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Bao Zheng, born in Northern Xianping years (999 years). (In "Chopping package Mian" and "Lord Bao apologize" and other operas, saying a child, abandoned by their parents Bao Zheng, Bao Zheng sister by the band develop, and this does not meet the reality of history. In fact, Bao Zheng immature youth, deep loved by their parents and upbringing.)
Official career
Bao Zheng grow up very filial piety. And contemporary Ouyang Xiu Bao Zheng, Bao Zheng was impeached, "Prime little knowledge." Here the "knowledge" is not primarily refer to reading and literacy, but to understand ways of the world. Bao Zheng Ouyang Xiu is not to belittle, but rather that the Bao Zheng "rare filial piety, heard in the village; nights a straight section, with the court" should give him a more suitable and appropriate office. Bao Zheng's young age, also hard to study, so in his 20-year-old, finally sitting the A Division of the Scholars. In accordance with the provisions of the Song Dynasty, after obtaining the Scholars will be appointed as officials. Bao Zheng was sent to Jianchang County (now Yongxiu, Jiangxi) office. Bao Zheng advanced age, but that parents should support their elderly parents, filial piety, and therefore request return of Anhui, in the state (now in Anhui and county) official. However, the parents see their sons at his side, Bao Zheng decided to resign and stay home, at home and honor their parents for years, until his parents died, Bao Zheng mourning expired, still do not want to leave their homeland. At the time, this feudal filial piety, by the home's praise. In recent years, Hefei Bao Zheng found a package she would stand for his father's Shinto monument. Bei Shang incised seal script "Song Bao Gong Shinto monument therefore grant the vice-minister," 12 words. This is Bao Zheng left the precious relics, but also the witness of his power filial.
As the hometown of the advice, Bao Zheng left the home, leaving parents to spirit, to the everlasting County (now Anhui Tianchang) as the magistrate. At this time, Bao Zheng is about four-year-old middle-aged. Kangding first year (1040), Bao Zheng has a known Duanzhou (now Guangdong Zhaoqing). Duanzhou produce a kind of famous ink stone, called Yan in. Yan in annual tribute to the imperial court. Because local officials and the gentry and other layers of coded deduction, Yan in the production of numerous, had become a heavy burden on the people. Bao Zheng officials ordered the despotic, corrupt not only the required number of tribute to the imperial court. But his own, until you leave Duanzhou not have wanted to Yan in one.
Perhaps because of this ruthless character of Bao Zheng, are ministers appreciated, so the court in Qingli three years (in 1043) will be transferred to the capital of Kaifeng, Bao Zheng. This is since the examination to Beijing after the second Bao Zheng came to the capital. Bao Zheng was appointed to monitor the censor. At the time, although there is not much real power to monitor the censor, but in terms of Bao Zheng, are very important. This is because, from direct participation in the political affairs of Bao Zheng, and may for all aspects of the court, particularly in employment terms, views and suggestions. In fact, Bao Zheng was in office during the monitoring censor, does Song of the domestic and foreign affairs, put forward a number of criticisms and ways to improve it, and had also ambassador to Khitan (Liao), a task well done.
Excellent work benefits the country and the results, so that the Emperor Bao Zheng Hu years (in 1050) was promoted to Chapter House Daizhi days, Zhijian Yuan. The Chapter House is the place to store books and documents the court, Dai Zhi of the title, well-known but no right. Dai Zhi Bao Zheng called packets, but his honorific. However, Zhijian Yuan Expostulation that the post of part-time, it is very important. Admonishing the task of the shortcomings of court politics to the emperor plain speaking, it can involve all aspects of court politics. Bao Zheng Expostulation concurrently in the period, not only repeatedly attacked rampant illegal powerful ministers, but also many aspects of current affairs, put forward proposals for innovation. Unfortunately, two years later, Bao Zheng to change it straight for the Lung To Court bachelor, is also a symbolic titles that (then on, people called him to pack Lung), and again left the capital, to Hebei, Luzhou, Chizhou ( this Guichi), Jiangning (now Jiangsu Jiangning) and so any local officials. Up to and three years (in 1056) before returning to the capital, he was appointed prefect of Kaifeng. Hu Jia for four years (1059), Bao Zheng to Privy, the right of the treasury and other official positions, rising to a senior official at that time. The second year he was promoted to the treasury and the senator Fushi, equivalent to the post of deputy prime minister. However, over sixty of Bao Zheng, time has been sunset. Hu Jia seven years (in 1062) on May 25, Bao Zheng died in Kaifeng. Emperor Bao Zheng Ren home to the last one to do Bao Zheng, ratified his rites, giving posthumous "Xiao Su", so called after the death of package Bao Zheng Xiao Su. In his later years at home and set up a stone, inscribed "ring honest family motto": "The descendants official career, there are guilty of handling stolen goods were ... ... if the Sun is also non-Wu Zi." Deeds of his long-term spread of civil society, the last novel, drama and more to take theme. Yuan has been, "Chen states who sold rice" and other works. Day after the wide spread, forming a rich legend. Left with a "package Xiao Su memorials."
Advocates of reform
The era in which Ren Bao Zheng, have not as vibrant as Song, redundant officers, soldiers and redundancy costs become redundant when the three major disasters, burden of ordinary people, soldiers in various parts of the riots and peasant uprisings. Faced with this situation, Bao Zheng starting from worrying about the nation, advocates of the current politics to rectify and reform. It should be said, Bao Zheng's reform ideas, which aims to consolidate the feudal autocratic rule of the Song Dynasty, but the objective effect of point of view, there was a lower benefit the people. Bao Zheng reason for the common people by the love of reason here.
Song huge bureaucracy, redundant official disaster, Bao Zheng and innovation that must be rectifying. He not only advocated the employer to use righteous person of a gentleman, can not be crafty little people, and recommends promotions, "selfless and diligently in the country" known to, the public straight and clean person. "Not only seven his impeachment" tyranny overtaxing "of transfer to Wang Kui, and afraid of risk, argued for the emperor's family, "commonplace person" Zhang Gyosa removed from key positions. In Bao Zheng's view, "nothing in the government building that" the mediocrity, no matter how official, must step down. He has to reform selection and recruitment system. He advocated officials to seven years of age must leave. he do not want to leave exposed the bureaucracy, is unknown in cheap, "like to run with yet, but the plan for care children" . He can not claim any spoils, even the gift from his father's credit and the hiring of children, have passed the examination. These are the official order to solve the problem redundant. Bao Zheng is not opposed to Zhongyan sponsored New Deal. New Deal failure, many officials have been punished for these aggressive efforts Bao Zheng Ming officials injustice, advocating only use them.
On the economic front, Bao Zheng preach compression costs, on the other proposition can not be harsh stripping civilians. At that time there is a policy to force people to cities and towns by the government to buy state needed, the price lower than market prices. This has become a means of exploiting the people. Bao Zheng public policy against such harm. He cited strong buy military supplies in Shaanxi harm, "Ai-family property before and after the man broke a lot of families", thus the abolition of this approach. Bao Zheng suggested that the State needed materials should be "home buying market," a fair price, free purchase. This proposal, both to reduce the burden of the people, or on the circulation of commodities and commodity production are favorable. Yuncheng salt solution previously mentioned problems, but also to strongly support the reform of Bao Zheng, so that the production and sale of salt solution, from the official monopoly, and reform to allow business transactions. This reform, not only to lift up the people for government officials handling the pain of salt, but also conducive to the flow of salt. Shen Kuo praised this "International Trade Law," "line for decades, now that Lee," In addition, the main Zhangfang Tian Bao Zheng had also all taxes, that is, the land measuring despotic landlord, to prevent them from tax evasion Tao Yi. He also encouraged private mining, iron and so on. Visible, Bao Zheng's economic thought and economic reforms aimed at "Wide Country and Benefit."
In the Song of the defense and foreign policy, Bao Zheng, that the powerful, to improve border measures to safeguard the national independence and dignity. When he was ambassador to Laos, Laos make things difficult for him, he can seriously argue, neither overbearing nor servile. After returning home, he immediately saw and heard in the Liao, the report the court. He said Liao soldiers and horses assembled in the northern Shanxi Province, gathering fodder, its intentions Bukebufang. He suggested, we must strengthen the border of Shanxi Song, Liao, on behalf of the state (on behalf of the county), should the state (should the county), Yanmenguan area of combat readiness, before eating Liao border territory, is due to the border of the minister timid, afraid to confront Today should be ordered Bian Chen, allowed strictly defensive, can not lose an inch of land. In addition, the original here Morimasa, lay in the military is now to send people to understand the military leadership and command. Court adopted the views of Bao Zheng, strengthen Hebei, Shanxi defense. More importantly, Bao Zheng Song of redundant soldiers on the harm, a proposal to reduce "the old and sick redundant weak" proposal, in order to facilitate training and enhance combat effectiveness. He also proposed to strengthen the border civil volunteer training. Song soldiers to be transferred frequently to prevent authoritarian generals, but I do not know the cause of the soldiers, the soldiers do not know ills. Bao Zheng think that to change this policy so that there are duties, powers, generals, not easy to mobilize. Valuable is that Bao Zheng proposes to strengthen defense and military strength to the premise of not increasing the burden on the people. At that time the Central Plains, especially in Hebei, Shanxi farmers, suffer from transporting rations, Bao Zheng has proposed that in the year of harvest, farmers can buy food, reserve them for future rations and reduce the transportation difficulties. The advocates reform of the political affairs of Bao Zheng to benefits the country has its ideological basis. He always believed that ordinary people is the fundamental state, only the people get better, not merciless oppression of the corrupt officials, can a country prosper and have peace. If the over-extraction, to the world the common people in dire straits, then the country can not only strong, but will result in forcing people to rebel and shake the feudal rule. The reason why he advocated reforms to become famous in our history, "honest and upright official" whose origin lies in this thought. Although the starting point and motivation of Bao Zheng, the world's long-term stability to the Song Dynasty, and not entirely for the common people, but enjoy the exploited compared to the oppressed of the "corrupt", no matter the community, or the people, and always much better. The idea that clean government is more cunning than the corrupt officials, more harmful to the people's view is clearly wrong.
Upright
Merits and demerits of a person's history, to use their actions to write. If their behavior is proved to the community, benefit the people active, then people eventually will give him a proper evaluation. This evaluation, I am afraid not to denounce the disappearance of some temporary. Go down in history's arbiter for the praise and remember the people, precisely because the practice of Bao Zheng life is beneficial to society and people. This practice not only because of the people he was doing something good, but also because of his personal moral character, has many contemporaries, and even human Nan Yi Hou Lai and between enterprises.
First of all, He was straightforward, not duplicity, not to conspire. He never thus, to see color to act, nor boast, lie. Even before the emperor, he was outspoken, not afraid to offend the emperor. Prince to establish something, Bao Zheng Zhi Jian had risked his life, open to the emperor said, I'm getting old, but no sons, if I'm wrong, it does not matter, anyway, not to make money they want promoted. Fortunately Renzong down also decent, did not deal with Bao Zheng, but that may take time to talk. Bao Zheng said, trusted palace eunuch, too much power and too much treatment should reduce staff and expenses. This of course is about to offend the emperor's confidant, attracted the ominous disaster. Fortunately, the emperor said, "Zhong Geng words, solid bitter and impolite, the whole be beneficial also, set up or no benefit, no harm, why should they refuse and are responsible for." Bao Zheng finally met a more enlightened Renzong. Otherwise, always already had their heads chopped off. This upright the dauntless spirit, so that when the people, and some sense of justice of the court officials, and Bao Zheng admired. Ouyang Xiu Bao Zheng to admire "Tianzi steep straight." Yes, the righteous person of Bao Zheng, and sometimes disregard the rules and etiquette, personally asked the prime minister or other ministers denounced. Confused ministers Xiabulaitai. Bao Zheng Ouyang Xiu opposed this practice, that more than straightforward Bao Zheng, "thoughtful stranger." In fact, conservative, nothing shall serve in the Renzong times, it touches on much-needed such a person like Bao Zheng. This is to correct the problems and is always good. As for the ways and means, is a minor. Unfortunately, after all, that the Bao Zheng Renzong not ideal, not promoted him as Shenzhizhengshi (ie Deputy Prime Minister) of the positions. Bao Zheng straightforward, but not arbitrary. He not only good at research, and was happy to listen to the views of others. Little smile on his face, but when other people point out his errors, was able to humbly accept. So Sima Guang praised his "just not complex, too difficult for this person."
Secondly, he impartial, non-self-serving. Simplicity of his life, even when the officer, with the status, basic necessities and living habits, and also about ordinary people. Bao Zheng had written a family motto, engraved on the wall at home. Family motto reads: "descendants official career, there are, Corruption abuse shall not be released into the marital home after the death dead not being buried in a large grave, not from the Wu Zhi XI'AN future generations." In other words, Bao Zheng stringent requirements future generations, not too bad, do not bully people, if someone does not do so, it would not pack at home children, died after the packages are not buried in family graves. The well-known family motto reflects Bao Zheng, a family is not seeking to benefit from the noble sentiments. This sentiment is not done out of Bao Zheng deliberately to show that they are lofty, but his life guidelines for action. Back in Luzhou official home, the Bao Zheng Take the selfless and well known for. Bao Zheng made a parent-like village of his relatives are very pleased that with backing from. However, the Untouchables of Bao Zheng impartial, even his own relatives breaking the law, he is steadfast in law enforcement. In this way, the reputation of earthquake Bao, Bao Zheng's death, his prowess spread the Quartet, have an official, is the minority, in the final taking care of the Song Dynasty. The officials of the Ancestor, said he heard Bao Zheng was loyal, I have no other request, please allow me to pack a change of surname. Ancestor agreed, he changed the name of Bao-Shun, the legendary border soldiers robbed a woman. The woman desperate, that he is the granddaughter of Bao Zheng. The woman was sick, there is a witch heard after the show and tossing some, who would condemn the bullying of my granddaughter, and to limit it within ten days women put. People think that witch is really the embodiment of Bao Zheng, after kneeling kowtowing, immediately put that woman.
Maintenance of the rule of law
In the novel, drama, black Bao is the typical image of law and justice. This is the history of Bao Zheng evolution, creation out of the artistic image. However, the history of Bao Zheng really loving the people as child, afraid of dignitaries, law enforcement and strict, which won praise at that time and future generations of people to him as the suffering savior. Bao Zheng strict law and order, of course, to the fundamental interests of the ruling class to maintain the feudal order. He is not, nor is the leader of the masses, against the feudal rule of the vanguard. However, in a feudal society, the ruling class in the far-sighted bureaucrat, will recognize that, for the people, should cherish and do not cross sign on their oppressive, but must act according to no justice for any oppressed people. Otherwise, the result would in turn undermine or even destroy the rule of feudal dynasties, and thus fundamentally speaking, is clearly not as benevolent tyranny. Bao Zheng is the kind of people. He eulogized the reason for the people through the ages, and because of his legal thought and law enforcement action, comply with the requirements and aspirations of the people. Corrupt than the past, uncorrupted, according to the law always better, more beneficial to the majority of the people.
Although the Song developed a series of legal system, but the one oppressing the common people, to complain or impossible for the county. Not only are many procedures, and it does not see the face of government officials. This despotic officials working hand in glove, both extortion, but also the law for child's play.
Kaifeng city has a farmer River, river sides, both civilians lived, but also high officials of the housing. Bao Zheng Ren Kaifeng prefect, the pouring rain, flooding, flooded streets, so many civilians homeless. What caused the flooded it? Bao Zheng investigated and learned that Jos is bad, it can not drain the reason is that a large bureaucracy and the nobility who built a dam on the river, the dam has been in the water, according to a flowerpot fish, and even at home with their a piece, into water garden. Therefore, in order to benefit the people, to clear the Huimin River, only to dig up these dams, dig up the dam, swept away by the water garden, the nobility were able to undertake it? Bao Zheng drew a map, took the evidence, ordered that all dams and gardens destroyed. Some people count on the right was a large place, reported to the Renzong there. Bao Zheng evidence to prove that they illegally built water garden. In this way, Huimin River dredge up. Renzong also had an eye, close one eye, who can not speak for the royalty Guiqi. Bao Zheng fear power, oppose the right to substitute the law objectively uphold the interests of the people. There is also another situation that a group of rogue society, thieves, these people substance though not in power, but also the people. Bao Zheng showed no mercy on them.
Once, a small street, Kaifeng fire. Some even made fun of a rogue to play Bao Zheng. Before they catch up with Bao Zheng, Bao Zheng Q: Sweetwater Lane fire is to water, or to the grievances Lane water? Bao Zheng is a look at some local ruffians and hooligans to destroy the fire fighting operations now, ordered them all killed.
Combat power and wealth and criminals, safeguard the interests of civilians, directly for the people call the shots, to reduce the burden on peasants. Bao Zheng monitoring censor any time, there had been a strange thing; transfer to Wang Kui, complain to the emperor, Chen told the state (now in Henan Province) harsh stripping local officials and farmers of any normal school, many receive money and grain. At the time people think that any normal school clean, Wang Kui greedy base, whether this is to blame? So, to send someone to investigate. Many people are afraid of Wang Kuei, power, unwilling to go. Bao Zheng to ascertain the truth, the people from harm, Chen resolutely to the state, after investigation, and have proof, Bao Zheng returned to the capital, reported to the emperor, to any plunder the peasants, causing dissatisfaction and farmers can not live, is is Wang Kui. Wang Kui Bao Zheng requested dismissal, will return the overcharged money and grain farmers. Opera, "Chen states, and food," is based on the deeds of Bao Zheng, be exaggerated, fictitious formed. Bao Zheng handling, not favoritism, not fraud, it was the common people, men and women are aware of Bao Gong. The capital of the masses more to pass as a savior of Bao Gong. They said: "The joint less than a hell the old package." Joint is open up the joints, joint opened up if you can not find the way, do not worry, because we call the shots for Bao Zheng. However, Bao Zheng is a human, not God. Despite his emphasis on investigation of case-handling, weight of evidence, but he also has all the time. In Kaifeng, there is a prisoner who bribed law enforcement Officials. Officials were deceived Bao Zheng, let the prisoners off lightly. This shows that the Bao Zheng may make mistakes, and the courage to correct errors.
History of Bao Zheng, deserves to be affirmed and praised the politicians, reformers and legal experts. He was pleading for his life, will always make people miss.
The legend
"Lung Detective" is produced by the late Ming vernacular fiction collection of short detective. Ten volumes of the book points, including 100 settle a lawsuit story. Composers do not question.
Legend of Lord Bao is the most brilliant achievements in the trial out of the palace of a major - 狸猫换太子 case, for the emperor Ren retrieve his own mother. "San Xia Wu Yi," The title used several exaggerating the matter.
It was the first queen after the death of Emperor Song thing. At that time, Liu Fei and Li Fei are pregnant. Obviously, who had a son, who is likely to establish positive palace. LIU Fei long Huai jealous, lest Li Fei birth to a son was set up as a queen, so together with the palace Guo Huai Explorer are set terms, in cooperation with midwives You Shi, Li Fei childbirth while dizzy and unconscious because the blood The machine will be stripped of a civet fur, bloody, light oily to take a newborn for Prince. Liu Fei Chu Kou odalisque life strangled Prince, Kou Chu unkind, delivered secretly to Prince Eunuch Chen Lin. Chen Lin will be installed in Tihe of Prince Qing support sent to the South. Shinshu say that civet cats were flayed, that Li Fei gave birth to a monster, is to depreciate into marginized. Soon after that, Princess in labor, gave birth to a son, was established as a crown prince, Liu Fei was established as Queen's book. Who would have thought six years later, after the son of Liu disease yao. Li Fei Liu underwent know when the son has not died, is to raise his income, and let him fill up the missing Prince. Day in the cold, Prince Consort Gong Li met with the mother, mother nature, both face with tears. Liu was informed that after the torture bandit beads, beads contact order Kou died. Therefore, after Liu Zhen Zong into the evil of others before, Shinshu decreed to Li Fei Prince in. The eunuch Li Fei Yu was quoted as willing martyrs for, let Li Fei. Another eunuch Li Fei Qin Feng will pick up, sent to Chen states, Qin Feng is also self-immolation die. Li Fei Chen states can not live, only to end up living Poyao, living by begging. Fortunately, state, and food Bao Zheng Chen, that the truth, and Li Fei false recognition for mother and child, Li Fei will be back to Kaifeng. At this point, Shinshu already dead, Li Fei's son has done of the emperor, known to history Renzong. Also take advantage of the palace Bao Zheng Ren Di Queens Birthday Greetings to the machine, will be brought into the palace Li Fei Li Fei was able to Ren and his son meet, and revealed the truth.
Later, Chen Lin Bao also designed to reveal the truth. Empress of Liu has done a conspiracy brought to light that, convulsions and died.
In this case, as done a great Bao Zheng was appointed as prime minister Ren.
Dramatic twists and turns throughout the story, from beginning to end, so it was compiled drama onto the stage, a great impact in the community.
The main reasons for 狸猫换太子 this story, because the history of the mother recognized the issue does Ren.
Bao Zheng Shi-discharge table
Five-day Saint (1027): Dali assessment matter, to know Jianchang County (not to go), monitoring and state taxes (not going).
Edwin four years (1037): supreme court Cheng, known Tianchang County.
Kangding first year (1040): Dian Zhong Cheng, Duanzhou know.
Qingli three years (1043): monitoring the censor in line, acts the case of East Division.
Qingli four years (1044): monitoring the censor, judge the right degree of support, the three Secretaries of the Ministry of judge.
Qingli six years (1046): Jingdong Forwarding.
Qingli seven years (1047): Direct Mandarin Court, and Industry Yuanwai Lang, Shaanxi Forwarding.
Qingli eight years (1048): Board of Punishments Yuanwai Lang, Hebei Forwarding (due for office), the three Secretaries of the Ministry of Fushi.
Wong-You-year (1050): The Chapter House Dai Zhi, Ministry of War Yuanwai Lang, Zhijian Yuan.
Wong Yau four years (1052): Lung To Court straight degree, all transfer to Hebei, Gao Yang Guan Road are deployed An Fushi.
Wong-You-five years (1053): knowledge of Yangzhou (later known Luzhou).
To and two years (1055): Hyobu Yuanwai Lang, known Chizhou.
Jiayou first year (1056): Board of Punishments doctor, the Secretary the right doctor, know Jiangning House (right after the Kaifeng).
Jiayou three years (1058): Right Jian Yi doctor, Yu Shi Zhongcheng, handled the right to review to make, receive transport to, Criminal Prison, in the Examination Yuan.
Jiayou four years (1059): Privy, the right of the treasury.
Jiayou six years (1061): Decadence, Libu Doctor (assistant minister after the board of rites), the treasury, senator Fushi.
Jiayou seven years (1062): minister of rites (May Death grant).
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