美国 现代美国  (1932年)

 世界历史 World History： 《西洋现代史》 阅读罗伯特•帕克斯顿 Robert Paxton在历史大观的作品!!!

　　罗伯特·帕克斯顿（Robert O. Paxton），美国政治及历史学者，专于“二战”时期法国维希政权、纳粹主义及欧洲史。1932年生于弗吉尼亚州的列克星敦市。先后获得牛津大学硕士、哈佛大学博士学位。曾任教于加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校和纽约大学石溪分校，后进入哥伦比亚大学任教，为该校历史系社会科学梅隆讲座荣休教授。其主要著作有：开创性的《维希法国：老卫队和新秩序，1940-1944》（Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order，1940-1944，2001），《法国农民的法西斯主义思绪》（French Peasant Fascism，1996），《法西斯主义剖析》（The Anatomy of Fascism，2004）。他还是对“法西斯主义”一词做出权威界定者之一。2009年4月，法国政府授予其“法国荣誉军团勋章”。

　　Robert O. Paxton (born 1932 in Lexington, Virginia) is an American political scientist and historian specializing in Vichy France, fascism and Europe during the World War II era.
　　
　　BiographyPaxton was born in Lexington, Virginia, and studied at Washington and Lee University for B.A. He earned his M.A. at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar. He earned his Ph.D. at Harvard University.
　　
　　Paxton taught at the University of California, Berkeley and the State University of New York at Stony Brook before joining the faculty of Columbia University in New York, where he is now Mellon Professor Emeritus of Social Science in the Department of History.
　　
　　Paxton was called to testify at the trial of Maurice Papon (1910–2007), who was convicted for crimes against humanity in 1998.
　　
　　In April, 2009, the French government awarded Paxton the Legion d'honneur.
　　
　　 Academic WorkPaxton is best known for his 1972 book Vichy France, Old Guard and New Order, 1940-1944, in which he argued that Vichy collaboration with Germany was a voluntary program entered into by the Vichy government, not forced upon it by German pressure. It is considered one of the path-breaking works on France in the Vichy era. Its thesis has earned respect among both American and French historians. Paxton was the co-writer of Claude Chabrol's The Eye of Vichy.
　　
　　Additionally, Paxton has put forward a definition of fascism:
　　
　　"Fascism may be defined as a form of political behavior marked by obsessive preoccupation with community decline, humiliation, or victim-hood and by compensatory cults of unity, energy, and purity, in which a mass-based party of committed nationalist militants, working in uneasy but effective collaboration with traditional elites, abandons democratic liberties and pursues with redemptive violence and without ethical or legal restraints goals of internal cleansing and external expansion."