lí bā nèn Lebanon
shǒudōu:bèi lǔ tè guógūdàimǎ: lb
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 黎巴嫩'ā lā bó yǔ تصنيف:لبنان guó qí lí bā nèn guó qí wéi cháng fāng xíng， cháng kuān zhī bǐ wéi 3： 2。 qí miàn shàng xià wéi hóng sè， zhōng jiān wéi bái sè。 bái sè bù fēn zhōng yāng shì yī kē lí bā nèn xuě sōng， tā zài《 shèng jīng》 zhōng bèi chēng wéi zhí wù zhī wáng。 hóng sè xiàng zhēng zì wǒ xī shēng， bái sè xiàng zhēng hé píng， xuě sōng dài biǎo tǐng bá， jiān qiáng jí chún jié， yǒng shēng。 guó huī lí bā nèn guó huī chéng dùn xíng。 dùn miàn shàng wéi xié zhì de guó qí tú 'àn， zhōu wéi yòu bái sè shòu dài， dǐ bù de bái sè shì dài shàng fēn bié yòng 'ā lā bó wén hé fǎ wén xiě zhe “ lí bā nèn gòng hé guó ”。 guó gē lí bā nèn gòng hé guó guó gē miàn jī 10452 píng fāng gōng lǐ rén kǒu 400 wàn（ 2006 nián）。 jué dà duō shù wéi 'ā lā bó rén。 ā lā bó yǔ wéi guān fāng yǔ yán， tōng yòng fǎ yǔ、 yīng yǔ。 jū mín 54% xìn fèng yī sī lán jiào， zhù yào shì shí yè pài、 xùn ní pài hé dé lǔ cí pài； 46% xìn fèng jī dū jiào， zhù yào yòu mǎ lóng pài、 xī là dōng zhèng jiào、 luó mǎ tiān zhù jiào hé yà měi ní yà dōng zhèng jiào děng。 tóng běi jīng shí chā -6 guó jì diàn huà mǎ 961 shǒu dū bèi lǔ tè Beirut， rén kǒu yuē 180 wàn（ 2006 nián）， 7 yuè píng jūn zuì gāo qì wēn 32 ℃， 1 yuè píng jūn zuì dī qì wēn 11℃。 guó jiā yuán shǒu zǒng tǒng： mǐ xiē 'ěr · sū lāi màn， 2008 nián 5 yuè 25 rì jiù rèn。 zhòng yào jié rì liè shì jié（ 5 yuè 6 rì） jiàn jūn jié（ 8 yuè 1 rì） dú lì rì / guó qìng rì（ 11 yuè 22 rì） lí jiào pài zhòng duō， gè jiào pài zhòng yào jié rì jūn wèiguó jiā fǎ dìng jié rì。 guó shù xuě sōng míng shèng sài dá chéng bǎo shì jiè yí chǎn ān jié 'ěr， bā lè bèi kè， bǐ bù lǔ sī， tí 'ěr chéng xīn wén chū bǎn lí yǐ zhōng dōng xīn wén zhōng xīn zhù chēng。 quán guó gè lèi bào kān yòu 600 yú jiā， qí zhōng 52 jiā zhèng zhì xìng rì bào。 zhù yào rì bào yòu《 bái tiān bào》， fā xíng liàng yuē 4 wàn fèn；《 shǐ jié bào》 fā xíng liàng ５ wàn fèn；《 qí zhì bào》 fā xíng liàng 6.2 wàn fèn， qí zhōng zài lí fā xíng 2.95 wàn fèn；《 jiā yuán bào》 fā xíng liàng 1.4 wàn fèn；《 ān wǎ 'ěr bào》 fā xíng liàng 5.8 wàn fèn。 zhù yào kān wù yòu《 shì jiàn zhōu kān》、《 ā lā bó zhōu kān》、《 shòu liè zhě》、《 zá zhì zhōu kān》、《 lí bā nèn píng lùn》、《 xīng qī yī zǎo chén》 děng。 tōng xùn shè： lí bā nèn guó jiā tōng xùn shè shì wéi yī guān fāng tōng xùn shè， chéng lì yú 1962 nián， shǔ xīn wén bù lǐng dǎo。 měi rì fā 'ā、 yīng、 fǎ 3 zhǒng wén zì de xīn wén gǎo， zhǐ bào dào guān fāng de lí guó nèi xiāo xī。 zhōng yāng tōng xùn shè wéi sī rén tōng xùn shè， chuàng lì yú 1982 nián 9 yuè。 měi rì yòng 'ā wén bào dào lí guó nèi zhèng zhì、 jīng jì、 shāng yè děng fāng miàn xiāo xī。《 zhōng dōng bào dào》 shì sī rén tōng xùn shè， 1977 nián chuàng bàn。 chú zhōu mò wài， měi rì fā lí guó nèi、 wài xiāo xī yīng wén tōng xùn gǎo。 zhōu mò yòu zōng shù hé xīn wén fēn xī nèi róng de zhuān kān。 zài kāi luó hé huá shèng dùn shè yòu fēn shè。 guǎng bō diàn tái： lí quán guó xiàn yòu 140 duō jiā guǎng bō diàn tái， qí zhōng dà bù fēn shì sī yíng yú lè xìng diàn tái。 qí zhōng， lí bā nèn guǎng bō diàn tái wèiguó jiā guǎng bō diàn tái， shǔ xīn wén bù lǐng dǎo。 qí qián shēn shì“ dōng fāng diàn tái”， shǐ jiàn yú 1938 nián。 1962 nián kāi shǐ zēng yòng 'ā、 fǎ、 yīng、 xī hé pú yǔ duì wài guǎng bō。 nèi zhàn bào fā hòu， yóu yú jīng jì kùn nán， gāi tái bèi pò tíng zhǐ duì wài guǎng bō。“ zǔ guó zhī shēng” diàn tái wéi lí yī sī lán jiào xùn ní pài cí shàn jī jīn huì yú 1984 nián chuàng bàn。 měi tiān guǎng bō 20 gè xiǎo shí， chú yīng yǔ xīn wén jié mù wài， zhù yào yòng 'ā yǔ guǎng bō。“ rén mín zhī shēng” diàn tái wéi lí bā nèn gòng chǎn dǎng yú 1987 nián chuàng bàn， měi tiān guǎng bō 18 xiǎo shí， měi gé bàn xiǎo shí yòu yī cì xīn wén jié mù。 zài kāi luó、 bā lí、 lún dūn hé mò sī kē pài yòu cháng zhù jì zhě。 diàn shì tái： lí bā nèn guó jiā diàn shì tái， chéng lì yú 1978 nián。 shǔ lí bā nèn diàn shì gōng sī suǒ yòu， zhèng fǔ jǐn yòu yī bàn zī běn， dàn gōng sī de dǒng shì cháng hé dǒng shì huì chéng yuán jūn yóu zhèng fǔ rèn mìng。 měi tiān yòu liǎng tào jié mù， měi tào bō fàng 10 xiǎo shí， yòng 'ā、 fǎ hé yīng yǔ bō fàng xīn wén jié mù， jiào yù、 wèi shēng、 wén huà yú lè děng jié mù zé yǐ 'ā yǔ wéi zhù。 wèi lái diàn shì tái， chuàng bàn yú 1992 nián， yóu yǐ gù qián zǒng lǐ hā lǐ lǐ chuàng jiàn， shì lí mù qián dì 'èr dà diàn shì tái， 2001 nián 5 yuè yǔ shā tè de MBC diàn shì tái hé bìng。 lí bā nèn guǎng bō gōng sī diàn shì tái chéng lì yú 1985 nián， gāi tái xì sī yíng diàn shì tái， yòu liǎng tào jié mù， qí zhōng yī tào chēng wéi“ Ｃ 33”， yǐ fǎ yǔ jié mù wéi zhù， chú bō fàng běn guó biān zhì de xīn wén jié mù wài， hái zhuǎn bō fǎ guó“ TV5” diàn shì tái de fǎ yǔ xīn wén jié mù。 dēng tǎ diàn shì tái， yóu lí zhēn zhù dǎng kāi bàn， chuàng bàn yú 1991 nián， shì gāi dǎng de xuān chuán hóu shé， jié mùdì zhèng zhì xìng hé zōng jiào xìng hěn qiáng。 jiǎn kuàng wèi yú yà zhōu xī nán bù dì zhōng hǎi dōng 'àn。 dōng、 běi bù lín xù lì yà， nán jiè bā lè sī tǎn、 yǐ sè liè， xī bīn dì zhōng hǎi。 hǎi 'àn xiàn cháng 220 gōng lǐ。 yán hǎi xià jì yán rè cháo shī， dōng jì wēn nuǎn。 gōng yuán qián 2000 nián wéi féi ní jī de yī bù fēn。 yǐ hòu xiāng jì shòu 'āi jí、 yà shù、 bā bǐ lún、 bō sī hé luó mǎ tǒng zhì。 7 ～ 16 shì jì chū bìng rù 'ā lā bó dì guó。 1517 nián bèi 'ào sī màn dì guó zhàn lǐng。 dì yī cì shì jiè dà zhàn hòu lún wéi fǎ guó wěi rèn tǒng zhì dì。 1940 nián 6 yuè， fǎ xiàng nà cuì dé guó tóu jiàng hòu， lí bèi dé、 yì zhóu xīn guó kòng zhì。 1941 nián 6 yuè yīng jūn zài zì yóu fǎ guó bù duì xié zhù xià zhàn lǐng lí bā nèn。 tóng nián 11 yuè zì yóu fǎ guó bù duì xuān bù jié shù duì lí de wěi rèn tǒng zhì。 1943 nián 11 yuè 22 rì lí xuān bù dú lì， chéng lì lí bā nèn gòng hé guó。 1946 nián 12 yuè yīng、 fǎ jūn quán bù chè lí lí bā nèn。 1975 nián 4 yuè , lí bā nèn jī dū jiào hé yī sī lán jiào liǎng pài yīn guó jiā quán lì fēn pèi chǎn shēng de máo dùn jī huà， nèi zhàn bào fā。 1989 nián 10 yuè， yī、 jī liǎng pài yì yuán dá chéng《 tǎ yī fū xié yì》， chóngxīn fēn pèi zhèng zhì quán lì。 1990 nián， lí nèi zhàn jié shù。 huò jiǎng qíng kuàng jīn pái yín pái tóng pái jiǎng pái zǒng shù 1023 jīn pái :1 yín pái :0 tóng pái :1 jiǎng pái zǒng shù :2 12 yuè 9 rì xìng míng xiàng mù bèi zhù jīn pái lā bā hè nán zǐ tiào gāo 2 mǐ 23 tóng pái bā sī bù sī tái quán dào nǚ zǐ 55 gōng jīn jí jīn pái :0 yín pái :0 tóng pái :1 jiǎng pái zǒng shù :1 12 yuè 3 rì xìng míng xiàng mù bèi zhù tóng pái lí bā nèn duì nán zǐ duō xiàng fēi dié tuán tǐ 316 zhōng èr、 zhèng zhì [ biān ji běn duàn ] 1998 nián lā hú dé zǒng tǒng shàng tái hòu， zhì lì yú yī zhì zhàn zhēng chuāngshāng， nǔ lì xiāo mǐ nèi zhàn zào chéng de jiào pài、 zōng pài、 dǎng pài gé hé， shōu dào yī dìng chéng xiào。 dàn lí jiào pài fēn quán de tè shū zhèng zhì jià gòu jué dìng qí zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ quē fá quán wēi。 2004 nián 9 yuè， lí zǒng tǒng lā hú dé zài xù zhī chí xià， yán cháng zǒng tǒng rèn qī 3 nián。 měi、 fǎ jiè jī tuī dòng 'ān lǐ huì tōng guò 1559 hào jué yì， yào qiú xù cóng lí chè jūn， lí jiě chú jìng nèi mín bīng wǔ zhuāng， jǔ xíng gōng zhèng、 zì yóu de zǒng tǒng xuǎn jǔ。 2005 nián 2 yuè， lí qián zǒng lǐ hā lǐ lǐ zāo cì shēn wáng， yǐn fā lí zhèng jú dòng dàng。 zài měi、 fǎ děng zhī chí xià， lí fǎn xù pài fā dòng zhēn duì xù jí lí qīn xù pài de“ xuě sōng gé mìng”， pò xù cóng lí chè jūn。 6 yuè， lí jǔ xíng yì huì dà xuǎn， yǐ“ wèi lái zhèn xiàn” wéi shǒu de fǎn xù pài yíng dé jìn 60 ％ yì xí。 7 yuè， qián cái cháng xī ní wū lā wán chéng zǔ gé， zhēn zhù dǎng shǒu cì rù gé。 2006 nián 3 yuè， lí jǔ xíng quán guó duì huà huì yì， gè pài zài hā 'àn diào chá、 xiè bā nóng chǎng guī shǔ、 lí xù guān xì、 jiě chú bā lè sī tǎn nànmín yíng wài de bā mín bīng wǔ zhuāng wèn tí shàng dá chéng yī zhì， dàn zài lā hú dé zǒng tǒng qù liú hé jiě chú zhēn zhù dǎng wǔ zhuāng wèn tí shàng fēn qí yán zhòng。 7 yuè， lí zhēn zhù dǎng wǔ zhuāng yuè jìng xí jī yǐ sè liè bìng fú huò liǎng míng yǐ jūn shì bīng， lí yǐ chōng tū bào fā。 chōng tū chí xù 34 tiān， zào chéng lí 1200 duō rén sǐ wáng， jìn 4000 rén shòu shāng， yú 100 wàn rén liú lí shī suǒ； lí quán guó de dào lù、 gǎng kǒu、 jī chǎng jí dà duō shù qiáo liáng zāo dào dà guī mó pò huài。 lí yǐ chōng tū jié shù hòu， lí zhēn zhù dǎng yǐng xiǎng huí shēng， lián hé qí tā fǎn zhèng fǔ lì liàng yào qiú zhòng zǔ zhèng fǔ bìng yōng yòu nèi gé sān fēn zhī yī yǐ shàng bù cháng xí wèi， yǐ zhǎng wò duì zhèng fǔ zhòng dà jué cè de fǒu jué quán。 11 yuè， lí jǔ xíng quán guó xié shāng huì yì， yì huì duō shù pài zhèng dǎng jù jué zhēn zhù dǎng de yào qiú， qīn zhēn zhù dǎng de 6 míng zhèng fǔ bù cháng xiāng jì tí chū cí zhí。 cǐ hòu， lí zǒng tǒng、 yì cháng tóng zǒng lǐ zài jiàn lì qián zǒng lǐ hā lǐ lǐ yù hài 'àn tè bié fǎ tíng wèn tí shàng chǎn shēng yán zhòng fēn qí。 11 yuè 21 rì， lí qián zǒng tǒng 'ā míng jié mǎ yé lè zhī zǐ， gōng yè bù cháng pí 'āi 'ěr jié mǎ yé lè zài bèi lǔ tè yù cì shēn wáng， fǎn xù pài suí jí fā dòng dà guī mó yóu xíng shì wēi。 25 rì， lí nèi gé zài 6 míng bù cháng quē xí de qíng kuàng xià tōng guò liǎo lián hé guó guān yú jiàn lì hā 'àn tè bié fǎ tíng de tí 'àn， yǐn qǐ bāo kuò zǒng tǒng lā hú dé zài nèi de qīn xù pài qiáng liè fǎn duì。 12 yuè 1 rì kāi shǐ， zhēn zhù dǎng lián hé qí tā qīn xù zhèng dǎng fā dòng dà guī mó、 wú xiàn qī fǎn zhèng fǔ shì wēi huó dòng。 2007 nián 1 yuè， liǎng pài zhī chí zhě fā shēng bào lì chōng tū。 3 yuè， shuāng fāng dài biǎo yì huì duō shù pài lǐng xiù sà 'ā dé hā lǐ lǐ hé yì cháng bèi lǐ jǔ xíng duō lún duì huà wèi guǒ。 lí zhèng fǔ biǎo shì， rú lí nèi bù wú fǎ jiù chéng lì hā 'àn fǎ tíng shì dá chéng yī zhì， jiāng qǐng qiú 'ān lǐ huì yú yǐ qiáng xíng tuī dòng。 xiàn fǎ 1926 nián 5 yuè 23 rì bān bù， hòu jīng 8 cì xiū gǎi。 1990 nián 9 yuè xiū gǎi shí zēng jiā liǎo qián yán。 xiàn fǎ guī dìng lí bā nèn shì yī gè dú lì、 tǒng yī hé zhù quán wán zhěng de guó jiā， shì yì huì mín zhù gòng hé guó， jù yòu 'ā lā bó shǔ xìng， shí xíng zì yóu mào yì zhèng cè。 rèn hé yòu bèi gè jiào pài gòng chù yuán zé de quán lì jūn shǔ fēi fǎ。 zǒng tǒng yóu yì huì xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng， rèn qī 6 nián， bù dé lián xuǎn lián rèn。 1995 nián 10 yuè 19 rì， yì huì xiū gǎi xiàn fǎ dì 49 tiáo， guī dìng“ xiàn rèn zǒng tǒng zài（ mù qián） tè shū qíng kuàng xià yán rèn 3 nián， yán rèn zhǐ zhǔn yī cì”。 xiū gǎi xiàn fǎ bì xū yóu zǒng tǒng tí yì hòu、 jīng zhèng fǔ xiàng yì huì tí chū， huò 10 míng yǐ shàng yì yuán tí chū dòng yì， bìng huò yì huì sān fēn zhī 'èr duō shù tōng guò。 2004 nián 9 yuè 2 rì， yì huì tōng guò jué yì， tóng yì lā hú dé zǒng tǒng yán rèn sān nián。 yì huì wéi yī yuàn zhì。 zhù yào zhí néng shì zhì dìng fǎ lǜ、 xiū gǎi xiàn fǎ、 xuǎn jǔ zǒng tǒng、 pī zhǔn zǒng lǐ hé gé yuán rén xuǎn jí shěn yì guó jiā cái zhèng yù suàn hé duì wài tiáo yuē jí xié dìng。 yì xí 'àn jiào pài jiān xié shāng hòu de bǐ lì fēn pèi， yì yuán yóu pǔ xuǎn chǎn shēng， rèn qī 4 nián。 yì huì yuán shè 99 gè yì xí， jī dū jiào pài hé yī sī lán jiào pài 'àn 6 ∶ 5 fēn pèi xí wèi。 gēn jù“ tǎ yī fū xié yì”， lí zhèng fǔ yú 1991 nián 6 yuè rèn mìng jī dū jiào hé yī sī lán jiào gè zhàn yī bàn de 108 míng yì yuán。 1992 nián 7 yuè yì huì tōng guò xuǎn jǔ fǎ xiū zhèng 'àn， yì xí zēng zhì 128 gè。 běn jiè yì huì yú 2005 nián 6 yuè xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng， jī dū jiào hé yī sī lán jiào yì yuán gè zhàn yī bàn， xiàn rèn yì cháng nà bǐ bèi lǐ（ NabihBarri） yú 1992 nián 11 yuè dāng xuǎn， 1996 nián 10 yuè， 2000 nián 10 yuè， 2005 nián 6 yuè sān cì lián rèn。 zhèng fǔ 2005 nián 7 yuè 19 rì， qián cái cháng fú 'ā dé xī ní wū lā wán chéng zǔ gé。 nèi gé zhù yào chéng yuán wéi： fù zǒng lǐ jiān guó fáng bù cháng 'āi lì yà sī mǐ xiē 'ěr mù 'ěr（ EllasMichelMurr） , wài cháng fǎ qí sà lǔ hè（ FawziSalloukh）， cái zhèng bù cháng jié hǎdé ài cí 'ōu 'ěr（ JihadAzour）， diàn xìn bù cháng mǎ 'ěr wàng hā mǎ dé（ MarwanHamadeh）， sī fǎ bù cháng chá lè 'ěr lì cí kè（ CharlesRizk） děng。 2006 nián 11 yuè， bāo kuò wài cháng zài nèi de 5 míng shí yè pài bù cháng hé qīn lā hú dé zǒng tǒng de huán jìng bù cháng tí chū cí zhí。 xíng zhèng qū huá quán guó fēn bā gè shěng： bèi lǔ tè shěng、 shān qū shěng、 běi fāng shěng、 nán fāng shěng、 bèi kǎ shěng、 nà bā dì yà shěng、 ā kǎ shěng、 bā 'ěr bèi kè -- hè 'ěr méi lè shěng。 sī fǎ jī gòu fǎ yuàn fēn wéi chū shěn fǎ yuàn、 shàng sù fǎ yuàn、 zuì gāo fǎ yuàn、 xíng zhèng fǎ yuàn hé zhì 'ān fǎ yuàn。 cǐ wài hái yòu chǔlǐ hūn sàng、 yí chǎn jì chéng děng wèn tí de zōng jiào fǎ tíng。 zhèng dǎng lí dǎng pài lín lì， dàn yīn lì liàng fēn sàn， gù mù qián wú yī dǎng zhàn jué duì yōu shì。 zhù yào zhèng dǎng yòu： （ 1）“ wèi lái zhèn xiàn”（ FutureMovement） : yóu lí qián zǒng lǐ hā lǐ lǐ chuàng jiàn。 2005 nián 2 yuè hā yù cì hòu， qí zǐ sà 'ā dé · hā lǐ lǐ jiē rèn“ wèi lái zhèn xiàn” lǐng xiù。 tóng nián 6 yuè， sà lǐng dǎo de jìng xuǎn lián méng zài yì huì xuǎn jǔ zhōng yíng dé jìn 60％ yì xí，“ wèi lái zhèn xiàn” yuè shēng wéi lí zhèng tán hé yì huì dì yī dà dǎng pài。 （ 2） lí bā nèn cháng qiāng dǎng（ TheLebaneseKataebParty）： 1936 nián 11 yuè chéng lì， jī dū jiào mǎ lóng pài zhèng dǎng。 2001 nián 10 yuè， kǎ lì mǔ · bā gé 'ěr dù ní dāng xuǎn gāi dǎng zhù xí。 qián zǒng tǒng 'ā míng · jié mǎ yé lè wéi cháng qiāng dǎng zuì gāo zhù xí。 （ 3） zì yóu guó mín dǎng（ TheNationalLiberalParty）： 1958 nián 9 yuè chéng lì， qí chéng yuán dà bù fēn shì jī dū jiào tú。 zhù xí dù lǐ · xià méng（ DoryCHAMOUN）。 （ 4）“ ā mài lè” yùn dòng（“ Amal” Movement）： 1974 nián chéng lì， qián shēn wéi“ bèi bō duó zhě yùn dòng”。 wéi yī sī lán jiào shí yè pài zhù yào zǔ zhì， céng yōng yòu mín bīng yuē 6000 rén， bù fēn yǐ jiě sàn， yú bù jí zhōng zài lí nán bù。 zhù xí nà bǐ · bèi lǐ（ NabihBARRI）（ xiàn yì cháng）。 （ 5） shè huì jìn bù dǎng（ TheProgressiveSocialistParty）： 1949 nián 5 yuè chéng lì， wéi mù sī lín dé lǔ cí pài zhèng dǎng， yòu dǎng yuán yuē 6000 rén。 1980 nián gāi dǎng jiā rù shè huì dǎng guó jì。 zhù xí wǎ lì dé · qióng bù lā tè（ WalidJOUMBLATT）。 （ 6） lí bā nèn gòng chǎn dǎng（ TheLebaneseCommunistParty）： 1924 nián chéng lì， 1948 nián bèi xuān bù wéi fēi fǎ， 1970 nián qǔ dé hé fǎ dì wèi。 yòu dǎng yuán 3000 rén。 zǒng shū jì hè lì dé · hǎdá dé。 （ 7） lí bā nèn gòng chǎn zhù yì xíng dòng zǔ zhì（ OrganizationofCommunistActionLebanon）： 1970 nián yóu lí bā nèn shè huì zhù yì zhě yùn dòng hé shè huì zhù yì lí bā nèn hé bìng 'ér chéng。 zhù yào lǐng dǎo rén mù hè xīn · yì bǔ lā xīn（ MohsenIBRAHIM）。 （ 8） xù lì yà mín zú shè huì dǎng（ TheNationalSyrianSocialParty）： 1932 nián chéng lì。 1987 nián 9 yuè gāi dǎng fēn liè wéi liǎng pài。 （ 9） zhēn zhù dǎng（ ThePartyofGod huò Hezbullah）： 1982 nián yǐ sè liè rù qīn lí bā nèn qī jiān chéng lì， lí mù sī lín shí yè pài zhèng dǎng， yǔ yī lǎng guān xì mìqiè。 gāi dǎng yōng yòu mín bīng yuē 5000 rén， jí zhōng zài lí nán bù dì qū。 1992 nián 2 yuè 18 rì， xiè hè · ā bā sī · mù sà wéi zǒng shū jì bèi zhà shēn wáng， hā sāng · nà sī lǔ lā（ HassanNASRALLAH） dāng xuǎn zǒng shū jì。 sān、 zhòng yào rén wù [ biān ji běn duàn ] āi mǐ lè · lā hú dé： zǒng tǒng。 1936 nián 1 yuè 10 rì shēng yú lí bā nèn shān qū shěng mài dùn xiàn bā bù dá tè zhèn， chū shēn jūn rén shì jiā， qí fù wéi lí kāi guó yuán xūn zhī yī。 1959 nián bì yè yú yīng guó dá tè máo sī hǎi jūn xué yuàn， hòu lì rèn jiàn cháng、 zǒng sī lìng fù guān、 hòu qín chù cháng、 rén shì jú cháng、 lí jūn zǒng sī lìng bàn gōng shì zhù rèn、 guó fáng bù cháng bàn gōng shì zhù rèn děng zhí。 1984 nián shòu hǎi jūn zhǔn jiāng。 1989 nián 11 yuè， bèi rèn mìng wéi lí jūn zǒng sī lìng， jìn shēng zhōngjiàng。 1990 nián fèng mìng chóngjiàn jūn duì。 1998 nián 10 yuè 15 rì， lí yì huì xuǎn jǔ lā wéi dì 11 rèn zǒng tǒng， 11 yuè 24 rì lā xuān shì jiù zhí。 2004 nián 9 yuè， lí yì huì tōng guò xiàn fǎ xiū zhèng 'àn， jiāng lā rèn qī yán cháng sān nián。 yǐ hūn， shēng yòu 2 zǐ 1 nǚ。 néng jiǎng yīng、 fǎ、 yà měi ní yà yǔ。 fú 'ā dé xī ní wū lā： zǒng lǐ。 1943 nián shēng yú sài dá， yī sī lán jiào xùn ní pài， bèi lǔ tè měi guó dà xué shāng yè guǎn lǐ xué shì、 shuò shì， cháng qī cóng shì jīn róng、 cái zhèng gōng zuò， yòu fēng fù de lǐ lùn hé shí jiàn jīng yàn。 1967 － 1992 nián dān rèn huā qí yínháng、 xìn dài yínháng、 dì zhōng hǎi yínháng、 lí bā nèn yínháng、 lí yín jiān huì děng jīn róng jī gòu de zhòng yào lǐng dǎo zhí wù。 1992、 1995、 1996 nián sān cì chū rèn zhù guǎn cái zhèng de guó wù bù cháng。 2000、 2003 nián liǎng cì chū rèn cái cháng。 2005 nián 6 yuè 30 rì， bèi xīn yì huì 126 míng yì yuán tí míng wéi xīn zǒng lǐ rén xuǎn。 yǐ hūn， yòu sān gè zǐ nǚ。 nà bǐ bèi lǐ： yì cháng。 1938 nián shēng yú sài lā lì 'áng , mù sī lín shí yè pài , xī wàng yùn dòng zhù xí。 bì yè yú lí bā nèn dà xué fǎ lǜ xì , hòu zài fǎ guó jìn xiū。 1963 nián rèn lí quán guó dà xué shēng lián hé huì zhù xí， bìng dān rèn guò shì jiè 'ài guó xué shēng lián hé huì zhí wěi huì wěi yuán。 hòu dān rèn lí yī sī lán shí yè pài zuì gāo wěi yuán huì wěi yuán， 1980 nián dāng xuǎn wéi“ xī wàng yùn dòng” zhù xí。 1984 nián 4 yuè 30 rì， dān rèn shuǐ、 diàn、 sī fǎ、 nán fāng、 chóngjiàn shì wù guó wù bù cháng。 1989 nián 11 yuè， dān rèn shuǐ、 diàn zī yuán、 zhù fáng、 hé zuò bù cháng。 1990 nián 12 yuè zhì 1992 nián 5 yuè， dān rèn guó wù bù cháng。 1992 nián 10 yuè 21 rì dāng xuǎn wéi yì cháng， 1996 nián 10 yuè， 2000 nián 10 yuè， 2005 nián 6 yuè sān cì lián rèn gāi zhí。 bèi céng yú 2001 nián 4 yuè fǎng huá。 yòu 9 gè hái zǐ。 sì、 jīng jì [ biān ji běn duàn ] lí shí xíng zì yóu、 kāi fàng de shì chǎng jīng jì， sī yíng jīng jì zhàn zhù dǎo dì wèi。 lí nèi zhàn qián céng xiǎng yòu zhōng jìn dōng jīn róng、 mào yì、 jiāo tōng hé lǚ yóu zhōng xīn de shèng míng， dàn 16 nián nèi zhàn jiā zhī yǐ sè liè rù qīn， zào chéng zhí jiē hé jiànjiē jīng jì sǔn shī yuē 1650 yì měi yuán。 1991 nián zhōng dōng hé píng jìn chéng qǐ dòng hòu， lí yù qī jīng jì lì hǎo， dà xīng tǔ mù， hòu yóu yú dì qū xíng shì chí xù dòng dàng， qí jīng jì fù sū jìhuà shòu cuò， bèi shàng liǎo chén zhòng de zhài wù bāo fú。 jiǔ shí nián dài hòu qī， lí jīng jì xíng shì jiàn rù kùn jìng， cái zhèng chì zì jū gāo bù xià， zhài wù pān shēng。 2006 niánzhǎng dá yuè yú de lí yǐ chōng tū zào chéng lí dà liàng jī chǔ shè shī bèi huǐ， zhí jiē jīng jì sǔn shī dá 32 yì měi yuán， jiànjiē sǔn shī chāo guò 70 yì měi yuán， shǐ lí jīng jì fā zhǎn xiàn rù tíng dùn， zhài wù fù dān jiā zhòng， zhàn hòu chóngjiàn rèn wù jiān jù。 chōng tū jié shù hòu， lí yǐ huò dé yú 100 yì měi yuán yuán zhù chéng nuò。 2006 nián zhù yào jīng jì shù zì rú xià： gōng gòng zhài wù： 410 yì měi yuán wài zhài： 192 yì měi yuán cái zhèng chì zì： 38 yì měi yuán guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí： 206 yì měi yuán rén jūn GDP:5150 měi yuán guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí zēngchánglǜ :－ 6.4％ tōng huò péng zhàng shuài :7% huò bì míng chēng : lí bā nèn bàng huì shuài :1 měi yuán ＝ 1507.5 lí bàng zī yuán kuàng chǎn zī yuán shǎo， qiě kāi cǎi bù duō。 kuàng cáng zhù yào yòu tiě、 qiān、 tóng、 hè méi hé lì qīng děng。 gōng yè lí gōng yè jī chǔ xiāng duì bó ruò， yǐ jiā gōng yè wéi zhù。 zhù yào hángyè yòu fēi jīn shǔ zhì zào、 jīn shǔ zhì zào、 jiā jù、 fú zhuāng、 mù cái jiā gōng、 fǎng zhì děng。 cóng yè rén shù yuē 20 wàn， zhàn lí láo dòng lì de 7％。 2005 nián gōng yè tóu zī 'é wéi 1.04 yì měi yuán , zǒng chǎn zhí zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 17％ , shì jǐn cì yú shāng yè hé fēi jīn róng fú wù yè de dì sān dà chǎn yè。 nóng yè nóng yè qiàn fā dá。 2005 nián nóng yè zǒng chǎn zhí zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 13％。 quán guó kě gēng dì miàn jī 247939 gōng qǐng， qí zhōng guàn gài miàn jī 104009 gōng qǐng。 mù chǎng 36 wàn gōng qǐng , lín dì miàn jī 79 wàn gōng qǐng。 nóng chǎn pǐn yǐ shuǐ guǒ hé shū cài wéi zhù。 shuǐ guǒ chǎn zhí zhàn nóng yè chǎn zhí de 51％。 guǒ yuán miàn jī yuē 6 wàn gōng qǐng， zhù chǎn gān jié、 píng guǒ、 pú táo hé xiāng jiāo， nián chū kǒu shuǐ guǒ yuē 26 wàn dūn。 lí liáng shí shēng chǎn luò hòu， zhù yào kào jìn kǒu。 guó nèi liáng shí gēngzhòng miàn jī gòng 8 wàn gōng qǐng， qí zhōng dà mài、 xiǎo mài zhòngzhí miàn jī 2.5 wàn gōng qǐng。 qí tā nóng chǎn pǐn yòu yù mǐ、 mǎ líng shǔ děng。 jīng jì zuò wù yòu yān cǎo、 tián cài、 gǎn lǎn děng。 jìn nián lái lí pú táo zhòngzhí yè fā zhǎn hěn kuài ,2001 nián shēng chǎn pú táo jiǔ 500 wàn píng , qí zhōng 40% chū kǒu。 bèi kǎ gǔ dì wéi lí zhù yào nóng yè zhòngzhí qū， zhàn quán lí zhòngzhí miàn jī 35% jí gǔ wù chǎn liàng de 30%。 lǚ yóu yè lí yuán wéi zhōng dōng lǚ yóu shèng dì。 nèi zhàn qián， měi nián rù jìng lǚ kè dá 200 wàn rén cì， lǚ yóu shōu rù zhàn guó mín shōu rù de 20％ yǐ shàng , yóu kè zhù yào lái zì hǎi wān dì qū chǎn yóu guó hé 'ōu měi guó jiā。 nèi zhàn qī jiān， lǚ yóu yè yī jué bù zhèn， zhàn hòu lí zhèng fǔ jiāng zhèn xīng lǚ yóu yè zuò wéi chóngjiàn jìhuà zhòng yào zǔ chéng bù fēn， tōng guò liǎo fā zhǎn lǚ yóu yè de tóu zī jìhuà。 lí xiàn yòu gè lèi xīng jí fàn diàn 398 jiā， chuáng wèi yuē 1.1 wàn zhāng。 zhù yào lǚ yóu diǎn yòu féi ní jī shí dài xīng jiàn de bì bǔ lǔ sī chéng、 gǔ luó mǎ shí dài xīng jiàn de bā 'ěr bèi kè chéng hé shí zì jūn shí dài xīng jiàn de sài dá chéng bǎo。 cǐ wài， běi bù de xuě shān yòu hěn duō huá xuě chǎng， xī yǐn liǎo dà liàng yóu kè。 jiāo tōng yùn shū lí jiāo tōng yǐ hǎi、 kōng wéi zhù， gōng lù cì zhī。 shuǐ yùn： zhù yào gǎng kǒu yòu bèi lǔ tè gǎng、 de lí bō lǐ gǎng、 sài dá gǎng。 bèi lǔ tè gǎng wéi zhù yào mào yì gǎng， xiàn yòu jí zhuāng xiāng jí jí sàn huò mǎ tóu 14 gè。 2005 nián tūn tù liàng wéi 471.2 wàn dūn， chéng dān zhe lí 70% de jìn chū kǒu huò wù yùn shū liàng。 kōng yùn： bèi lǔ tè jī chǎng shì zhù míng háng kōng gǎng， nèi zhàn qián yòu 70 jiā háng kōng gōng sī fēi jī jīng tíng bèi lǔ tè jī chǎng。 nèi zhàn qī jiān， jī chǎng jīng cháng bèi pò guān bì。 1990 nián lí zhèng fǔ tóu zī 4 yì měi yuán gǎi zào bèi lǔ tè jī chǎng， jiāng qí tūn tù liàng yóu měi nián 200 wàn rén cì tí gāo dào 600 wàn rén cì。 mù qián yòu 35 jiā háng kōng gōng sī fēi jīng gāi jī chǎng。 2005 nián qǐ jiàng bān cì 30627 cì , nián háng kōng huò wù tūn tù liàng wéi 6 wàn dūn。 lí yǐ chōng tū qī jiān， jī chǎng de duō cì zāo yǐ jūn hōng zhà， yán zhòng bèi huǐ。 gōng lù： guàn chuān quán jìng， quán cháng yuē 7100 gōng lǐ， qí zhōng lì qīng lù 3500 gōng lǐ。 gāo sù lù yuē 530 gōng lǐ。 gōng lù zài nèi zhàn qī jiān pò huài yán zhòng， lí zhèng fǔ zhì dìng liǎo xiū fù jìhuà， dàn yīn zī jīn wú fǎ dào wèi xiū fù gōng zuò jìn zhǎn huǎn màn。 lí píng jūn měi 3 rén yōng yòu yī liàng qì chē， rén jūn qì chē yōng yòu liàng jū shì jiè qián liè， chē liàng zǒng shù wéi 145 wàn liàng。 lí yǐ chōng tū qī jiān， lí quán guó gōng lù xì tǒng zāo dào yán zhòng pò huài。 tiě lù： quán cháng 335 gōng lǐ， quán bù wèiguó yòu， chú bèi lǔ tè－ xiè kǎ（ Chekka） duàn wài， qí yú shàng bù néng shǐ yòng。 cái zhèng jīn róng bèi lǔ tè céng shì zhōng dōng jīn róng zhōng xīn， wài huì hé huáng jīn kě zì yóu mǎi mài。 zhì 2001 nián shàng bàn nián , quán guó yòu 72 jiā yínháng , qí zhōng shāng yè yínháng 65 jiā , gè lèi fēn xíng hé fēn zhī jī gòu duō dá 730 gè。 lí de dì yī dà yínháng shì lí bā nèn zhōng yāng yínháng， yóu zhèng fǔ kòng zhì， fù zé huò bì de fā xíng。 lí yínháng duō wéi sī rén suǒ yòu， qí zhōng jiào dà de yòu 'ào dí yínháng、 lí bā nèn－ fǎ guó yínháng、 bì bǔ lǔ sī yínháng děng。 2001 nián lí yínháng yè shōu rù zhàn GDP de 9%。 2006 nián， lí cái zhèng chì zì 38 yì měi yuán。 jié zhì 2006 nián dǐ， lí wài huì chǔ bèi wéi 130.4 yì měi yuán， huáng jīn chǔ bèi 58.36 yì měi yuán。 duì wài mào yì wài mào zài lí guó mín jīng jì zhōng zhàn yòu zhòng yào dì wèi， zhèng fǔ shí xíng duì wài kāi fàng yǔ bǎo hù mín zú jīng jì xiāng xié diào de wài mào zhèng cè， zhì dìng pèi tào cuò shī， tí gōng chōng fēn bǎo zhàng， kāi zhǎn jīng jì wài jiāo， yǐn jìn zī jīn。 chū kǒu shāng pǐn zhù yào yòu shū cài、 shuǐ guǒ、 jīn shǔ zhì pǐn、 fǎng zhì pǐn、 huà gōng chǎn pǐn、 bō lí zhì pǐn hé shuǐ ní děng。 zhù yào mào yì duì xiàng shì yì dà lì、 měi guó、 fǎ guó、 shā tè 'ā lā bó、 ā lián qiú、 xù lì yà hé zhōng guó。（ zī liào lái yuán： lí bā nèn bào kān） rén mín shēng huó 2002 nián píng jūn yù qī shòu mìng 73.5 suì， chū shēng shuài qiān fēn zhī 'èr shí bā。 zhì 2005 nián， lí gòng yòu yī yuàn 161 suǒ， chuáng wèi yuē 9700 zhāng， zhù cè yī shēng yuē 4000 rén， yī hù rén yuán gòng yuē 2 wàn rén。 wǔ、 jūn shì [ biān ji běn duàn ] zhèng fǔ jūn yóu lù、 hǎi、 kōng sān jūn zǔ chéng。 zǒng tǒng wéi jūn duì zuì gāo tǒng shuài。 nèi zhàn zhōng jūn duì fēn liè。 1984 nián zǔ chéng“ liù rén jūn shì wěi yuán huì”， yǔ zǒng sī lìng gòng tóng zhǎng wò lǐng dǎo hé zhǐ huī jūn duì de zuì gāo quán lì。 shí xíng yì wù bīng yì zhì yǔ zhì yuàn bīng yì zhì xiāng jié hé de bīng yì tǐ zhì。 yì wù zhì fú yì qī xiàn wéi 18 gè yuè， zhì yuàn zhì zhì shǎo qiān 3 nián hé tóng。 zǒng bīng lì yuē 6.5 wàn rén。 yóu fǎ guó hé měi guó fù zé tí gōng wǔ qì hé xùn liàn。 lù jūn 5.2 wàn rén， biān chéng 11 gè lǚ hé 4 gè tè zhǒng bīng lǚ， zhuāng bèi tǎn kè 272 liàng、 zhuāng jiá yùn shū chē 1400 liàng、 huǒ pào 328 mén、 fǎn tǎn kè pào 218 mén， hái yòu fǎn tǎn kè dǎo dàn 400 méi jí gè xíng gāo pào 113 mén。 kōng jūn 1700 rén， biān chéng 1 gè zhàn dǒu jī zhōng duì、 3 gè zhí shēng jī zhōng duì hé 1 gè jiào liàn jiù yuán jī zhōng duì。 zhuāng bèi zhàn dǒu jī 2 jià hé zhí shēng jī 4 jià。 hǎi jūn yuē 2000 rén， zhuāng bèi 7 sōu xún luó kuài tǐng hé 2 sōu dēng lù tǐng。 nèi bù zhì 'ān jūn 8000 rén， zhuāng bèi yòu 50 liàng zhuāng jiá chē、 6 sōu xún luó tǐng。 zǒng sī lìng mǐ shí 'ā lè · sū lāi màn zhōngjiàng。 2006 nián 10 yuè， 1.5 wàn míng lí zhèng fǔ jūn 40 nián lái shǒu cì bù shǔ dào lí yǐ biān jìng， huī fù duì gāi dì qū de kòng zhì。 liù、 jiào yù [ biān ji běn duàn ] lí quán guó yòu zhōng xiǎo xué 2535 suǒ， zài xiào xué shēng 100 wàn， jiào shī 6 wàn yú míng。 gōng lì xué xiào yuē 1300 suǒ。 qí tā hái yòu sī rén miǎn fèi hé sī rén shōu fèi xué xiào。 zōng hé dà xué 4 suǒ， xiāng dāng yú dà xué hé dà xué yù kē de xué yuàn 20 duō suǒ。 lí bā nèn dà xué shì wéi yī guó lì zōng hé dà xué， 1953 nián chuàng jiàn。 bèi lǔ tè 'ā lā bó dà xué chuàng bàn yú 1960 nián， bèi lǔ tè měi guó dà xué yóu měi guó jiào huì chuàng jiàn yú 1866 nián， yòng yīng yǔ jiǎng kè。 bèi lǔ tè shèng · yuē sè dà xué 1881 nián jiàn lì， yòng fǎ yǔ jiǎng kè， shè yòu kǒng zǐ xué yuàn。 qī、 duì wài guān xì [ biān ji běn duàn ] lí fèng xíng zhōng lì bù jié méng zhèng cè， zhù zhāng jiàn lì gōng zhèng、 hé lǐ、 píng děng、 jūn héng de guó jì zhèng zhì、 jīng jì xīn zhì xù。 duì wài qiáng diào qí 'ā lā bó guó jiā shǔ xìng， tiáozhěng yǔ xù lì yà guān xì， jī jí fā zhǎn tóng 'āi jí、 shā tè děng 'ā lā bó dà guó de guān xì， zhòng shì tóng měi guó hé fǎ guó děng xī fāng guó jiā de guān xì。 duì dāng qián zhòng dà guó jì wèn tí de kàn fǎ guān yú yī lā kè wèn tí： lí fǎn duì měi fā dòng duì yī zhàn zhēng， rèn wéi jiě jué yī lā kè wèn tí yìng zūn zhòng guó jì fǎ hé lián hé guó jué yì， měi dān fāng miàn dǎ yī bìng chí xù zhàn lǐng yán zhòng yǐng xiǎng liǎo dì qū jú shì de wěn dìng， yǐn fā liǎo zhōng dōng nǎi zhì zhěng gè yī sī lán shì jiè de fǎn měi làng cháo。 zhī chí yī wéi hù dú lì、 zhù quán、 lǐng tǔ wán zhěng hé mín zú tuán jié， jìn kuài jié shù bào lì， huī fù hé píng yǔ wěn dìng。 zhī chí“ yī rén zhì yī”， xī wàng yī rén mín zài guó jiā shì wù shàng néng dú lì xíng shǐ xuǎn jǔ quán， tōng guò zì yóu、 gōng zhèng de xuǎn jǔ què dìng guó jiā de wèi lái。 zhù zhāng lián hé guó zài yī wèn tí shàng fā huī zhù dǎo zuò yòng， yǐ bāng zhù yī rén mín bǎi tuō dāng qián de kùn jìng。 guān yú fǎn kǒng wèn tí： rèn wéi lí réng zài shòu dào yǐ sè liè guó jiā kǒng bù zhù yì de wēi xié， qiǎn zé gè zhǒng xíng shì de kǒng bù zhù yì， dàn qiáng diào qū fēn kǒng bù zhù yì yǔ yǐ jiě fàng bèi zhàn lǐng tǔ wéi mù biāo de rén mín dǐ kàng yùn dòng。 lí duì 'ān lǐ huì 1373 hào jué yì（ 2001 nián 9 yuè 28 rì， ān lǐ huì tōng guò de yào qiú gè guó cǎi qǔ qièshí cuò shī dǎ jī kǒng bù zhù yì de jué yì） yòu bǎo liú， rèn wéi tā wéi qiáng quán gān shè ruò xiǎo guó jiā zhù quán kāi liǎo fāng biàn zhī mén。 guān yú lián hé guó gǎi gé wèn tí： lí zhī chí 'ān lǐ huì gǎi gé hé kuò dà， gǔ lì tōng guò chōng fēn tǎo lùn、 xié shāng yī zhì 'ér xíng chéng gōng zhèng、 hé lǐ de gǎi gé fāng 'àn， fǎn duì duì biǎo jué shè shí xiàn， rèn wéi qiáng xíng tuī dòng， shī yā cù gǎi， bù chéng shú de fāng 'àn jiāng yòu 'ài gǎi gé de jìn xíng。 lí fāng lì chǎng qǔ jué yú 'ā lā bó guó jiā gòng tóng xié shāng de jiēguǒ。 lí rèn wéi， ān lǐ huì gǎi gé fāng 'àn yìng kǎo lǜ dào dì qū dài biǎo xìng de píng héng hé fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā de lì yì， zhù zhāng 21 gè 'ā guó yīngyǒu gèng duō dài biǎo quán， zài 'ān lǐ huì zhōng zhì shǎo yōng yòu 2 gè fēi cháng rèn xí wèi， yóu yà、 fēi 'ā guó gè fēn yī xí。 mù qián gè guó zài A、 B liǎng fāng 'àn shàng cún zài jiào dà fēn qí， lí lè jiàn qí tā jiàn shè xìng de tí 'àn。 guān yú“ wén míng chōng tū” wèn tí： lí fǎn duì“ wén míng chōng tū” guān diǎn， duì“ 9·11” shì jiàn hòu měi děng xī fāng guó jiā lǐng dǎo rén yòu guān“ shí zì jūn dōng zhēng” de yán lùn jí wéi bù mǎn， qiáng diào gè zhǒng wén míng yìng jìn xíng duì huà， hé píng gòng chù， chēng lí shì gè zhǒng wén míng hé xié xiāng chù de diǎn fàn。 guān yú jīng jì quán qiú huà wèn tí： lí shēn qǐng jiā rù WTO， xiàn zhèng jī jí yǔ gè fāng jìn xíng tán pàn， dàn duì jīng jì quán qiú huà tài dù xiāo jí， rèn wéi jīng jì quán qiú huà shì qiáng guó duì ruò guó de lüè duó yǔ kòng zhì。 tóng wǒ guó de guān xì zhōng、 lí 1971 nián 11 yuè 9 rì jiàn jiāo， shuāng biān guān xì fā zhǎn píng wěn。 zhōng guó zhù lí bā nèn dà shǐ： liú zhì míng。 lí bā nèn zhù zhōng guó dà shǐ： sū lāi màn shā fěi kè lā sī (SleimanChaficEl-Rassi) tóng měi guó de guān xì lí、 měi yú 1943 nián jiàn jiāo。 lí bā nèn zhòng shì fā zhǎn tóng měi guó de guān xì， lì qiú měi zài zhèng zhì、 jīng jì、 jūn shì shàng de zhī chí hé yuán zhù。 měi zhī chí lí dú lì、 zhù quán hé lǐng tǔ wán zhěng， zhī chí《 tǎ yī fū xié yì》； dūn cù xù lì yà jūn duì chè chū lí jìng nèi； yào qiú lí zhèng fǔ jiě chú zhēn zhù dǎng wǔ zhuāng。 1997 nián měi jiě chú liǎo cháng dá 12 nián zhī jiǔ de duì měi gōng mín fù lí jìn lìng。 měi zài“ 9 11” shì jiàn hòu xuān bù lí zhēn zhù dǎng wéi kǒng bù zǔ zhì， bìng xiàng lí zhèng fǔ tí chū liǎo dòng jié gāi zǔ zhì wǔ zhuāng xíng dòng、 zī jīn， shuāng fāng jìn hángqíng bào hé zuò děng yī xì liè yào qiú， bìng 'àn shì kě néng duì zhēn zhù dǎng dòng wǔ。 lí zhèng fǔ zé jiān chí rèn wéi yìng jiāng mín zú dǐ kàng yùn dòng yǔ kǒng bù zhù yì qū bié duì dài， bù fēn jù jué měi de yào qiú。 cǐ wài měi zài 'ān lǐ huì shěn yì lián lí bù duì rèn qī wèn tí shí zhī chí xuē jiǎn lián lí bù duì rén shù、 biàngēng qí zhí néng， yì shǐ lí gǎn dào bù mǎn。 2005 nián 2 yuè lí qián zǒng lǐ hā lǐ lǐ yù hài hòu， měi guó jiā dà duì lí wèn tí de gān yù lì dù， pò shǐ xù cóng lí chè jūn， zhī chí lí fǎn xù pài zài yì huì xuǎn jǔ zhōng huò shèng， duì lí yǐng xiǎng lì zēng qiáng。 4 yuè、 10 yuè、 12 yuè， měi lián hé fǎ、 yīng tuī dòng 'ān lǐ huì tōng guò yòu guān hā lǐ lǐ yù hài guó jì dú lì diào chá de 1595、 1636、 1644 hào jué yì。 2006 nián， měi zài lí yǐ chōng tū qī jiān piān tǎn yǐ fāng， zài lí xíng xiàng shòu sǔn。 chōng tū jié shù hòu， měi chéng nuò xiàng lí tí gōng 2.3 yì měi yuán yuán zhù， qí zhōng 4000 wàn měi yuán wéi jūn shì yuán zhù。 tóng fǎ guó de guān xì lí bā nèn zài 1943 nián dú lì qián céng shì fǎ guó wěi rèn tǒng zhì dì， liǎng guó yòu chuán tǒng de guān xì。 fǎ wéi móu qiú zài lí de jīng jì hé zhèng zhì yōu shì， dà lì tóu rù lí chóngjiàn shì chǎng。 1996 nián， shuāng fāng qiān dìng liǎo liǎng xiàng cái zhèng xié dìng， fǎ xiàng lí tí gōng 10.5 yì fǎ láng de zèng kuǎn、 yōu huì dài kuǎn hé shāng yè dài kuǎn。 fǎ zhī chí lí hā lǐ lǐ zhèng fǔ zhù dǎo de jīng jì chóngjiàn yǔ gǎi gé jìhuà， 2002 nián fǎ zài dì 'èr cì guó jì yuán lí huì yì shàng chéng nuò xiàng lí tí gōng 5 yì měi yuán yuán zhù。 2005 nián 2 yuè， lí qián zǒng lǐ hā lǐ lǐ yù hài， xī lā kè zǒng lǐ fū fù qīn zì fù lí cān jiā hā zàng lǐ， fǎ zhù zhāng duì shì jiàn jìn xíng guó jì diào chá， bìng zhī chí lí jǔ xíng yì huì dà xuǎn， gǎi zǔ zhèng fǔ。 4 yuè、 10 yuè、 12 yuè， fǎ yǔ měi、 yīng gòng tóng tuī dòng 'ān lǐ huì tōng guò yòu guān hā lǐ lǐ yù hài guó jì dú lì diào chá de 1595、 1636、 1644 hào jué yì。 2006 nián lí yǐ chōng tū qī jiān， fǎ tuī dòng 'ān lǐ huì tōng guò yào qiú lí yǐ tíng huǒ de 1701 hào jué yì。 chōng tū hòu， fǎ pài bīng 2000 rén cān jiā lián lí bù duì。 2007 nián 1 yuè， fǎ zhào kāi yuán zhù lí bā nèn guó jì huì yì， xiàng lí tí gōng 5 yì 'ōu yuán dī xī dài kuǎn， gòng wéi lí mù dé yú 76 yì měi yuán yuán kuǎn。 tóng xù lì yà de guān xì lí xù zài fǎ guó wěi rèn tǒng zhì shí qī céng shì tóng yī gè guó jiā。 lí dú lì hòu， xù wèi yú chéng rèn， lí xù réng bǎo chí“ tè shū guān xì”。 1976 nián 5 yuè yǐ lái， xù jūn（ zuì chū yuē 2.8 wàn rén） yī zhí yǐ“ ā lā bó wēi shè bù duì” de míng yì zhù zhā zài lí。 1991 nián 5 yuè， lí xù qiān shǔ“ xiōng dì guān xì hé zuò yǔ xié diào tiáo yuē” hé“ ān quán yǔ fáng wù tiáo yuē”， què dìng liǎng guó jiāng jìn xíng zuì gāo jí hé zuì quán miàn de xié diào。 1996 nián 1 yuè， lí xù qiān dìng jīng jì yī tǐ huà、 qǔ xiāo shuāng zhòng shuì、 tuī jìn hé bǎo zhèng tóu zī、 jiàn lì lián hé biān jiè shào suǒ hé shè huì lǐng yù hé zuò wǔ xiàng xié dìng。 tóng shí， shuāng fāng jué dìng zài yǔ yǐ sè liè tán pàn zhōng mìqiè pèi hé， jué bù dān dú yǔ yǐ gòu hé。 2004 nián 9 yuè 2 rì， měi、 fǎ děng guó tuī dòng 'ān lǐ huì tōng guò 1559 hào jué yì， yào qiú xù zhù lí bù duì quán bù chè lí。 2005 nián 2 yuè， lí qián zǒng lǐ hā lǐ lǐ yù hài， měi děng xī fāng guó jiā hé lí fǎn xù pài zhǐ zé xù yìng duì cǐ fù zé。 zài kōng qián wài bù yā lì xià， xù yú 4 yuè xuān bù chè huí qí zhù lí quán bù jūn duì、 ān quán rén yuán hé jūn shì zhuāng bèi。 7 yuè， lí xīn zhèng fǔ chéng lì， lí xù guān xì jìn rù tiáozhěng qī。 2006 nián 3 yuè， lí zhào kāi quán guó duì huà huì yì， jiù yǔ xù fā zhǎn zhèng cháng guó yǔ guó guān xì jí huàfēn guó jiè děng wèn tí jìn xíng tǎo lùn。 5 yuè， ān lǐ huì tōng guò 1680 hào jué yì， yào qiú xù huí yìng lí yào qiú， yǔ lí jiàn lì wài jiāo guān xì， huàdìng biān jiè。 2006 nián 4 yuè， lí yì cháng bèi lǐ fǎng xù。 7 yuè， lí zǒng tǒng lā hú dé yǔ xù zǒng tǒng bā shā 'ěr tōng diàn huà。 8 yuè， lí zǒng tǒng lā hú dé、 zǒng lǐ xī ní wū lā fēn bié yǔ xù zǒng tǒng bā shā 'ěr、 zǒng lǐ 'ào tè lǐ tōng diàn huà。 tóng yuè， xù wài cháng mù 'ā lì mǔ fǎng lí。 9 yuè， xù lí guān xì zuì gāo wěi yuán huì mì shū cháng hú lǐ fǎng xù。 10 yuè， lí qián zǒng lǐ kǎ lā mǐ、 hú sī xiān hòu fǎng xù。 tóng qí tā 'ā lā bó guó jiā de guān xì mù qián zài lí jìng nèi gòng yòu yuē 36.7 wàn bā nànmín， qí zhōng 26％ zhù zài dà chéng shì， 45％ zhù zài dé dào lián hé guó jiù jì de 12 gè nànmín yíng， yuē 7 wàn rén shēng huó zài méi yòu wèi shēng、 jiào yù jí shè huì fú wù děng bǎo zhàng de 13 gè jū mín diǎn。 2006 nián， lí jì xù jī jí fā zhǎn yǔ qí tā 'ā lā bó guó jiā de yǒu hǎo guān xì。 lí yǐ chōng tū qī jiān， ā lā bó guó jiājǐ yú lí zhèng zhì yǔ cái lì shàng de zhī chí。 chōng tū jié shù yǐ hòu， shā tè、 ā méng děng yì jī jí wò xuán， tiáojiě lí nèi bù máo dùn。 tóng yǐ sè liè de guān xì lí bā nèn nán bù yǔ yǐ sè liè běi bù jiē rǎng。 1982 nián 6 yuè， yǐ sè liè dà guī mó rù qīn lí bā nèn。 1985 nián， yǐ sè liè yǐ bǎo wèi běi bù jiā lì lì dì qū wéi yóu zài lí nán bù jiàn lì liǎo yuē 850 píng fāng gōng lǐ de“ ān quán qū”， zài“ ān quán qū” zhù zhā liǎo qiān yú rén de bù duì， bìng fú zhí yóu 3000 míng qīn yǐ lí jī dū tú zǔ chéng de nán lí jūn。 2000 nián 5 yuè， yǐ sè liè dān fāng miàn cóng lí bā nèn nán bù chè jūn， dàn lí réng jiān chí 1923 nián guó jì biān jiè xiàn， yào qiú yǐ jié shù duì xiè bā nóng chǎng de zhàn lǐng， bìng chè zhì 1967 nián 6 yuè 4 rì de xù yǐ biān jiè xiàn； qiǎn zé yǐ xiū jiàn“ gé lí qiáng”。 2005 nián， zhēn zhù dǎng wǔ zhuāng yǔ yǐ jūn zài lí nán bù biān jìng dì qū pín fán jiāo huǒ， bìng zào chéng yī dìng rén yuán shāng wáng。 2006 nián 7 yuè 12 rì， zhēn zhù dǎng wǔ zhuāng yuè jìng xí jī yǐ sè liè bìng fú huò liǎng míng yǐ jūn shì bīng， yǐ jūn suí jí duì lí zhǎn kāi dà guī mó jūn shì xíng dòng， lí yǐ chōng tū zhòu rán shēng jí， yǐn qǐ guó jì shè huì guǎng fàn guān zhù。 8 yuè 11 rì， ān lǐ huì tōng guò 1701 hào jué yì， yào qiú shuāng fāng quán miàn tíng zhǐ dí duì xíng dòng。 14 rì， shuāng fāng tíng huǒ。 cǐ cì chōng tū zào chéng lí yú 1000 píng mín sǐ wáng， 4000 yú rén shòu shāng， yú 100 wàn rén liú lí shī suǒ。 yǐ sè liè yì yòu 157 rén sǐ wáng。 The flag of Lebanon features a cedar in green against a white backdrop, bounded by two horizontal red stripes along the top and bottom. This is a reference to the famous cedars of Lebanon, renowned throughout the region in antiquity. The red refers to the blood spilled in order to gain the independence, the white refers to the purity and peace. Before the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990), the country enjoyed a period of relative calm and prosperity, driven by the tourism, agriculture, and banking sectors of the economy. It is considered the banking capital of the Levant and was widely known as the "Switzerland of the East" due to its financial power and diversity. Lebanon also attracted large numbers of tourists to the point that the capital Beirut became widely referred to as the "Paris of Western Asia" Immediately following the end of the war, there were extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure. By early 2006, a considerable degree of stability had been achieved throughout much of the country, Beirut's reconstruction was almost complete, and an increasing number of foreign tourists were pouring into Lebanon's resorts. The 2006 war, however, caused widespread loss of life and damage to Lebanon's infrastructure from July 12, 2006 until a cessation of hostilities call, by the UN Security Council, went into effect on August 14, 2006, and the country's economy is still in the process of recovering. The name Lebanon ("Lubnān" in standard Arabic; "Libnén" in the local dialect) comes from the Canaanite (and common West Semitic) root "LBN", meaning "white", which could be regarded as a reference to the snow-capped Mount Lebanon. Occurrences of the name have been found in three of the twelve tablets of the Epic of Gilgamesh (2900 BC), the texts of the library of Ebla (2400 BC), and 71 times in the Old Testament. The name is even recorded in Ancient Egyptian as Rmnn, where r stood for Canaanite l. The earliest known settlements in Lebanon date back to earlier than 5000 BC. Archaeologists have discovered in Byblos, which is considered to be the oldest continuously-inhabited city in the world, remnants of prehistoric huts with crushed limestone floors, primitive weapons, and burial jars which are evidence of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic fishing communities who lived on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea over 7,000 years ago. Lebanon was the homeland of the Phoenicians, a seafaring people that spread across the Mediterranean before the rise of Cyrus the Great. After two centuries of Persian rule, Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great attacked and burned Tyre, the most prominent Phoenician city. Throughout the subsequent centuries leading up to recent times, the country became part of numerous succeeding empires, among them Persian, Armenian, Assyrian, Macedonian, Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Crusader, and Ottoman. French mandate and independence Lebanon was part of the Ottoman Empire for over 400 years, in a region known as Greater Syria, until 1918 when the area became a part of the French Mandate of Syria following World War I. On September 1, 1920, France formed the State of Greater Lebanon as one of several ethnic enclaves within Syria. Lebanon was a largely Christian (mainly Maronite) enclave but also included areas containing many Muslims and Druzes. On September 1, 1926, France formed the Lebanese Republic. The Republic was afterward a separate entity from Syria but still administered under the French Mandate of Syria. Lebanon gained independence in 1943, while France was occupied by Germany. General Henri Dentz, the Vichy High Commissioner for Syria and Lebanon, played a major role in the independence of the nation. The Vichy authorities in 1941 allowed Germany to move aircraft and supplies through Syria to Iraq where they were used against British forces. The United Kingdom, fearing that Nazi Germany would gain full control of Lebanon and Syria by pressure on the weak Vichy government, sent its army into Syria and Lebanon. The flag of Greater Lebanon (1920-1943)After the fighting ended in Lebanon, General Charles de Gaulle visited the area. Under various political pressures from both inside and outside Lebanon, de Gaulle decided to recognize the independence of Lebanon. On November 26, 1941 General Georges Catroux announced that Lebanon would become independent under the authority of the Free French government. Elections were held in 1943 and on November 8, 1943 the new Lebanese government unilaterally abolished the mandate. The French reacted by throwing the new government into prison. In the face of international pressure, the French released the government officials on November 22, 1943 and accepted the independence of Lebanon. The allies kept the region under control until the end of World War II. The last French troops withdrew in 1946. Lebanon's unwritten National Pact of 1943 required that its president be Christian and its prime minister be Muslim. Lebanon's history since independence has been marked by alternating periods of political stability and turmoil (including a civil conflict in 1958) interspersed with prosperity built on Beirut's position as a regional center for finance and trade. 1948 Arab-Israeli war Five years after gaining independence, Lebanon joined the Arab League to invade Israel shortly after its declaration of independence. during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. It took over logistical support of the Arab Liberation Army after it found itself cut off from its bases in Syria while going on an attack on the newly-proclaimed Jewish State. The Lebanese army gained nothing during the war, and the Israeli army managed to conquer territory west of the Naphtali Mountains. After the defeat of the Arab Liberation Army in Operation Hiram, Lebanon accepted an armistice with Israel on March 23, 1949 and the conquered territory was returned. During the war, about 100,000 Palestinian refugees fled to Lebanon. Civil war and beyond In 1975, civil war broke out in Lebanon. The Lebanese Civil War lasted fifteen years, devastating the country's economy, and resulting in the massive loss of human life and property. It is estimated that 150,000 people were killed and another 200,000 maimed. The war ended in 1990 with the signing of the Taif Agreement and parts of Lebanon were left in ruins. During the civil war, the Palestine Liberation Organization used Lebanon to launch attacks against Israel. Lebanon was twice invaded and occupied by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in 1978 and 1982, the PLO expelled in the second invasion. Israel remained in control of Southern Lebanon until 2000, when there was a general decision, led by Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, to withdraw due to continuous guerrilla attacks executed by Hezbollah militants and a belief that Hezbollah activity would diminish and dissolve without the Israeli presence. The UN determined that the withdrawal of Israeli troops beyond the blue line was in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 425, although a border region called the Shebaa Farms is still disputed. Hezbollah declared that it would not stop its operations against Israel until this area was liberated. Recent history On February 14, 2005, former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri was assassinated in a car bomb explosion near the Saint George Bay in Beirut. Leaders of the March 14 Alliance accused Syria of the attack due to its extensive military and intelligence presence in Lebanon, and the public rift between Hariri and Damascus over the Syrian-backed constitutional amendment extending pro-Syrian President Lahoud's term in office. Others, namely the March 8 Alliance and Syrian officials, claimed that the assassination may have been executed by the Israeli Mossad in an attempt to destabilize the country. This incident triggered a series of demonstrations, known as Cedar Revolution, that demanded the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon and the establishment of an international commission to investigate the assassination. The United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 1595 on April 7, 2005, which called for an investigation into the assassination of Rafik Hariri. The findings of the investigation were officially published on October 20, 2005 in the Mehlis report. Eventually, and under pressure from the West, Syria began withdrawing its 15,000-strong army troops from Lebanon. By April 26, 2005, all uniformed Syrian soldiers had already crossed the border back to Syria. The Hariri assassination marked the beginning of a series of assassination attempts that led to the loss of many prominent Lebanese figures. On July 12, 2006, Hezbollah captured two Israeli soldiers leading to a conflict, known in Lebanon as July War, that lasted until a United Nations-brokered ceasefire went into effect on 14 August 2006. In October 2007, Émile Lahoud finished his second term as President. The opposition conditioned its vote for a successor on a power-sharing deal, thus leaving the country without a president for over 6 months. On May 09, 2008, Hezbollah and Amal militants, in an armed attack triggered by a government decision on Hezbollah's communications network, temporarily took over Western Beirut. The situation was described by the government as an attempted "coup". On May 21, 2008, all major Lebanese parties signed an accord to elect Michel Suleiman as President, to form a national unity government with 11 out of 30 seats for the opposition, thus enabling it to veto decisions, and to adopt a new electoral law, based on the 1960 law with amendments for the 3 Beirut constituencies. The deal was brokered by an Arab League delegation, headed by the Emir and Foreign Minister of Qatar and the Secretary General of the Arab League, after 5 days of intense negotiations in Doha. Michel Suleiman was officially elected President on Sunday May 25, 2008 in the presence of the Foreign Ministers of Syria and Iran as well as France and Saudi-Arabia. Geography and climate Lebanon from space. Snow cover can be seen on the western and eastern mountain rangesLebanon is located in Western Asia. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the west along a 225-kilometre (140 mi) coastline, by Syria to the east and north, and by Israel to the south. The Lebanon-Syria border stretches for 375 kilometres (233 mi) and the Lebanon-Israel border for 79 kilometres (49 mi). The border with the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights in Syria is disputed by Lebanon in a small area called Shebaa Farms, but the border has been demarcated by the United Nations. Qornet el Sawda (Cornet es-Sawda or Qurnat as Sawda' ) the highest summit in the middle east, 3088 meters.Most of Lebanon's area is mountainous terrain, except for the narrow coastline and the Beqaa Valley, which plays an integral role in Lebanon's agriculture. Lebanon has a moderate Mediterranean climate. In coastal areas, winters are generally cool and rainy whilst summers are hot and humid. In more elevated areas, temperatures usually drop below freezing during the winter with frequent, sometimes heavy, snow; summers, on the other hand, are warm and dry. Although most of Lebanon receives a relatively large amount of rainfall annually (compared to its arid surroundings), certain areas in north-eastern Lebanon receive little rainfall because the high peaks of the western mountain front block much of the rain clouds that originate over the Mediterranean Sea. In ancient times, Lebanon housed large forests of the Cedars of Lebanon, which now serve as the country's national emblem. However, centuries of trading cedar trees, used by ancient mariners for boats, and the absence of any efforts to replant them have depleted Lebanon's once-flourishing cedar forests. Governorates and districts Lebanon is divided into six governorates (mohaafazaat, Arabic: محافظات —singular mohafazah, Arabic: محافظة) which are further subdivided into twenty-five districts (aqdya—singular: qadaa). The districts themselves are also divided into several municipalities, each enclosing a group of cities or villages. The governorates and their respective districts are listed below: NorthAkkarMiniyeh- DanniyehZghartaKouraTripoliBsharriBatrounMount LebanonJbeilKesrwanMatnBeirut♦BaabdaAleyChoufSouthJezzineSidonTyreBeqaaHermelBaalbekZahleWestern BeqaaRashayaNabatiehHasbayaNabatiehMarjeyounBint JbeilBeirut Governorate The Beirut Governorate is not divided into districts and is limited to the city of Beirut. Nabatiyeh Governorate (Jabal Amel) - 4 districts Bint Jbeil Hasbaya Marjeyoun Nabatieh Beqaa Governorate - 5 districts Baalbek Hermel Rashaya Western Beqaa (al-Beqaa al-Gharbi) Zahle North Governorate (al-Shamal) - 7 districts Akkar Batroun Bsharri Koura Miniyeh-Danniyeh Tripoli Zgharta Mount Lebanon Governorate (Jabal Lubnan) - 6 districts Aley Baabda Byblos (Jbeil) Chouf Kesrwan Matn South Governorate (al-Janoub) - 3 districts Jezzine Sidon (Saida) Tyre (Sur) Demographics and religion The Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque in Martyrs' Square, Beirut. Our Lady of Lebanon.No official census has been taken since 1932, reflecting the political sensitivity in Lebanon over confessional (i.e. religious) balance. The CIA World Fact Book gives the following distribution: Muslim - 59.7% (Shi'a, Sunni, Druze, Isma'ilite, Alawite or Nusayri), Christian - 39% (Maronite Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Melkite Catholic, Armenian Orthodox, Syrian Catholic, Armenian Catholic, Syrian Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Chaldean, Assyrian, Copt, Protestant), other 1.3%. According to the New York Times, Shi'a Muslims make up 35% of the population; Sunni Muslims and Druze followers make up 25% and 5% of the population, respectively, while the Christians make up 35% of the population (with the Maronites accounting for 25%). There are 17 religious sects recognized. Some followers of the Druze religion do not consider themselves to be Muslim; however, the state legally recognizes Druze followers as Muslim. The number of those inhabiting Lebanon proper was estimated at 3,925,502 in July 2007. There are approximately 18 million people of Lebanese descent spread all over the world, with Brazil having the largest Lebanese community abroad (8 million). Argentina, Australia, Canada, Colombia, Ecuador, France, Spain, Germany, Great Britain, Mexico, Venezuela, USA, West Africa, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic also have large Lebanese communities. In 2007, Lebanon hosted a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 325,800. 270,800 refugees and asylum seekers were from the Former Palestine, 50,200 from Iraq, and 4,500 from Sudan. Lebanon forcibly returned more than 300 refugees and asylum seekers in 2007. Economy The urban population in Lebanon is noted for its commercial enterprise. Over the course of time, emigration has yielded Lebanese "commercial networks" throughout the world. Lebanon has a high proportion of skilled labour comparable to most European nations and the highest among Arabic speaking countries. Although Lebanon is ideally suited for agricultural activities in terms of water availability and soil fertility, as it possesses the highest proportion of cultivable land in the Arabic speaking world, it does not have a large agricultural sector. Attracting a mere 12% of the total workforce, agriculture is the least popular economic sector in Lebanon. It contributes approximately 11.7% of the country's GDP, also placing it in the lowest rank compared to other economic sectors. Major produce include apples, peaches, oranges, and lemons. Lebanon's lack of raw materials for industry and its complete dependency on Arab countries for oil have made it difficult for the Lebanese to engage in significant industrial activity. As such, industry in Lebanon is mainly limited to small businesses concerned with reassembling and packaging imported parts. In 2004, industry ranked second in workforce, with 26% of the Lebanese working population, and second in GDP contribution, with 21% of Lebanon's GDP. The Kadisha Valley is a World Heritage SiteA combination of beautiful climate, many historic landmarks and World Heritage Sites continues to attract large numbers of tourists to Lebanon annually, in spite of its political instability. In addition, Lebanon's strict financial secrecy and capitalist economy—unique in its area—have given it significant economic status among Arab countries. The thriving tourism and banking activities have naturally made the services sector the most important pillar of the Lebanese economy. The majority of the Lebanese workforce (nearly 65%) have preferred employment in the services sector, as a result of the abundant job opportunities and large paychecks. The GDP contribution, accordingly, is very large and amounts to roughly 67.3% of the annual Lebanese GDP. The economy's dependence on services has always been an issue of great criticism and concern, as it leaves the country subject to the instability of this sector and the vagaries of international trade. The 1975-1990 civil war seriously damaged Lebanon's economic infrastructure, cut national output by half, and all but ended Lebanon's position as a West Asian entrepôt and banking hub. The subsequent period of relative peace enabled the central government to restore control in Beirut, begin collecting taxes, and regain access to key port and government facilities. Economic recovery has been helped by a financially sound banking system and resilient small- and medium-scale manufacturers, with family remittances, banking services, manufactured and farm exports, and international aid as the main sources of foreign exchange. Until the 2006 Lebanon War, Lebanon's economy witnessed excellent growth, with bank assets reaching over 75 billion dollars. By the end of the first half of 2006, the influx of tourists to Lebanon had already registered a 49.3% increase over 2005 figures. Market capitalization was also at an all time high, estimated at $10.9 billion at the end of the second quarter of 2006, just weeks before the fighting started. Beirut's airport, Rafiq Hariri International Airport, re-opened in September 2006 and the efforts to revive the Lebanese economy have since been proceeding at a slow pace. Major contributors to the reconstruction of Lebanon include Saudi Arabia (with $US 1.5 billion pledged), the European Union (with about $1 billion) and a few other Gulf countries with contributions of up to $800 million. Foreign Relations Lebanon concluded negotiations on an association agreement with the European Union in late 2001, and both sides initialed the accord in January 2002. Lebanon also has bilateral trade agreements with several Arab states and is working toward accession to the World Trade Organization. Aside from Syria, Lebanon enjoys good relations with virtually all of the other Arab countries (despite historic tensions with Libya, the Palestinians, and Iraq), and hosted an Arab League Summit in March 2002 for the first time in more than 35 years. Lebanon also is a member of the Organization of Islamic Conference and maintains a close relationship with Iran, largely centered on Shi'a Muslim links. Lebanon is a member of the Francophone countries and hosted the Francophone Summit in October 2002. Education Schools All Lebanese schools are required to follow a prescribed curriculum designed by the Ministry of Education. Private schools, approximately 1,400 in all, may also add more courses to their curriculum with approval from the Ministry of Education. The main subjects taught are mathematics, sciences, history, civics, geography, Arabic, and either French or English or both. The subjects gradually increase in difficulty and in number. Students in Grade 11, for example, usually study up to eighteen different subjects. The government introduces a mild form of selectivity into the curriculum by giving 11th graders choice between two "concentrations": sciences, humanities, and 12th graders choose between four concentrations: life sciences, general sciences, sociology and economics, and humanities and literature. The choices in concentration do not include major changes in the number of subjects taken (if at all). However, subjects that fall out of the concentration are given less weight in grading and are less rigorous, while subjects that fall within the concentration are more challenging and contribute significantly to the final grade. Students go through three academic phases: Elementary: Six years. Intermediate: Three years; students earn Intermediate Certification (Lebanese Brevet) at completion. Secondary: three years, students who pass official exams earn a Baccalaureate Certificate (Baccalauréat Libanais) in the concentration they chose in 12th grade. Students studying at French-system schools may also graduate with a French Baccalaureate that is considered equivalent to the Lebanese Baccalaureate. These three phases are provided free to all students and the first eight years are, by law, compulsory. Nevertheless, this requirement currently falls short of being fully enforced. Higher education Following secondary school, Lebanese students may choose to study at a university, a college, or a vocational training institute. The number of years to complete each program varies. While the Lebanese educational system offer a very high quality and international class of education, the local employment market lacks of enough opportunities, thus encouraging many of the young educated to travel abroad. Lebanon has 41 nationally-accredited universities, several of which are internationally recognized. The American University of Beirut (AUB) and the Université Saint-Joseph (USJ) were the first Anglophone and the first Francophone universities to open in Lebanon, respectively. The forty-one universities, both public and private, largely operate in French, or English as these are the most widely used foreign languages in Lebanon. At the English universities, students who have graduated from an American-style high school program enter at the freshman level to earn their baccalaureate equivalence from the Lebanese Ministry of Higher Education. This qualifies them to continue studying at the higher levels. Such students are required to have already taken the SAT I and the SAT II upon applying to college, in lieu of the official exams. On the other hand, students who have graduated from a school that follows the Lebanese educational system are directly admitted to the sophomore year. These students are still required to take the SAT I, but not the SAT II. The University academic degrees for the first stage are the Bachelor or the Licence, for the second stage are the Master or the DEA and the third stage is the doctorate. The United Nations assigned Lebanon an Education Index of 0.84 in 2005. Language Article 11 of Lebanon's Constitution states that "Arabic is the official national language. A law determines the cases in which the French language may be used". The majority of Lebanese people speak Arabic and either French or English fluently. Moreover, Lebanese people of Armenian descent also speak Armenian fluently. The colloquial variant of Arabic used in Lebanon, which is known as Lebanese, is one part of a grouping of dialects called Levantine Arabic. It differs from the literary Modern Standard Arabic, owing its historical blend to Arabic, Syraic, Turkish, and Persian. In recent years, it has become increasingly common for Lebanese people, especially the better educated, to converse in a combination of Arabic, English and French, whereby the same sentence would include words or expressions from the different languages. In the 1960s Lebanese linguists, such as Mr. Saeed Aql, proposed 37 letters for the Lebanese dialect based on the Latin alphabets. The Arab league rejected the idea, putting pressure on the Lebanese government to refuse such a project. Noteworthy, the Lebanese dialcet is considered a language/dialect continuum. Teams of linguists from UCLA, Moscow State University, and from Cairo University, agreed that 45% of the Lebanese vocabulary is of Aramaic or Syraic origins. The Lebanese dialect has literary works date back to the 18th century AD. Regional influences and occupations throughout the centuries could possibly explain why Lebanese people speak so many languages, even incorporating them into their own. In addition, due to the importance of the Lebanese diaspora and business interests of Lebanese worldwide, it has always been important to master languages other than Arabic. Moreover, the Palestinian dialect of Akko in Israel is considered a dialect of Lebanese. In the Christian communities, until the Lebanese Civil War, it was seen as a mark of status to not speak Arabic.[citation needed] The reason for this could possibly be that Christians generally were educated in many of the French educational institutions and so a general Francophonic class emerged in their communities. However, as the Muslim population increased in previously Christian areas, Arabic is nowadays almost universally spoken among Lebanese.[citation needed] Culture Overview Phoenicia and its colonies. The Triumphal Arch in Tyre.The area including modern Lebanon has been home to various civilizations and cultures for thousands of years. Originally home to the Phoenicians, and then subsequently conquered and occupied by the Assyrians, the Persians, the Greeks, the Romans, the Arabs, the Ottoman Turks and most recently the French, Lebanese culture has over the millennia evolved by borrowing from all of these groups. Lebanon's diverse population, composed of different ethnic and religious groups, has further contributed to the country's lively festivals, highly successful musical styles and literature as well as their rich cuisine, and numerous violent clashes amongst different religious and ethnic groups. When compared to the rest of the Western Asia, Lebanese society as a whole is well educated, and as of 2003 87.4% of the population was literate. Lebanese society is very modern and similar to certain cultures of Mediterranean Europe. It is often considered to serve as Europe's gateway to Western Asia as well as the Asian gateway to the Western World. Creative arts Lebanese music is known around the world for its soothing rhythms and oriental beats. Traditional and folk music are extremely popular as are western rhythms. One of the most well-known Lebanese singers is Fairuz; her songs are broadcast every morning on most radio stations and many TV channels, both in Lebanon and the Arab world in general. Other prominent artists include Julia Boutros, composer and oud player Marcel Khalife, Majida El Roumi, Sabah, Wadih El Safi, and the important nun and singer Sister Marie Keyrouz, founder of The Ensemble of the Peace. Some Lebanese artists, such as Najwa Karam and Assi Hellani, remain loyal to a traditional type of music known as 'jabali' ("from the mountains"), while other artists incorporate Western style into their songs. Lebanese performers are perhaps the most popular in the Arab world alongside Egyptian artists, and the star scene includes prominent figures like Najwa Karam, Nancy Ajram, Elissa (singer), Ragheb Alame, Myriam Fares, Wael Kfoury, Nawal al Zoghbi, Carole Samaha, Julia Boutros, Marwan Khouri, Waleed Tawfeek, Amal Hijazi and Majida El Roumi. In addition, the lead guitarist from All Time Low, Jack Barakat, was born in Lebanon as well as the London based singer/songwriter Mika. Nevertheless, Lebanon is playing a leader rule in media and digital arts in the MENA region, in addition to the growth of online campaign such as Going Niche www.goingniche.com. Sports Because of Lebanon's unique geography, both summer and winter sports thrive in the country. In fact, in autumn and spring it is sometimes possible to engage in both during the same, skiing in the morning and swimming in the Mediterranean during the afternoon. At the competitive level, basketball, football, and hip ball are among Lebanon's most popular sports. In recent years, Lebanon has hosted the Asian Cup and the Pan-Arab Games; the country will host the Winter Asian Games in 2009. To meet the needs of these international competitions, Lebanon maintains state-of-the-art athletic facilities, that encourage local sporting activities and which in turn in both winter and summer games of the Olympics and Special Olympics. Lebanon boasts six ski resorts, with slopes suitable for skiers and snowboarders of all ages and levels of experience. Off-slope, there are many opportunities for cross-country skiing, snowshoeing, and snowmobiling. In the summer, skilifts can be used to access some of Lebanon's best hiking trails, with panoramic views stretching as far as Cyprus to the west and Syria to the east on clear days. Canoeing, cycling, rafting, climbing, swimming, sailing and spelunking are among the other common leisure sports in Lebanon. Adventure and extreme sports are also possible throughout the country. The Beirut Marathon is held every fall, drawing top runners from Lebanon and abroad. Shorter races are also held for youth and less serious competitors. Race day is promoted as a fun, family event, and it has become a tradition for many to participate in costumes or outlandish clothing. Arts and literature Lebanon's contribution to the Arab Rennaissance during the middle of the 19th century is immense. This flowering allowed for the modernisation of the Arabic language moving it away from its Koranic classical dictums, and allowing for the creation and adaptation of previously unknown terms/ words as Al-Watan (the nation), Al-Watania (Nationalism). The first theatre production in the Arab world was performed at the Al-Kahzen household in 1862, a Lebanese aristocratic family who were also representatives of France. By the turn of the 20th century, Beirut was vying with Cairo as the major centre for modern Arab thought, with untold number of newspapers, magazines, and literary societies. Temple of Jupiter in Baalbek.In literature, Gibran Khalil Gibran, who was born in Bsharri, Lebanon but grew to adulthood in Boston, Massachusetts, is known to be one of the world's famous writers, particularly known for his book The Prophet, which has been translated into more than twenty different languages. Several contemporary Lebanese writers have achieved international success; including Elias Khoury, Amin Maalouf and Hanan al-Shaykh. In art, Moustafa Farroukh and Alfred Bassbouss are very famous. Mustafa Farroukh (1901-1957) was one of Lebanon's most prominent painters of the 20th century. Formally trained in Rome and Paris, he exhibited in venues from Paris to New York to Beirut over his career. His work was applauded for its representation of real life in Lebanon in pictures of the country, its people and its customs. Farroukh became highly regarded as a Lebanese nationalist painter at a time when Lebanon was asserting its political independence. His art captured the spirit and character of the Lebanese people and he became recognized as the outstanding Lebanese painter of his generation. His total paintings were more than 2000 sold to collectors inside and outside of Lebanon. He also wrote five books and taught art at the American University of Beirut. Festivals Beiteddine Palace, the venue of Beiteddine Festival.Several international music festivals are held in Lebanon, featuring world-renowned artists and drawing crowds from Lebanon and abroad. Among the most famous are Baalbeck International Festival, Beiteddine Festival, Byblos International Festival, and the Al-Bustan Festival. Beirut (Beirut Nights) in particular has a very vibrant arts scene, with numerous performances, exhibits, fashion shows, and concerts held throughout the year in its galleries, museums, theatres, and public spaces. Politics Lebanon is a parliamentary, democratic republic, which implements a special system known as confessionalism. This system, allegedly meant to ensure that sectarian conflict is kept at bay, attempts to fairly represent the demographic distribution of religious sects in the governing body. As such, high-ranking offices in are reserved for members of specific religious groups. The President, for example, has to be a Maronite Catholic Christian, the Speaker of the Parliament a Shi’a Muslim, the Prime Minister a Sunni Muslim and the Deputy Prime Minister an Orthodox Christian. The Lebanese parliament building at the Place de l'ÉtoileThis trend continues in the distribution of the 128 parliamentary seats, which are divided equally between Muslims and Christians. Prior to 1990, the ratio stood at 6:5 in favor of Christians; however, the Taif Accord, which put an end to the 1975-1990 civil war, adjusted the ratio to grant equal representation to followers of the two religions. According to the constitution, direct elections must be held for the parliament every four years, although for much of Lebanon’s recent history, civil war precluded the exercise of this right. The parliament elects the president for a non-renewable six-year term. At the urging of the Syrian government, this constitutional rule has been bypassed by ad hoc amendment twice in recent history. Elias Hrawi’s term, which was due to end in 1995, was extended for three years. This procedure, denounced by pro-democracy campaigners, was repeated in 2004 to allow Émile Lahoud to remain in office until 2007. The President appoints the Prime Minister on the nomination of the parliament (which is, in most cases, binding). Following consultations with the parliament and the President, the Prime Minister forms the Cabinet, which must also adhere to the sectarian distribution set out by confessionalism. The Grand Serail, the government headquarters in downtown BeirutLebanon's judicial system is based on the Napoleonic Code. Juries are not used in trials. The Lebanese court system consists of three levels: courts of first instance, courts of appeal, and the court of cassation. There also is a system of religious courts having jurisdiction over personal status matters within their own communities, with rules on matters such as marriage, divorce, and inheritance. Lebanese law does not provide for Civil marriage (although it recognizes such marriages contracted abroad); efforts by former President Elias Hrawi to legalize civil marriage in the late 1990s floundered on objections mostly from Muslim clerics. Additionally, Lebanon has a system of military courts that also has jurisdiction over civilians for crimes of espionage, treason, and other crimes that are considered to be security-related. These military courts have been criticized by human rights organizations such as Amnesty International for "seriously fall[ing] short of international standards for fair trial" and having "very wide jurisdiction over civilians". |
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