| Last Name： | 郑 | ||
| First Name： | 官应 | ||
| Name and Alias： | 正翔 | ||
| Web/Pen/Nick Name： | 陶斋 | ||
| Township： | 广东中山 | ||
Read works of Zheng Guanying at 历史大观 | |||
郑观应Biography
Guanying was brought by the father, as a scholar of education, but unfortunately the test is not in the child, the son of the orders to Shanghai to learn from the business of the road. Matheson in 1860 became a British shopkeeper Dent, and Qin-xiu English, on the Western political and economic depth of knowledge there. 1873 co-founded Pacific Shipping Company, compiled in 1880, "Easy words," a book during exercise in self-proposed - commercial warfare - (that is, learning from the West in business), and recommends a constitutional monarchy. In the same year left the Pacific and in trust by the Zhili Governor Li Shanghai Machine Weaving as Cable and Wireless Bureau and the General Office of Shanghai. Steamship in 1883 was promoted to General Office.
However, in 1884 China Merchants Steam Navigation and the Pacific Shipping Company employees and other cases of poor management, and pocketed the tired, physically and mentally fatigued. Therefore relegated to Macau, residing in a Mandarin's House, the painstaking revision "easy words", that was the famous "Golden Age threats I." Back in 1891 as Director-General of Office of Coal Mine in Kaiping, China Merchants deputy the following year transferred. In 1894, the "Golden Age threats I" completed. Establishment of the Republic after the Wuchang Uprising, Guanying is focused on the development of education, public schools served as Resident Director of China Merchants, Shanghai Business School Honorary Director and other staff. May 1922 died in Shanghai.
Cheng native Macau, at an early age by the influence of European style, "the heart of political research, industry study," cast as the story of his life experience: "For the stabbing outside the urgent need for self-improvement; For self-improvement, we must first get rich; want to get rich, Trade and Industry will be the first in the vibration; For vibration business, we must first stress the school, speed set the Constitution, respect for the moral improvement of politics. "
Cheng's former residence in Macau ─ ─ Mandarin's House's "Golden Age threats I" called great power of modern Chinese society and influence of the great works, since the nineteenth century, print and publish the nineties after the intellectual, academic and even political, economic, military circles, both caused a strong reaction.
"Spirit threats I" just come out that the emperor Kai Ti, wake up millions of people with lofty ideals, but also deeply influenced several generations of great men ─ ─ such as Kang Yu-wei, Liang, Sun Yat-sen and Mao Zedong, the Chinese write a glorious page in the history of modern thought.
In 1868, Dent Matheson closure, should be transferred Rensheng Xiang Zheng Guan Interpreter stack of tea and fair partnership funded shipping companies. 1873, co-founded Pacific Shipping Company. The following year, the company employed the post of prime minister and concurrently in charge of the clerk, warehouse and other things, Zheng concept should start all the major ports in the Yangtze River opened a business and financial institutions, Pacific shipping business is quite prosperous. Guanying also invest in the industry, has equity participation in the Steamship, Kaiping Mining Bureau, the Shanghai Paper Company, Shanghai Machine Weaving Bureau and other enterprises, and satisfied that the funding was donated doctor, said members of the title, with Li and other large Westernization Members also pay at depth.
1878,
Shanghai Machine Weaving Bureau door
In 1884, Sino-French War broke out, Guanying to introduce ourselves and recommended by the King in the spring, the defense minister Yulin eastern Guanying transfer to Guangdong, the total run Gordon Barracks Department matters. Zhang Zhidong, the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi Yulin and planning to attack the French army rations stored in Sai Kung, send Guanying Qianwang Saigon, Phnom Penh, Cambodia and other places the enemy reconnaissance and attack those who seek to contact the French South Pacific country. Back to Guangzhou shortly after the French fleet to attack Taiwan, Guanying suggested a decisive battle with the French, and seven of Article Chen proposed operations. Rotary has been appointed for matters relating to assistance units, then go to Hong Kong Guanying charter, to transport troops and forage Taiwan ammunition.
1884, October 13, Sheng in his letter to the emotion: "The fate of rough years, something more than Funi. That responsibility in addition superior friends, fathers and brothers complain to his wife, the dilemma, recourse to redress. Except this ruin, lack of trust in people, though everywhere beg for mercy, so it is hard to be hand. "then retired Macau, focussed on landscapes, the full-size energy to rewrite the amendment" easy words "until two decades Guangxu (1894), an expression His mature and complete reform system, "Prime threats I" finally fixing.
"Spirit threats I" through the "save the country rich and powerful" theme, the political, economic, military, diplomatic, and cultural aspects of the reforms put forward practical solutions to the Ming Chuan after the depression, confusion of the late Qing end of the world out of a quote Life crisis in the security of the medicine. Gan Zhang read Westernization "Spirit threats I" after the Comment: "The book of signs of the times, although many studies of the overall situation is less than the book details the Optional Goblin." "On which this secondary world, can be described as medicine of the party; bottom before this reservoir can be used as lily of the degree."
1891, March
Kaiping Coal Mine
Guanying sting for a long time thinking move, since you recommend Sheng, Li appointed by the Board, Office of the Guangdong Kaiping Coal Mine, is responsible to purchase land and build factories, filling terminals. Li re-appointment of its second year as a deputy of China Merchants, the Merchants consolidation business downturn, into the Council at the beginning of Guanying the biggest competitors with the Pacific, Jardine Matheson together they sign the contract price. And to prepare a "rectification Merchants ten", Xuanyou as "the Northern Minister Chen Li Fu-phase intrinsic Merchants and rectify the situation on Chen," fourteen, which relates to income and reduce expenditure and the specific business strategy. 1893 Guanying incognito look, as the mouth of the Yangtze River, to understand the pros and cons of each branch of the case, investigation Jardine Matheson, Swire in various places of operation, and then visited Shantou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Zhejiang, and Tianjin Branch. Sino-Japanese War on the eve of Guanying letter Qing Qing said the Japanese would attack, after the war, has repeatedly brought a letter to prepare for the Japanese spies, the Japanese are not allowed to take measures such as the telegraph code, report the case of Japanese ordnance delivery, decided to set aside for military vessels Merchants section to transport personnel ordnance. After the Japanese captured the Northeast, such as the China Merchants Guanying ship 20 "sold out darker care" in Germany, Britain and other countries Matheson, hanging the flag outside the usual traffic, and on the "war on Chen the day" against the Japanese begging and. After the war, ships should be fully recovered Zheng Guan, and resolutely oppose "Treaty of Shimonoseki."
1896, May, Zhang was appointed Guanying Hanyang Iron Works General Office. The following year in January, he served as general director Han Railway. May, renamed deputy from the Steamship together for processing. 1899, October, and part-time General in Shanghai, Jilin mining company directors, broad strokes shares. Li died, his successor Northern minister, Zhili Governor Yuan won the Merchants Steam Navigation Company and Cable & Wireless as their own. Guanying leave the Merchants, the governor of Guangxi Wang should be invited to spring Gui, acting left River Road, while concurrently Han Railway Engineering Bureau to purchase services and Han Railway Board, Office, rotating the spring were dismissed by the king post Fuyue away, Han Railway right of way involved in recovery activities. Associate of Guangzhou Chamber of Commerce.
Guanying built in 1903, the village is located in three townships Yongmo
1906, March, was elected as Guangdong China Han Railway Co., Ltd. Guangdong Office of the total run, offering fund-raising work, rotating for "mourning" to resign. Xuantong first year (1909), three into the China Merchants director, responsible for the commercial office of China Merchants registered with the Ministry of Commerce to do. Guanying 1900 and advocated the constitutional line speed, which is certainly clear and maintain the precarious government. But at the time of the historical circumstances, the constitutional Guanying to receive people, but also has some merit. In 1900, the appointment of Zheng Guan Sheng should be done, discretionary Guanying after rectifying the Steamship do business again patrol the Yangtze River ports of the Bureau. After the outbreak of the Wuchang Uprising, from Chuan Hui Hu Guanying.
After the Republic of China, the main energy Guanying dump the provision of education and public schools and boarding Merchants directors, officers, honorary director of Shanghai Business School and other staff. 1921, April, Zheng concept should be made to the book Merchants Board of Directors, requested the resignation of retirement. A year later, died in Shanghai Tilanqiao investment public school dormitory.
Guanying - Commercial War thinking
Guanying the core of economic thinking was his "Trade War" theory. Efforts to search for "Trade War" in the modern sense, and repeated to interpret those from Guanying onset, he foreign capitalist aggression means the category of "military war" (military aggression) and "Trade War" (economic aggression), and that The latter is more subtle than the former, more threatening, and therefore China should also aggression against economic aggression against the military aggression on more than priority. Guanying is Sino (1894) before and after the rage of the "Trade War" on the main representative.
Guanying
In Guanying here, "Trade War" series corresponds to the "military war" is concerned. Soldiers war, a military conflict. Commercial War refers to compete in the market. His name is a word, another in his name with the "Spirit threats I" in the proposed "learning learning business war as fighting soldiers." That is learning from the West, just eager to buy iron ship, built forts, made firearms, the system mine, located navy, parade land array, and stress the war has spared no effort as far as the revitalization of the western countries are doing all that business. As the "Trade War" must get rid of the agriculture-oriented, business for the end of handcraft prejudice: "China founded on agriculture, oceanic to business founding. Agricultural interests, this also; business interests, at the end too. The best a man can speak of also. ancient, the little people of the quiet business, never in contact, so the grain, cloth trading I understand. this is also not the case. national merger, the figure self-interest, by the power business, by soldiers to health providers. The league set a covenant between recruits ask, are all designed for trade. British business to break the monarch Youyi extension [, the provision of the Americas, representing India, according to Burma, through China, the pilot whom are businessmen,...... For the system to self-known Westerners, nurturing business, according to Xing. Andrew works for the end of that business Kazuya? "
The "Trade War", that is, changing from a traditional agrarian economy to a modern industrial economy, from the traditional self-sufficient economy to a modern market economy transformation. "Easy speech business" has pointed out: "the original Cardiff European countries to trade for large diameter, to create service-oriented." "Prime threats I Trade War" the more noted: "The Rise and Fall of Commerce, not only the amount of the relevant property, How will visual technology, especially the humble. have to wing business, the humble are happy coincidence, the crude may fine. by Jin Chu materials that use, to the evil and match up, you can still Yuli He he State property. If business and no work, Zongling to not love treasure, eighteen provincial property, HSBC, benefits are provided only he had abandoned and has been used. Ji Jin trying to change the terms, do not thin as the Commerce and Industry. "
Zheng concept should be emphasized that: "Westerners in business for the war, scholars, farmers, and workers as the business to help him; Minister also laid off as a commercial, consular legislation for the business also; warships are set for the business....... I should solve the problem of China. If they abandon their plans of this and the late appearance of its shape rather than focusing on the heart, study of fashion, not intelligence, will see the business fail, and scholars, farmers, workers lost both their ability and what in the prosperity of the world Zhengheng Yeah?
Commercial warfare
Guanying representative of the "Golden Age threats I"
Guanying observation is so profound that a century later, he revealed that in the next disadvantages of the disadvantages and also everywhere. To change this situation, improve the administration of business persons and persons related to one of quality, Zheng requested the central concept of the six ad hoc business outside the Ministry of Commerce Bureau in each province is divided into land and water pass rush, the prestigious business people from the known director for the Council, support and protection of industrial and commercial development industry, "will be required in the oceanic by the Chinese, able to self; foreign requirements in China who can be transported for sale." At the same time, "and will be located at the Business Council of business, different categories, to teach the children of the Shang Dynasty: breaking the fool, to open its wisdom; penalty and false, reward their faith; to persuade them to create, quit their due; service its large, its articles small; so suddenly in the win by the odd speaking it, and then points will be together, who can gather scattered, small ones can be large, humble person happy coincidence, fraud are credible, the poor can be rich, waste may Hing. "Meanwhile, in the The government, state, county to the business offices, the business operators who elect its own directors, "Prepare for officer potential, not mixed right gentry", painted by their own research plan, Rise and Fall of the decision to make "up and down feelings pass, together officials and business trend, Lee Hing all, victims are all leather. " Here, of course, no lack of idealism, a little bit too optimistic, however, to the development of modern industry and commerce, there must be a large number of entrepreneurs with modern quality and administrators, must establish a modern enterprise system, in accordance with the prevailing rules determine that a clear sense of further explanation, in Guanying here, "Trade War" has a very clear modern consciousness.
Guanying - Educational Thought
Guanying sharply criticized a long time,
Guanying
How to change this situation? Guanying that, first of all should be building more schools, "schools who bring talent, the rule-day plant Big also." To be like Germany, as "the size of school, each sequence": the first solution and universal primary education question: "Republic of scattered rural private school for poor children at home designed by local officials raise funds manager. both men and women are equal, after the age of five are required to school, would not join the crime of their parents and scholars." Then, through trade homes, real College, art hospital studies, Distinguished Academy re-entry too.
Guanying said: "Schools who are run out of talent. Personnel who are run by strong national strength. So strong in the West of the study, non-high ten people. What, then want to with it gaining the upper hand, Feitu warships are in the gun, China strongly in school science, but also learn they have learned. "To this end, he suggested:" China should Shenzhuo urgent, the outside into law, education, human resources, both civil and military, the Japanese established the Minister and sub-Division responsibilities. employ foreign special masters, to Peking States useful book, Private Schools scheduled special textbooks general, enactment of the provinces. and links with local business people injured Officials Governor spot fundraising, and donated money moment, help solve the problem were reported to the Department of incentives. to ensure states and counties all over the set of primary, secondary, provinces set higher university, one seriously, Deep, not leaps. "
To establish more schools,
Guanying
A more comprehensive changes to the teaching content, to change people's existing knowledge structure and the concept of people. In his "Western" in an article denouncing the one of this "self-proclaimed Masato who" move to talk about foreign affairs is high, and there emphasis on Western scholars, is described as a Norm sinners, Shihlin scum of the "real China and its people by mistake. He Introduction West credits heaven, earth, human categories. the so-called days of learning, "in days as the key link, and all algorithms, calendar, electrical, optical various arts, chosen by days of school to those who are pushed to the extreme. "The so-called study," as the key link in to public opinion, and all measurements, Jingwei, planting, car boat, Battle Array various arts, chosen to learn to those who have pushed to the extreme. "The so-called human science," the dialect of the text as the key link, and all political and religious, criminal law, manufacturing, merchants, workers of various technical arts, chosen by people learning to drive to the extreme among them. "The above activities are for the benefit of national economy and the school. Guanying also noted:" On the West of the study, factions slice, business administration, art of war, shipbuilding, controller, and the agriculture, fishery, animal husbandry, mining of various services, no one is not refined, but are guided from the steam of their science, optics, chemistry, electricity. "Application of the strong variety of knowledge, are the foundation of learning for the foundation. There is a fundamental characteristic of Western, which is" All things are empirical, non-virtual test its reasoning. "The above activities Guanying that imitated in China are worth. "Sifa all, Westerners to strong, effective received, there are programs. I followed step becoming more easily see the power. Chinese text translated from the west to Western into secondary schools, less than ten years, the Chinese personnel receive no difficulty with the West relative to the stubborn. "
Guanying - Philosophy
Guanying
In epistemology, the traditional Chinese Zheng Guan response relationship between name and reality, knowing the relationship between theory, given the content of Western advocates apply their knowledge, the line then known. In the concept of development, the Cheng view the new school should be raised with the content of people's initiative, and are often associated with change and other issues. His awareness of the material from the reaction of starting, that man can not only transform nature, but also imitation line Sifa, engaged in the transformation of society. Often associated with changes in the issue, Guanying put forward "into Western Middle School," the proposition, the concept of development that has a qualitative significance, but Guanying eventually affirmed the "control variable, said the same," thus the methodology into metaphysics. In short, Guanying development concept is a gradual recognition of mutations as well as recognition, but mutations in the gradient of distortion. This is the bourgeois transformation of the feudal relations of production to demand, but a compromise in the feudal hierarchy, a special form of metaphysics. It reflects the Chinese philosophy in mechanical materialism of modern tendencies, including links to the development of the ideological characteristics. The author believes that to the history of philosophy is concerned, Guanying philosophy is the development of bourgeois philosophy circle beginning of philosophy in modern China has an important position on, and later Fu, Kang, Tan, Sun Yat-sen a direct impact.
Guanying family photo
In 1992, Fang Zhiqin "published Guanying" Tao "Ping Yee," then that Guanying to "Tao" as his masterpiece "Spirit threats I," a book of the first paper, in fact, to defend against diehard facade embellishment for the attack; "Tao" chapter Although Guanying reflected in the conservative side view of the world, but unite in their ideas of reform has no direct contact. The authors note that Guanying but not the guardians of those reformers, Cheng view of the prosperity of the country should stand in the open House, China should follow the example of Britain, Germany and the House of the system, constitutional monarchy, the rest is but a variety of end Hing leather. That should not be of Guanying confused philosophical views and political views that Guanying very complex world view, and from the ideological source, philosophy, etc. Analysis Pursuits Cheng caused contradictory world views and social and political concept of the reasons. Authors stress Guanying adhering to the "Road not be changed, control variable," the traditional view, a mere one to write a "Tao", but from previous doctrine, there is no invention, in fact, be expressed only on the "Golden Age threats I "no material impact on the book theme. No matter that the book provides Guanying change is "Road" or "device", in short, is to turn China into a constitutional monarchy of capitalism, this is real change.
Guanying - Literary Thought
Despite the early 20th century, early 60s, Cao Sibin had published "Guanying anti-American Poetry," Poetry of Guanying initial introduction, but until 80 years ago, people Guanying stay in basic research political and economic aspects.
Guanying
80 years after the start of the tentacles deep into Guanying prose, poetry, in many of China's modern literary history was made in view of Cheng's prose achievements and status should be given a high rating. Cao Sibin "patriotic poet - Guanying" and also earlier on Guanying preliminary study poetry.
90 years later, Deng Jingbin has published "Poems Guanying View" and "Industrial poet first - Guanying Poetry," the first comprehensive exposition of the poetry Guanying view that in poetry Guanying and social relations in favor of "straight mind current events", "moral regulation Remonstrance"; in poetry and emotional relationship, that "chant disposition", "cheerfully lapel of"; in poetry and the forms of relations, that "informal style", " not emulated the ancients "; in poetry and language relations, stands for" power sweep extravagant word "," your words were light in particular. " In modern colloquial and vernacular poetry of the road, Guanying indeed quite negative than A Survey of Poetry name a big step forward. Secondly, Guanying were analyzed and classified the contents of poetry, pointing out the industry's most prestigious poetry, which reflects the purpose of the revitalization of industry, content, measures and safeguards. Finally, the paper Guanying characteristics and value of poetry that Guanying both impassioned style of poetry, Haoqiganyun side, there are SD and tranquil, warm alcohol simple side. The poem has a "can not stand Yaan, not yet modified, with the words Li matter, saying the situation in terms of" features. Although that Guanying poem based on a straight expression of the poet, but also no shortage of vivid, poetic description. In developing the theme of his poetry, tactile sensitivity, the depth the various aspects, called the walking in the forefront of contemporary poets.
Guanying most characteristic poetry, poetry is the most valuable industry, and its value lies in the history of show business in modern China and the difficult process of arduous, reveals a series of Chinese modern revitalization of valuable industry experience, to develop a new classical poetry themes areas. In addition, the "Guanying Selected Poems" Selected Poems of Zheng concept should be representative kinds of help to understand overview of Guanying poetry.
Stamps commemorating Guanying
ZHENG group's "poetry, such as Du Fu, Yayun if Ching Lin - On Guanying poem", and also Zheng Guanying poetry rich ideological content and artistic features bright paper, that his poetry has the disadvantages of self-improvement and reform the spirit of concern for the people of literary self-pity, impassioned and tranquil SD literary style, not something carved such exquisite language features. Early Levin, "Poetry on Guanying evaluation",] Guanying in certain poems rich, wide range of topics, especially the works of a large number reflects the business industry to broaden the field of performance poetry; poem full of resisting foreign aggression, depression patriotic concern for the people of the country at the same time, analyzing the art of poetry in the defects and their causes.
Guanying - Tax Thought
Guanying
Guanying life in the industrial and commercial activities. Modern bourgeois reformist thinkers. He advocated tariffs to recover the autonomy that the "exercise of its right to set all their taxes, although the Tai kingdom of the severity of a small country can not be made, although not to the small country of the scratch resistance by the big powers." He denied the Sino-British Treaty of Nanking in terms of tariff agreements, international law as the criterion required to fight for the sovereignty of the State. Pointed out that "tax established special statute to do one to interpret section, where the believers with blue eyes and yellow hair, Yuezu and on behalf of the government peace?" He pointed out the significance of tariff autonomy "Do the right of self-exercise huge sum of money, not negative bare block tariff Westerners, irrelevant to God benefits Monopolizing National Chengchi University, and the preservation of the state system in the DPRK who is particularly great too. "Guanying advocated a protective tariff policy to promote China's national industry and commerce and foreign trade. He said, "All of the owner, light duty for wide path; those of the no. Heavy taxes to the event source, take me right, I'm rich business people. Discretionary profit virtual agents, they must so." He believes that the Qing import tariff rate is too low, should be "re-new chapter, shall be imposed." Guanying mercantilist thinking is also reflected in his ideas on the Abrogation. He pointed out that "When the cultivation of business to foreign goods and Du drain enemy Eritrea, not to plunder the people and the tax determined to the patients from the disease." He listed the top ten likin tax disadvantages and masts, that "if the number drawn by the trickle-down go public, matches its name, is the loss of benefit to the people and the Jewish State", that "determined to donate will not be dismantled, business is difficult to revive." He also drew on the Western system of stamp duty, stamp duty instead of likin proposed tax vision.
Guanying - Contribution of
Guanying, in many modern Chinese history and Chinese Modern History in the making, have been thought as an early representative of one of the reformist to History.
Guanying Macao SAR Memorial Birthday Anniversary Stamp hundred and sixty
In the early modernization process, Guanying is also a modern industry in the development, operation and management of the business community precursor; development in China, the Enlightenment, Guanying and literally hit a first round of the Enlightenment precursor of the basic problem of the Enlightenment. As a businessman, Guanying Enlightenment brewing, shaping and development, it has its own hands-on experience with a solid foundation; as the Enlightenment thinkers, Guanying Industrial activities will have clear goals and a broader vision.
Guanying as many of his views are not acceptable earlier, many ideas were not implemented in practice earlier, and felt uncomfortable. However, on the other hand, the Enlightenment who is also valuable here, because they are more early to see the only way of historical development. Guanying "easy words" and "Spirit threats I," especially the "Golden Age threats I," a book was directly inspired by the historical development of the Chinese leadership is the trend of the three great men: Kang, Sun Yat-sen, Mao Zedong. Guangxu also read his 1895 book "The Golden Age threats I", also made the book Prime countries Affairs Shuayin two thousand Yamen, distribute Chen workers access to see.
Translated by Google