美国  (1926年～1966年)

 诗词： 《诗选 anthology》    阅读弗兰克·奥哈拉 Frank O'Hara在诗海的作品!!!

　　弗兰克·奥哈拉（Frank O’Hara, 1926—1966）是美国当代最著名、最有影响的纽约派诗人之一。奥哈拉于1926年6月27日出生在美国马里兰州的巴尔的摩，后随全家搬到马萨诸塞州的格里富顿，并在那儿长大成人。奥哈拉年少时曾学过钢琴，希望长大后能成为作曲家，同时也开始写诗。1944至1946年奥哈拉在美国海军服役，之后来到哈佛大学学习，先是学习音乐，后改学文学；期间结识了诗人John Ashbery，Kenneth Koch以及James Schugler并与之共同建立了后来称之为“纽约诗派”的诗人团体。奥哈拉1950年哈佛大学本科毕业，1951年获得密执安大学硕士学位并移居纽约，不久就以诗人、剧作家、艺术评论家的身份在纽约的文学艺术圈里占据重要地位，并最终成为纽约现代艺术博物馆的副馆长。奥哈拉于1952年出版了他的第一本诗集《城市冬天及其他诗歌》(A City Winter and Other Poems)。随后又相继出版了《对非常时刻的沉思》(Meditations in an Emergency, 1957)，《颂歌》(Odes, 1960)，《第二大街》(Second Avenue, 1960)，《午餐诗》(Lunch Poems, 1964)以及《爱情诗》(Love Poems, 1965)。《艺术记事：1954-1966》(Art Chronicles:1954-1966, 1975)是奥哈拉的一部论文集，专门讨论抽象表现主义运动(Abstract Expressionist Movement)中的一些主要人物。这本书反映了当纽约正在成为文学艺术方面的现代主义堡垒时，奥哈拉对于当时纽约文学艺术界早期的深切感受，以及他个人投身于此的思索。
　　
　　奥哈拉在纽约期间恰是在艺术创作中强调潜意识和冲动的抽象表现主义盛行的时代。与此同时，纽约取代巴黎成为世界艺术中心。奥哈拉在这里结识了很多抽象表现主义画家，并撰写了许多精致优雅的艺术评论发表在《艺术新闻》(Art News)等杂志上。1955年之后，作为纽约现代艺术博物馆的副馆长，奥哈拉不仅亲自为他组织的艺术展撰写说明，还曾多次组织向国外介绍美国新型绘画风格的巡回展览。奥哈拉作为很多抽象表现主义画家和雕刻家的朋友，这些画家和雕刻家的创作风格对奥哈拉的写作风格影响极大。由于在诗歌创作中会有时间的跳跃性、转移注意力的现象以及在描述某一特殊时刻时出现某种停顿和松散的情形，在奥哈拉的诗歌作品中，也随处可见一些似乎是顺手拈来的、出人意料的、突发的想象，比如他在一次散步时听到雷声就突然想起他从前的三个朋友——三位英年早逝的艺术家，“起初/Bunny死了，随后，John Latouche死了/然后Jackson Pollock也死了”。
　　
　　奥哈拉虽然在艺术、戏剧等领域有很高的造诣，但他却把自己看作是一个诗人，并写了很多不同风格的诗作，有些是叙事诗，有些则是内省诗。但他总是喜欢把他所生活的城市环境用来表达他的个人生活体验。在他的诗作中，人们可以看到市场牌价、街头闲言碎语、电话号码和广告，哪怕是些许有吸引力的生活经历他也不愿放过。
　　
　　弗兰克·奥哈拉的诗《我为啥不是画家》发表于1957年，当时美国诗坛盛行的是建立在T. S. 艾略特诗歌传统基础之上的“新象征主义”诗歌，其特征是文雅、语言优美、喜欢使用反讽、不触动理智誓不罢休等。奥哈拉的诗与此则相反，通常采用口语和对话形式，在语气语调上比较随意自由。他的这首《我为啥不是画家》与他的其他许多诗作一样读起来就好像是奥哈拉刚刚即席而作，体现了即兴、反理性的特点。总体上看，奥哈拉的诗歌生动、有活力，在简洁、幽默机智中又有荒诞感和梦幻感，突出地表现了诗人的独特个性，开创了反文雅、反高贵的传统诗风。
　　
　　纽约派重要诗人。其诗采用口语及开放的结构，开创了反文雅反高贵的诗风，影响很大。1966年不幸死于车祸。

　　Francis Russell O'Hara (June 27, 1926 – July 25, 1966) was an American poet who, along with John Ashbery, James Schuyler, Barbara Guest and Kenneth Koch, was a key member of what was known as the New York School of poetry.
　　
　　Frank O'Hara, the son of Russell Joseph O'Hara and Katherine Broderick, was born in Baltimore and grew up in Grafton, Massachusetts. He attended St. John's High School in Worcester. He studied piano at the New England Conservatory in Boston from 1941 to 1944. O'Hara served in the South Pacific and Japan as a sonarman on the destroyer USS Nicholas during World War II.
　　
　　With the funding made available to veterans he attended Harvard University, where he roomed with artist/writer Edward Gorey. Although he majored in music and did some composing, his attendance was irregular and his interests disparate. He regularly attended classes in philosophy and theology, while writing impulsively in his spare time. O'Hara was heavily influenced by visual art, and by contemporary music, which was his first love (he remained a fine piano player all his life and would often shock new partners by suddenly playing swathes of Rachmaninoff when visiting them). He did have favorite poets: Arthur Rimbaud, Stephane Mallarmé, Boris Pasternak, and Vladimir Mayakovsky. While at Harvard, O'Hara met John Ashbery and began publishing poems in the Harvard Advocate. Despite his love for music, O'Hara changed his major and graduated from Harvard in 1950 with a degree in English.
　　
　　He then attended graduate school at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. While at Michigan, he won a Hopwood Award and received his M.A. in English literature 1951. That autumn O'Hara moved into an apartment in New York City with Joe LeSueur, who would be his roommate and sometimes his lover for the next 11 years. Known throughout his life for his extreme sociability, passion, and warmth, O'Hara had hundreds of friends and lovers throughout his life, many from the New York art and poetry worlds. Soon after arriving in New York, he was employed at the front desk of the Museum of Modern Art and began to write seriously.
　　
　　O'Hara was active in the art world, working as a reviewer for Art News, and in 1960 was made Assistant Curator of Painting and Sculpture Exhibitions for the Museum of Modern Art. He was also friends with artists like Willem de Kooning, Norman Bluhm, Larry Rivers and Joan Mitchell. O'Hara died in an accident on Fire Island in which he was struck and seriously injured by a man speeding in a beach vehicle during the early morning hours of July 24, 1966. He died the next day of a ruptured liver at the age of 40 and was buried in the Green River Cemetery on Long Island.
　　
　　
　　Bibliography
　　
　　Books in lifetime
　　A City Winter and Other Poems. Two Drawings by Larry Rivers. (New York: Tibor de Nagy Gallery Editions, 1951 [sic, i.e. 1952])
　　Oranges: 12 pastorals. (New York: Tibor de Nagy Gallery Editions, 1953; New York: Angel Hair Books, 1969)
　　Meditations in an Emergency. (New York: Grove Press, 1957; 1967)
　　Second Avenue. Cover drawing by Larry Rivers. (New York: Totem Press in Association with Corinth Books, 1960)
　　Odes. Prints by Michael Goldberg. (New York: Tiber Press, 1960)
　　Lunch Poems. (San Francisco, CA: City Lights Books, The Pocket Poets Series (No. 19), 1964)
　　Love Poems (Tentative Title). (New York: Tibor de Nagy Gallery Editions, 1965)
　　
　　Posthumous works
　　In Memory of My Feelings, commemorative volume illustrated by 30 U.S. artists and edited by Bill Berkson (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1967)
　　The Collected Poems of Frank O'Hara. edited by Donald Allen with an introduction by John Ashbery (1st ed. New York: Knopf, 1971; Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995)
　　The __Select__ed Poems of Frank O'Hara. edited by Donald Allen (New York: Knopf, 1974; Vintage Books, 1974)
　　Standing Still and Walking in New York. edited by Donald Allen (Bolinas, Calif: Grey Fox Press; Berkeley, Calif: distributed by Book People, 1975)
　　Early Writing. edited by Donald Allen (Bolinas, Calif: Grey Fox; Berkeley: distributed by Book People, 1977)
　　Poems Retrieved. edited by Donald Allen (Bolinas, Calif: Grey Fox Press; Berkeley, Calif: distributed by Book People, 1977)
　　__Select__ed Plays. edited by Ron Padgett, Joan Simon, and Anne Waldman (1st ed. New York: Full Court Press, 1978)
　　Amorous Nightmares of Delay: __Select__ed Plays. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997)
　　__Select__ed Poems, edited by Mark Ford (New York: Knopf, 2008)
　　
　　Minor works
　　"Hartigan and Rivers with O'Hara." (1 folded sheet, 10 p.) by Frank O'Hara, Grace Hartigan, and Larry Rivers from "An Exhibition of Pictures with Poems by Frank O'Hara... November 24 through December 24, 1959" (New York: Tibor de Nagy Gallery, 1959)
　　"A Cordial Invitation to Celebrate The Sixtieth Birthday of Edwin Denby at a Dinner to be Given By His Friends. Friday March 15, 1963.... with "Edwin's Hand" by Frank O'Hara (1963)
　　Belgrade, November 19, 1963. (New York: Adventures in Poetry)
　　Audit/Poetry. Vol. IV, No.1 "Featuring Frank O'Hara" (Buffalo, NY at 180 Winspear Avenue, 1964)
　　"New Paintings" by Michael Goldberg (New York: Martha Jackson Gallery, 1966) with "Why I Am Not A Painter" by Frank O'Hara on front cover dated 1956
　　Hotel particulier. (broadside) (Pleasant Valley, NY: Kriya Press, 1967)
　　Two Pieces. (London: Long Hair Books, series one, 1969) includes "THOSE WHO ARE DREAMING, a play about St. Paul" and "COMMERCIAL VARIATIONS" dated 4/52)
　　The End Of The Far West: 11 Poems. (New York by Ted Berrigan, 1974)
　　Hymns of St. Bridget. by Bill Berkson and Frank O'Hara (New York: Adventures in Poetry, 1974)
　　Macaroni. (broadside, includes "In Memoriam" by Patsy Southgate) (Calais, VT: Z Press, 1974)
　　Down at the box-office. (broadside) (Bolinas, Calif: Yanagi, 1977)
　　
　　Exhibitions
　　Jackson Pollock. (New York: George Braziller, Inc. 1959)
　　New Spanish painting and sculpture. (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1960)
　　Robert Motherwell: with __select__ions from the artist's writings. by Frank O'Hara (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1965)
　　Nakian. (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1966)
　　Art Chronicles, 1954-1966. (New York: G. Braziller, 1975)
　　
　　On O'Hara
　　Charters, Ann (ed.). The Portable Beat Reader. Penguin Books. New York. 1992. ISBN 0-670-83885-3 (hc); ISBN 0-14-015102-8 (pbk)
　　The Poets of the New York School by John Bernard Myers (Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania, 1969)
　　Frank O'Hara: Poet Among Painters by Marjorie Perloff (New York: G. Braziller, 1977; 1st paperback ed. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979; Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, with a new introduction, 1998)
　　Frank O'Hara by Alan Feldman (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1979... frontispiece photo of Frank O'Hara c. by Richard Moore)
　　Frank O'Hara: A Comprehensive Bibliography by Alexander Smith, Jr. (New York: Garland, 1979; 2nd print. corrected, 1980)
　　Homage to Frank O'Hara. edited by Bill Berkson and Joe LeSueur, cover by Jane Freilicher (originally published as Big Sky 11/12 in April, 1978; rev. ed. Berkeley: Creative Arts Book Company, 1980)
　　Art with the touch of a poet: Frank O'Hara. exhibit companion compiled by Hildegard Cummings (Storrs, Conn.: The William Benton Museum of Art, University of Connecticut, 1983... January 24-March 13, 1983)
　　Frank O'Hara: To Be True To A City edited by Jim Elledge (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990)
　　Statutes of Liberty: The New York School of Poets. by Geoff Ward (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993)
　　City Poet: The Life and Times of Frank O'Hara by Brad Gooch (1st ed. New York: Knopf, 1993; New York: HarperPerennial, 1994)
　　In Memory of My Feelings: Frank O'Hara and American Art by Russell Ferguson (Los Angeles: The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles / University of California Press, 1999)
　　Hyperscapes in the Poetry of Frank O'Hara: Difference, Homosexuality, Topography by Hazel Smith (Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 2000)
　　The Scene of My Selves: New Work on New York School Poets ed. Terence Diggory and Stephen Paul Miller (Orono, ME: National Poetry Foundation, 2001)
　　Digressions on Some Poems by Frank O'Hara by Joe LeSueur (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003).
　　Emancipating Pragmatism: Emerson, Jazz, and Experimental Writing by Michael Magee(Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004)
　　Frank O'Hara: The Poetics of Coterie by Lytle Shaw (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2006)
　　Beautiful Enemies: Friendship and Postwar American Poetry by Andrew Epstein (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006)