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The reason behind the name
Then, to learn, follow.
Xu, referring to the governor of Fujian Xu Si been.
Yuan Fu, to the governor Xu Si-worked example of the mean.
Less Mu, Shilin, according to Cheng Enze "title Lin Yang Gu husband fed Crane Figure funerary pictures in" Poetry and the note explained, Lin was born that night, Lin Bin Day "dream Seen by Phoenix Fly," which made him immediately think of the "heavenly stone unicorn" like the Southern wit Xu Ling (fewer words Mu), that is a good omen, so his child "Zexu" I gave the word "less Muslim", "Shi Lin."
Jiaqing three years (1798), Lin in the scholar, student Aofeng College. Jiaqing nine (1804), the move, any sub-prefect of Xiamen coastal defense secretary, after the division into the Fujian governor Zhang Cheng shogunate. Jiaqing 16 years (1811) Scholars, named Shuji Shi, grant editing. Served successively as deputy examiners the Provincial Jiangxi, Yunnan and the provincial examinations. Jiaqing twenty-five years (1820), Ren Jiangnan Road, Zhejiang Hangjiahu Road to monitor the Censor turn, either the repair seawalls, rising water, the development of agriculture, rather political voice. Advocates non-opium during the Opium War, the patriotic politicians to resist aggression. Historians of modern China called him "the first person to open eyes to the world."
Biography
Adolescent
Lin Qianlong five years on July 26 (August 30, 1785) was born in Fujian Hou official Drum Street (now Gulou area) a lower feudal family of intellectuals. Father Lin Bin Day to teach reading, lecture living. Father of private school education alone can not maintain the life of the meager income, so the mother to share with the manual labor the family embarrassment.
Into officialdom
Jiaqing sixteen years (1811), Lin will test selected, giving Scholars, selected the Imperial Academy Shu Jishi, entered the bureaucracy to achieve the parents Swansea Going to an official. 19 years (1814) granted editing. Later, he served the Academia Historica Society Revised, author officer, turning to walk study, the Qing court acting secretary, deputy examiner the Provincial Jiangxi, Yunnan provincial examinations, Jiangnan Road, Censor. During the Beijing officials, he determined to do when the integrity of a world relief Marina officials. So he "Literature and Qian Xiu." In order to pass on the conduct of public affairs, "benefits study by the World Heart Study, although the Home Secretary clearly, in six cases Cao Nanbei. Employing the Chief of the gains and losses, Comprehensive Nuclear-exhaustive." Official in the capital seven years, his extensive collection of Yuan, Ming and has dozens of experts on water conservancy Exploitation in the memorial to the throne, writings, wrote "North straight water book." The book clearly states that "water should Zhili rice, water Jieke Narita", "agriculture as the world of this service, then the rice farmers of this service." That only the development of the North China Water Conservancy, promoting rice, local solutions Grain to a reasonable solution to the grain transportation and the resulting North Water Transport long-standing problem. Jiaqing twenty-four years (1819), Lin has participated in a number of scholar-officials in Beijing, "Song of Solomon cast pot" of cultural groups "of the Southern Poetry Society," the acquaintance of Opium, and others, were poems in the Poetry Society paid to sing in activities.
Jiaqing twenty-five years (1820) July, Jiaxing-Huzhou, Zhejiang Lin Road outside the office. He actively personnel selection, the proposed seawall irrigating water, quite as. Career, but he was difficult to cope with all types of resistance, had to vent, "support the left is also tight right" of the "three sighed as Officials difficult" so depressed. July the following year the father finally an excuse to resign home sick. Lin has done many good things for the people, but too impatient temperament, asked people to write "system anger" characters hanging in the hall to self-police.
Daoguang seven years (1827) in June of any Shaanxi provincial judge, agency administrative commissioner, in office in January that tune Ren Jiangning administrative commissioner. A handover period, floods in South Lueyang area, Sui Liu Shan temporary management of the original post, go look Lueyang disaster-affected people, and also participated in the construction of the county seat moved matters. From southern Shaanxi, the went to lu Zhang Liang Shan Temple Mount Dingjun Zhuge Liang's tomb, Temple of Marquis to pay homage. In his "Mount Dingjun Tomb of Marquis Wu Ye," the poem says: "Although meteorite big name star to stay, first-line Gang Xu Han emperor Liu. Tuck the known band, bow and bolts of Iraq the right end of week. Fixed in cold water, residents of Mianyang tears fall on the black base Qishan it. naturalization laid the first set Junjun, Mumen locked array cloud woe. "
The light year (1832) in February, was transferred to the governor of Jiangsu. From this year, played 16 years, his agriculture, canal works, water conservancy, disaster relief, official results have made all aspects, especially the heavy promotion of new farming technologies, the promotion of new tools. He recognized that in practice: "soil fertility will be funded human, earth power both the agricultural power. Waterway dredge a little more of that a little more of Lee Tian Chou Lai." Lin thought that farming is in the actual study in the former. The light year (1833), Jiangsu big flood, Lin disaster regardless of the deadline and the court reportedly reprimanded, detailed statement of the disaster, and then they called canal Fu, proposed "multi-wide pursuit of a sub-call, that is, more training," a sub-strength " request, that the development of production, the Soviet Union objective information from people trapped in the role of Le favorable. At the same time, his analysis Wusong River flood You Yu Yuan Yin yes, Huangpu River, Lou Xiang River and the table with the baimao he fell into disrepair, year after year due to silting and decided conservancy baimao he, Lou River, also built seawall, the water in the history of our country have a certain status. In this period, Lin Qing dynasty's financial policy, trade policy challenge, Disable against Yi Gai Yang Qian, and mildly to the Emperor Daoguang first a set of self-cast silver, silver based system to establish their claims. This is the precursor to modern Chinese currency reform. This is also the political and economic situation to adapt to change, to protect their business persons, protection of national economic independence and development of economic aggression against the advanced Western capitalist ideology.
After the ban on opium and experience
During the suppression of opium, Lin Ching Governor in his own write a couplet: "Welcome to Wikipedia tolerance is a virtue; rise steeply Chihiro no desire is just" vivid couplet, pregnant with meaning. The United earnestly warned himself, we should listen to different views in order to get the job done, invincible; second line urges himself, an official must resolutely put an end to desires, to the mountain, as upright as, erect world. Lin advocated in this spirit that commanded admiration and respect, as a warning to future generations.
March 18, 1839, Lin issued two encyclicals paste. March 19 to ban foreigners from Guangzhou. March 21 ordered the siege Business Center. March 22 ordered the investigation to take Britain to the British opium traders.
British Trade in China monitoring the arrival of Elliot, conflict is transferred to him, and he arrived the same day, Lin ordered the park on the Huangpu River closed to all foreign ships cabin, business hall that night blockade and the withdrawal of all servants and employees in China . But Elliot is a great rogue full face of Lin's command, go back and take rogue, blackmail, deception, lying despicable tactics used interchangeably. Elliot crafty, but not Lin's rival, March 28, to Lin presented to the "Elliot was a single payment of tobacco compliance encyclical 20283 Box intrinsic."
From Lin March 10, 1839 arrived in Guangzhou, to March 28 Elliot was forced to agree to pay out all the opium, a total of 18 days, this fully illustrated collection of opium, Lin first round victory.
Consultation with others, Deng Lin, the location of the collection, inspection, escort, storage, care, guard and other links and instructions to do the impeccable arrangements.
April 10 Lin, Deng, Deng went to the Humen check all the preparations before the collection.
April 11 started the collection, Lin personally supervised the whole process of collection.
May 18, utility 34 days, a total of 19,187 boxes seized Yan Tu, another 2119 bags, with a total weight of 1,188,127 kg.
Collection of these days, not relent in the supervision of Lin moment of this vast and complex process. Worked hard day and night, meticulously, without a fault. Smoke received full payment of victory, but the disposal of such huge amounts of opium, foreign speculation that China may implement monopoly on opium, so opium legalized, but they are wrong. Emperor Tao Kuang Lin reported to require verification of physical quantity, then burned. The light of the Lin said a lot of confidence, and he asked Lin, Deng, Yi-liang, who will collect the opium destroyed on the spot.
June 3, lasted 23 days Humenxiaoyan, in Lin's direction, declare to the whole world the Chinese people will never submit to aggression. Humenxiaoyan of human history, and unprecedented feat, Humenxiaoyan, demonstrating the Chinese nation unparalleled great image, is a victory against foreign aggression. Lin, of course, is the organizer of this event, command and to complete those. In this sense, he has no anxious about the giant of history.
150 years ago, Britain was the world's largest imperial nation. He continued looting in the colonies all over the world crazy, but also an attempt to open the door of China with opium.
Guangzhou foreign cigarette traffickers drug trafficking center. 1838 Guangzhou authorities executed a Chinese opium dealers, the British tobacco companies to block out even aroused the indignation of the people in Guangzhou. February 1839, more than 10,000 people to the foreign people living in hostels before the demonstration to denounce the interference in China's internal affairs, foreign Yanfan crime.
March 1839, Lin to Canton, anti-smoking campaign rapidly. He has intensified rectification Haiphong, holding Yan Fan Yan; side insisting that foreign tobacco companies to produce opium. Lin in a notice to foreign tobacco companies, said: "If the opium is still not absolutely, the minister did not return to day." As Lin firm attitude and effective measures, together with the support of the people, foreign tobacco operators are forced to hand over more than 20,000 cases of opium.
Lin ordered the public destruction of opium in Humen, and lead large and small personal supervision of officials. He is the opium of the two large pools dug into the yard, pool and into the brine, after half a day soaking opium, together with lime, lime to raw water to boil, put the opium destroyed. After 22 days, only then seized the opium destroyed. This is the world-famous "Humenxiaoyan."
Selling tobacco's just action, made the majority of people support, Humen beach every day, thousands of people watching, people clapped and cheered. Foreigners see this situation, also expressed admiration for the decisive Lin smoking.
Humenxiaoyan is anti-imperialist struggle in the modern history of China's glorious chapter in Lin's victory in leading anti-smoking campaign, the Chinese people struggle against aggression in the history of a great victory, this feat, to maintain the national dignity and interests, growth the Chinese people to fight.
Lin opium in Guangzhou, the process of investigation, realized that Britain will launch a war of aggression. In order to defeat the enemy, need to know to be confidant. His analysis of the various factors is obtained: changing the enemy's strengths to their own strengths, which summarized Wei described as a "barbarian chief technology in order to barbarians." So Lin chair, organize the translation team, the foreigner's remarks about the Chinese translation of "China things Yi Yan", as Chinese officials were a "Reference News"; In order to understand foreign military, political, economic intelligence, will be hosted by British businessmen "Guangzhou weekly" to "Macau Business News"; In order to understand the West's geography, history, politics, again organized a translation of the British Murray's "World Geography Daquan", compiled for the "Four Seas Chi" This was the first systematically introduced modern Western geography books; also translated the Swiss jurist Vattel's "international law." One of which provides: "States are not allowed to ban imports of foreign goods right." Indicates that the Chinese ban on smoking completely in line with "international law." On the military side, the work of strengthening and improving coastal defense forces. Lin bought from abroad more than 200 specialized gate new artillery fort on the configuration in Haikou. In order to improve military technology, but also aiming to collect and organize the cannon law, warships, books, etc.. Lin dare to learn from foreign advanced science and technology of the spirit, highly praised by people known as "the first person to open eyes to the world." Although the relatively superficial understanding of Western Lin, contact with Western aims for diplomatic, military, necessary, but after all created learning and research in modern China and the Western culture, modern Chinese thought reform to play enlightenment.
Lin Anti-British meritorious, it was capitulators framed, was Emperor Daoguang dismissed, "Severe sent to Ili, the effectiveness of atonement." His humiliation, Daoguang 20 year (July 14, 1841) set foot Xu way. Xu went on his way in, still worrying about the nation, not for the personal frustrations and regret, when with his wife in the ancient city of Xi'an farewell, written under the spits "interests with his life in order, not at a result of bad fortune to avoid becoming the" verse incentives. This is to express his patriotic feelings, but also his character portrayal of nature.
The light 20 years (1847) March, for the Yunnan-Guizhou Governor Lin Qing life. After the arrival, in order to maintain stability and effective increase in Yunnan border Prince Taibao, tours diva Ling. Twenty-nine (1849) fall short illness ensemble please return home to open modulating, Hou officer returned the following year in March. In September, was again ordered to the Qing imperial commissioner, to worship God Guangxi, suppression of anti-armed uprising. Hou official leave from his ill, Oct. 19 (November 22, 1850) died in Chaozhou Hall Puning line. In the obituary notice before the memorial to Beijing, the Qing court in October 24 (November 27) He also ordered the Department of Guangxi governor temporarily.
Yunnan is in office, he made a Mining consolidation of Yunnan, encouraging private mining, and other ideas to promote business office. This reflects his thought contains a burgeoning capitalist ideology. In Daoguang 20 years (1849) resigned due to illness return. Ended his political career. Daoguang three years (1850) for the military offensive against the Taiping Qing government, and then appointed him as imperial commissioner, Du Li Guangxi Military Affairs. En route to November 22, 1850 perish in Puning County, Chaozhou Hall, aged 66 years. Jin donated after the death of Prince Grand Tutor, according to the Governor in case of gift-shirt, all the actions noted successive lines to open complex, posthumous title Wen-chung.
Opium trade, the British government's attitude
On the opium trade, the British Government's attitude is clear, it is Elliot in Palmerston's instructions to get a clear expression, June 15, 1838, Palmerston wrote:
"About constitutes your November 18, 1837, on the 19th, and Dec. 7 letter from the theme of opium smuggling trade, I must say that Her Majesty's Government can not afford to destroy them for British subjects to go trade in that country undertaken for the purpose of legal intervention., therefore, is more effective because the implementation of the law on this issue in China may suffer a loss, must be those who have their own actions caused the loss of the persons responsible. "〔 "British archives information about the Opium War to Peking" (the book), p. 258, Hu Bin, translation, Zhonghua〕
Later the British Government decided to send armed forces to come to China, Palmerston sent to Elliot for the directive still stressed:
"Her Majesty's Government have no doubt the Chinese government to ban the importation of opium to China, and the right to seizure and confiscation of foreign or Chinese subjects who disregard the ban on the importation of appropriate development within the Chinese territory of any opium." 〔"British archives relating to opium Selected Translations of war materials "(the book), p. 523〕
When Elliot as complete violation of the British Government after the removal instructions Erzao, Palmerston sent to the Secretary of the new full length instructions in the repeat:
"Her Majesty's Government on this matter (referring to the prohibition of opium) does not make any demands because they have no right to do so. The Chinese Government has the right to ban opium, if it wished to be engaged in a contraband trade must take such British subjects the consequences. "〔" British archives information about the Opium War to Peking "(the book), p. 906〕
For the opium trade, Elliot said in the notice:
"The chief monitor further notice, a warning to all those within this Humen sailing, boat or other means in the assembly of the boat in the illegal opium trade, Her Majesty's subjects: if there are any Chinese person for any British subject or subjects are caused death or serious injury to come to any of the British subjects or subjects who have been formally found guilty, the punishment will be great, as the offense of Her Majesty the Queen in Westminster within the jurisdiction of the Court committed the same.
The chief supervision and further issued a notice warning to all those who have this boat, boats or other means within the assembly of the boat in Humen in the illegal opium trade of British subjects: If the Chinese government believes it is appropriate to capture and confiscation of boats, Her Majesty's Government will not intervene.
The chief supervision and further issued a notice warning all persons employed on the yacht, yachts and ships equipped with other means to engage in the illegal opium trade within Humen British subjects: on the implementation of the search and capture mission of the Chinese government officials to resist a force illegal acts, and they will bear the consequences in this way and accept the punishment, as the resistance force is in their country or any foreign government officials against their own country or the same as any other foreign government officials. "〔" British archives information about the Opium War to Peking "(the book), p. 350〕
Even if that is because "Lin Weixi cases" were deported to Lin, after wandering around the sea, Elliot did not change his attitude on the opium trade in his letter to Palmerston wrote, there is no better man "for In the Chinese coast, this forced trade brought shame and hate crimes have a more profound manner, I do not know what the choice between trade and piracy. " 〔"British archives information about the Opium War to Peking" (the book), p. 483〕
These historical data can be seen, the British Government recognized the Manchu Government has the right to stop opium smuggling on their anti-smoking measures are not taken to try to interfere.
Lin works
Lin couplet
A couplet, written on paper Qianlong, a little worn, a letter to:
Social Yanfeng Chun left a good language
To no cold spring valley often.
The second line of "gift-year-old Lin in Landmarks," and then have a "less Muslim" in traditional Chinese seal (this view was not very clear, probably), a "Lin" in traditional Chinese seal. In addition, the "gift", which looks at the couplet is a "tree" next to the word, is "dwelling on top of wooden stakes," a word, that in the end is not "giving" the gift it, or any other mean?
Explained:
Another deputy:
The United: states like New Century King Sanyang, the second line: discover the fragrance a Shuchun. Inscription is a young Muslim Chou Lin, Here are two seals, followed by Lin and India, followed by a small Muslim. Are traditional Chinese characters.
"Lin Star"
Lin move to the Chinese nation back for breath! ! !
Translated by Google