| 姓： | 爱新觉罗 | |||||||||||||
| 名： | 弘历 | |||||||||||||
| 网笔号： | 清高宗 | |||||||||||||
阅读乾隆 Qian Long在诗海的作品!!! | ||||||||||||||
乾隆
乾隆在平定天山南路时，清军俘虏了小和卓木的一个妃子，她是一位绝色佳人，身上又散发出一种天然的奇香，人称香妃。乾隆便将她收为妃子送入宫中，还特地招来回教徒服侍她的吃穿。又在宫中西苑造了回族的住房、礼拜堂，以博取她的欢心。香妃却毫不动心，坚决不从。一天，宫女奉乾隆之命来劝说，香妃猛地取出一把匕首，吓得宫女四散躲避。太后怕乾隆遭到不测，趁乾隆去郊祭时，把香妃召来，令其自杀。乾隆知道后还生了一场病，事后下令将香妃遗体用软轿抬回新疆喀什入葬，建香妃墓。近年来，专家经过大量考证。认为香妃实为乾隆的容妃，在宫中生活了28年，55岁时病殁，葬于东陵，棺上书有阿拉伯文的《可兰经》。
乾隆帝向慕风雅，精于骑射，曾先后六次下江南，遍游名城，笔墨留于大江南北。乾隆还是一个有名的文物收藏家。清宫书画大多是他收藏的，他在位期间编纂的《四库全书》共收书3503种，79337卷，36304册，但是因编纂此书而禁毁的古书达十万册之多。但乾隆所兴起的文学狱，在清朝历代中为数最多。如有个文人胡中藻写了一句“一把心肠论浊清”的诗句，乾隆认为这是诽谤清朝，将胡中藻灭族
乾隆好大喜功,为人重奢靡，铺张浪费，并自称为“十全老人”。他在位后期任用和坤二十年。和坤是中国历史上最大的贪官，致使这二十年间贪污成风，政治腐败，各地农民起义频繁。清王朝开始从强盛走向衰败。
乾隆骄淫奢侈，不顾国库空虚，六下江南，导致江南民众无以为生。妄想以征战各国超越其祖父，发动了十次战争，穷兵黩武，劳民伤财，乾隆也是清朝皇帝中制造文字狱最多的皇帝，达160多起，多则达百人，使全国百姓噤若寒蝉，思想禁锢，文化科学无法正常发展
乾隆六十年（1795年）底，乾隆决定将皇位禅让给皇太子。他下诏说：“我25岁时继位，当时曾经对天起誓，如果能够在位60年，就一定自行传位给皇太子，不敢与皇祖（指康熙）的在位年数一样。现在我在位已经满60年，不敢食言，决定禅位与皇十五子颙琰。他如一时难以处理朝政，由我训政。”和坤等大臣极力劝阻，乾隆不听，于嘉庆元年（1796年）正月初一在太极殿举行禅位大典，自称太上皇，但仍掌握着朝廷实权。嘉庆四年（1799年）正月，乾隆得病，虽经过不少名医医治，都不见起色，初三死于养心殿。
对于中国来说，满清那时是北方自称满洲的外族，他们将其入主中原的王朝命名为“清”，意为清白无瑕，尽管这个王朝所做所为与这个词毫不相干。满族人是由蒙古人，朝鲜人，回族人和Jurchen部族混合而成。他们的文化继承自那些已并入中东，印度，西藏 和欧洲文明的游牧征服者们。那幅官方冕礼上的乾隆---这次展出就是突现这厮的---的画像，是由一个意大利耶稣教士所画的。
乾隆是一个有趣的帝王，一个真正的唯我独尊的皇帝，谈到他就要涉及几个让人印象深刻的数字。从 1736至1795，他统治了当时一个世界上最富裕的国家，近3亿人口。他智商不低，写出了超过44000多首所谓“诗”和数千散文。他还是一个音乐家（展出中有他使用过的琴或铮），一个水平出众的书法家，也是一个热心的三流的画家。作为统治者他事必躬亲，对行政事务有着惊人的记忆力，亲自签署其政权所颁发的每一条法令，并在中国进行了超过150次长时期民间巡游，会见，探访和核查以保证地方官员对他言听必从。他对历史文化兴趣极浓，同时也很实用主义。他清楚由于满清在政治上不受信任，不得已保持与中国的传统紧密联系。为此他想出了一个办法，以修书为名将过去所有幸存下来的汉语著作收集起来。这项工作耗费了300名犬儒和3600名抄写者10年的时间才得以完成近420万页文字，作为一种预防措施价值无可估量。与此同时，这也让这个皇帝得以审查中国的文字史并加以大肆篡改。他毁灭了数以千计他认为反帝制的书籍，几与他所保存的书籍数量相若。这次展示在证明满清在何等憎恶被中国人同化方面尢其有用，通过插入一个满族标志将其加于属民上。在他们统治下，中国境内所有人都不得不扎起满洲式的猪尾巴辫子。满人妇女不许束脚。在妇女服饰中，汉人的宽袖服饰被禁，满人的窄袖服饰兴起，如同马靴一样，提醒着他们不忘其久远的游牧历史。满清历史在乾隆手中到达了它的顶峰，但在其统治结束前就已然黯淡无光。乾隆绝非智慧之神，随着年岁增长他变得逾加残暴，并重用一群腐败而又贪得无厌的顾问，焚书坑儒事件也日益增多。社会风气也变得粗蛮狭隘。满清王朝从一个拥有着征服世界的潜力的可怖高度，滑向了衰败，直至1911年最后一个满清皇帝将紫禁城和它的宝藏弃之身后落荒而逃。中国和西方的当代艺术史学者们长久以来都对这些馆藏不屑一顾，相反他们专注于满清时期艺术的另一个方面，一种从明朝延袭下来的学院派绘画传统。诚然，这次将持续到9月12日展出是在一个自然历史，种族学和人类学博物馆，而不是在艺术博物馆举行也说明了些什么。实际上，尽管满清时期诸如玉雕等形式的艺术技巧达到了颠峰，但以大多数21世纪人的眼光来看，他们的这种精益求精的审美观只是一种过时的品味。没有比通过Field博物馆负责人Chuimei Ho和Bennet Bronson所写就的展品目录，以一种历史讲述者的技巧来获取那段苦涩历史的地道样例更佳的途径了。这个展示是一次很好的介绍，但效果和宣扬者的初衷截然不同。拥挤不堪，矫揉造作，它展现了一种完全不思进取的对寄生文化的沉溺，而这种沉溺被可耻地加以抛光美化的程度之如它的荒缪程度，传统的中国和紫禁城的图兰多会聚在了一起（译者注：图兰多是意大利歌剧大师普契尼的同名歌剧中的一个满清格格，在此可能指代满洲统治阶层），展览中几乎占据了半壁江山的礼品售卖店也颇具说明意义。这确实很有满清的风格，很有我们的风格。
乾隆自称“十全老人”，有“十全武功”——发动了十次战争，穷兵黩武，劳民伤财，把“盛世”的家底耗尽，1、1747年：平大小金川；2、1755年：平准部；3、1757年：再平准部；4、1759年：平回部；5、1769年：平缅甸；6、 1776年：再平大小金川；7、1788年：平台湾；8、1789年：平越南；9、1791年：平尼泊尔；10、1792年：再平尼泊尔。
纵观乾隆的“十大武功”，绝大多数都是自我宣传的结果：大金川（四川靖化）和小金川（四川懋功）是西藏民族部落间的纷争，清政府加以干涉；台湾是汉人林爽文的抗暴革命；这三大武功都是血腥的对内镇压，不能称之为“武功”。平缅甸、平越南和平尼泊尔都是丑剧和败仗，更称不上“武功”。其实乾隆的武功只有一个——征服准噶尔汗国，开辟新疆省，可乾隆却把这一个分为三个——平准部、再平准部、平回部。乾隆非要凑足十项不可，进一步衬托出他的虚荣浮华和把肉麻当有趣。
乾隆的虚荣心还体现在满清帝国的“外交”上。乾隆的外交理念可以用两个字来概括：那就是“进贡 ”。凡是肯向清国“进贡”的国家都是小国和穷国。清国和这些国家“建交”并没有多少实质性的“益处”，他们向清国进贡的目的很少是出于“友好”的动机，而是贪图清国的“赏赐”。乾隆皇帝为了鼓励清国以外的国家向他“进贡”，对前来“进贡”的“藩属国”的“赏赐”十分丰厚，赏赐的价值往往十倍甚至百倍于“贡金”的价值。例如清国与印度之间有一个芝麻国巨坎堤王国，它每三年向中国进贡一次，每次进贡砂金一两五钱。清国的回报则是堆积成山的绸缎、银币和茶叶。假使世界上有一种一本万利的交易，那就莫过于向乾隆皇帝进贡了。当周边的国家发现向乾隆进贡的好处时，就纷纷利用进贡的名义敲诈中国，并不惜用战争相威胁要求增加“进贡”的次数。乾隆皇帝为了一己虚荣和“面子”，把百姓的税钱不当回事，使中华帝国的财富大量外流。四、恶直好谀，重用大贪官和绅。
乾隆对部下的阿谀奉承有狂热的爱好，这一嗜好直接导致了中国历史上前于古人后无来者的大贪官和绅的出场。
和绅是一位侍卫出身的满洲花花公子，因为特殊的机缘受到乾隆的信任和重用，在他统治的后期把帝国的行政大权交给他，擢升他为大学士.军机大臣兼首都治安总司令（九门提督）。和绅有着绝顶的小聪明，熟谙做官技巧，用肉麻的谄媚和恭谨的外貌，把自以为英明盖世的乾隆玩弄于股掌之上。和绅的全部行政才能是贪污和弄权，对乾隆重用他的回报是在全国建立一个史无前例的贪污系统，把清帝国的墙基掏空。全国官员发现，如果不向上级行使巨额贿赂，就要被无情地淘汰出局，甚至被投入监狱，他们不得不适应这一形式。乾隆死后，和绅也跟着倒台，查抄他的家产折合白银九亿两，相当于全国十二年财政收入的总和。如果包括他挥霍掉的和亲人贪污的款项，总数应该不下二十年的财政收入，和绅当权刚好二十年！清朝在他手上由盛转衰。为了冲淡武夫形象，他极力附庸风雅，舞文弄墨，写了几千首诗，收藏历代书法精品，到处题字，仿佛是一个极有文化修养的儒雅之士。然而，在这迷人的表象掩盖下，他的另一面却是一个文化专制主义的狂热推行者。帝制时代的独裁君主都推行文化专制主义，而以清朝为最甚，清则以乾隆为最甚。这样说，决不是夸张。
文化专制的突出表现就是大兴文字狱，对知识分子的诗文吹毛求疵，捕风捉影，无中生有，上纲上线，动辄杀头抄家充军。文坛上，一片肃杀之气。康熙时，戴名世的著作《南山集》，被当局认为有“政治问题”，遭到严惩，主犯戴名世被杀头，株连亲戚朋友几百人。五十多年以后，乾隆皇帝再次旧事重提，利用“南山集案”大兴冤狱，杀害了71岁的举人蔡显，株连24人。
事情的起因并不离奇。蔡显的诗文集《闲闲录》出版以后，被邀功的小人揭发，说是其中有“怨望讪谤”之词。那么所谓“怨望讪谤”之词是什么呢？说来可笑，不过是蔡显引用古人《咏紫牡丹》诗句：“夺朱非正色，异种尽称王”。诗的原意无非是说，红色的牡丹是上品，紫色的牡丹称为上品，是夺了牡丹的“正色”，是“异种称王”。如此而已。那些官僚们竟望文生义，强词夺理地指责蔡显含沙射影，“夺朱”是影射满人夺取朱明天下，“异种称王”是影射满人建立清朝。
两江总督高晋、江苏巡抚明德把这个案件上报皇帝，主张按照“大逆”罪，凌迟处死蔡显。乾隆皇帝仔细看了高晋和明德的奏折，以及随同奏折附上的《闲闲录》，下了一道圣旨，把凌迟改为斩首，同时对高晋、明德大加训斥。这是什么道理？难道他大发善心了吗？非也。原来他从《闲闲录》中找到了“戴名世以《南山集》弃市”之类字句，以为蔡显是在发泄对现实政治的不满，而高晋、明德查办此案时竟然没有发现这类字句，是可忍，孰不可忍！于是乎，他在圣旨中狠狠训斥这两个封疆大吏，是“有心隐曜其词，甘与恶逆之人为伍”，故意纵容包庇、同流合污，需要承担一部分罪责。因此把蔡显由凌迟改为斩首，意在警告大臣们，以后经办此类案件，务必处心积虑地收集罪证，不能有所遗漏。结果，蔡显和他的17岁儿子被处死，幼子及门生多人充军。原因就是一句吟咏牡丹的诗句，以及一句反映事实的大白话：“戴名世以《南山集》弃市”。
在大兴文字狱这点上，乾隆皇帝比他的大臣要厉害百倍。这从“字贯案”可以更加清楚。举人王锡侯，为了给参加科举考试的士子提供方便，把《康熙字典》加以精减，编了一本《字贯》。这种事情，在现在看来十分寻常。殊不知，这一举动在当局的眼中，已经属于“大逆不道”。因为，《康熙字典》是康熙皇帝“钦定”的，王锡侯胆敢擅自删改，便是一大罪状。何况《字贯》没有为清朝皇帝的名字避讳，构成另一罪状。不但王锡侯遭到严惩，书板、书册全部销毁，而且经办此案的江西巡抚海成也因“失察”而治罪。
江西巡抚海成受到牵连是为什么呢？原来海成在向皇帝报告时，说有人揭发王锡侯删改《康熙字典》，另刻《字贯》，实在狂妄不法，建议革去王锡侯的举人功名。但他并没有细细审查《字贯》本身的文字是否有问题。乾隆却很细心，看了海成的奏折后，又仔细审查了随同奏折附上的《字贯》。发现事情并非寻常狂诞之徒妄行著书立说那么简单，他在《字贯》序文后面的“凡例”中发现，王锡侯居然把圣祖（康熙）、世宗（雍正）的“庙讳”，以及他自己的“御名”，也就是玄烨、胤禛、弘历之类，毫无避讳的开列出来。他认为这是“深堪发指”、“大逆不法”之举，应该按照“ 大逆”律问罪。但是，江西巡抚海成仅仅建议革去举人，大错特错。盛怒之下，他给军机大臣发去一道谕旨，狠狠训斥道：海成既然经办此案，竟然没有看过原书，草率的凭借庸陋幕僚的意见上报。而那些“大逆不法”的内容，就在该书的第十页，开卷即见。海成因此被革职查办，押送京城，交刑部治罪。最具讽刺意味的是，海成是贯彻乾隆的文化专制主义最为卖力的人，是各省禁书的始作俑者，备受皇帝信任，他怎么也想不到自己竟然自掘坟墓栽在查办文字狱的“失察”上。
王锡侯当然要按照皇帝的谕旨重新审问，留下审讯笔录十分滑稽，其中的片断如：
——官员问：你身为举人，应该知道尊亲大义，竟然敢于对圣祖仁皇帝钦定的《康熙字典》擅自进行辩驳，另编《字贯》一本。甚至敢于在编写凡例内把皇帝的御名毫无避讳的写出来。这是大逆不道的行为。你打的是什么主意？
——王锡侯答：因为《康熙字典》篇幅太大，我精减为《字贯》，无非是为了方便后生学子。书内把皇帝御名写出来，目的是要后生学子知道避讳，实在是草野小民无知。后来我发觉不对，就把书内应该避讳之处，重新改板另刻，现有书板可据，请求查验。
尽管如此辩解，既然皇帝已经说“人人得而诛之”，王锡侯自然难逃一死。
根据《清代文字狱档》，从乾隆六年到五十三年，有文字狱53起，几乎遍及全国各地，到处都充斥着以文肇祸的恐怖气氛，迫使知识分子远离现实，躲进故纸堆里讨生活。此外，人们似乎忘记了这样一点，乾隆时代由大兴文字狱进而发展到全面禁书、焚书；开馆编纂《四库全书》的过程，就是一个禁书、焚书的过程，禁毁书籍达几千种。无怪乎一代宗师孟森要感叹：“明清之间著述，几遭尽毁”，“始皇当日焚书之厄，决不至离奇若此”！政治上也越来越腐败。尤其是其晚年重用大奸臣、“贪官之王”--和珅，使清朝国库逐渐虚空，百姓生活贫苦，嘉庆元年（1796年），发生白莲教民变。应该说，清朝是从乾隆中后期开始走向衰落的。乾隆六十年（1795年），高宗以在位期不越祖父康熙帝为名禅位于子颙琰，是为清仁宗，又号嘉庆帝，自称太上皇，仍然继续执政，直到嘉庆四年（1799年）去世为止。
六下江南游逸挥霍，耗尽国力民财
乾隆皇帝和七世纪中国历史上著名的亡国之君杨广有一个同样的爱好：那就是喜好去繁华似锦的江南游玩。
乾隆的南巡集团声势浩大，每次都在万人以上，所到之处极尽奢侈糜费，地方供给极尽华丽壮观，百姓的财富经历巨大的浩劫。江苏学政（教育厅长）尹会一曾上奏章说南巡造成“民间疾苦，怨声载道”，乾隆大为光火：“民间疾苦，你指出什么地方疾苦？怨声载道，你指出什么人载道？”被乾隆封为“满清第一才子”的皇家教师纪晓岚曾趁便透露江南人民的财产已经枯竭，乾隆怒不可遏：“我看你文学上还有一点根基，才给你一个官做，其实不过当作娼妓豢养罢了，你怎么敢议论国家大事？”看看今天的影视剧《铁龄铜牙纪晓岚》，和真实的历史相差究竟有多大？乾隆南巡的花费超过康熙百倍以上。如今天的影视剧津津乐道乾隆下江南时“微服私访”的“美政”，何其可笑，将观众们愚弄于股掌之间。乾隆从不“微服私访”，即使有也是出于 “猎奇”和“瓢妓”的用心，绝不是因为了解民生疾苦。乾隆第二次下江南时，就因为“微服出巡”，去秦淮河上瓢妓彻夜不归，皇后在伤透了心的情况下把万缕青丝一刀剪下，成为中国历史上唯一的一个截发皇后。
乾隆除了下江南游荡猎奇外，还花费巨资在北京西郊营造繁华盖世的皇家园林“圆明园”。东造琳宫，西增复殿，南筑崇台，北构杰阁，说不尽的巍峨华丽。又经文人学士，良工巧匠，费了无数心血这里凿池，那里叠石，此处栽林，彼处莳花，繁丽之中，点缀景致，不论春秋冬夏，都觉相宜。又责成各省地方官，搜罗珍禽异卉，古鼎文彝，把中外九万里的奇珍，上下五千年的宝物，一齐陈列园中，作为皇帝家常的供玩。从前秦二世胡亥筑阿房宫，陈后主起临春、结绮、望仙三阁，隋炀帝营显仁宫芳华苑，华丽也不过如此，所不同的是前两位是著名的亡国君王。
乾隆的挥金如土，使康熙、雍正辛苦搜刮的的“家当”很快被消耗殆尽。
总之，以乾隆中期为界，清王朝开始走向它的衰弱。而到了乾隆末期，所谓歌舞升平，“十全武功” 的“盛世”已经宣告结束。在60年漫长的“盛世”之后，是成倍增长的人口压力和尖锐的民族矛盾及阶级矛盾，以及统治集团的彻底腐败。如同曹雪芹在《红楼梦》中所说的：“如今外面的架子虽未甚倒，内蘘却已尽上来了。”清王朝已经像即将倾颓的大厦势难支撑，而英国殖民主义者的炮舰却正在隆隆地驶近，中国的历史，即将翻开令人痛心疾首的一页。
乾隆的后妃
孝贤纯皇后，富察氏，察哈尔总管李荣保之女。乾隆十三年，崩，年三十七。
继皇后，乌喇那拉氏，佐领那尔布之女，乾隆二年，封娴妃，乾隆十年，晋贵妃。孝贤皇后崩后，晋皇贵妃，主后宫事，乾隆十五年，册为皇后。三十一年七月崩，乾隆命丧葬仪式等同于皇贵妃。生有二子，永璂、永璟，一女，夭折。
孝仪纯皇后，魏佳氏，内管领清泰之女。生四子，永璐夭折，嘉庆皇帝、永璘，还有一个未曾命名已夭折，二女，分别下嫁拉旺多尔济、札兰泰。
慧贤皇贵妃，高佳氏，大学士高斌之女。当乾隆还是太子时，是侧室福晋。乾隆初封为皇贵妃，薨，谥为慧贤皇贵妃。
纯慧皇贵妃，苏佳氏，乾隆为太子时，就已在服侍乾隆。乾隆皇帝即位后，封纯嫔，累进纯皇贵妃。薨，谥纯慧皇贵妃。生一子，永瑢。一女，下嫁福隆安。
庆恭皇贵妃，陆氏，初封庆嫔，累晋庆贵妃。薨。嘉庆皇帝曾经被她抚育过，被嘉庆帝追尊为庆恭皇贵妃。
哲悯皇贵妃，富察氏，雍正十三年，薨，被乾隆追封为哲妃，晋皇贵妃。一子，永璜，为高宗的长子，一女，殇。
淑嘉皇贵妃，金佳氏，乾隆为皇子时，就已嫁给他，乾隆初，封嘉妃，晋嘉贵妃。四子，永珹、永璇、永瑆，还有一个未曾命名已殇。
婉贵妃，陈氏，乾隆为皇子时已嫁给他，乾隆间，自贵人累晋婉妃。嘉庆间，尊为婉贵太妃。薨，年九十二。
颖贵妃，巴林氏，自贵人累晋颖贵妃，尊为太妃，薨，年七十。
贵人，西林觉罗氏，柏氏，皆从常在尊为贵人。
晋太妃，富察氏，初为贵人，待到道光帝时，仍未逝世，被道光帝尊为皇祖晋太妃。
容妃，和卓氏，回族人，初入宫，封贵人，累进为妃，薨。
忻贵妃，戴佳氏，总督那苏图之女，生二女，皆殇。
愉贵妃，珂里叶特氏，生一子，永琪。
舒妃，叶赫那拉氏，生一子，殇。
惇妃，汪氏，生一女，下嫁和珅的儿子丰绅殷德。
子女
乾隆生有17子10女。
爱新觉罗·永璜，长子，定安亲王。母哲悯皇贵妃富察氏（时为宝亲王侧妃）
爱新觉罗·永琏，次子，端慧太子。母孝贤纯皇后富察氏（时为宝亲王嫡妃）
爱新觉罗·永璋，三子，循郡王。母宝亲王侧妃苏佳氏。
爱新觉罗·永珹，四子，履端亲王，出为履懿亲王爱新觉罗允祹后。母嘉嫔金佳氏。
爱新觉罗·永琪，五子，荣纯亲王。母愉贵人珂里叶特氏。
爱新觉罗·永瑢，六子，质庄亲王，出为慎靖郡王爱新觉罗允禧后。母纯妃苏佳氏。
爱新觉罗·永琮，七子，哲亲王。母孝贤纯皇后富察氏
爱新觉罗·永璇，八子，仪慎亲王。母嘉妃金佳氏。
爱新觉罗·永瑜，第九子，早殇。母嘉妃金佳氏。
爱新觉罗·永玥，第十子，早殇。母舒妃叶赫那拉氏。
爱新觉罗·永瑆，十一子，成哲亲王。母嘉贵妃金佳氏。
爱新觉罗·永璂，十二子，贝勒。母继皇后乌喇那拉氏。
爱新觉罗·永璟，早殇。母继皇后乌喇那拉氏。
爱新觉罗·永璐，早殇。母令贵妃魏佳氏。
爱新觉罗·颙琰，十五子，清仁宗，嘉庆帝。母孝仪纯皇后魏佳氏。
未 命 名，第十六子，早殇。母孝仪纯皇后魏佳氏。
爱新觉罗·永璘，十七子，庆僖亲王。母孝仪纯皇后魏佳氏。
皇长女（1728～1729），雍正六年十月生，雍正七年十二月殇。母孝贤纯皇后富察氏（时为宝亲王嫡妃）
皇二女（1731），雍正九年四月生，当年十二月殇。母哲悯皇贵妃富察氏（时为宝亲王侧妃）
皇三女固伦和敬公主（1731～1792），雍正九年五月二十四生，母孝贤纯皇后富察氏（时为宝亲王嫡妃）
皇四女和硕和嘉公主（1745～1767），乾隆十年十二月初二生，母纯贵妃苏佳氏。
皇五女（1753～1755），乾隆十八年六月二十三生，乾隆二十年四月二十二殇。母继皇后乌喇那拉氏。
皇六女（1755～1758），乾隆二十年七月十七生，乾隆二十三年八月二十六殇。母忻嫔戴佳氏。
皇七女固伦和静公主（1756～1775），乾隆二十一年七月十五生，母孝仪纯皇后魏佳氏。
皇八女（1757～1767），乾隆二十二年十二月初七生，乾隆三十二年五月二十一殇， 葬于端慧皇太子园寝。母忻嫔戴佳氏。
皇九女和硕和恪公主（1758～1780），乾隆二十三年七月十四生，母孝仪纯皇后魏佳氏。
皇十女固伦和孝公主（1775～1823），乾隆四十年正月初三生，母惇妃汪氏。
养女和硕和婉公主(1734～1760)，雍正十二年(1734)六月二十四日生，父为和亲王弘昼，母为福晋乌札库氏。
乾隆死后的庙号为高宗纯皇帝，史称乾隆帝。
正说乾隆
乾隆皇帝弘历在位60年，做的事情太多，光记载他言行的《清高宗实录》就达1500卷，据笔者统计，共有13580136字，还未计标点符号。乾隆皇帝所做出的主要功绩归纳起来，有八件事：
第一件是编修文化典籍。北京内城南面东为“崇文门”，标榜皇帝“崇文”。明清28位皇帝，真正称得上“崇文”的，只有两位，就是康熙和乾隆。康熙前面已经叙述，是一位学习型皇帝，雍正是一位改革型皇帝，乾隆则是一位文化型皇帝。乾隆在文治方面做的事情很多，主要有：
（1）主持纂修《四库全书》。《四库全书》第一份告成，共收书3461种、79309卷。随后继续进行，到五十二年(1787年)六月，又告成6份，已历时15年。后再查核、校误和补遗，直到五十八年(1793年)才告结束，参与者前后4186 人，时间长达20年。乾隆编纂《四库全书》，是对中国文化的一大贡献：其一，保存珍贵遗产。集中全国的力量，对各地图书典籍进行了一次全面系统地清理，选择重要的刻本、抄本，缮录采入《四库全书》，使大量书籍虽经天灾人祸而被保存下来。其二，方便学人利用。北到关外，南到江浙，禁城之内，皇家御苑，士林学子，阅览抄录，嘉惠读者。其三，有利文化传承。1983年将文渊阁本《四库全书》影印出版，化身千百，流传世界。其四，便于分类检索。“以类求书，因书治学”。全书分经、史、子、集四部，再分44类，又分66目，条理井然，易于查检。但是，乾隆在编纂《四库全书》的过程中，也删了不少书、改了不少书、禁了不少书、毁了不少书。有人据《办理四库全书档案》、《禁书总目》等资料统计，毁书约3000余种、六七万部。可见，乾隆编纂《四库全书》的负面影响同样不可忽视。总之，要给予客观的、公正的评价。
乾隆佛装像（2）编修《满文大藏经》。乾隆命将汉文、蒙古文《大藏经》译成满文，由章嘉呼图克图总其事，“每得一卷，即行进呈，以候裁定”。后用朱文刻印的《满文大藏经》，是一项巨大的文化工程。又刻印《大藏经》（也称“龙藏”）。
（3）整理《无圈点老档》。《无圈点老档》（又称《满文老档》、《老满文原档》、《旧满洲档》）是以无圈点老满文为主书写的，现存最为原始、系统、详尽、珍贵的清太祖、太宗时期编年体史料长编。该档形成于清入关前，到乾隆中期已经百余年，以老满文书写，文字难以辨识，纸张年久糟旧，字迹漫漶不清。乾隆命对《无圈点老档》进行整理，用无圈点老满文和加圈点新满文分别重抄——先抄出草本各一部，再抄出正本存内阁各一部，另抄出副本存沈阳崇谟阁各一部，并抄出存上书房一部。总计共抄录七份：《无圈点字档》（草本）、《加圈点字档》（草本），《无圈点字档》（内阁本）、《加圈点字档》（内阁本），《无圈点字档》（崇谟阁本）、《加圈点字档》（崇谟阁本），还有《加圈点字档》（上书房本）。《无圈点老档》原本40册，现藏台北故宫博物院。
（4）乾隆敕编《八旗通志》、《满洲源流考》、《钦定满洲祭神祭天典礼》（满文本、汉文本）等。
（5）《御制五体清文鉴》则是多民族文化的一个硕果。
（6）乾隆重视京师文化，体现在：一是编绘《京城全图》；二是于敏中等奉敕撰《日下旧闻考》，共160卷，为北京历史文献集大成之作；三是编修《国朝宫史》，对宫廷的历史、建筑、文化、典制等做了载述。
第二件是维护、兴建皇家园林。乾隆在北京及京畿保护、维修、兴建的皇家宫殿园林，如皇宫的宁寿宫及其花园、天坛祈年殿（换成蓝色琉璃瓦）、清漪园（颐和园）、圆明园三园、静宜园(香山)、静明园(玉泉山)、避暑山庄暨外八庙和木兰围场等，其中清漪园改瓮山为万寿山，上建大报恩延寿寺（排云殿），又建佛香阁。这些皇家园林，无不体现着清代园林文化的辉煌，是园林艺术史上的一串串璀璨的明珠。除圆明园被焚毁外，多成为世界文化遗产。
第三件是贡献诗文才华。乾隆天资聪颖，勤奋好学，擅书画，兼长诗文，是一位非凡的文学家、语言学家、书法家、诗人和学者。他不仅精通新满文，而且熟知老满文；不仅对汉语汉文十分精通，还懂蒙、藏、维等多种语言文字。乾隆喜爱书法，造诣精深。他长期痴于书法，至老不倦。自内廷到御苑，从塞北到江南，园林胜景，名山古迹，所到之处，挥毫题字，墨迹之多，罕与伦比。乾隆撰写了大量文章，仅编成文集的就有《御制文初集》、《御制文二集》、《御制文三集》、《御制文余集》，共1350余篇，还有《清高宗圣训》300卷。乾隆尤喜爱作诗。他的御制诗集，登极前有《乐善堂全集》，禅位后有《御制诗余集》，凡750首。在位期间的《御制诗集》共有5集，434卷，有人统计，其初集4166首，二集8484首，三集 11519首，四集9902首，五集7792首，共计41863首。他的诗总计42613首。而《全唐诗》所收有唐一代2200多位诗人的作品，才 48000多首。乾隆帝是个业余诗人，以一人之力，其诗作数量竟与留传下来的全唐诗相仿佛，其数量之多，创作之勤，令人敬佩（当然，其中有一些诗为他人代笔）。可以说，乾隆诗作之多，有史以来，首屈一指。他说：“几务之暇，无他可娱，往往作诗。”又说：“每天余时，或作书，或作画，而作诗最为常事，每天必作数首。”
第四件是蠲免天下钱粮。御史赫泰曾上疏：“国家经费，有备无患，今当无事之时，不应蠲免一年钱粮。”乾隆认为：百姓富足，君孰与不足？朝廷恩泽，不施及于百姓，那将施于何处！所以，乾隆断然下令蠲免全国钱粮。据统计，乾隆十年、三十五年、四十三年、五十五年和嘉庆元年，先后五次普免全国一年的钱粮，三次免除江南漕粮（其中一次为400万石米），累计蠲免赋银2万万两，约相当于5年全国财赋的总收入。蠲免全国钱粮，收到社会效益：“诏下之日，万方忭舞。”这话虽有夸饰，但说明此举确实受到欢迎。乾隆蠲免全国钱粮，其次数之多，地域之广，数量之大，效果之好，在封建王朝中，前无古人，后无来者。
第五件是统一整个新疆。北京内城南面西为“宣武门”，标榜皇帝“宣武”。明清28位皇帝，真正称得上“宣武”的，明朝有洪武、永乐，清朝则有太祖、太宗、康熙、乾隆。乾隆不仅“崇文”，而且“宣武”。他的武功之一是用兵西陲，巩固新疆。在北疆，两次平准噶尔，使土尔扈特部回归，基本上解决了北疆的问题。
南疆，主要指天山以南的维吾尔族地域，清代称“回部”。准噶尔部强大时，回部受准噶尔贵族的欺凌与侵逼。但是，清军平定北疆后，回部贵族试图摆脱清朝，自长一方。为此，清军同回部军在库车、叶尔羌（莎车）等几座南疆重镇进行了激战，最终获胜，重新统一南疆。乾隆在南疆实行因俗而治，设立阿奇木伯克制，由清廷任命。并设参赞大臣（驻叶尔羌）等官，分驻各城，加强统辖。制订《回部善后事宜》，对南疆管理体制做出改革。乾隆在新疆设伊犁将军，实行军府制，修筑城堡，驻扎军队，设置卡伦，巡查边界，移民实边，进行屯垦，加强了对新疆地区的管辖。
乾隆平准定回诸役，统一了准、回各部，加强了中央政府对西域的统辖，铲除了准噶尔东犯喀尔喀、威胁京师及大西北的祸根，保持了西北、漠北及青海、西藏的社会安定。
第六件是完善治理西藏。乾隆两次派兵打败廓尔喀（今尼泊尔）的侵犯，制定《钦定西藏章程》。规定：设驻藏大臣督办藏内事务；在西藏驻军，分驻前藏、后藏；达赖喇嘛、班禅额尔德尼等圆寂后，在驻藏大臣亲监下，灵童转世设立金奔巴瓶制，用金奔巴瓶掣签决定继承人，这是乾隆的一个创造；西藏对邻国贸易必须进行登记；西藏货币一律用白银铸造，正面铸“乾隆宝藏”四个字；等等。《钦定西藏章程》是西藏历史上重要的文献，标志着清朝对西藏进行全面有效的管辖。在雍和宫的“金奔巴瓶”已成历史文物，在大昭寺内的“金奔巴瓶”制沿袭至今。
第七件是修砌浙江海塘。浙江原有的柴塘、土塘，经不住海潮的冲击。乾隆命拨银两将柴塘改为石塘。共修建石砌海塘4000余丈，加强了这一地区抗御海潮侵袭的能力。
第八件是中华各族一统。清朝已经历“三祖三宗”——太祖努尔哈赤、世祖顺治、圣祖康熙和太宗皇太极、世宗雍正、高宗乾隆六代，乾隆则是集大成者。乾隆在其祖宗既有成就的基础上，进一步巩固并开拓了中国的疆域版图，维护并加强了中华的多民族统一。乾隆时的中国疆域，东起大海，西达葱岭，南极曾母暗沙，北跨外兴安岭，西北到巴尔喀什湖，东北到库页岛。清乾隆时的人口达3亿。清朝“三祖三宗”对中国历史最大的贡献是维护了中国的边疆版图，巩固了多民族国家的统一。
乾隆皇帝能将祖宗的基业发扬光大，在文治武功方面都有建树，确为一代有为之君。尤为难能可贵的是，他在有生之年做出了“禅位”的决定。乾隆四十三年（1778年）九月二十一日，乾隆宣谕：至六十年内禅。他说：
昔皇祖御政六十一年，予不敢相比。若邀穹苍眷佑，至乾隆六十年，予寿八十有五，即当传位太子，归政退闲。
这道谕旨的意思是说，他的祖父康熙皇帝在位61年，自己不敢相比。如果能在位60年，就当传位给太子。到乾隆六十年（1795年）九月初三日，85岁的乾隆皇帝，御圆明园勤政殿，召见皇子皇孙、王公大臣，宣示立皇十五子嘉亲王颙琰为皇太子，以明年为嗣皇帝嘉庆元年，届期归政。嘉庆元年（1796年）正月初一日，乾隆帝御太和殿，举行内禅大礼，授玺。颙琰即皇帝位，尊弘历为太上皇帝，训政。由礼部鸿胪寺官诣天安门城楼上，恭宣嘉庆钦奉太上皇帝传位诏书，金凤颁诏，宣示天下。
这里解释一下“金凤颁诏”。皇帝从太和殿颁发的诏书，抬上黄舆，鼓乐高奏，礼仪隆重，由礼部官员，送上天安门。天安门城楼上有一只“金凤”，口衔诏书，从城楼上徐徐降下；城楼下的礼部官员跪接诏书，分送各地，公布天下。
乾隆内禅皇位后，又训政三年零三天。后人多讥评乾隆名为退位，实禅而不退。其实不然，纵观中国自秦始皇以下两千年的皇朝历史，由内禅归政者，前君罕见，后君亦无。宋仁宗储位既定，郁闷不乐；宋英宗立太子后，泫然泪下。
乾隆在位既长，享年又高。在中国有文字记载的历史上，享年80岁以上的皇帝只有四人。除乾隆而外的三位皇帝是：
（1）梁武帝萧衍，享年85岁，在位48年。但他局处一隅，三次舍身入寺，长于文学，精通音律；侯景之乱后，饥病而惨死。
（2）宋高宗赵构，享年80岁，在位36年，建都临安（今杭州），半壁山河。
（3）元世祖忽必烈，享年81岁，在位35年。
以上三位皇帝，或国偏一隅，或半壁江山，或在位不长，或国亡而死。都不能与乾隆皇帝相比拟。难怪乾隆帝自称“得国之正，扩土之广，臣服之普，民庶之安”，罕与伦比。曾自我总结一生有“十全武功”，自诩为“十全老人”。并作《御制十全记》，令写满、汉、蒙、藏四种文体，建碑勒文。乾隆的“十全武功”是：
十功者，平准噶尔为二，定回部为一，扫金川为二，靖台湾为一，降缅甸、安南各一，即今二次受廓尔喀降，合为十。
乾隆的“十全武功”，情况不同，性质各异：有镇压民变，有平息叛乱，有扬兵耀武，有小题大做，有得不偿失，有多管闲事，有维护正义，有反击侵略。如新疆用兵三次，廓尔喀用《平定台湾战图册》乾隆《平定金川战图册·收复小金川》兵两次，这五次用兵对新疆、西藏的巩固统一具有重大的历史意义。但是，也有的用兵是小题大做，穷兵黩武。如大小金川之役就是这样的。
大金川、小金川在大渡河上游，居民主要是藏族，高山环绕，道路崎岖，气候寒冷，终年积雪，人口不过3万，周围不过二三百里。当地土司内部纷争，乾隆发兵攻打，前后两次：第一次打了两年，杀大员讷亲、张广泗，耗银2000万两。第二次，清军分路进攻，每座山峰、乾隆《平定金川战图册·紫光阁赐宴》
每座官寨、每座石卡、每座碉房，反复厮杀，寸步难进。是役“费五年之功，十万之师，七千余万之帑”，才将两金川平定。这件事可谓小题大做，得不偿失，但为北京留下文物胜迹——香山演武厅。
乾隆帝执政时间过长，虽然自励“持盈保泰”，但是月盈则亏，泰极否来。乾隆晚年，志骄意满，思想僵化，喜谀恶谏，懒于进取，老人御政，宵小环绕，做了许多错误事情，积累了严重的社会矛盾。而吏治腐败，人口膨胀，财政紧缺，两极分化加剧，是导致社会矛盾激化的重要原因。
在乾隆执政的60年间，西方世界却发生了历史性的、划时代的巨大变化。
（1）英国发生工业革命：乾隆三十年（1765年），英国纺织工哈格里夫斯发明新式纺车珍妮纺纱机；乾隆五十年（1785年），英国卡特莱特发明水力织布机；同年，英国瓦特改良蒸汽机。尔后，嘉庆十二年（1807年），美国富尔顿发明轮船，嘉庆十九年（1814年）英国史蒂芬孙发明蒸汽机车。这就是说，西方开始了工业革命。
（2）美利坚合众国建立：乾隆三十九年（1774年），美国独立战争开始；乾隆四十八年（1783年），北美独立战争取得胜利；乾隆五十三年（1788年），第一届美国国会在纽约召开；乾隆五十四年（1789年），华盛顿就任美国第一任总统。两年后，美国通过《人权法案》。
（3）法国资产阶级革命：乾隆五十四年（1789年），法国举行三级会议，爆发资产阶级大革命，发表《人权宣言》。乾隆五十八年（1793年），法国国王路易十六被处死。
（4）乾隆二十年（1755年），俄国建立莫斯科大学；乾隆四十五年（1780年），美国科学院在波士顿成立；乾隆四十九年（1784年），哥伦比亚大学成立；同年，德国出现第一位女医学博士。而在清朝，乾隆六十年（1795年）会试，各省上报 80岁以上参加会试者116人，实际参加会试并三场完竣者92人，俱加赏赐。大清帝国尚陶醉于孙子打着灯笼，照着“百岁应试”的爷爷参加科举考试呢！乾隆借兴教尊老之名，行粉饰太平之实。这一幕人间喜剧，掩饰了乾隆盛世下的悲哀！
综合起来说，在乾隆时代，世界上主要发生了三件大事：第一件是英国工业革命；第二件是美利坚合众国成立；第三件是法国大革命。这三件大事再加上此前的英国资产阶级革命，具有划时代的意义，影响了世界历史的进程，改变了整个世界的格局。但是在乾隆五十八年（1793年）八月十三日，当乾隆皇帝在避暑山庄接见英国使臣马戛尔尼时，还傲慢地声称“天朝统驭万国”、“天朝抚有四海”、“天朝物产丰盈，无所不有，原不藉外夷货物，以通有无”等等，说明乾隆皇帝根本看不到西方工业科技的进步和世界发展的潮流，依然陶醉在“天朝上国”、“千古第一全人”的迷梦之中。
乾隆退位、嘉庆继位后，南方的白莲教，京师的天理教，京城内外，大江南北，烽火四起，遍地燃烧。乾隆盛世下的危机，不论国内，还是国外，都已经充分暴露出来。这个烂摊子，只好由他的儿孙们去承受和收拾了。
姓名：爱新觉罗·弘历出生：康熙五十年（1711年）八月十三日
属相：兔卒年：嘉庆四年(1799年)
享年：89岁执政：实际掌权64年
谥号：纯皇帝庙号：高宗
陵寝：裕陵（清东陵）父亲：胤禛（雍正）
母亲：钮祜禄氏，后尊为孝圣宪皇后
初婚：16岁结婚，配偶富察氏
配偶：29人，皇后富察氏
子女：16子，8女
继位人：颙琰（嘉庆）
最得意：“十全武功”
最失意：皇后怒断青丝
最不幸：生母身世有异说
最痛心：孝贤后不幸死去
最擅长：诗文、书法
参考资料：阎崇年《正说清朝十二帝》
关于乾隆帝的影视及文学作品
乾隆君臣的事故同样也是影视及文学作品的一个重要题材，其主要影视作品及其主要扮演者有：
《上书房》（袁弘饰乾隆），《戏说乾隆》（第一、二部）（郑少秋饰乾隆），《乾隆王朝》（焦晃饰乾隆），《乾隆大帝》（古天乐饰乾隆），《宰相刘罗锅》（张国立饰乾隆），《铁齿铜牙纪晓岚》（第一、二、三部）及《还珠格格》（第一、二部）（张铁林饰乾隆），《还珠格格》（第三部）（狄龙饰乾隆），《大内群英》（第二部）（万梓良饰乾隆）《江南京华梦》（陈浩民饰乾隆）
主要文学作品有：
《乾隆皇帝》（含《风华初露》《日照空山》《天步限难》《日落长河》《云暗凤阙》《秋声紫宛》）（二月河著）
《乾隆韵事》（高阳著），此外，金庸小说《书剑恩仇录》很多笔墨也是描写乾隆身世传说的
Early yearsHongli was adored both by his grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor and his father, the Yongzheng Emperor. Some historians argue that the main reason why Kangxi Emperor appointed Yongzheng as his successor was because Qianlong was his favourite grandson. He felt that Hongli's mannerisms were very close to his own. As a teenager he was very capable in martial arts, and possessed a high literary ability.
After his father's succession in 1722, Hongli became the Prince Bao (宝亲王/寶親王). Like many of his uncles, Hongli entered into a battle of succession with his older half-brother Hongshi, who had the support of a large faction of court officials, as well as Yinsi, Prince Lian. For many years the Yongzheng Emperor did not appoint anyone to the position of Crown Prince, but many in court speculated his favoring of Hongli. Hongli went on inspection trips to the south, and was known to be an able negotiator and enforcer. He was also chosen as chief regent on occasions, when his father was away from the capital.
Ascension to the throneEven before Hongli's succession was read out to the assembled court, it was widely known who the new emperor would be. The young Hongli had been a favorite of his grandfather, Kangxi, and his father alike; Yongzheng had entrusted a number of important ritual tasks to him while Hongli was still a prince, and included him in important court discussions of military strategy. Hoping to avoid repetition of the succession crisis that had tainted his own accession to the throne, he had the name of his successor placed in a sealed box secured behind the tablet over the throne in the Palace of Heavenly Purity (Qianqing Gong 乾清宫). The name in the box was to be revealed to other members of the imperial family in the presence of all senior ministers only upon the death of the Emperor. Yongzheng died suddenly in 1735, the will was taken out and read out before the entire Qing Court, and Hongli became the 6th Manchu Emperor of China. He took the era name of Qianlong (乾隆), 乾 means heaven, 隆 means eminence, which means "Lasting Eminence".
Frontier warsFurther information: Ten Great Campaign
Military costume of Emperor Qianlong. Musée de l'Armée, Paris.
Chinese soldier of Emperor Qianlong, by William Alexander, 1793.
The Qianlong Emperor Viewing Paintings
Qianlong Emperor watching a wrestling match.
The emperor in old age
The Qianlong Emperor in Armor on Horseback, by Italian Jesuit Giuseppe Castiglione(Long shining)(1688–1766 AD).
Consorts of Emperor Qianlong
Consorts and children of Emperor Qianlong
Emperor Qianlong in his study, painting by Giuseppe Castiglione, 18th centuryThe Qianlong Emperor was a successful military leader. Immediately after ascending the throne, he sent armies to suppress the Miao rebellion. His later campaigns greatly expanded the territory controlled by the Qing dynasty. This was made possible not only by Qing strength, but also by the disunity and declining strength of the Inner Asian peoples. Under Qianlong, Dzungar Khanate was incorporated into the Qing dynasty's rule and renamed Xinjiang, while to the West, Ili was conquered and garrisoned. The incorporation of Xinjiang into the Qing empire resulted from the final defeat and destruction of the Dzungars (or Zunghars), a coalition of Western Mongol tribes. According to Qing scholar Wei Yuan, 40% of the 600,000 Zunghar people were killed by smallpox, 20% fled to Russia or Kazakh tribes, and 30% were killed by the army, in what Clarke described as "the complete destruction of not only the Zunghar state but of the Zunghars as a people." Historian Peter Perdue has argued that the decimation of the Dzungars was the result of an explicit policy of massacre launched by the Qianlong emperor (See Zunghar Khanate#Fall).
Throughout this period there were continued Mongol interventions in Tibet and a reciprocal spread of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia. After the Lhasa riot of 1750 he sent armies into Tibet and firmly established the Dalai Lama as ruler, with a Qing resident and garrison to preserve Chinese sovereignty. Further afield, military campaigns against Nepalese, and Gurkhas forced these peoples to submit and send tribute.
The Qianlong Emperor sought to conquer Burma to the south, but the Sino–Burmese War ended in complete failure. He initially believed that it would be an easy victory against a barbarian tribe, and sent only the Green Standard Army based in Yunnan, which borders Burma. The Qing invasion came as the majority of Burmese forces were deployed in their latest invasion of Siam. Nonetheless, battle-hardened Burmese troops defeated the first two invasions of 1765–1766 and 1766–1767 at the border. The regional conflict now escalated to a major war that involved military maneuvers nationwide in both countries. The third invasion (1767–1768) led by the elite Manchu Bannermen nearly succeeded, penetrating deep into central Burma within a few days' march from the capital, Ava. But the Bannermen of northern China could not cope with unfamiliar tropical terrains and lethal endemic diseases, and were driven back with heavy losses. After the close-call, King Hsinbyushin redeployed his armies from Siam to the Chinese front. The fourth and largest invasion got bogged down at the frontier. With the Qing forces completely encircled, a truce was reached between the field commanders of the two sides in December 1769. The Qing kept a heavy military lineup in the border areas of Yunnan for about one decade in an attempt to wage another war while imposing a ban on inter-border trade for two decades. When Burma and China resumed a diplomatic relationship in 1790, the Qing unilaterally viewed the act as Burmese submission, and claimed victory.
The circumstances in Vietnam were not successful either. In 1787 the last Le king Le Chieu Thong fled Vietnam and formally requested that he be restored to his throne in Thanglong (Hanoi today). The Qianlong Emperor agreed and sent a large army into Vietnam to remove the Tay Son (peasant rebels who had captured all of Vietnam). The capital, Thanglong, was conquered in 1788 but a few months later, the Chinese army was defeated and the invasion turned into a debacle due to the surprise attack during Tết by Nguyen Hue, the second and most capable of the three Tay Son brothers. The Chinese[who?] gave formal protection to the Le emperor and his family, and would not intervene in Vietnam for another 90 years.
Despite setbacks in the south, overall the Qianlong Emperor's military expansion nearly doubled the area of the already vast empire, and brought into the fold many non-Han-Chinese peoples—such as Uyghurs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyzs, Evenks and Mongols—who were potentially hostile. It was also a very expensive enterprise; the funds in the Imperial Treasury were almost all put into military expeditions. Though the wars were successful, they were not overwhelmingly so. The army declined noticeably and had a difficult time facing some enemies: the Jin Chuan area took 2–3 years to conquer—at first the Qing army were mauled, though Yue Zhongqi later took control of the situation. The battle with the Dzungars was closely fought, and caused heavy losses on both sides.
At the end of the frontier wars, the army had started to weaken significantly. In addition to a more lenient military system, warlords became satisfied with their lifestyles. Since most of the warring had taken place, warlords no longer saw any reason to train their armies, resulting in a rapid military decline by the end of Qianlong's reign. This is the main reason for the military's failure against the White Lotus Sect, at the very end of Qianlong's years.
Cultural achievementsThe Qianlong Emperor was a major patron of the arts, seeing himself as an important "preserver and restorer" of Chinese culture. He had an insatiable appetite for collecting, and acquired much of China's "great private collections" by any means necessary, and "reintegrated their treasures into the imperial collection." Qianlong, more than any other Manchu emperor, lavished the imperial collection with his attention and effort:
The imperial collection had its origins in the first century B.C., and had gone through many vicissitudes of fire, civil wars and foreign invasions in the centuries that followed. But it was Qianlong who lavished the greatest attention on it, certainly of any of the Manchu rulers.... One of the many roles played by Qianlong, with his customary diligence, was that of the emperor as collector and curator....how carefully Qianlong followed the art market in rare paintings and antiquities, using a team of cultural advisers, from elderly Chinese literati to newly fledged Manchu connoisseurs. These men would help the emperor spot which great private collections might be coming up for sale, either because the fortunes of some previously rich merchant family were unraveling or because the precious objects acquired by Manchu or Chinese grandees during the chaos of the conquest period were no longer valued by those families’ surviving heirs. Sometimes, too, Qianlong would pressure or even force wealthy courtiers into yielding up choice art objects: he did this by pointing out failings in their work, which might be excused if they made a certain “gift,” or, in a couple of celebrated cases, by persuading the current owners that only the secure walls of the forbidden City and its guardians could save some precious painting from theft or from fire.
His massive art collection became an intimate part of his life; he took landscape paintings with him on his travels in order to compare them with the actual landscapes, or to hang them in special rooms in palaces where he lodged, to inscribe them on every visit there. "He also regularly added poetic inscriptions to the paintings of the imperial collection, following the example of the emperors of the Song dynasty and the literati painters of the Ming. They were a mark of distinction for the work, and a visible sign of his rightful role as Emperor. Most particular to the Qianlong Emperor is another type of inscription, revealing a unique practice of dealing with works of art that he seems to have developed for himself. On certain fixed occasions over a long period he contemplated a number of paintings or works of calligraphy which possessed special meaning for him, inscribing each regularly with mostly private notes on the circumstances of enjoying them, using them almost as a diary."
"Most of the several thousand jade items in the imperial collection date from his reign. The Emperor was also particularly interested in collecting ancient bronzes, bronze mirrors and seals," in addition to pottery, ceramics and applied arts such as enameling, metal work and lacquer work, which flourished during his reign; a substantial part of his collection is in the Percival David Foundation in London. The Victoria and Albert Museum and The British Museum also have good collections of Qianlong period Art.
"The Qianlong Emperor was a passionate poet and essayist. In his collected writings, which were published in a tenfold series between 1749 and 1800, over 40,000 poems and 1,300 prose texts are listed, making him one of the most prolific writers of all time. There is a long tradition of poems of this sort in praise of particular objects ('yongwu shi), and the Qianlong Emperor used it in order to link his name both physically and intellectually with ancient artistic tradition."
One of Qianlong’s grandest projects was to "assemble a team of China’s finest scholars for the purpose of assembling, editing, and printing the largest collection ever made of Chinese philosophy, history, and literature." Known as The Four Treasuries project, or Siku Quanshu (四庫全書) it was published in 36,000 volumes, containing about 3450 complete works and employing as many as 15,000 copyists. It preserved numerous books, but was also intended as a way to ferret out and suppress political opponents, requiring the "careful examination of private libraries to assemble a list of around eleven thousand works from the past, of which about a third were chosen for publication. The works not included were either summarized or—in a good many cases—scheduled for destruction."
Burning of books and modification of textsMain article: literary inquisition#Qing
Some 2,300 works were listed for total suppression and another 350 for partial suppression. The aim was to destroy the writings that were anti-Qing or rebellious, that insulted previous "barbarian" dynasties, or that dealt with frontier or defense problems.
The full editing of Siku Quanshu was completed in about ten years; during these ten years, 3100 titles (or works), about 150,000 copies of books were either burnt or banned. Of those volumes that had been categorized into Siku Quanshu, many were subjected to deletion and modification. Books published during the Ming dynasty suffered the greatest damage.
The authority would judge any single character or any single sentence's neutrality; if the authority had decided these words, or sentence were derogatory or cynical towards the rulers, then persecution would begin. In Qianlong's time, there were 53 cases of literary inquisition, resulting in the victims being beheaded, or corpses being mutilated, or victims being slowly sliced into pieces until death (Lingchi).
European stylesArchitecturally, Qianlong took personal interest in the expansion of the Old Summer Palace and commissioned the Italian Jesuit Giuseppe Castiglione for the construction of the Xiyanglou (西洋楼), or the Western-style mansion, to satisfy his taste for exotic buildings and objects. He also commissioned the French Jesuit Michel Benoist, to design a series of timed waterworks and fountains complete with underground machinery and pipes, for the amusement of the Imperial family. The French Jesuit Jean Denis Attiret also became "Painter to the Emperor" Qianlong.
During his reign the Emin Minaret was built in Turpan to commemorate his father.
Later yearsIn his later years, Qianlong was spoiled with power and glory, becoming disillusioned and complacent in his reign, placing his trust in corrupt officials like Yu Minzhong (于敏中), and later Heshen (和珅).
As Heshen was the highest ranked minister and most favoured by Qianlong at the time, the day-to-day governance of the country was left in his hands, while Qianlong himself indulged in the arts, luxuries and literature. When Heshen was executed it was found that his personal fortune exceeded that of the country's depleted treasury, amount to 900,000,000 taels of silver, the total of 12 years of Treasury surplus of Manchu Qing court.
Qianlong began his reign with about 33,950,000 taels of silver in Treasury surplus.
At the peak of Qianlong's reign, around 1775, even with further tax cuts, the treasury surplus still reached 73,900,000 taels, a record unmatched by his predecessors, Kangxi or Yongzheng both of whom had implemented remarkable tax cut policies.
However, due to numerous factors such as long term embezzlement and corruption by officials, frequent expeditions South, huge palace constructions, many war and rebellion campaigns as well as his own extravagant lifestyle, all of these cost the treasury a total of 150,200,000 silver taels.
This, coupled with his senior age and the lack of political reforms, ushered the beginning of the gradual decline and eventual demise of the Qing dynasty and empire, casting a shadow over his glorious and brilliant political life.
Macartney EmbassyMain article: Macartney Embassy
See also: All under heaven, Hua-Yi distinction, and Kowtow
Lord Macartney's embassy, 1793.
The French Jesuit Joseph-Marie Amiot (1718–1793) was the official translator of Western languages for Emperor Qianlong.
Illustration depicting the last European delegation to be received at the Qianlong Court in 1795 – Isaac Titsingh (seated European with hat, far left) and A.E. van Braam Houckgeest (seated European without hat).During the mid-eighteenth century, Qianlong began to face pressures from the West to increase foreign trade. The proposed cultural exchange between the British Empire at the time and the Qing Empire collapsed due to many factors. Firstly, there was a lack of any precedent interaction with overseas foreign kingdoms apart from neighbouring tributory states to guide Qianlong towards a more informed response. Furthermore, competing worldviews that were incompatible between China and Britain, the former holding entrenched beliefs that China was the "central kingdom", and the latter's push for rapid liberalization of trade relations, worsened ties.
George Macartney, was sent by King George III as ambassador extraordinary to seek a range of trade concessions. He was granted an audience with the Qianlong Emperor, and attended the Emperor's 80th birthday. There is continued discussion about the nature of the audience, and what level of ceremonials were performed. Demands from the Qing Court that the British Trade ambassadors kneel and perform the kowtow were strongly resisted by Macartney, and debate continues as to what exactly occurred, differing opinions recorded by Qing courtiers and British delegates.
A description of the Emperor is provided in the account of one of the visiting Englishmen, Aeneas Anderson:
The Emperor is about five feet ten inches in height, and of a slender but elegant form; his complexion is comparatively fair, though his eyes are dark; his nose is rather aquiline, and the whole of his countenance presents a perfect regularity of feature, which, by no means, announce the great age he is said to have attained; his person is attracting, and his deportment accompanies by an affability, which, without lessening the dignity of the prince, evinces the amiable character of the man. His dress consisted of a loose robe of yellow silk, a cap of black velvet with a red ball on the top, and adorned with a peacock's feather, which is the peculiar distinction of mandarins of the first class. He wore silk boots embroidered with gold, and a sash of blue girded his waist.
It is uncertain whether Anderson actually saw the Emperor, or repeated another's sighting, as he was not involved in the ceremonies.
George Macartney's Manchu Qing observationsIn George Macartney's memoirs, there were many passages describing what was, in his opinion, an overall poor quality of life for the Chinese under Qing rule. Macartney expressed opinions which were widely disseminated:
The Empire of China is an old, crazy, first-rate Man of War, which a fortunate succession of and vigilant officers have contrived to keep afloat for these hundred and fifty years past, and to overawe their neighbours merely by her bulk and appearance. But whenever an insufficient man happens to have the command on deck, adieu to the discipline and safety of the ship. She may, perhaps, not sink outright; she may drift some time as a wreck, and will then be dashed to pieces on the shore; but she can never be rebuilt on the old bottom.
Titsingh EmbassyA Dutch embassy arrived to the Qianlong court in 1795, and would turn out to be the last occasion in which any European appeared before the Chinese Court within the context of traditional Chinese imperial foreign relations.
Representing Dutch and Dutch East India Company interests, Isaac Titsingh traveled to Pekin in 1794–95 for celebrations of the sixtieth anniversary of the Qianlong Emperor's reign. The Titsingh delegation also included the Dutch-American Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest, whose detailed description of this embassy to the Chinese court was soon after published in the U.S. and Europe. Titsingh's French translator, Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes published his own account of the Titsingh mission in 1808. Voyage a Pékin, Manille et l'Ile de France provided an alternate perspective and a useful counterpoint to other reports which were then circulating. Titsingh himself died before he could publish his version of events.
In contrast to Macartney, Isaac Titsingh, the Dutch and VOC emissary in 1795 did not refuse to kowtow. In the year following Mccartney's rebuff, Titsingh and his colleagues were much feted by the Chinese because of what was construed as seemly compliance with conventional court etiquette.
AbdicationIn October 1795, Qianlong officially announced that in the spring of the following year he would voluntarily abdicate his throne and pass the crown to his son. It was said that Qianlong had made a promise during the year of his ascension not to rule longer than his grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor, who had reigned for 61 years.
Qianlong anticipated moving out of the Hall of Mental Cultivation in the Forbidden City. The Hall had been conventionally dedicated for the exclusive use of the reigning sovereign, and in 1771 the emperor ordered the beginning of construction on what was ostensibly intended as his retirement residence in another part of the Forbidden City: a lavish, two-acre walled retreat called the Ningshou gong, or "Palace of Tranquil Longevity", today more commonly known as the Qianlong Garden. The complex, completed in 1776, is currently undergoing a ten-year restoration led by the Palace Museum in Beijing and the World Monuments Fund (WMF). The first of the restored apartments, Qianlong's Juanqinzhai, or "Studio of Exhaustion From Diligent Service," began an exhibition tour of the United States in 2010.
Qianlong resigned the throne at the age of 85, in the 60th year of his reign, to his son, the Jiaqing emperor in 1795. For the next four years, he held the title "Retired Emperor (太上皇)," though he continued to hold on to power and the Jiaqing Emperor ruled only in name. He never moved into his retirement suites in the Qianlong Garden. He died in 1799.
LegendsThere is a legend, popularized in fiction, that Qianlong was the son of Chen Yuanlong of Haining. Emperor Kangxi chose the heir to his throne based not just on his son's capability to govern the Empire, but also whether his grandson was of no lesser calibre, to ensure the Manchus' everlasting reign over the country. Yongzheng's own son was a weakling and he surreptitiously arranged for his daughter to be swapped for Chen Yuanlong's son, who became the apple of Kangxi's eye. Thus, Yongzheng got to succeed the throne, and his "son", Hongli, subsequently became Emperor Qianlong. Later, Qianlong went to the southern part of the country four times, he stayed in Chen's house in Haining, leaving behind his calligraphy and also frequently issued imperial decrees making and maintaining Haining as a tax-free state.
However there are major problems with this story being: 1) His eldest surviving son Hongshi was only 7 when Hongli was born far too early to make the drastic choice of replacing a child of royal birth with an outsider (and risking disgrace if not death) 2) Yongzheng had three other princes that survived to adulthood who had the potential of ascending the throne. Indeed given the fact that Hongshi was forced to commit suicide, the story would have been far more logical if he was the adopted child of Yongzheng.
Stories about Qianlong's 6 visits to the Jiangnan area disguised as a commoner have been a popular topic for many generations. In total, he has visited Jiang Nan eight times, as opposed to the Kangxi emperor's 6 inspections.
FamilySee also: Qing Dynasty nobility and Ranks of Imperial Consorts in China#Qing
Father: Yongzheng Emperor
Mother: Empress Xiaoshengxian
SpousesEmpresses:
Empress Xiaoxianchun
Ulanara, the Step Empre
Empress Xiaoyichun
Imperial Noble Consorts:
Imperial Noble Consort Huixian
Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui
Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong
Imperial Noble Consort Zhemin (哲憫皇貴妃), from the Fuca (富察) clan.
Imperial Noble Consort Shujia (淑嘉皇貴妃), from the Jingiya (金佳) clan.
Noble Consorts:
Noble Consort Wan
Noble Consort Ying
Noble Consort Xin
Noble Consort Yu (愉貴妃), from the Keliyete (珂里葉特) clan.
Noble Consort Xun
Consorts:
Consort Jin (晉妃), from the Fuca (富察) clan.
Consort Rong
Consort Shu
Consort Dun
Imperial Concubines:
Imperial Concubine Yi (儀嬪), from the Huang (黃) clan.
Imperial Concubine Xun (恂嬪), from the Huoshuote (霍碩特) clan.
Imperial Concubine Gong (恭嬪), from the Lin (林) clan.
Imperial Concubine Yi (怡嬪), from the Bo (柏) clan.
Imperial Concubine Shen (慎嬪), from the Bai'ergesi (拜爾噶斯) clan.
Imperial Concubine Cheng (誠嬪), from the Niuhuru clan.
Noble Ladies:
Noble Lady Shun
Lady Silin-Gioro (西林覺羅氏)
Lady Bo (柏氏)
Noble Lady Rui (瑞貴人), from the Suochuoluo (索綽絡) clan.
Noble Lady Duo (多貴人), from the Borjigit clan.
Noble Lady Wu (武貴人)
Noble Lady Jin (金貴人)
Noble Lady Xin (新貴人)
Noble Lady Fu (福貴人)
First Class Female Attendants:
First Class Female Attendant Bai (白常在)
First Class Female Attendant Kui (揆常在)
First Class Female Attendant Ning (寧常在)
First Class Female Attendant Ping (平常在)
First Class Female Attendant Na (那常在)
Sons# Name Mother Birth date Death date Title
1 Yonghuang (永璜) Imperial Noble Consort Zhemin 5 July 1728 21 April 1750 Prince Ding'an of the First Rank (定安親王)
2 Yonglian (永璉) Empress Xiaoxianchun 9 August 1730 23 November 1738 Crown Prince Duanhui (端慧太子)
3 Yongzhang (永璋) Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui 15 July 1735 26 August 1760 Prince Xun of the Second Rank (循郡王)
4 Yongcheng (永珹) Imperial Noble Consort Shujia 21 February 1739 5 April 1777 Prince Lüduan of the First Rank (履端親王)
5 Yongqi (永琪) Noble Consort Yu 23 March 1741 16 April 1766 Prince Rongchun of the First Rank (榮純親王)
6 Yongrong (永瑢) Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui 28 January 1744 13 June 1790 Prince Zhizhuang of the First Rank (質庄親王)
7 Yongcong (永琮) Empress Xiaoxianchun 27 May 1746 29 January 1748 Prince Zhe of the First Rank (哲親王)
8 Yongxuan (永璇) Imperial Noble Consort Shujia 31 August 1746 1 September 1832 Prince Yishen of the First Rank (儀慎親王)
9 (Unnamed) Imperial Noble Consort Shujia 2 August 1748 11 June 1749
10 (Unnamed) Consort Shu 12 June 1751 7 July 1753
11 Yongxing (永瑆) Imperial Noble Consort Shujia 22 March 1752 10 May 1823 Prince Chengzhe of the First Rank (成哲親王)
12 Yongji (永璂) Empress Ulanara 7 June 1752 17 March 1776 Beile (貝勒)
13 Yongjing (永璟) Empress Ulanara 2 January 1756 7 September 1757
14 Yonglu (永璐) Empress Xiaoyichun 31 August 1757 3 May 1760
15 Yongyan (永琰) Empress Xiaoyichun 13 November 1760 2 September 1820 Jiaqing Emperor
16 (Unnamed) Empress Xiaoyichun 13 January 1763 6 May 1765
17 Yonglin (永璘) Empress Xiaoyichun 17 June 1766 25 April 1820 Prince Qingxi of the First Rank (慶僖親王)
DaughtersThe personal names of the Qianlong Emperor's daughters are not known.
The Qianlong Emperor adopted a niece, Heshuo Princess Hewan (和碩和婉公主; 24 July 1734 – 2 May 1760). She was the daughter of the Qianlong Emperor's younger half-brother Hongzhou and Hongzhou's primary spouse Lady Ujaku (烏札庫氏).
# Title Mother Birth date Death date Spouse
1 (Unnamed) Empress Xiaoxianchun 1728 1729
2 (Unnamed) Imperial Noble Consort Zhemin 1731 1731
3 Kurun Princess Hejing (固倫和敬公主) Empress Xiaoxianchun 28 June 1731 15 August 1792 Sebutengbalezhu'er (色布騰巴勒珠爾) of the Borjigit clan
4 Heshuo Princess Hejia (和碩和嘉公主) Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui 24 December 1745 29 October 1767 Fulong'an (福隆安) of the Fuca (富察) clan
5 (Unnamed) Empress Ulanara 1753 1755
6 (Unnamed) Noble Consort Xin 24 August 1755 27 September 1758
7 Kurun Princess Hejing (固倫和靜公主) Empress Xiaoyichun 10 August 1756 9 February 1775 Lawangduo'erji (拉旺多爾濟) of the Borjigit clan
8 (Unnamed) Noble Consort Xin 1758 1767
9 Heshuo Princess Hege (和碩和恪公主) Empress Xiaoyichun 17 August 1758 14 April 1780 Zhalantai (札蘭泰) of the Uya (烏雅) clan.
10 Kurun Princess Hexiao (固倫和孝公主) Consort Dun 2 February 1775 13 October 1823 Fengshen Yinde (豐紳殷德) of the Niuhuru clan
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