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埃德加·斯诺1960年，當日本帝國主義對中國發動全面侵略戰爭，中華民族到了生死存亡的緊急關頭的時候，有一大批世界各國的正義進步人士和反法西斯的國際主義戰士紛紛到中國來支援和幫助中國人民抗戰。他們同中國軍民患難與共、團结戰鬥，許多人英勇地獻出了自己寶貴的生命，為抗日戰爭的勝利作出了重要貢獻。中國人民的誠摯朋友，美國著名記者、作傢埃德加·斯諾在抗日戰爭中發揮了獨特的作用。
斯諾是最早揭露日本帝國主義侵略中國野心的西方記者和歷史的見證人。早在1929年春，他作為一位美國記者到東北旅遊采訪時，親眼看到日本關東軍駐紮在中國的土地上，橫行霸道。他指出，“在滿洲的每個日本人思想深處都有一種信念，那就是遲早都要把太陽旗插遍這裏的每一個角落。”
斯諾於1928年來華，曾任歐美幾傢報社駐華記者、通訊員。1933年4月到1935年6月，斯諾同時兼任北平燕京大學新聞係講師。1936年6月斯諾訪問陝甘寧邊區，寫了大量通訊報道，成為第一個采訪紅區的西方記者。抗日戰爭爆發後，又任《每日先驅報》和美國《星期六晚郵報》駐華戰地記者。1942年去中亞和蘇聯前綫采訪，離開中國。新中國成立後，曾三次來華訪問，1972年2月15日因病在瑞士日內瓦逝世。
埃德加·斯諾
斯諾與海倫·斯諾於1949年5月分手，兩人之間沒有子女，之後海倫一直住在斯諾購置的在美國康涅狄格州麥迪遜鎮一棟建於1752年的農捨裏，而且沒有再婚。在尼剋鬆總統訪華後，她於1972年末和1978年兩次再訪中國。80年代兩次獲諾貝爾和平奬提名。1996年中國人民對外友好協會授予海倫“人民友好使者”的榮譽證書和證章。1997年1月，海倫去世。斯諾與海倫離婚後與美國女演員洛伊斯·惠勒·斯諾結婚，婚後生有一對兒女剋裏斯托弗和茜安·斯諾。
埃德加·斯諾-人物生平
埃德加·斯諾
埃德加-斯諾（1905一1972）誕生在密蘇裏州堪 薩斯城。
1924年入密蘇裏大學新聞學院學習，後從事新聞工作。1928年第一次到中國，任駐上海記者。
1933一1938年在北平燕京大學任教。
1936年訪問中國共産黨領導下的陝北根據地。
1937年寫作出版了《紅星照耀中國》（後改名為《西行漫記》），此書最早嚮美國人民和全世界人民介紹中國的革命運動。
1939年再次訪問陝北。
1941年離開中國後，開始對第二次世界大戰的采訪生活，出版了《為亞洲而戰》（1941年）、《人民在我們一邊》（1944年）等著作。
1959年偕同夫人移居瑞士。
1960、1964、1970年曾3次訪問中國，並報道了新中國的建設成就。另著有《河的彼岸》、 《中國巨變》等介紹中國的書籍。
1972年2月15日病逝於日內瓦。按照他的遺囑，其部分骨灰於1973年10月安葬在北京大學校園的未名湖畔。
埃德加·斯諾-個人作品
埃德加·斯諾（右）
FarEasternFront
《遠東前綫》
LivingChina
《活躍的中國》
RedStarOverChina
《紅星照耀中國》（舊譯名《西行漫記》）
TheBattleforAsia
《為亞洲而戰》
PeopleonOurSide
《人民在我們這邊》
ThePatternofSovietPower
《蘇聯的權力結構》
StalinMustHavePeace
《斯大林需要和平》
RandomNotesonRedChina
《紅色中國隨記》
JourneytotheBeginning
《旅行於方生之地》
RedChinaToday:TheOtherSideoftheRiver
《今日紅色中國：大河彼岸》
TheLongRevolution
《漫長的革命》
埃德加·斯諾-個人感言
埃德加·斯諾（左）
我應該是中國的一部分。儘管埃德加采訪過並寫過許多相隔遙遠的不同地區--印度、緬甸、印度支那、伊朗、阿拉伯國傢、非洲、歐洲、墨西哥和蘇聯--戰時的與平時的(註），但斯諾的名字卻同中國有着特殊的聯繫。1941年，斯諾離開一住就是十三年的中國返回美國，在談到他個人同中國這種聯繫的感受時，他說：我依然贊成中國的事業；從根本上說，真理、公正和正義屬於中國人民的事業。我贊成任何有助於中國人民自己幫助自己的措施，因為衹有采用這種方法，才能使他們解救自已。但是，我永遠不再設想，就我個人對中國來說，除了是一顆漂浮在具有其自身邏輯的宏大歷史浪潮上的來自異國的"滄海一粟"之外，我還能有什麽更多的作為，對於這一歷史浪潮，我既無力改變它也無權評介它。
縱然我不能貿然自稱是中國的一部分，但中國卻已承認我是她的一部分。直至我懂得饑荒意味着赤身裸體的年輕姑娘胸前挂着兩衹幹癟的乳房，恐怖意味着在戰場的一片焦土上我看到一大群老鼠正在大嚼那些被拋棄的但仍活着的傷兵們身上的化膿血肉；直至我懂得叛亂意味着當我怒不可遏地看到有人把一個小孩變成一頭馱載牲口強迫他在地上爬行，而“共産主義”就是一個青年農民為報傢仇而起來戰鬥，因為他傢族中有三個孩子參加紅軍，而全族五十六口人都因此被槍决；直至我懂得戰爭意味着在上海閘北的街道上，一個姑娘被強姦後又被剖開肚子，一絲不挂地扔在我的眼前，屠殺意味着在靠近衛生部的一條弄堂裏的垃圾堆上扔着一個黃皮膚棄嬰的屍體；直至我在自己身上看到自己的極度恐懼和怯懦，而從原先我天真地認為比自己低賤的那些男女平民百姓的身上卻看到了他們的勇氣和决心--這時，我頭腦中對文字含義和統計數字所抱有的那種年輕無知的想法，纔為中國存在的這些真實的場面和人物所取代。
是的，我應該是中國的一部分。我的一部分應該始終留在中國黃褐色山嶺上，留在她緑色梯田上，留在她晨霧中依稀可見的島上寺廟中，留給不少相信我或喜歡我的中華兒女，留給那些雖然破産但卻彬彬有禮、使人愉快、結我吃住的中國農民，留給我所認識的那些皮膚黝黑、衣衫襤褸、眼睛閃亮的中國兒童和那些地位平等的人和戀人們，首先，應該留給所有那些滿身長虱，不領薪調，忍饑挨餓，受人鄙視的農民出身的步兵，他們獻出自己的生命，賦予生命本身以新的價值，為一個偉大民族的生存和繼續前進的戰鬥加蓋了崇高的標志。
埃德加·斯諾-個人影響
埃德加·斯諾（左）
抗日戰爭全面爆發後，許多外國新聞記者、作傢、學者，甚至美國軍官，由於斯諾的影響或介紹紛紛到延安和各敵後抗日根據地訪問，瞭解和報道中國人民的抗戰。諸如白求恩、柯棣華大夫等許多國際反法西斯戰士，都是讀了《西行漫記》後，不遠萬裏，到中國支援抗戰的。
有一片蔓草叢生的空地，四周松樹圍繞，遮住了大傢的視綫”根據斯諾先生病重期間留下的遺囑，洛伊斯選擇了末名湖畔這塊“空地”作為墓址。
1977年12月13日，葉劍英同志親筆題寫了碑名：“中國人民的美國朋友埃德加·斯諾之墓”，後被餾金鎸刻在墓碑之上。1982年2月，北京大學在辦公樓舉行了斯諾逝世10周年紀念會，廖承志、黃華等同志會見了斯諾夫人，並一同到湖畔掃墓。
1972年2月15日，斯諾在瑞士日內瓦因患癌癥病逝。他留下的遺囑是：“我愛中國，我願在死後把我的一部分留在那裏，就像我活着時那樣。”骨灰安葬儀式於1973年10月19日舉行。墓基座為長方形未經雕磨的青色岩石，上邊橫臥漢白玉墓碑一方，臨時用黑色膠紙貼着楷書：“中國人民的美國朋友埃德加·斯諾之墓”。碑前放着毛澤東主席送的花圈，緞帶上寫着：“獻給埃德加·斯諾先生”，宋慶齡副主席、朱德委員長、周恩來總理也送了花圈，黨和國傢領導人周恩來、李富春、郭沫若、鄧穎超、廖承志、康剋清以及北大師生代表參加了安葬儀式。
洛伊斯攜女兒茜安·斯諾出席儀式，她感謝中國政府和人民，說：“我丈夫在他遺言中表達了他對中國的熱愛，並表示了他生前一部分身心常在中國，希望死後也將他的一部分遺體安放在新中國的古老的土地下，安放在中國的新人中間，在這裏，對人類的尊重達到了新的高度，在這裏，世界的希望發射着新的光芒。”斯諾的另外一部分骨灰安葬在美國赫德森河畔一位朋友傢的花園中。
埃德加·斯諾-中國時期
埃德加·斯諾（左）
斯諾1928年離開密蘇裏大學新聞學院來到中國，在上海任《密勒支評論報》助理主編，以後又任《芝加哥論壇報、倫敦《每日先驅報》駐東南亞記者。他踏遍中國大地進行采訪報道，“9·18’’事變後曾訪問東北、上海戰綫，發表報告通訊集《遠東戰綫》。在上海，他見到了宋慶齡和魯迅，引發了他對記錄中國人民苦難與嚮往的中國新文藝的興趣，後來他對蕭乾講，“魯迅是教我懂得中國的一把鑰匙”。他慶幸自己能在上海結識魯迅先生和宋慶齡女士，他是在他們的指引下認識中國的。
1932年聖誕節，斯諾與海倫·斯諾(Peg snow即HelenFoster Snow l907—1997)在東京美國駐日本使館舉行婚禮，後遊歷日本、東南亞、中國沿海一帶。1933年春天在北平安傢，住址在東城盔甲廠鬍同13號。1934年初，斯諾以美國《紐約日報》駐華記者身份應邀兼任燕京大學新聞係講師，為教書方便，他在海澱鎮軍機處4號院購買了一處住宅，位置在今日北京大學西南門一帶，座西朝東，有一個黑色鐵柵欄門，這原是一位燕大出身的銀行傢的子，中西合壁式，寬敞的院子裏種有果樹、竹子，還有一座小型遊泳池，位置就在今日北大西南門外的海澱路上。因為坐落在海澱臺地之上，可以遠眺頤和園和西山風景。斯諾和夫人非常喜歡燕京大學的美麗風光，說：“它的一部分占了圓明園的舊址，保持了原來的景色，包括花園一般的校園中心那個可愛的小湖(即未名湖)。”
斯諾熱愛中國，熱愛海澱。他努力學習中文，還請了一位滿族老先生指導，他認為“海澱的居民成分復雜，但他們都操優美的北京話，因此，這裏是外國人學講中國話最理想的地方”。來北平之前，他就接受魯迅先生的議，編選中國現代短篇小說集《活的中國》，想通過小說來嚮西方揭示中國的現實。到燕大後，他又請在新聞係讀書的蕭乾和英文係學生楊繽(剛)一起進行編譯。他在編者序言中認為中國的新文藝運動既不是鑽象牙之塔，也不是茶餘飯後的消遺，而是同人民的政治生活和社會生活、同人民為民主與自由的鬥爭分不開的。1936年此書出版。
埃德加·斯諾-一二.九運動
埃德加·斯諾（右）
斯諾是一個正直的美國人，愛好和平，主持正義，他十分關切中國的命運，熱情支持和保護學生的愛國熱情。1935年6月，斯諾又被聘為英國《每日先驅報》特派記者，不久即搬回東城盔甲廠13號居住。
當時正是一二·九運動前夕，燕京大學是中共領導學生運動的重要陣地，斯諾積極參加燕大新聞學會的活動，他們傢也是許多愛國進步學生常去的場所，燕京大學的王汝海(黃華)、陳翰伯，清華大學的姚剋廣(姚依林)，北京大學的俞啓威(黃敬)等等都是他傢的常客。地下黨員們在斯諾傢裏商量了“一二·九”運動的具體步驟，並把12月9日、16日兩次大遊行的路綫、集合地點都告知斯諾夫婦。遊行前夕，斯諾夫婦把《平津10校學生自治會為抗日救國爭自由宣言》連夜譯成英文，分送駐北平外國記者，請他們往國外發電訊，並聯繫駐平津的許多外國記者屆時前往采訪。
斯諾夫婦則在遊行當日和其他外國記者跟着遊行隊伍，認真報道了學生圍攻西直門、受阻宣武門的真實情況。他給紐約《太陽報》發出了獨傢通訊，在這傢報紙上留下了有關“一二·九”運動的大量文字資料和照片。斯諾還建議燕大學生自治會舉行過一次外國記者招待會，學生們再次嚮西方展示了一二·九運動的偉大意義。北平淪陷後，斯諾在自己的住所裏掩護過不少進步學生，幫助他們撤離北平死城，參加抗日遊擊隊或奔赴延安。
Snow studied journalism at the University of Missouri, where he joined the Zeta Phi chapter of Beta Theta Pi, but moved to New York City before graduating. He made some money in the stock market and sold out before the Wall Street Crash of 1929. Wanting to use the money he embarked on an around the world tour in 1928, but never made it past Shanghai. He stayed in China until 1941.
He quickly found work with the China Weekly Review, edited by J.B. Powell, a fellow graduate of the Missouri School of Journalism. In his early years he was an enthusiast for Chiang Kai-shek, noting that he had more Harvard graduates in his cabinet than there were in Franklin Roosevelt's. In 1932 he married Helen Foster Snow, who was working in the American Consulate until she could begin her own career in journalism. In 1933, after a honeymoon in Japan, the couple moved to Beiping, as Beijing was called at that point. He prepared his book Far Eastern Front, filed occasional articles for American outlets, and taught journalism part-time at Yenching University. They borrowed works on current affairs from the Yenching library and read classics of Marxism. The couple became acquainted with student leaders of the anti-Japanese December 9th Movement. Through their contacts with the underground communist network, Snow was invited to visit Mao Zedong's headquarters.
[edit]Writing 'Red Star Over China'
In June 1936, Snow and his friend George Hatem, whose presence was kept secret, went to Xi'an and from there were taken through the military quarantine lines to Bao'an, where he spent nearly three months. Snow had been preparing to write a book on the Communist movement in China for several years, and had even signed a contract at one point. However, his most important contribution was the interviews he conducted with the top leaders of the party. After he returned to Beijing in the fall, he wrote frantically. First he published a short account in China Weekly Review, then a series of publications in Chinese. Red Star Over China, published first in London in 1937, was given credit for introducing both Chinese and foreign readers not so much to the Communist Party, which was reasonably well known, but to Mao Zedong. Mao was not, as had been reported, dead, and Snow reported that Mao was a political reformer, not the purely military or radical revolutionary he had been during the 1920s. After the outbreak of war in 1937, the Snows were founding members of the Chinese Industrial Cooperatives. Edgar again visited Mao in Yan'an in 1939.
[edit]Later Journalism
Snow and his wife returned to the United States in 1941, but they soon parted, and divorced after the war. In April 1942 the Saturday Evening Post sent him abroad as a war correspondent. Snow traveled to India, China and Russia to report on World War II from the perspective of those countries. In Russia he shared his observations on the Battle of Stalingrad with the American Embassy. At times, Snow's defense of various undemocratic Allied governments took on the character of blatant war propaganda, not neutral journalistic observation, but Snow defended his reporting, stating
in this international cataclysm brought on by fascists it is no more possible for any people to remain neutral than it is for a man surrounded by bubonic plague to remain “neutral” toward the rat population. Whether you like it or not, your life as a force is bound either to help the rats or hinder them. Nobody can be immunized against the germs of history.
By 1944, Snow was wavering on the question of whether Mao and the Chinese Communists were actually "agrarian democrats" and not dedicated Communists bent on totalitarian rule, a view encouraged by Mao and his party leadership. His 1944 book People On Our Side emphasized their role in the fight against fascism. In a speech, he described Mao and the Communist Chinese as a progressive force who desired a democratic, free China, not a communist one-party state. Writing for The Nation, Snow stated that the Chinese communists "happen to have renounced, years ago now, any intention of establishing communism [in China] in the near future." After the war, Snow would retreat from this view of the Chinese communists as a democratic movement.
Because of his relationships with communists and his highly favorable treatment of them as a war correspondent, Snow became an object of suspicion following World War II. During the McCarthy period, he was questioned by the FBI and asked to disclose the extent of his Communist activities. In published articles, Snow lamented what he saw as the one-sided, conservative, and anti-communist mood of the United States. Later in the 1950s, he published two more books about China: Random Notes on Red China (1957), a research aid for scholars containing previously unused China material; and Journey to the Beginning (1958), an autobiographical account of events prior to 1949. However, Snow found it increasingly difficult to make a living through his writing, and he decided to leave the United States in the 1950s. He moved with his second wife, Louis Wheeler Snow, to Switzerland, but retained his American citizenship.
[edit]Return to China
He returned to China in 1960 and 1964 and interviewed Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, as well as travelling extensively and talking to people. His 1963 book The Other Side of the River details this, including his reasons for denying that China's 1959-1961 crisis was actually a famine.
In 1970, he made a final trip to China and was told that President Richard Nixon would be welcome to visit either officially or as a private citizen. The White House followed this visit with interest but distrusted Snow and his pro-communist reputation. When Snow came down with pancreatic cancer, Zhou Enlai dispatched a team of Chinese doctors to Switzerland, including George Hatem. Snow died on February 15, 1972, the week President Nixon was traveling to China, and did not live to see the normalization of relations.
After his death, his ashes were divided into two parts, one of which was buried near the Hudson River and the other scattered at Peking University, which had taken over the campus of Yenching University, where he had taught in the 1930s.
[edit]Recent Evaluations
Snow's reporting from China in the 1930s was both praised as prescient and blamed for the rise of Mao's communism. His biographers present him as an important link between China and the United States, but in Jung Chang and Jon Halliday's controversial recent biography of Mao, Mao: The Unknown Story, Chang and Halliday refers to the "myths" supplied by Snow as Mao's "spokesman," implying that he lost his objectivity to such an extent that he presented a romanticized and partial view. Simon Leys does not think highly of Edgar Snow's Chinese. But, a more sympathetic writer concluded that what he did in the 1930s was "to describe the Chinese Communists before anyone else, and thus score a world-class scoop." Of his reporting in 1960, however, he says that Snow "contented himself with assurances from Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong that while there was a food problem, it was being dealt with successfully," which was not true, and "had Snow still been the reporter he had been in the 1930s he would have discovered it." In Mao: A Reinterpretation, a work sympathetic to Mao, Prof. Lee Feigon criticizes Snow's account for its perceived inaccuracies, but at the same time, praising Red Star for being "[the] seminal portrait of Mao" and relies on Snow's work as a critical reference throughout the book.
[edit]Works
Living China: Modern Chinese Short Stories
Red Star Over China (various editions, London, New York, 1937–1944). Reprinted Read Books, 2006, ISBN 978-1406798210; Hesperides Press, 2008, ISBN 978-1443736732.
The Battle for Asia
Far Eastern Front
People On Our Side. Random House, 1944.
Stalin Must Have Peace. Random House, 1947.
China, Russia, and the USA
Red China Today: The Other Side of the River. Gollancz, 1963. New edition, Penguin Books, 1970. ISBN 0140211594.
The Long Revolution