比埃尔·德·龙沙（法语：Pierre de Ronsard，又译作龙萨，1524年9月11日－1585年)，法国诗人。十九岁时成为了一名神职人员。在这位本来一心侍奉神的少年情窦初开的时候，出于对美丽的卡桑德拉（Cassandre）的爱慕，龙沙开始了爱情诗的创作。他在1552年为自己的女神写下了著名的十四行诗《爱情》。因为作品大获成功，龙萨从此便被承认了作家的身份，并被公认为卓越的爱情诗人。
生平

1524年，龙萨出生在旺多姆一个古老的贵族家庭，是家中最小的儿子。起初他想从事军事或外交方面的工作，于是早早离开家，进宫成为一名侍从，侍奉国王的孩子。随后，他成为外交官拉扎尔·拜伊夫（Lazare de Baïf）的秘书。Baïf是当时最伟大的人文学者之一，他还把年轻的龙萨介绍给他熟识的大师们。

然而一场疾病夺去了龙萨的听力，他被迫告别军事和外交生涯。他结识了当时另一位文人倍特莱（Peletier），后者帮助他出版了第一首诗。他和约阿希姆·杜·贝莱一同进入Coqueret学院，跟随当时的大师让·多哈（Jean Dorat）学习希腊语。1549年4月，多哈的学生们在杜·贝莱的号召下共同起草了《保卫与发扬法兰西语言》。

龙萨的情诗最初写给卡桑德拉（Cassandre）。1545年，他在宫廷里遇到年方十三岁的她。七年后，他根据回忆写了这些美妙的诗句。后来，他在安茹的布尔盖地区遇到了法王亨利三世挚爱的美女玛丽·克列弗（Marie de Clèves）。1574年玛丽年仅21岁就去世了，于是亨利国王命令龙萨为她创作情诗。1555和1556年，他另外写出了《颂歌》（les Hymnes）和《颂歌Ⅱ》（le Second Livre des Hymnes）。

玛丽·克列弗

龙萨仍然具有宫廷诗人和时代喉舌的身份，他于1562年出版了《时艰录》，并于1563年出版了续集。

1574年5月，查理九世去世，新国王亨利三世更青睐年轻的德波特（Desportes）。1575年，龙萨因病退休。1578年，为了向竞争对手德波特证明他才是真正的“诗歌王子”，龙萨出版了《悼玛丽》，其中融合了他对早逝的玛丽和二十年前的缪斯卡桑德拉的感情。《致伊莲娜的十四行诗》是应王后的要求创作的，她的随从伊莲娜·苏尔吉（Hélène de Surgères）正因未婚夫去世而悲伤不已。这两部诗集被誉为龙萨最感人的作品。

1585年12月，龙萨去世。两个月后巴黎为他举办了隆重的哀悼仪式，向这个当时最伟大的诗人献上最后的致意。

创作年表

1550 《颂诗四卷》Quatre Premiers Livres des Odes

1552 《爱情》Les Amours

1554 《小树林》le Bocage；《杂诗集》les Mélanges

1555 《爱情续集》la Continuation des Amours；《颂歌》les Hymnes

1556 《爱情再续》la Nouvelle Continuation des Amours；《颂歌Ⅱ》le Second Livre des Hymnes

1562 《时艰录》le Discours des misères de ce temps

1563 《时艰录续集》la Continuation du Discours des misères；《对辱骂和诽谤的回应》Réponse aux injures et calomnies

1572 la Franciade

1578 《悼玛丽》Sur la mort de marie；《致伊莲娜的十四行诗》Sonnets pour Hélène；《爱情Ⅱ》le Second Livre des Amours

参考文献

• See Also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Rachel.truger/Peter_S._Cook[永久失效链接]
• 本条目出自公有领域：Chisholm, Hugh (编). Ronsard, Pierre de. 大英百科全书 第十一版. 剑桥大学出版社. 1911年.

• 法国文学选集（Anthologie de la Littérature Française），外语教学与研究出版社，2000年9月第1版（ISBN978-7-5600-1551-4）

外部链接

• Biography, Bibliography, Analysis （法文）
• Podcast: Audio reading of the poem «Je n'ai plus que les os» （法文）
• Background and digital facsimiles of rare editions of Ronsard's works At the University of Virginia's Gordon Collection

Early life

Manoir de la Possonnière, Ronsard's home

Pierre de Ronsard was born at the Manoir de la Possonnière, in the village of Couture-sur-Loir, Vendômois (in present-day Loir-et-Cher). Baudouin de Ronsard or Rossart was the founder of the French branch of the house, and made his mark in the early stages of the Hundred Years' War. The poet's father was Louis de Ronsard, and his mother was Jeanne de Chaudrier, of a family both noble and well connected. Pierre was the youngest son. Louis de Ronsard was maître d'hôtel du roi to Francis I, whose captivity after Pavia had just been softened by treaty, and he had to quit his home shortly after Pierre's birth.

The future poet was educated at home in his earliest years and sent to the Collège de Navarre in Paris at the age of nine. When Madeleine of France was married to James V of Scotland, Ronsard was attached as a page in the Scottish court, where he was encouraged in the idea of making French vernacular translations of classical authors. A year after the death of the queen, he returned to France, travelling back through England.

Further travel took him to Flanders, Holland, and again, for a short time, Scotland, on diplomatic missions under Claude d'Humières, seigneur de Lassigny, until he was attached as secretary to the suite of Lazare de Baïf, the father of his future colleague in the Pléiade and his companion on this occasion, Antoine de Baïf, at the diet of Speyer. Afterwards he was attached in the same way to the suite of the cardinal du Bellay-Langey, and his mythical quarrel with François Rabelais dates from this period.

Studies

His apparently promising diplomatic career was, however, cut short by an attack of deafness following a 1540 visit, as part of legation to Alsace, that no physician could cure; he would subsequently determine to devote himself to study. The institution he chose for the purpose among the numerous schools and colleges of Paris was the Collège Coqueret, the principal of which was Jean Daurat — afterwards the "dark star" (as he has been called from his silence in French) of the Pléiade, and already an acquaintance of Ronsard's from having held the office of tutor in the Baïf household. Antoine de Baïf, Daurat's pupil, accompanied Ronsard; Belleau shortly followed; Joachim du Bellay, the second of the seven, joined not much later. Muretus (Marc Antoine de Muret), a great scholar and by means of his Latin plays a great influence in the creation of French tragedy, was also a student here.

Ronsard's period of study occupied seven years, and the first manifesto of the new literary movement, which was to apply to the vernacular the principles of criticism and scholarship learnt from the classics, came not from him but from Du Bellay. The Défense et illustration de la langue française of the latter appeared in 1549, and the Pléiade (or Brigade, as it was first called) may be said to have been then launched. It consisted, as its name implies, of seven writers whose names are sometimes differently enumerated, though the orthodox canon is beyond doubt composed of Ronsard, Du Bellay, Baïf, Remy Belleau, Pontus de Tyard (a man of rank and position who had exemplified the principles of the friends earlier), Jodelle the dramatist, and Daurat. Ronsard's own work came a little later, and a rather idle story is told of a trick of Du Bellay's which at last determined him to publish. Some single and minor pieces, an epithalamium on Antoine de Bourbon and Jeanne de Navarre (1550), a "Hymne de la France" (1549), an "Ode a la Paix," preceded the publication in 1550 of the four first books ("first" is characteristic and noteworthy) of the Odes of Pierre de Ronsard.

This was followed in 1552 by the publication of his Amours de Cassandre with the fifth book of Odes, dedicated to the 15-year-old Cassandre Salviati, whom he had met at Blois and followed to her father's Château de Talcy. These books excited a violent literary quarrel. Marot was dead, but he left numerous followers, some of whom saw in the stricter literary critique of the Pléiade, in its outspoken contempt of merely vernacular and medieval forms, in its strenuous advice to French poetry to "follow the ancients," and so forth, an insult to the author of the Adolescence Clémentine and his school.

Fame

Pierre de Ronsard

His popularity in his own time was overwhelming and immediate, and his prosperity was unbroken. He published his Hymns, dedicated to Margaret de Valois, in 1555; the conclusion of the Amours, addressed to another heroine, in 1556; and then a collection of Œuvres completes, said to be due to the invitation of Mary Stuart, Queen of Francis II, in 1560; with Elégies, mascarades et bergeries in 1565. To this same year belongs his most important and interesting Abrégé de l'art poétique français.

The rapid change of sovereigns did Ronsard no harm. Charles IX, King of France, who succeeded his brother after a very short time, was even better inclined to him than Henry and Francis. He gave him rooms in the palace; he bestowed upon him diverse abbacies and priories; and he called him and regarded him constantly as his master in poetry. Neither was Charles IX a bad poet. This royal patronage, however, had its disagreeable side. It excited violent dislike to Ronsard on the part of the Huguenots, who wrote constant pasquinades against him, strove (by a ridiculous exaggeration of the Dionysiac festival at Arcueil, in which the friends had indulged to celebrate the success of the first French tragedy, Jodelle's Cleopatre) to represent him as a libertine and an atheist, and (which seems to have annoyed him more than anything else) set up his follower Du Bartas as his rival.

According to some words of his own, they were not contented with this variety of argument, but attempted to have him assassinated. During this period, Ronsard began writing the epic poem the Franciade (1572), a work that was never finished and is generally considered a failure due to its versification—a decasyllabic metre of rimes plates that corresponds poorly with the genre of epic poetry—as well as the poem's proposition that Charles IX (and the French nation) was a descendant of "Francus," a supposedly hitherto unknown son of Prince Hector of Troy who was constructed entirely from Ronsard's imagination. The metre (the decasyllable) could not but contrast unfavourably with the magnificent alexandrines that Du Bartas and Agrippa d'Aubigné were shortly to produce; the general plan is feebly classical, and the very language has little or nothing of that racy mixture of scholarliness and love of natural beauty which distinguishes the best work of the Pléiade. The poem could never have had an abiding success, but at its appearance it had the singular bad luck almost to coincide with the massacre of St Bartholomew, which had occurred about a fortnight before its publication. One party in the state were certain to look coldly on the work of a minion of the court at such a juncture, the other had something else to think of.

The death of Charles made little difference in the court favour which Ronsard enjoyed, but, combined with his increasing infirmities, it seems to have determined him to quit court life. During his last days he lived chiefly at a house which he possessed in Vendôme, the capital of his native province, at his abbey at Croix-Val in the same neighbourhood, or else at Paris, where he was usually the guest of Jean Galland, well known as a scholar, at the College de Boncourt. It seems also that he had a town house of his own in the Fauhourg Saint-Marcel. At any rate his preferments made him in perfectly easy circumstances, and he seems neither to have derived nor wished for any profit from his books. A half-jocular suggestion that his publishers should give him money to buy "du bois pour se chauffer" in return for his last revision of his Œuvres complètes is the only trace of any desire of the kind. On the other hand, he received not merely gifts and endowments from his own sovereign but presents from many others, including Elizabeth I of England. Mary, Queen of Scots addressed him from her prison, and Tasso consulted him on the Gerusalemme.

Final years

His last years were saddened not merely by the death of many of his closest friends, but by increasing ill health. This did not interfere with the quality of his literary work; he was rarely idle, and some of his final verse is among his best. But he indulged the temptation to alter his work repeatedly, and many of his later alterations are not improvements. Towards the end of 1585 his health deteriorated, and he seems to have moved restlessly from one of his houses to another for some months. When the end came—which, though in great pain, he met in a resolute and religious manner—he was at his priory of Saint-Cosme in Touraine, and he was buried in the church of that name on Friday, 27 December 1585.

Works

A 1571 book of Ronsard's works

The character and fortunes of Ronsard's works are among the most remarkable in literary history, and supply in themselves a kind of illustration of the progress of French literature during the last three centuries. It was long his fortune to be almost always extravagantly admired or violently attacked. At first, as has been said, the enmity, not altogether unprovoked, of the friends and followers of Marot fell to his lot, then the still fiercer antagonism of the Huguenot faction, who, happening to possess a poet of great merit in Du Bartas, were able to attack Ronsard at his tenderest point. But fate had by no means done its worst with him in his lifetime. After his death the classical reaction set in under the auspices of Malherbe, who seems to have been animated with a sort of personal hatred of Ronsard, though it is not clear that they ever met. After Malherbe, the rising glory of Corneille and his contemporaries obscured the tentative and unequal work of the Pléiade, which was, moreover, directly attacked by Boileau himself, the dictator of French criticism in the last half of the 17th century.

Then Ronsard was, except by a few men of taste, such as Jean de La Bruyère and Fénelon, forgotten when he was not sneered at. In this condition he remained during the whole 18th century and the first quarter of the 19th. The Romantic revival, seeing in him a victim of its special bête noire Boileau, and attracted by his splendid diction, rich metrical faculty, and combination of classical and medieval peculiarities, adopted his name as a kind of battle-cry, and for the moment exaggerated his merits somewhat. The critical work of Sainte-Beuve in his Tableau de la littérature francaise au 16ème siècle, and later of other authors, has established Ronsard's reputation.

Ronsard was the acknowledged chief of the Pléiade and its most voluminous poet. He was probably also its best, though a few isolated pieces of Belleau excel him in airy lightness of touch. Several sonnets of Du Bellay exhibit the melancholy of the Renaissance more perfectly than anything of his, and the finest passages of the Tragiques and the Divine Sep'Maine surpass his work in command of the alexandrine and in power of turning it to the purposes of satirical invective and descriptive narration. But that work is very extensive (we possess at a rough guess not much short of a hundred thousand lines of his), and it is extraordinarily varied in form. He did not introduce the sonnet into France, but he practised it soon after its introduction and with skill - the famous "Quand vous serez bien vieille" being one of the acknowledged gems of French literature.

Rose cultivar 'Pierre de Ronsard', named in reference to Ronsard's poem Ode à Cassandre (Mignonne, allons voir si la rose...)

His many odes are interesting, and at best are fine compositions. He began by imitating the strophic arrangement of the ancients, but very soon had the wisdom to desert this for a kind of adjustment of the Horatian ode to rhyme, instead of exact quantitative metre. In this latter kind he devised some exquisitely melodious rhythms of which, till our own day, the secret died with the 17th century. His more sustained work sometimes displays a bad selection of measure; and his occasional poetry—epistles, eclogues, elegies, etc.--is injured by its vast volume. But the preface to the Franciade is a fine piece of verse, superior (it is in alexandrines) to the poem itself. In general, Ronsard is best in his amatory verse (the long series of sonnets and odes to Cassandre, Pikles, Marie, Genévre, Héléne—Héléne de Surgeres, a later and mainly "literary" love—etc.), and in his descriptions of the country (the famous "Ode à Cassandre," the "Fontaine Bellerie," the "Forêt de Gastine," and so forth), which are graceful and fresh. He used the graceful diminutives which his school set in fashion. He knew well too how to manage the gorgeous adjectives ("marbrine," "cinabrine," "ivoirine" and the like) which were another fancy of the Pléiade. In short, Ronsard shows eminently the two great attractions of French 16th-century poetry as compared with that of the two following ages - magnificence of language and imagery and graceful variety of metre.

Bibliography

Bust and inscription of Pierre de Ronsard at the Château de Blois.

The chief separately published works of Ronsard are noted above. He produced, however, during his life a vast number of separate publications, some of them mere pamphlets or broadsheets, which from time to time he collected, often striking out others at the same time, in the successive editions of his works. Of these he himself published seven - the first in 1560, the last in 1584. Between his death and the year 1630 ten more complete editions were published, the most famous of which is the folio of 1609. A copy of this presented by Sainte-Beuve to Victor Hugo, and later in the possession of Maxime du Camp, has a place of its own in French literary history. The work of Claude Binet in 1586, Discours de la vie de Pierre de Ronsard, is very important for early information, and the author seems to have revised some of Ronsard's work under the poet's own direction.

From 1630 Ronsard was not again reprinted for more than two centuries. Just before the close of the second, however, Sainte-Beuve printed a selection of his poems to accompany the above-mentioned Tableau (1828). There are also selections, Choix de poésies - publiées par A. Noël (in the Collection Didot) and Becq de Fouquières. In 1857 Prosper Blanchemain, who had previously published a volume of Œuvres inédites de Ronsard, undertook a complete edition for the Bibliothèque Elzévirienne, in eight volumes. It is practically complete; a few pieces of a somewhat free character which are ascribed with some certainty to the poet are, however, excluded. A later and better edition still is that of Marty-Laveaux (1887–1893), and another that of Benjamin Pifteau (1891).

Notes

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ronsard, Pierre de". Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 691–693.

Further reading

General

• Hennigfeld, Ursula: Der ruinierte Körper: Petrarkistische Sonette in transkultureller Perspektive Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2008.

Criticism

• Sainte-Beuve, articles in the Causeries du lundi.
• F. L. Lucas, "The Prince of Court-Poets", an essay on Ronsard in Studies French and English (London, 1934), pp. 76–114. (Online. Revised edition 1950; reprinted in The Cassell Miscellany (London, 1958).

External links

• Biography, Bibliography, Analysis (in French)
• Podcast: Audio reading of the poem «Je n'ai plus que les os» (in French)
• Background and digital facsimiles of rare editions of Ronsard's works At the University of Virginia's Gordon Collection
• Works by or about Pierre de Ronsard at Internet Archive
• Works by Pierre de Ronsard at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)