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罗兰《 luó lán zhī gē》 shì fǎ guó zhōng shì jì yīng xióng shǐ shī “ wǔ gōng gē ” de dài biǎo zuò pǐn。 zhōng shì jì zài mín jiān kǒu tóu liú chuán de“ wǔ gōng gē” hěn duō， xíng yín shī rén tánzòu zhe jiǎn dān de yuèqì， zài rè nào de jí shì shàng mài chàng， yòu shí yě dào fēng jiàn jùn zhù de dǐ zhái zhōng qù mài chàng。 dào 11 shì jì mò yè， zhè lèi gē yáo cái zhú jiàn yòng wén zì jì lù xià lái。
《 luó lán zhī gē》 liú chuán zhe xǔ duō chāo běn， qí zhōng yǐ niú jīn dà xué shōu cáng de chāo běn zuì wéi wán shàn。 quán shī cháng 4,002 xíng， fēn 291 jié， shì yòng dāng shí mín jiān yǔ yán luó màn yǔ xiě chéng。 shī de jié gòu dà zhì kě fēn wéi 3 gè bù fēn： dì 1 bù fēn xiě jiā nài lóng tóu dí pàn mài， shì xù mù； dì 2 bù fēn xiě qí shì luó lán shuài lǐng de liǎng wàn qí bīng yù shàng dí rén fú jī， quán jūn fùmò， shì quán shī de gāo cháo； dì 3 bù fēn xiě duì pàn tú jiā nài lóng de chéng fá， shì wěi shēng。 zhè shǒu shǐ shī yǐ miáo xiě chá lǐ dà dì de shèng lì kāi shǐ。 chá lǐ dà dì shuài dà jūn zài xī bān yá zhuǎn zhàn 7 nián， wú wǎng 'ér bù shèng。 zhǐ yòu xìn fèng yī sī lán jiào de mǎ xí lè guó wáng shàng wèi bèi zhēng fú， tā miàn lín chá lǐ dà dì de dà jūn yā jìng， yī miàn qiǎn shǐ qiú hé， yī miàn yīn móu xí jī dí jūn。 chá lǐ dà dì zhào jí zhòng jiāng shāng yì， tā de wài shēng luó lán qí shì zhù zhàn。 lìng yī qí shì jiā nài lóng shòu liǎo dí rén de huì lù， zhù zhāng yì hé。 luó lán jiàn yì pài jiā nài lóng qù dí yíng tàn tīng xū shí。 zhè shì yī gè yòu shēng mìng wēi xiǎn de shǐ mìng。 jiā nài lóng huái hèn luó lán， yīn móu bào fù。 dào liǎo dí yíng， jiā nài lóng pàn biàn。 tā yǔ dí rén hé móu， shè zhòng bīng zài shān gǔ zhōng fú jī luó lán shuài lǐng de liǎng wàn qí bīng。 luó lán cāng zú yìng zhàn， zhōng yú quán jūn fùmò， zì yǐ yě zhàn sǐ shā chǎng。 chá lǐ dà dì wén xùn huí bīng zhī yuán luó lán， yǐ wú fǎ wǎn huí bài jú。 chá lǐ dà dì huí dào fǎ guó， yán chéng pàn tú jiā nài lóng， chù yǐ sì mǎ fēn shī de jí xíng。
《 luó lán zhī gē》 jù yòu hěn dà de chuán shuō chéngfèn。 zuò pǐn zài hěn dà chéng dù shàng fǎn yìng liǎo rén mín de guān diǎn hé yuàn wàng。 chá lǐ dà dì shì guàn chuān quán shī de zhōng xīn rén wù。 lì shǐ shàng chá lǐ dà dì dāng zhèng nián dài zài 768 zhì 814 nián zhī jiān。 tā jīng guò liǎo cháng qī de zhēng zhàn， jiàn lì liǎo páng dà de dì guó。 zài hòu shì rén mín de xīn mù zhōng， zhè shì fēng jiàn wáng guó tǒng yī hé qiáng shèng shí qī， rén mín kě yǐ dé dào shēng xī fán róng de jī huì。 yīn cǐ shī gē zhōng de chá lǐ dà dì shì rén mín lǐ xiǎng de jūn zhù xíng xiàng。 luó lán zhōng jūn 'ài guó， wèile bǎo wèi jiāng tǔ yǔ rén mín de shēng mìng cái chǎn， bù xī zhàn dǒu dào liú jìn zuì hòu yī dī xuè， tā shì lǐ xiǎng de fēng jiàn qí shì de xíng xiàng。 zhěng shǒu《 luó lán zhī gē》 fǎn yìng liǎo rén mín duì shàng shēng zhōng de fēng jiàn jí quán shì lì de qī dài， yào qiú fǎ lán xī wáng guó jì wú wài wǔ， yòu wú nèi luàn， jiàn chéng yī gè shǐ rén mín néng 'ān jū lè yè de fēng jiàn děng jí zhì de jūn zhù zhuān zhì guó jiā。
yǔ zhōng shì jì de yī bān wén xué zuò pǐn yī yàng，《 luó lán zhī gē》 yě jù yòu nóng hòu de zōng jiào sè cǎi。 zhè shì yóu yú dāng shí jiào huì shì wén huà de wéi yī zhǎng wò zhě， rén mín de wén huà xiū yǎng lí bù kāi jiào huì de yǐng xiǎng， yī qiē wǔ gōng gē（ bāo kuò《 luó lán zhī gē》 zài nèi） de zuì zǎo shǒu chāo běn yě shì xiū dào yuàn zhōng de sēng lǚ wán chéng de， tā men zài chuán chāo de guò chéng zhōng bù duàn dì gěi zuò pǐn jiā shàng zōng jiào sè cǎi， bìng rèn wéi zhè yàng jiā gōng shì tā men de shén shèng zhí zé。
《 luó lán zhī gē》 - bǎn běn de kǎo zhèng
《 luó lán zhī gē》 yuán gǎo
fǎ guó 'ōu zhōu zhōng shì jì lì shǐ xué jiā yuē sè fū bèi dì 'āi（ 1864 héng 1938） shuō：“ tí dào《 luó lán zhī gē》， jiù xiàng tí dào píng dá de《 tè 'ěr fěi pí xī yà sòng gē》 huò yà lǐ shì duō dé de《 shī lùn》， jí shǐ yòu liǎo dì yī qiān líng yī bǎn， yě huì zài fā hángdì yī qiān líng 'èr bǎn， zì yòu wén rén cái zǐ dú liǎo jué dé， ruò bù shì dì yī bǎn， yě shì dì jiǔ bǎi jiǔ shí bǎn gèng wéi kě qǔ。”
luó lán de chuán qí zài yín yóu shī rén kǒu zhōng yín chàng liǎo yī bǎi duō nián。 zài shí yī shì jì chū xiàn liǎo zuì chū de chāo běn。 xiàn cún zhù yào de yòu fǎ lán xī、 yīng gé lán、 yì dà lì、 ní dé lán、 rì 'ěr màn、 wēi 'ěr shì、 sī kān de nà wéi yà děng wén zì xiě chéng de bā zhǒng bǎn běn。 lì dài píng lùn jiā yī zhì rèn wéi niú jīn shōu cáng de yī zhǒng chāo běn， qí jià gé chāo guò qí tā gè bǎn de zǒng hé。 niú jīn chāo běn yòng 'àng gé lǔ - nuò màn yǔ xiě chéng， gòng 4002 xíng， bāo kuò xué zhě gēn jù qí tā chāo běn jiàodìng hòu bǔ shàng de sì xíng。 měi xíng jù zǐ shí gè yīn jié， měi yī jié nèi jù shǔbù děng， tóng yī jié nèi měi jù jù wěi yòng bàn xié yīn yī yùn dào dǐ。 gēn jù 'ān dé lāi bù 'ěr rì de yán jiū， chéng shū nián dài yuē zài yī líng bā qī nián dào yī líng jiǔ wǔ nián zhī jiān。 gè gè chāo běn yuán láidōu méi yòu míng chēng， zài shí jiǔ shì jì hòu xiān hòu fù zǐ， háo wú lì wài dū yòng《 luó lán zhī gē》 zhè gè shū míng。
niú jīn chāo běn zài yī bā sān qī nián yóu fǎ lǎng xī sī kè mǐ xiē 'ěr（ 1830 huò 1833 héng 1905） dì yī cì chū bǎn。 hòu jīng lì dài zhuān jiā kān wù kuāng zhèng， jiàn qū wán shàn。 hàn yì běn duō shì gēn jù niú jīn bǎn jiàodìng běn yì chéng de。
《 luó lán zhī gē》 - zuò zhě de kǎo zhèng
《 luó lán zhī gē》
《 luó lán zhī gē》 chuàng zuò nián dài bù què， gù shì nèi róng yǔ shǐ shí pō bù yī zhì， suǒ yǐ zuò zhě de shēn fèn yě hěn nán nòng qīng chǔ。 niú jīn chāo běn de zuì hòu yī jù shì：“ dù luò dù sī xù shù de gù shì dào cǐ wéi zhǐ。” yī bān rèn wéi dù luò dù sī bù shì《 luó lán zhī gē》 de biān zhuàn zhě， biàn shì chāo lù zhě。 zhì yú shuí shì dù luò dù sī lì lái méi yòu yī gè kěn dìng de、 jù yòu shuō fú lì de、 wéi dà jiā suǒ jiē shòu de shuō fǎ。 zài nà gè shí qī de fǎ guó lì shǐ shàng， kě yǐ yǔ dù luò dù sī zhè gè míng zì zhān biān de yòu gǔ lóng bó de dù luò dù sī、 ān wéi 'ěr mò de dù luò dù sī、 fèi kāng de dù luò dù sī。 yóu yú《 luó lán zhī gē》 zuì chū liú chuán yú fǎ guó běi fāng nuò màn dǐ dì qū， fèi kāng de dù luò dù sī bèi rèn wéi zuì yòu kě néng shì nà wèi dù luò dù sī。 tā shì zhēng fú zhě wēi lián de zhí zǐ， qǐ xiān zài fèi kāng de sān shèng sì dāng xiū shì， suí tóng wēi lián guó wáng cān jiā guò yī líng liù liù nián de hēi sī tíng sī zhàn yì， hòu lái yòu zài bǐ dé bó luó dāng běn táng shén fǔ， suǒ yǐ yě chēng bǐ dé bó luó de dù luò dù sī。 bù guǎn shì nǎ gè dù luò dù sī， cóng tā zài《 luó lán zhī gē》 zhōng liú xià de yìn jì lái kàn， xiǎn rán shì yī wèi shòu guò liáng hǎo lā dīng jiào yù de sēng lǚ， jì qián xīn jiào yì， yě chóng shàng wǔ dào。 chá lǐ màn de yīng wǔ shén wēi， ào lǐ wéi de ruì zhì míng lǐ， luó lán de yǒng gǎn kāng kǎi， dōushì tā chóng shàng jǐng yǎng de pǐn zhì。
《 luó lán zhī gē》 - zuò pǐn bèi jǐng
chá lǐ yī shì（ 742 héng 814）， huò chēng chá lǐ dà dì、 chá lǐ màn， shì fǎ lán kè guó wáng 'ǎi zǐ pī píng（ sān shì） de 'ér zǐ。 cóng qī liù bā nián jì chéng wáng wèi， hòu lái tōng guò zhēng lüè zhú jiàn chéng wéi lún bā dé rén、 tuō sī kǎ nà rén、 sà kè sēn rén de guó wáng。 bā líng líng nián shòu luó mǎ jiào huáng lì 'ào sān shì jiā miǎn， dāng shàng xī fāng huáng dì， tǒng zhì jiāng yù bāo kuò chú bù liè diān hé sī kān de nà wéi yà yǐ wài de quán bù 'ōu zhōu， shì luó mǎ dì guó hòu de yòu yī dà dì guó。 chá lǐ màn shì zhōng shì jì yī wèi xióng cái dà lüè de jūn zhù， zhù zhāng yǔ luó mǎ jiào tíng hé zuò， cù jìn jiào huì gǎi gé， diàn dìng jī dū jiào tǒng yī de jī chǔ。
zài dì guó kuò zhāng de guò chéng zhōng， yǐ chá lǐ huáng dì wéi dài biǎo de jī dū jiào guó jiā yǔ 'ā lā bó yī sī lán guó jiā bù shí fā shēng zhàn zhēng。 qī qī bā nián， chá lǐ màn gōng xià xī bān yá pān pǔ luò nà， sǎ lā xùn（ zhōng shì jì xī fāng rén duì 'ā lā bó rén、 yī sī lán jiào tú de chēng hū。） rén yào qiú jiǎng hé， xiàn shàng jǐ míng rén zhì。 chá lǐ màn suí hòu nán xià jìn gōng sà lā gē sà。 sà lā gē sà shēn gōu gāo lěi， gù shǒu bù jiàng。 chá lǐ màn wéi kùn liǎo liǎng gè duō yuè， háo wú jìn zhǎn， yòu tīng dào hòu fāng sà kè sēn rén pàn luàn， dài liǎo jūn duì hé rén zhì chè tuì。 qí shí zhè shì chá lǐ màn yuǎn zhēng zhōng de yī cì cuò zhé， zài tā shēng qián fǎ guó jì nián shǐ jiān kǒu bù tán zhè jiàn shì。
zhǐ shì dào liǎo bā 'èr jiǔ nián，《 huáng jiā jì shì》 tí dào chá lǐ màn nà cì zài qī qī bā nián dài lǐng tā de dà duì rén mǎ dǐ dá bǐ lì niú sī shān， wèile chāo jìn lù jiè dào wèi yú hǎi bá yī qiān wǔ bǎi gōng chǐ de lóng sài wò。 bā yuè shí wǔ rì， jīng guò shān shí zhēng róng de xiá gǔ shí zāo dào fú jī。 shān qū de jiā sī kē niè wǔ zhuāng rén yuán cóng shān pō zhí chōng 'ér xià， cháo zhe tā men měng pū guò qù。 fǎ lán kè rén cháng tú bá shè， yòu dài liǎo bèn zhòng de zhàn lì pǐn， xíng dòng fēi cháng chí dùn， zhǐ yòu zhāo jià zhī gōng。 jiā sī kē niè rén lüè duó liǎo dà liàng cái wù hòu hū xiào 'ér qù。 chá lǐ màn yě bù zhī dào tā men de shēn fèn hé xíng zōng， méi yòu yě bù kě néng bào fù。 tā men huò xǔ jiù shì yī gǔ dào fěi， qí zhōng kě néng yòu zuò wéi nèi xiàn de fǎ lán kè rén， dàn shì kěn dìng méi yòu sǎ lā xùn rén。 xiǎn rán zhè shì yī cì méi yòu zhèng zhì mù dídí qiǎng jié xíng wéi， yīn wéi zài zhè shì yǐ hòu jiā sī kē niè rén méi yòu fǎn pàn shì jiàn， ā jī tǎn rén jì xù xiào zhōng chá lǐ， sà kè sēn rén de pàn luàn yě bù jiàn màn yán。 chá lǐ màn zài zhè cì xí jī zhōng sǐ liǎo jǐ wèi zhòng yào rén wù， qí zhōng yòu yù chú zǒng jiān 'ài jí hā 'ěr dé、 gōng tíng bó jué 'ān sài mǔ、 bù liè tǎ ní biān qū zǒng dū luó lán。
cóng jiǔ shì jì kāi shǐ liú chuán chá lǐ dà dì hé tā de yǒng jiāng luó lán de shì jì。 kǒu tóu wén xué bù duàn suí zhe shí dài de biàn qiān 'ér biàn huà。 nà shí hòu fēng jiàn shè huì de fā zhǎn yǔ děng jí zhì dù díquè lì， jī dū jiào yǔ yī sī lán jiào zài dì zhōng hǎi yī dài zhēng duó jiā jù， mín jiān chuán shuō càn rù liǎo dāng shí de zhèng zhì shè huì nèi róng hé zōng jiào shén mì sè cǎi。 luó lán de gù shì zhú jiàn biàn chéng jī dū jiào yǔ yī sī lán jiào dà guī mó cháng qī shèng zhàn zhōng de yī gè zhòng yào piān zhāng。 hòu shì rén què shí cháng yòng shén qí de yǔ yán， bǎ yī zé píng fán de yì shì， xuàn rǎn chéng liǎo yī piān huī huáng de chuán qí。
《 luó lán zhī gē》 - zuò pǐn yǐng xiǎng
《 luó lán zhī gē》
shuō《 luó lán zhī gē》 shì kāi juàn zhī zuò， bìng bù shì shuō zài cǐ yǐ qián fǎ guó wén xué shǐ shàng méi yòu chū xiàn guò zuò pǐn。 zài jiǔ zhì shí yī shì jì zhī jiān yòu《 shèng nǚ 'ōu lā lì de sòng gē》、《 yé sū shòu nán》、《 shèng lè rì》、《 shèng 'ā lāi kè xī》 děng， cóng tí mù biàn kě kàn chū zhè shì yī xiē biǎo zhāng jī dū jiào shèng tú de dào dé shèng xíng de zuò pǐn， yǔ yán pín fá， qiānqiǎng fù huì， suī rán xiě de shì yùn wén， dàn shì tōng piān shuō jiào， tán bù shàng wén xué jià zhí。
zài niú jīn chāo běn chǎn shēng zhī shí， fǎ guó tōng sú yǔ yán yòu liǎo hěn dà fā zhǎn， qí jié gòu、 xíng shì hé cí huì yǐ jīng néng gòu chéng shòu cháng piān xù shì de fènliàng。 zài《 luó lán zhī gē》 zhōng kě yǐ kàn dào dà liàng bìng liè jù， jiǎn dān de xíng xiàng hé yǐn yù， rén wù de xīn lǐ hé yì tú miáo xiě， hái yòu mín gē zhōng cháng jiàn de fù dié hé kuā zhāng。 suí zhe gè dì qū wén huà de chuán bō， zōng jiào dǒu zhēng jī fā de zōng jiào rè chén， zhè bù xù shù qī qī bā nián lóng sài wò bēi jù de jì gōng gē， gèng duō fǎn yìng de què shì shí yī、 shí 'èr shì jì de shí dài jīng shén hé tè zhēng。 jīn tiān dú dào de《 luó lán zhī gē》 bāo hán liǎo sān gè céng cì de chōng tū：
1、 liǎng gè shì jiè、 liǎng zhǒng wén míng、 liǎng zhǒng zōng jiào de chōng tū。 jī dū jiào dài biǎo shàn、 zhèng yì hé tiān yì， ér yī sī lán jiào dài biǎo 'è、 bù yì hé xié dào。
2、 lǐng zhù yǔ fān chén de chōng tū。 lǐng zhù gòngyǎng hé bǎo hù fān chén， fān chén xiàng lǐng zhù xiào zhōng， yǐ sǐ xiāng bǎo。 yī míng fān chén kě yǐ tóng shí xiào zhōng jǐ míng lǐng zhù； yě kě jì shì yī míng lǐng zhù de fān chén， yòu shì lìng wài fān chén de lǐng zhù。
3、 fān chén yǔ fān chén zhī jiān de chōng tū。 hǎo fān chén zhōng chéng、 yīng yǒng、 lěi luò； huài fān chén bù zhōng、 qiè nuò、 yīn xiǎn。 zhè xiē dào dé xíng wéi de zhǔn zé dāng shí shì míng què de， duì dài shàng dì chéng huáng chéng kǒng de jī dū tú xīn líng zhōng róng bù dé bàn diǎn huái yí。
《 luó lán zhī gē》 shì 'ōu zhōu zhōng shì jì de yī bù wěi dà shǐ shī， hún hòu zhì pǔ。 yòu rén zàn yù shuō tā yòu hé mǎ kuān kuò liú dòng de yōu měi， dàn dīng háo fàng yòu lì de bǐ zhì。 zhè bì jìng shì yī qiān duō nián yǐ qián de zuò pǐn， yòu zhōng shì jì de zhǒng zhǒng tè diǎn。 ruò yòng lì shǐ guān diǎn yuè dú， jīn tiān de dú zhě yǐ rán huì rèn wéi zhè shì yī bù zhuó yuè bù fán de dà zuò。
guān yú liǎng jiào shèng zhàn de lì shǐ， jī dū jiào yòu jī dū jiào de xiě fǎ， yī sī lán jiào yòu yī sī lán jiào de xiě fǎ， shuǐ huǒ bù xiāng róng。《 luó lán zhī gē》 shǔ yú jī dū jiào de xiě fǎ。 dāng xī fāng guó jiā jiē shòu liǎo jī dū xìn yǎng yǐ hòu， yī qiē qí tā xìn yǎng zài tā men yǎn zhōng dōushì yì duān xié shuō， yī qiē bào qí tā xìn yǎng de réndōu shì yì jiào tú， lǐ miàn bù jǐn shì 'ā lā bó rén， hái bāo kuò sī lā fū rén、 xiōng yá lì rén、 dá dá rén děng。 shèng zhàn zhōng yào yǒng wǎng zhí qián， bǎ yì jiào tú gǎn jìn shā jué shì jī dū tú de tiān zhí， shā dí kě yǐ zuò wéi bǔ shú， xìn yǎng shàng dì de rén zhàn wú bù shèng， wéi jiào 'ér xùn sǐ zhě líng hún shēng rù tiān táng。 dāng zuò zhě huái zhe yī piàn qián chéng kè yì miáo xiě zhè xiē jià zhí guān de tóng shí， yě bào lù liǎo jī dū jiào kuáng rè、 piān zhí hé cán rěn de yī miàn。
《 luó lán zhī gē》
fǎ guó shǐ xué jiā bǎo 'ěr péng gǔ 'ěr yòu yī bù zhù zuò， shū míng hěn yòu yì sī：《 jì gōng gē shì bù shì zhǒng zú zhù yì zuò pǐn？》。 yǐ《 luó lán zhī gē》 lái shuō， sì hū hái bù néng suàn， dàn shì cóng zhōng yě kě kàn chū yī qiē yǐ zōng jiào huàxiàn， qū fēn dí wǒ de shì zōng jiào， hái bù shì zhǒng zú hé fū sè。 sǎ lā xùn rén yī dàn gǎi zōng， guī yǐ liǎo jī dū jiào， jiù yōng yòu jī dū tú de yī qiē quán lì。
qí shí， zuò zhě duì yī sī lán jiào kǒu zhū bǐ fá， què duì tā de jiào yì hé yí shì biǎo xiàn liǎo xiāng dāng de wú zhī。 wán quán yǐ jī dū jiào de mó shì lái xiǎng xiàng： shùn fú wéi yī de shén 'ān lā de yī sī lán jiào tóng yàng yòu sān wèi yī tǐ： mù hǎn mò dé、 tài wǎ gān、 ā bǔ lín； cóng bù gòngfèng shén xiàng de sǎ lā xùn rén tóng yàng zài dì shì jìn xíng 'ǒu xiàng chóng bài； zhèng jiào hé yī de jiào quán zhèng tǐ tóng yàng yě yòu shí 'èr yuán dàjiàng， yǐ cǐ yǔ chá lǐ màn de shí 'èr tài bǎo xiāng duì yìng； jūn duì zhōng tóng yàng de wǔ zhuāng、 tóng yàng de zhàn dǒu fāng zhèn； shèn zhì sǎ lā xùn wáng zài hěn hěn zǔ zhòu chá lǐ màn shí， tóng yàng yòng“ ｄ ｏ ｕ ｃ ｅ Ｆ ｒ ａ ｎｃｅ”（ｄｏｕｃｅ yòu“ kě 'ài”、“ qì hòu wēn hé” de yì sī， kǎo lǜ qí hán yì， běn shū zhōng yì wéi“ fù ráo de fǎ lán xī”， xiǎn rán zhè cí zhǐ yòng zài bāo yì shàng）。
zì gǔ yǐ lái， gè gè mín zú de fā zhǎn jué bù shì píng héng de， tóng yī gè mín zú de yǎn biàn yě bù shì zhí xiàn zhuàng de。 kě shì zhǐ shì dào liǎo jìn dài， rén cái màn màn míng bái liǎo zhè gè shì shí， fā xiàn shì jiè shì duō jí de， lì tǐ de， bù gāi yòu yú zì jǐ jīng shén yǔ xíng dòng shàng de shù fù， chù chù yǐ zì wǒ wéi zhōng xīn， yòng biǎn píng de mù guāng kàn shì wù。 shí jì shàng dà qiān shì jiè wàn xiàng fēn yún， tóng zhōng yòu yì， yì zhōng yòu tóng， zhè kǒng pà shì shì wù fā zhǎn zhōng de yǒng héng cún zài。
There exists only one historical mention of a French Roland, found in the section of Vita Karoli Magni on Roncevaux Pass, written by Charlemagne's courtier and biographer Einhard. Here is the relevant passage, in the 9th of 33 chapters (plus a lengthy postscript):
While he was vigorously pursuing the Saxon war, almost without a break, and after he had placed garrisons at __select__ed points along the border, [Charles] marched into Spain [in 778] with as large a force as he could mount. His army passed through the Pyrenees and [Charles] received the surrender of all the towns and fortified places he encountered. He was returning [to Francia] with his army safe and intact, but high in the Pyrenees on that return trip he briefly experienced the Basques. That place is so thoroughly covered with thick forest that it is the perfect spot for an ambush. [Charles's] army was forced by the narrow terrain to proceed in a long line and [it was at that spot], high on the mountain, that the Basques set their ambush. [...] The Basques had the advantage in this skirmish because of the lightness of their weapons and the nature of the terrain, whereas the Franks were disadvantaged by the heaviness of their arms and the unevenness of the land. Eggihard, the overseer of the king's table, Anselm, the count of the palace, and Roland, the lord of the Breton March, along with many others died in that skirmish. But this deed could not be avenged at that time, because the enemy had so dispersed after the attack that there was no indication as to where they could be found.
Dutton, Paul Edward, ed. and trans. Charlemagne's Courtier: The Complete Einhard, pp. 21-22. Peterborough, Ontario, Canada: Broadview Press, 1998.)
The original Latin text refers to "Hruodlandus Brittannici limitis praefectus". The battle took place on 15 August, AD 778.
Roland was the first official appointed to direct Frankish policy in Breton affairs, as local Franks under the Merovingian dynasty did not pursue any specific relationship beforehand, more passive-aggressive than anything. What is now divided between Normandy and Brittany, their frontier castle districts (e.g. Vitré, Ille-et-Vilaine) south of Mont Saint-Michel, was the source of present-day Gallo language and culture that emerged in the likeness of those such as Roland. Roland's successor in Brittania Nova was Guy of the Breton March, who like Roland, was unable to exert French expansion over Brittany and merely sustained a Breton presence in the Carolingian-era Holy Roman Empire.
Legend
Roland, Bremen 53°4′33.15″N 8°48′26.30″E / 53.075875, 8.8073056Roland was a popular legendary figure in medieval Europe. Over the next several centuries, Roland became a "pop icon" in medieval minstrel culture. According to many legends, he was a nephew of Charlemagne (whether or not this was true we do not know), turned his life into an epic tale of the noble Christian killed by Islamic forces, which forms part of the medieval Matter of France. Roland's tale is retold in the eleventh century poem The Song of Roland, where he is equipped with the Olifant (a signalling horn) and an unbreakable sword, enchanted by various Christian relics, named Durendal. The first story written about him was Orlando Innamorato by Matteo Maria Boiardo. After his death, the epic was continued as Orlando furioso by Ludovico Ariosto (See below for his later history in Italian verse). In the Divine Comedy Dante sees Roland's spirit in the Heaven of Mars together with others who fought for the faith.
In Germany, Roland gradually became a symbol of the independence of the growing cities from the local nobility. In the late Middle Ages many cities sported the display of a defiant Roland statue on their marketplace. The Roland in Wedel was erected in 1450 as symbol of market justice, and the Roland statue in front of the town hall of Bremen (1404) is listed together with the town hall on the List of World Heritage Site from the UNESCO since 2004.
In Catalonia Roland (or Rotllà, as it is rendered in Catalan) became a legendary giant. Numerous places in Catalonia (both North and South) have a name related to Rotllà. In step with the trace left by the character in the whole Pyrenean area, Basque Errolan turns up in numerous legends and place-names associated with a mighty giant, usually a heathen, capable of launching huge stones. Interestingly, Basque word erraldoi ('giant') stems from Errolan.
More recently Roland's tale has been exploited by historians exploring the development of the early-modern Christian understanding of Islamic culture. In 1972 P. M. Holt used Roland's words to begins an essay about Henry Stubbe: Paien ont tort e crestiien ont dreit - 'Pagans are wrong and Christians are right.'
Orlando
Illustratation to Orlando Furioso: Orlando saving OlimpiaOrlando is the Italian equivalent of the French Roland (but also the variation Rolando does exist). The name Orlando/Roland goes back to a Germanic origin, and is said to mean "One who is famous throughout the land". It is also said to be derived from hroth, meaning glory and nantha, meaning audacity.
Italian Renaissance romance
He appeared as a central character in a sequence of verse romances from the fifteenth century onwards, including Morgante by Luigi Pulci, Orlando Innamorato by Matteo Maria Boiardo, and Orlando furioso by Ludovico Ariosto. The Orlandino of Pietro Aretino then waxed satirical about the 'cult of personality' of Orlando the hero.
The Orlando narrative inspired several composers, amongst whom were Claudio Monteverdi, Jean-Baptiste Lully, Antonio Vivaldi and George Frideric Handel, who composed an Italian opera with Orlando in the title role, see: Orlando.
Later work
Orlando: A Biography was written in 1928 by Virginia Woolf, and could at first sight be seen as adding yet some more episodes to the adventures of the (by now imaginary) Orlando character, but Woolf's story takes a completely different turn, and is set in a time different from that of the Renaissance Orlandos.
In the Michael Moorcock work, Roland is one of the incarnations of the Eternal Champion and meets Elric of Melniboné in the novel Stormbringer.
In the 2008 film 'Jumper', the main character (who has the ability to teleport instantly to any location on Earth) is pursued by hunters known as Paladins, who are lead by the headhunter Roland, played by Samuel L. Jackson,