐ》 tuō gǎo， mín guó shí nián（ 1921 nián） dà zǒng tǒng xú shì chāng yǐ《 xīn yuán shǐ》 wéi“ zhèng shǐ”， yǔ“ èr shí sì shǐ” hé chēng“ èr shí wǔ shǐ”。
lì shǐ nán xué yā。
shì jiè lì shǐ dà shì nián biǎo
14-15 shì jì 'ōu zhōu chū xiàn zī běn zhù yì méng yá
14 shì jì mò cháo xiān wáng cháo jiàn lì
14 － 16 shì jì 'ōu zhōu wén yì fù xīng yùn dòng
1487－ 1488 dí yà shì yuǎn háng dào dá fēi zhōu nán bù yán hǎi
1492 gē lún bù yuǎn háng dào dá měi zhōu
1497－ 1498 dá gā mǎ yuǎn háng dào dá yìn dù
1519－ 1522 mài zhé lún chuán duì huán qiú háng xíng
16 shì jì zǎo qī yìn dù mò wò 'ér dì guó jiàn lì
1520－ 1570 xī 'ōu zōng jiào gǎi gé
1566－ 1581 ní dé lán gé mìng
1600 yīng guó dōng yìn dù gōng sī jiàn lì
17 shì jì chū qī hé lán qīn rù yìn dù ní xī yà， fǎ， yīng， hé kāi shǐ zài běi měi lüè duó zhí mín dì； dé chuān mù fǔ kāi shǐ tǒng zhì rì běn
1640 yīng guó zī chǎn jiē jí gé mìng kāi shǐ
1688 yīng guó guāng róng gé mìng， zī chǎn jiē jí hé xīn guì zú de tǒng zhì què lì
17 shì jì yīng fǎ chéng wéi fàn mài nú lì de zhù yào guó jiā
1689 é guó bǐ dé yī shì kāi shǐ gǎi gé
17 shí jī hòu bàn qī fǎ guó lù yì shí sì kāi shǐ gǎi gé
17 shí jī hòu bàn qī niú dùn lì xué tǐ xì què lì
18 shì jì zhōng qī pǔ lǔ shì féi tè liè 'èr shì gǎi gé
18 shì jì zhōng hòu qī 'ào dì lì tè léi xī yà nǚ huáng hé yuē sè fū gǎi gé
18 shì jì 60 nián dài yīng guó gōng yè gé mìng kāi shǐ
1775－ 1783 běi měi dú lì zhàn zhēng
1776 běi měi dà lù huì yì fā biǎo《 dú lì xuān yán》， xuān bù měi lì jiān hé zhòng guó dú lì
1785 wǎ tè de gǎi liáng zhēng qì jī tóu rù shǐ yòng
1789 ． 7 fǎ guó zī chǎn jiē jí gé mìng kāi shǐ
1792． 9 fǎ lán xī dì yī gòng hé guó chéng lì
1793． 6－ 1794。 7 fǎ guó yǎ gè bīn pài zhuān zhèng
1794 fǎ guó rè yuè zhèng biàn
1799 ná pò lún fā dòng“ wù yuè zhèng biàn”
1804 hǎi dì xuān bù dú lì
1804 ná pò lún chēng dì， fǎ lán xī dì yī dì guó kāi shǐ
1810－ 1826 lā dīng měi zhōu fǎn duì xī bān yá zhí mín tǒng zhì de dú lì yùn dòng
1815 wéi yě nà tǐ xì díquè lì
1830 fǎ guó qī yuè gé mìng
1831， 1834 fǎ guó lǐ 'áng gōng rén qǐ yì
19 shì jì 30 nián dài fǎ lā dì zhèng míng liǎo diàn cí gǎn yìng xiàn xiàng
1836－ 1848 yīng guó xiàn zhāng yùn dòng
1844 dé yì zhì xī xī lǐ gōng rén qǐ yì
1848． 2《 gòng chǎn dǎng xuān yán》 fā biǎo
1848－ 18491848 nián 'ōu zhōu gé mìng
1853－ 1856 kè lǐ mǐ yà zhàn zhēng
1857－ 1859 yìn dù mín zú dà qǐ yì
19 shì jì zhōng qī dá 'ěr wén chuàng lì shēng wù jìn huà lùn xué shuō
1861 é guó nóng nú zhì gǎi gé
1861－ 1865 měi guó nèi zhàn
1864 dì yī guó jì chéng lì
1868 rì běn míng zhì wéi xīn kāi shǐ
1870－ 1871 pǔ fǎ zhàn zhēng
19 shì jì 70 nián dài chū yì dà lì tǒng yī zuì zhōng wán chéng
1871 dé yì zhì tǒng yī zuì zhōng wán chéng
1871． 3－ 5 bā lí gōng shè
19 shì jì 70 nián dài dì 'èr cì gōng yè gé mìng kāi shǐ
1881－ 1899 sū dān mǎ hè dí fǎn yīng dà qǐ yì
1882 dé yì 'ào sān guó tóng méng xíng chéng
19 shì jì 80 nián dài fǎ guó zuì zhōng què lì liǎo duì yuè nán de tǒng zhì
1889 dì 'èr guó jì jiàn lì
19 shì jì mò 20 shì jì chū zhù yào zī běn zhù yì guó jiā wán chéng xiàng dì guó zhù yì guò dù
20 shì jì chū shì jiè zhí mín tǐ xì zuì zhōng xíng chéng
20 shì jì chū 'ài yīn sī tǎn tí chū xiāng duì lùn
1903 é guó shè huì mín zhù gōng dǎng dì 'èr cì dài biǎo dà huì
1905－ 1908 yìn dù mín zú jiě fàng yùn dòng de gāo zhǎng
1907 yīng fǎ 'é xié yuē de zuì hòu xíng chéng
1910 rì běn zhèng shì tūn bìng cháo xiān
1910－ 1917 mò xī gē zī chǎn jiē jí gé mìng
1914－ 1918 dì yī cì shì jiè dà zhàn
（ 20 shì jì chū dào 20 shì jì 90 nián dài）
1917.11.7( é lì 10 yuè 25 rì ) é guó shí yuè shè huì zhù yì gé mìng
1918． 11 dé guó shí yī yuè gé mìng bào fā
1918－ 1922 yìn dù mín zú jiě fàng yùn dòng gāo zhǎng
1919－ 1922 tǔ 'ěr qí kǎi mò 'ěr gé mìng
1919． 3． 1 cháo xiān sān yī yùn dòng
1919． 3 xiōng yá lì sū wéi 'āi gòng hé guó jiàn lì
gòng chǎn guó jì jiàn lì
1919． 1－ 6 bā lí hé huì
1921． 11－ 1922。 2 huá shèng dùn huì yì
1922． 10 mò suǒ lǐ ní zài yì dà lì shàng tái
1922． 12 sū lián chéng lì
1925． 10 luò jiā nuò huì yì
1929－ 1933 zī běn zhù yì shì jiè jīng jì wēi jī
1931． 9． 18 rì běn dì guó zhù yì qīn huá de jiǔ yī bā shì biàn
1933． 1 xī tè lè zài dé guó shàng tái
1933． 3 luó sī fú jiù rèn měi guó zǒng tǒng， shí xíng xīn zhèng
1935 gòng chǎn guó jì dì qī cì dài biǎo dà huì
1935－ 1936 āi sài 'é bǐ yà kàng jī yì dà lì qīn lüè de mín zú jiě fàng yùn dòng
1936－ 1939 xī bān yá fǎn duì fǎ xī sī de mín zú gé mìng zhàn zhēng
1937． 7． 7 zhōng guó quán miàn kàng rì zhàn zhēng de kāi shǐ
1938． 9 mù ní hēi huì yì
1939． 8 sū dé hù bù qīn fàn tiáo yuē
1939． 9 dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn quán miàn bào fā
1940． 6 fǎ guó tóu jiàng
1940 qiū bù liè diān zhī zhàn
1940． 9 dé yì rì sān guó tóng méng tiáo yuē qiān dìng
1941． 6 sū dé zhàn zhēng bào fā
1941． 12 tài píng yáng zhàn zhēng bào fā
1941 qiū dà xī yáng xiàn zhāng
1942 chū《 lián hé guó jiā xuān yán》 xíng chéng fǎn fǎ xī sī tóng méng
1942 mò sī kē bǎo wèi zhàn
1942． 6 zhōng tú dǎo zhàn yì
1942． 7－ 1943。 2 sī dà lín gé lè zhàn yì
1943． 12． 1 zhōng měi yīng fā biǎo《 kāi luó xuān yán》
1943． 11－ 12 sū měi yīng jǔ xíng dé hēi lán huì yì
1944． 6 měi yīng jūn duì zài nuò màn dǐ dēng lù， ōu zhōu dì 'èr zhàn chǎng kāipì
1945． 2 sū měi yīng jǔ xíng yǎ 'ěr tǎ huì yì
1945． 5． 8 dé guó qiān dìng wú tiáo jiàn tóu jiàng shū
1945． 9． 2 sū měi yīng jǔ xíng bō cí tǎn huì yì rì běn qiān dìng wú tiáo jiàn tóu jiàng shū
20 shì jì sì wǔ shí nián dài dì sān cì kē jì gé mìng kāi shǐ
1945． 10 lián hé guó jiàn lì
1947 měi guó tí chū dù lǔ mén zhù yì
yìn bā fēn zhì， yìn dù， bā jī sī tǎn dú lì
1948 yǐ sè liè jiàn lì， dì yī cì zhōng dōng zhàn zhēng bào fā
měi guó kāi shǐ shí shī mǎ xiē 'ěr jìhuà
1949 běi dà xī yáng gōng yuē zǔ zhì jiàn lì
1949． 10． 1 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó jiàn lì
1950－ 1953 měi guó qīn lüè cháo xiān zhàn zhēng
20 shì jì 50 nián dài chū－ 70 nián dài chū zī běn zhù yì jīng jì fā zhǎn shǐ shàng de huáng jīn shí qī
1954《 guān yú huī fù yìn dù zhī nà hé píng de rì nèi wǎ xié yì》 qiān zì
1955 yà fēi guó jiā zhào kāi de wàn lóng huì yì
huá shā tiáo yuē zǔ zhì chéng lì
1956 bō lán bō cí nán shì jiàn， xiōng yá lì shì jiàn
dì 'èr cì zhōng dōng zhàn zhēng（ sū yī shì yùn hé zhàn zhēng）
1959 gǔ bā gé mìng qǔ dé shèng lì
1960 fēi zhōu yòu 17 gè guó jiā dú lì， zhè yī nián bèi chéng wéi“ fēi zhōu dú lì nián”
20 shì jì 60 nián dài chū bù jié méng yùn dòng xíng chéng
20 shì jì 60 nián dài chū－ 1973 měi guó qīn lüè yuè nán de zhàn zhēng
20 shì jì 60 nián dài zhōng qī qī shí qī guó jí tuán chǎn shēng
20 shì jì liù qī shí nián dài yà zhōu chū xiàn jīng jì fā zhǎn xùn sù de guó jiā hé dì qū
1967 ōu zhōu gòng tóng tǐ chéng lì
1968 sū lián chū bīng zhàn lǐng jié kè sī luò fá kè
1971 zhōng guó zài lián hé guó de hé fǎ dì wèi dé dào huī fù
1972． 2 měi guó zǒng tǒng ní kè sōng fǎng huá， shàng hǎi gōng bào fā biǎo
1973 měi guó zài《 guān yú zài yuè nán jié shù zhàn zhēng， huī fù hé píng de xié yì》 shàng qiān zì
dì sì cì zhōng dōng zhàn zhēng
1979 zhōng měi jiàn jiāo
20 shì jì 80 nián dài mò dōng 'ōu jù biàn
1991 sū lián jiě tǐ
1992 běi měi zì yóu mào yì qū xíng chéng
1993 ōu zhōu lián méng jiàn lì
1994 běi měi zì yóu mào yì qū zhèng shì chéng lì
1997 dōng nán yà bào fā jīn róng wēi jī
1999 běi yuē hōng zhà nán sī lā fū lián méng gòng hé guó
2003 měi guó rù qīn yī lā kè
wèishénme yào yán jiū lì shǐ：
shǒu xiān， yán jiū lì shǐ kě yǐ mǎn zú rén lèi de hàoqí xīn。 wǒ shì shuí？ wǒ cóng nǎ lǐ lái？ zhè bù dàn shì zhé xué wèn tí， yě shì lì shǐ wèn tí。 rú hé huí dá zhè xiē wèn tí， jiù bì xū yán jiū lì shǐ。 rén lèi de hàoqí xīn shì rén lèi fā zhǎn de zhòng yào dòng lì， qí zhōng zì rán bāo kuò duì zì jǐ guò qù de hàoqí xīn。
yán jiū lì shǐ， kě yǐ bì miǎn wǒ men chóngxīn zǒu yǐ qián de wān lù。 jǔ gè lì zǐ： yā piàn zhàn zhēng wǒ men dǎ bài liǎo， nà me wǒ men yòu méi yòu kě néng dǎ yíng？ jié lùn shì wǒ men bù kě néng dǎ yíng， yīn wéi wǒ men yǐ jīng zhěng tǐ luò hòu liǎo。 kě shì wèishénme yīcháng zhù dìng yào dǎ bài de zhàn zhēng， wǒ men hái yào dǎ？ yīn wéi dāng shí zhōng guó rén de lì shǐ jú xiàn xìng， tā men zài kāi zhàn qián rèn shí bù dào yī dìng huì dǎ shū de jiēguǒ。 yā piàn zhàn zhēng hòu， dāng shí de zhōng guó rén rèn zhēn zǒng jié liǎo lì shǐ jiào xùn liǎo me？ xiǎn rán méi yòu， yú shì cái yòu hòu miàn de dì 'èr cì yā piàn zhàn zhēng de shī bài、 zhōng fǎ zhàn zhēng bù bài 'ér bài、 jiá wǔ zhàn zhēng de cǎn bài、 bā guó lián jūn zhī zhàn de shī bài děng yī xì liè de shī bài。 zhōng guó miàn duì liè qiáng lǚ cì shī bài， ér rì běn zé wèi zhàn jiù qū fú， rán hòu tōng guò míng zhì wéi xīn fèn fā tú qiáng， xùn sù jué qǐ。 miàn duì xiàn dài huà de jī yù， rì běn zhī suǒ yǐ néng fù chū hěn xiǎo de dài jià jiù huò dé hěn dà de chéng guǒ， jiù shì yīn wéi tā men kàn dào liǎo zhōng guó de cǎn bài， rèn shí dào fǎn kàng de hòu guǒ， suǒ yǐ cǎi qǔ liǎo mào sì qū rǔ， shí jì zé gèng jī jí zhù dòng de zhèng cè。
wǒ men fàn guò cuò wù， wèicǐ wǒ men dān wù liǎo zhěng zhěng 138 nián de shí jiān（ 1840-1978）， nà me wǒ men rú hé bì miǎn zhè zhǒng cuò wù de zài cì fā shēng？ wǒ men bù yán jiū lì shǐ xíng me？ shuō jù tí wài huà， wǒ rèn wéi zhōng guó jìn dài de duàn dài， yǔ qí dìng chéng 1840-1949， bù rú gǎi chéng 1840-1978 gèng qiàdàng。
mù qián， zhōng huá mín zú zhèng chǔyú fù xīng jiē duàn， zhè cì fù xīng， wǒ men shì néng zài cì chuàng zào yī gè hàn、 táng、 kāng yōng qián nà yàng de qiáng shèng shí dài， hái shì zhǐ néng chuàng zào yī gè xī jìn、 yuán chū nà yàng de duǎn zàn xīng shèng shí dài？ wǒ men yīnggāi xiào fǎng hàn、 táng、 kāng yōng qián de shénme？ bì miǎn xī jìn、 yuán chū shí dài de shénme？ bù yán jiū zhè xiē wèn tí， xíng me？
wèishénme mǎ kè sī yù yán de zī běn zhù yì de shuāi luò hái méi yòu dào lái， fǎn 'ér zài měi guó bào fā liǎo qiáng dà de shēng mìng lì？ wèishénme sū lián jiě tǐ bìng fàng qì liǎo shè huì zhù yì？ zī běn zhù yì zěn me liǎo？ shè huì zhù yì zěn me liǎo？ wèishénme zhǐ yòu 'ōu zhōu shì yán zhe mǎ kè sī zhù yì lì shǐ guān miáo shù de yuán shǐ shè huì - nú lì shè huì - fēng jiàn shè huì - zī běn zhù yì shè huì zhè yàng de fā zhǎn shùn xù， ér shì jiè qí tā mín zú dōuméi yòu wán zhěng de yán zhe zhè tiáo lù fā zhǎn？ mǎ kè sī zhù yì de lì shǐ fā zhǎn guān， shì rén lèi fā zhǎn de guī lǜ hái shì jǐn jǐn shì zài 'ōu zhōu de tè lì？ zhōng guó de fēng jiàn shè huì hé 'ōu zhōu de fēng jiàn shè huì yòu hěn dà de chā yì， zhōng guó de（ yǐ jí 'ā lā bó、 dōng nán yà de） fēng jiàn shè huì zhēn de shì fēng jiàn shè huì me？
zhèng rú wǒ men bù néng yīn wéi míng qīng hái yòu jiā nú， jiù shuō míng qīng hái shì nú lì shè huì yī yàng， wǒ men yě bù néng yīn wéi sòng dài jiù yòu suǒ wèi“ zī běn zhù yì méng yá” jiù shuō zhōng guó jiù yī dìng néng zì zhù chǎn shēng zī běn zhù yì shè huì。 shè huì zhù yì shì wǒ men cóng guó wài xué lái de， xiàn zài wǒ men yòu zhèng zài xué xí wài lái de zī běn zhù yì shè huì de shēng chǎn fāng shì hé xíng wéi guī fàn， shèn zhì wǒ men de fǎ lǜ tǐ xì、 dào dé tǐ xì yědōu zài xiàng zī běn zhù yì kào lǒng， nà me zī běn zhù yì hé shè huì zhù yì néng zài wǒ men guó jiā róng hé me？ zhè liǎng kē wài lái de guǒ， jià jiē zài wǒ men zhè wǔ qiān nián de lǎo shù shàng， zuì hòu néng yòu shénme jiēguǒ？
rì hán hé tái wān de fā zhǎn xiàn shí biǎo míng， zī běn zhù yì néng gòu zài yòu jǐ qiān nián chuán tǒng de dōng yà guó jiā qǔ dé chéng gōng， shèn zhì bǐ běn lái yīnggāi gèng yòu yōu shì fā zhǎn zī běn zhù yì de yìn dù、 nán měi、 běi fēi gèng chéng gōng， yuán yīn shì shénme？ wǒ men yīnggāi jiè jiàn shénme？ wǒ men chuán tǒng wén huà zhōng de shénme yīn sù dǎo zhì wǒ men dōng yà guó jiā gèng róng yì fā zhǎn zī běn zhù yì？
yǐ shàng dōushì wǒ men wèishénme yào yán jiū lì shǐ de yuán yīn。
History: history historical
General History: the objective world sports development process, can be divided into natural history and the history of human society both.
Narrow History: place in human society, the development process.
History: the study of history, learning, short history. Correspond with the concept of history, history also has broad and narrow sense.
General History: All the world can be called scientific history.
("We just know that a unique scientific, or historical science." - Marx, Engels)
Narrow sense of history: the study of the development of human society in the past movement of knowledge.
History of science:
Usually we will call the Marxist history of science history, because it is under the guidance of scientific theory of historical materialism, history, and past history fundamentally, many do not go beyond the scope of the history of idealism.
The relationship between history and history:
History, is an objective fact, there is only one truth. However, recorded history, history of knowledge is often subjective as the human sense of change, development of a sound, even with distortion and fabrication. Because of this, the year before Hu said: "History is like a little girl, love how you dress on how dress." Where "history" is, strictly speaking, should narrow the meaning of history. As a result, our best historians of ancient special attention to "the history of Germany" - "good and evil must book", "Analysis of Li Ju Zheng", generally, of seeking truth from facts recorded, fair and objective analysis of argument.
Etymology
"History" means the official historian of ancient Chinese characters. Zhuanwen write to "" (see photo), Xu Shen in "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" said: "History, notes were also. From another holding. Of being also."
"History" is the term appeared in the late Qing Dynasty.
History of the word in English for the History, in French as Histoire, with two out of the Greek Histria, its original meaning as a "sign asked," "asked with knowledge."
Abroad on the "historical" interpretation of the term
(A) of the nature and development of human society, but also refers to the development of certain things or personal experience.
(B) the fact that, out of date things. Example: This issue has already become history.
(C) the record of past events, history, history; Events.
(D) record and explain the process of human activity as a series of historical events of a discipline.
(E) title. That "the history of Greek Persian War." Ancient Greek historian Herodotus book. The book is nine volumes, the former principal recalled four volumes of Egypt, Babylon, Persia, Lydia, Scythian and Greek local history, after the five-volume description of the causes of war between Greece and Persia, and through, and ends at 479 BC. The book there are many myths and legends mixed, not entirely credible. But this book is the first important European historical writings.
(F) personal resume; experience
(7) on the formation of future events that affect the process of
(8) historical records, conqueror beautify their own tools.
(Ix) the truth of history, often evolving over time.
Function and methods of history
History function
English poet Shelley once wrote: "History is engraved in time and memory on a swing poem."
History, it is often a remarkable similarity again, how similar historical events from the past lessons learned? How to use the wisdom of the ancients meet today's real life? The answer is that the learning of history.
As a result, history will have its most important function - the Society.
What is The World? Committed to the State, committed to the community that the economic world; What Pragmatism, as I shall have learned of that I used for the Practical.
"Look," "Reading Shi Mingzhi" ... ... have emphasized the guiding role of the reality of history, the individual, the nation of human inspiration and help.
When a nation be able to continue to draw strength from the history, and continue, continue to innovate and reflect the ethnic identity, it would be the whole earth, and even a blessing to the universe.
Learning history
History The general requirement is the emphasis on learning ways to improve efficiency. Specific requirements is to play solid foundation, focused; independent thinking, good question; timely summary of analogy; step by step, the efficiency of the first.
History learning to master the three kinds of knowledge: knowledge structure section, thematic structure and theory of knowledge, where knowledge is the foundation chapter. Specifically about the following learning methods:
1, the text big, small print, is the main content of textbooks, which "characters" is the top priority of learning. Control characters, first of all remember to remember "dead" back to back "hard." Emphasized that "in understanding the basis of memory," undoubtedly correct, but understanding can not replace memories. Second, to understand deeper. Understanding of knowledge, that is, grasp the historical events of the internal structure and external linkages, distinguish the history and meaning of things, the nature of surface phenomena. Such as Wei Yuan's "Prostitutes" thinking, literally meaning the study of the table and resist Western aggression, the implicit aim is to "power"; second is the hidden links between different concepts, Westernization inherited resistance to school "learning Technology "thinking, and expand the content of learning the West, but the two parties do not understand the root causes of the failure of the two Opium Wars is decadent and backward feudal system, but do not know how to save the nation from peril fundamental way out is to change the system, which To tap the hidden links. "Small print" is an extension and supplement large print, it is more specific, detailed, depending on the circumstances control: knowledge account, condensed into a point; plot description, into rational knowledge; view concluding analysis, and the characters the same master.
2, tables, maps and literature are an important part of learning. Map grasp two points, one with major historical events, phenomena linked to reflect the characteristics of the times and historical trends in the evolution of the map; the second is the figure, the first thing to grasp the content of materials covered. Review of literature is easy to ignore when the contents of teaching literature on the college entrance examination proposition technology continues to improve. On the teaching of literature, one to read, second, analysis of the relationship between the body, three to be able to explain the phenomenon and problems reflect what.
3, chapter notes are not the focus of knowledge and learning can be used for browsing-type control, but in some special knowledge of the sequence has its important position. Such as "strange war" is the comment content, put it to appease the knowledge structure, we can see that it is the British and French policy of appeasement in the war continued. In short, the knowledge of several textbooks, learning that should be prioritized, and pay attention to their characteristics, can be neglected.
In short, we must remember the basic facts, constantly sum up on this basis, attention will combine theory with historical facts, and constantly improve their analysis and understanding.
AD control dynasties in Chinese history summary table
Start and end dynastic capital of this land
Summer 2070 BC - about pre-1600
Henan Dengfeng Yangcheng
Business ① about before 1600 - before about 1046 mm Zhengzhou
Anyang Yin
Weeks before the Western Zhou Dynasty about 1046 - Top 771 ② Gao Jing Xi
Eastern Zhou Dynasty 770 - 256 Luoyi former Luoyang, Henan
Pre-Qin 221 - 206 BC Xianyang Xianyang
Han Han ③ 206 BC - AD 25, Xi'an Chang'an
25-220 Eastern Han Luoyang, Henan Luoyang
San Guowei 220-265 Luoyang Luoyang
221-263, Chengdu, Sichuan Chengdu, Sichuan
Wu 222-280 Jianye, Nanjing, Jiangsu
Western Jin Dynasty 265-315 Luoyang Luoyang
Luoyang, Henan Luoyang Jin 315-317
16 Nanjing, Jiangsu China Eastern Jin 317-420 Jiankang
16 States ④ 304-439 - -
Southern Song Dynasty 420-479 Jiankang Nanjing
Qi 479-502 Jiankang Nanjing
Liang 502-557 Jiankang Nanjing
Jian Kang Chen in Nanjing, Jiangsu 557-589
Shanxi Datong Pingcheng Northern Wei 386-534
Luoyang Luoyang
534-550 Eastern Wei Lin Zhang Ye Pei
Lin Zhang Ye Pei Qi 550-577
Xi'an Chang'an Western Wei 535-557
Northern Zhou 557-581 Xi'an Chang'an
Sui Hing Xi'an 581-618
Xi'an Chang'an Tang 618-907
Five
Ten Girder 907-923 Bian Kaifeng
Later Tang 923-936 Luoyang Luoyang
Houjin 936-946 Kaifeng Kaifeng
Later Han 947-950 Bian Kaifeng
Later Zhou Dynasty 951-960 Kaifeng Kaifeng
Ten ⑤ 902-979 - -
Northern Song Kaifeng Kaifeng 960-1127
Hangzhou Linan Song 1127-1279
Royal Liao 907-1125
(To Beijing) Liaoning
Balin Right Banner
Xingqing House Yinchuan, Ningxia Western Xia 1038-1227
Gold 1115-1234 will Ninga City (Heilongjiang)
Both Beijing
Kaifeng Kaifeng
Most of Beijing Yuan 1206-1368
Beijing, Nanjing Ming 1368-1644
Taizu - Si cases
Clear that in the year 1616 the establishment of Ming Dynasty 40 years, the country money, a capital in the Early Qing, later moved the capital of Shenyang, in 1636 changed its title to the Qing capital in Beijing ,1644-1912
Republic of China, Nanjing, Jiangsu, Nanjing 1912-1949
The People's Republic of China on Oct. 1, 1949 establishment of the capital Beijing.
Note:
① About 14 BC the world Jipan Geng moved the capital to Yin, since business has become Yin.
② 841 BC (the first year of the Western Zhou Republic) for the precise dating of the beginning of Chinese history.
③ including the Wang Mang established the "new" dynasty (AD 8 years -23 years). Wang Mang period, the outbreak of large-scale peasant uprising, the regime established farmers. AD 23, the new regime destruction of Wang Mang. 25 AD, the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
④ this period, in northern China, there has been some of the feudal regime, including: Chinese (Han Zhao), Cheng (Cheng Han), the former cool, after Zhao (Wei), the former Yan, Former Qin, Later Yan, Later Qin , Xiqin, after the cool, cool South, Northern Liang, Nam Yin, Western Liang, Northern Yan, summer and other countries in history, called "16 States."
⑤ this period, in addition to Later Liang, Later Tang Dynasty, Houjin, after the Han, Later Zhou Dynasty, but also there has been some of the feudal regime, including: Wu, Former Shu, Wu and Yue, Chu, Min, Southern Han, Jingnan (Nanping), Shu , Southern Tang, Northern Han and other countries in history, called "Ten."
Ancient China Twenty-Four Histories
Serial number | title | author | Volumes
Sima Qian's Records of the Western Han Dynasty 130 1
2 100 Han Han Ban
Fan Ye, after 3 120 Southern Han
Western Jin Chenshou 4 of the Three Kingdoms 65
130 5 Book of Jin Tang Fang Xuanling etc.
6 Songshu Nan Liang Shen towards 100
7 South Korea Liang Xiao Qi Shunan child was 59
8 Liang Shu Tang Yao Silian 56
9 Chen Shu Tang Yao Silian 36
Qi Wei Wei Shu received 10 114
11 Li Tang Wei is 50 per drug
12 weeks, so the book 50 Fen Tang Ling Hu Germany
13 of the Sui Tang Wei Zheng, etc. 85
14 Nanshi Tang Li Yanshou 80
History of Tang Li Yanshou 100 15 North
16 Old Houjin Liu Xu Tang, 200
17 New Tang Xiu Song, Song Qi 225
18 Old Five Dynasties Song Xue Ju Zheng, etc. 150
19 new Five Dynasties Song Xiu 74
496 20 Sung Yuan Tuotuo etc.
21, 116, etc. History of the Liao Yuan Tuotuo
22, 135, etc. The History of Yuan Tuotuo
23, 210 Yuan Dynasty Ming Lian, etc.
History of the Ming Qing Zhang Tingyu 24 of 332
Note ︰ 1920, Ke Shao Zhimin Writing "new Yuan Dynasty" finalized, Republic of the Decade (1921) president Shichang "new Yuan Dynasty" to "official history", and "Twenty-Four Histories," collectively, the "Twenty-five Histories."
Difficult to learn history, ah.
Chronology of World History
The Emergence of Capitalism 14-15 Century Europe
Late 14th century to establish the Joseon Dynasty
14-16 century European Renaissance
1487-1488 Dias voyage to reach the southern coast of Africa
Voyage of Columbus reached America in 1492
1497-1498 Vasco da Gama arrived in India voyage
1519-1522 Magellan Global Navigation fleet
Early 16th century Indian Mughal Empire
Reformation in Western Europe 1520-1570
1566-1581 Netherlands revolution
1600 established the British East India Company
Indonesia invaded the early 17th century, the Netherlands, France, Britain and the Netherlands began to plunder colonies in North America; Tokugawa shogunate ruled Japan started
1640 bourgeois revolution in Britain began
1688 Glorious Revolution of England, the rule of the bourgeoisie and the establishment of the new aristocracy
17th century Britain and France to become the slave trade in the major countries
1689 Peter I began to reform in Russia
17, half of the time Louis XIV of France began to reform
17 timing system of the latter half of the establishment of Newtonian mechanics
Mid-18th century, Frederick II of Prussia reform
Austria in the late 18th century Queen and Joseph reform Teresia
18th century British industrial revolution began 60 years
1775-1783 American War of Independence
1776 North American Continental Congress issued a "Declaration of Independence," declared independent United States of America
1785 watts of improved steam engine in use
1789.7 French bourgeois revolution began
1792.9 French First Republic was established
1793.6-1794. 7 French Jacobins dictatorship
1794 France Thermidorian
1799 Napoleon launched "Brumaire coup"
Haiti declared independence in 1804
1804 Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor of the French First Empire beginning
1810-1826 Spanish colonial rule in Latin America against the independence movement
1815 Vienna system Establishment
1830 July Revolution in France
1831,1834 uprising of workers in Lyon, France
19 30s Faraday proved that the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction
1836-1848 British Chartist
German workers uprising in Sicily in 1844
1848.2 "Communist Manifesto"
1848-18491848 revolution in Europe
1853-1856 Crimean War
1857-1859 Indian National uprising
Mid-19th century Darwinian theory of biological evolution, creation
1861 reform of serfdom in Russia
1861-1865 U.S. Civil War
First International was established in 1864
1868 Meiji Restoration, Japan began
1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War
70 early 19th century Italian unification finally completed
Completed the ultimate reunification of Germany in 1871
1871.3-5 Paris Commune
19th century 70's second industrial revolution
1881-1899 苏丹马赫迪 major uprising against the British
1882 Triple Alliance Germany, Italy and Austria formed
80 19th century France finally established the rule of Vietnam
1889 establishment of the Second International
Late 19th early 20th century, the major capitalist countries have completed the transition to imperialism
Early 20th century, the colonial system ultimately form the World
Einstein theory of relativity early 20th century
Second Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1903 Congress
1905-1908 Indian national liberation movements
Russian Convention of 1907 Anglo-French final form
1910, Japan formally annexed Korea
Bourgeois revolution in Mexico 1910-1917
1914-1918 First World War
(20th century to 20th century, 90s)
1917.11.7 (Russian calendar October 25) October Socialist Revolution in Russia
Revolution broke out in Germany in November 1918.11
1918-1922 upsurge of national liberation movement in India
Ataturk revolution in Turkey 1919-1922
1919.3.1 Korea 31 Sports
1919.3 established the Soviet Republic of Hungary
The establishment of the Communist International
1919.1-6 Paris Peace Conference
1921.11-1922. 2 Washington Conference
1922.10 Mussolini came to power in Italy
1922.12 set up the Soviet Union
1925.10 Locarno Conference
1929-1933 economic crisis in the capitalist world
1931.9.18 Japanese imperialist invasion of China on September 18 Incident
1933.1 Hitler came to power in Germany
1933.3 Roosevelt became President, the implementation of the New Deal
Seventh Congress of the Communist International in 1935
1935-1936 invasion of Ethiopia against the Italian national liberation movements
1936-1939 national revolutionary war against fascism in Spain
1937.7.7 China, Sino-Japanese War began a comprehensive
1938.9 Munich Conference
1939.8 Non-Aggression Pact Soviet Union and Germany
1939.9 outbreak of World War II
1940.6 French surrender
1940 Autumn Battle of Britain
1940.9 Germany, Italy and Japan sign treaty of alliance
1941.6 Soviet-German War broke out
1941.12 Pacific War
Autumn 1941, the Atlantic Charter
Early 1942, "Declaration by United Nations" anti-fascist alliance formed
1942 Battle of Moscow
1942.6 Battle of Midway
1942.7-1943. 2 Battle of Stalingrad
1943.12.1 in the United States and Britain issued the "Cairo Declaration"
1943.11-12 Su Meiying meeting held in Tehran
1944.6 American and British forces landed in Normandy, opening a second front in Europe
1945.2 Su Meiying at the Yalta Conference
1945.5.8 Germany signed the unconditional surrender
1945.9.2 Su Meiying Potsdam Conference held in Japan signed the unconditional surrender
Four or five years of the 20th century scientific and technological revolution began the third
1945.10 The United Nations established
1947 Truman Doctrine, the United States
Partition of India, India, Pakistan's independence
1948, Israel established the first Middle East War
The United States launched the Marshall Plan
North Atlantic Treaty Organization established in 1949
1949.10.1 The People's Republic of China established
1950-1953 Korean War, the U.S. invasion
50 -70 early 20th century capitalist economic development in the history of the early golden era
1954 "on the restoration of peace in Indochina in Geneva Agreement" signed
1955 Bandung Conference held in Asian and African countries
Warsaw Treaty Organization was established
1956 Poznan, Poland, the event, Hungary events
The second Middle East war (Suez War)
1959 victory of Cuban revolution
1960, 17 countries in Africa, the independence of that year called "Year of African independence"
Early 20th century, 60 the formation of the Non-Aligned Movement
60 early 20th century the United States invasion of Vietnam War -1,973
The mid-20th century, 70 G-60 produced
Sixties and seventies of the 20th century rapid economic development of Asian countries and regions
1967 established the European Community
Soviet troops occupied Czechoslovakia in 1968
1971 China's legitimate status in the United Nations be restored
1972.2 U.S. President Richard Nixon visited China, the Shanghai Communique
1973 United States "on ending the war in Vietnam, to restore peace agreement" signed
The Fourth Middle East War
1979 Sino-US relations
The late 20th century collapse in Eastern Europe 80
In 1991 the Soviet Union
Formation of the North American Free Trade Area in 1992
1993 establishment of the European Union
1994 formally established the North American Free Trade Area
1997 financial crisis in Southeast Asia
1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq
Why Study History:
First, the study of history can satisfy human curiosity. Who am I? I come from? This is not only a philosophical issue, but also the question of history. How to answer these questions, we must study history. Human curiosity is an important driving force of human development, which naturally includes the curiosity of his past.
We made mistakes, for which we delay a full 138 years (1840-1978), then how can we prevent this error from happening again? What we do not study history lines? To tell the way, I think that the dating of modern China, with its fixed into 1840-1949 than into 1840-1978 is more appropriate.
At present, the Chinese nation is in a renaissance, the renaissance, we are able to re-create a Han, Tang, as the prosperity of the Kangxi era, or just to create a Western Jin Dynasty, the early Yuan Dynasty, as the short-term prosperity of the times? We should follow the example of the Han, Tang, Kangxi, Yongzheng and what? To avoid the Western Jin Dynasty, the early Yuan Dynasty era what? Not examine these issues, line What?
Why Marx predicted the decline of capitalism, yet to come, but the outbreak in the United States a powerful vitality? Why did the Soviet Union and give up a socialist? How the capitalist? How a socialist? Why only Europe is the extension of the Marxist view of history described in a primitive society - the slave society - feudal society - the development of capitalist society, so the order of the world other people are not extend the full development of this road? Marxist view of historical development, laws of human development or just a special case in Europe? China's feudal society and feudal society in Europe is very different from China's (and the Arab, Southeast Asia) is a feudal society, feudal society really What?
As we can not have slaves in Ming and Qing, said Ming or slave, we can not because there is the Song called "Seeds of Capitalism" said China will certainly be able to independently produce a capitalist society. Socialism is learned from abroad, and now we are learning outside the capitalist mode of production and social norms, even our legal system, moral system are all closer to capitalism, then capitalism and socialism can What in the integration of our country? That the two foreign fruit, grafting in our five thousand years old trees, the last to have any results?
Japan and South Korea and Taiwan, the development of reality shows that capitalism can have thousands of traditional success of East Asian countries, and even more advantages over the original 应该 the development of capitalism in India, South America, North Africa, more successful, why? What should we learn? Our traditional culture of the causes that we facilitate the development of the capitalist countries in East Asia?
The above are reasons why the study of history. |
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